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Henry L. Mencken

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Title: George Bernard Shaw: His Plays

Author: Henry L. Mencken

Release Date: May 30, 2022 [eBook #68209]

Language: English

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GEORGE BERNARD SHAW: HIS
PLAYS ***





                          George Bernard Shaw
                               his plays

                                   BY
                            HENRY L. MENCKEN


                             [Illustration]


                           BOSTON AND LONDON
                           JOHN W. LUCE & CO.
                                  1905




                         _Copyright, 1905, by_
                         JOHN W. LUCE & COMPANY
                       _Boston, Mass., U. S. A._


               _The Plimpton Press Norwood Mass. U.S.A._




CONTENTS


  PREFACE.

  BY WAY OF INTRODUCTION.

  THE SHAW PLAYS:

      Mrs. Warren’s Profession.

      Arms and the Man.

      The Devil’s Disciple.

      Widowers’ Houses.

      The Philanderer.

      Captain Brassbound’s Conversion.

      Cæsar and Cleopatra.

      A Man of Destiny.

      The Admirable Bashville.

      Candida.

      How He Lied to Her Husband.

      You Never Can Tell.

      Man and Superman.

      John Bull’s Other Island.

      Major Barbara.

  THE NOVELS AND OTHER WRITINGS:

      The Irrational Knot, Love Among the Artists, Cashel Byron’s
        Profession, An Unsocial Socialist, On Going to Church, The
        Quintessence of Ibsenism, etc.

  BIOGRAPHICAL AND STATISTICAL.

  SHAKESPEARE AND SHAW.




PREFACE


This is a little handbook for the reading tables of Americans
interested enough in the drama of the day to have some curiosity
regarding the plays of George Bernard Shaw, but too busy to give them
careful personal study or to read the vast mass of reviews, magazine
articles, letters to the editor, newspaper paragraphs and reports of
debates that deal with them. Every habitual writer now before the
public, from William Archer and James Huneker to “Vox Populi” and “An
Old Subscriber” has had his say about Shaw. In the pages following
there is no attempt to formulate a new theory of his purposes or a
novel interpretation of his philosophies. Instead, the object of this
modest book is to bring all of the Shaw commentators together upon the
common ground of admitted fact, to exhibit the Shaw plays as dramas
rather than as transcendental treatises, and to describe their plots,
characters, and general plans simply and calmly, and without reading
into them anything invisible to the naked eye.

The order in which the plays are considered is not the chronological
one, and some readers may think that it is not the logical one.
Inasmuch as an exposition of the reasons that urged its adoption would
waste a great deal of space, the point will not be argued. The brief
biography of the dramatist is based upon the most accurate available
eulogies, denunciations, reminiscences, and manuscripts. So, too, the
historical data regarding the plays and other publications.

The reputation of Mr. Shaw as a playwright has so far exceeded his
renown as a novelist, a socialist, a cart-tail orator, a journeyman
reformer, a vegetarian, and a critic of literature and the arts,
that his novels and other minor works have been noticed but briefly.
But this is not to be taken as evidence that they do not merit
acquaintance. Even the worst of Shaw is well worth study.




BY WAY OF INTRODUCTION

    What else is talent but a name for experience, practice,
    appropriation, incorporation, from the times of our forefathers?

                                                --FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE.


A century is a mere clock-tick in eternity, but measured by human
events it is a hundred long years. Napoleon Bonaparte, born in 1768,
became an officer of artillery and gravedigger for an epoch. Born in
1868, he might have become a journeyman genius of the boulevards, a
Franco-Yankee trust magnate, or the democratic boss of Kansas City. And
so, contrariwise, George Bernard Shaw, born in 1756 instead of 1856,
might have become a gold-stick-in-waiting at the Court of St. James or
Archbishop of Canterbury. The accident that made him what he is was one
of time. He saw the light after, instead of before Charles Darwin.

Darwin is dead now, and the public that reads the newspapers remembers
him only as the person who first publicly noted the fact that men
look a great deal like monkeys. But his soul goes marching on. Thomas
Huxley and Herbert Spencer, like a new Ham and a new Shem, spent their
lives seeing to that. From him, through Huxley, we have appendicitis,
the seedless orange, and our affable indifference to hell. Through
Spencer, in like manner, we have Nietzsche, Sudermann, Hauptmann,
Ibsen, our annual carnivals of catechetical revision, the stampede for
church union, and the aforesaid George Bernard Shaw. Each and all of
these men and things, it is true, might have appeared if Darwin were
yet unborn. Ibsen might have written “A Doll’s House,” and a rash synod
or two might have turned impertinent search-lights upon the doctrine
of infant damnation. It is possible, certainly, but it is supremely,
colossally, and overwhelmingly improbable.

Why? Simply because before Darwin gave the world “The Origin
of Species” the fight against orthodoxy, custom, and authority
was perennially and necessarily a losing one. On the side of
the defense were ignorance, antiquity, piety, organization, and
respectability--twelve-inch, wire-wound, rapid-fire guns, all of them.
In the hands of the scattered, half-hearted, unorganized attacking
parties there were but two weapons--the blowpipe of impious doubt and
the bludgeon of sacrilege. Neither, unsupported, was very effective.
Voltaire, who tried both, scared the defenders a bit and for a while
there was a great pother and scurrying about, but when the smoke
cleared away the walls were just as strong as before and the drawbridge
was still up. One had to believe or be damned. There was no compromise
and no middle ground.

And so, when Darwin bobbed up, armed with a new-fangled dynamite gun
that hurled shells charged with a new shrapnel--facts--the defenders
laughed at the novel weapon and looked forward to slaying its bearer.
Spencer, because he ventured to question Genesis, lost his best friend.
Huxley, for an incautious utterance, was barred from the University
of Oxford. And then of a sudden, there was a deafening roar and a
blinding flash--and down went the walls. Ramparts of authority that
had resisted doubts fell like hedge-rows before facts, and there began
an intellectual reign of terror that swept like a whirlwind through
Europe, America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania. For six thousand years it
had been necessary, in defending a doctrine, to show only that it was
respectable or sacred. Since 1859, it has been needful to prove its
truth.

It will take the perspective of centuries to reveal to us the exact
metes and bounds of Darwin’s influence. He himself probably gave little
thought to it. His own business in life was the investigation of
biological phenomena and he was too busy at that to take an interest in
politics or ethics. But his new method of assailing tradition appealed
to men laboring in far distant vineyards, and soon there was in
progress a grand assault-at-arms that left orthodoxy and custom dying
on the field. Huxley led the physicians and Spencer the metaphysicians.
Every time the former overturned an old theory of matter, the latter
pricked an old maxim of ethics. And so the search for the ultimate
verities, which had been a pariah hiding in cellars, like anarchism or
polygamy, became the spirit of the times. Whenever custom or tradition
reared one of its hydra-heads, there was a champion ready to strike it
down.

The practical result of this was that seekers after the truth, growing
bold with success, began attacking virtues as well as vices. And herein
you will find the fundamental difference between the philosophers
before Darwin and those after him. The _Spectator_, in the ’teens
of the eighteenth century, inveighed against marital infidelity--an
amusement counted among the scarlet sins since the days of Moses.
Ibsen, a century and a half later, asked if there might not be evil,
too, in unreasoning fidelity. If you pursue this little inquiry to its
close, you will observe that George Bernard Shaw, in nearly all of
his plays and novels, follows Ibsen rather than Addison. Sometimes he
lends his ear to one of the two classes of pioneers he mentions in “The
Quintessence of Ibsen,” and sometimes to the other, but it is always to
the pioneers. Either he is exhibiting a virtue as a vice in disguise,
or exhibiting a vice as a virtue in vice’s clothing. In this fact lies
the excuse for considering him a world-figure. He stands in a sense
as an embodiment of the _welt-geist_, which is a word invented by the
Germans to designate world-spirit or tendency of the times.


II

Popular opinion and himself to the contrary notwithstanding, Shaw is
not a mere preacher. The function of the dramatist is not that of the
village pastor. He has no need to exhort, nor to call upon his hearers
to come to the mourners’ bench. All the world expects him to do is to
picture human life as he sees it, as accurately and effectively as he
can. Like the artist in color, form, or tone, his business is with
impressions. A man painting an Alpine scene endeavors to produce, not a
mere record of each rock and tree, but an impression upon the observer
like that he would experience were he to stand in the artist’s place
and look upon the snow-capped crags. In music it is the same. Beethoven
set out, with melody and harmony, to arouse the emotions that stir us
upon pondering the triumphs of a great conqueror. Hence the Eroica
Symphony. Likewise, with curves and color, Millet tried to awaken the
soft content that falls upon us when we gaze across the fields at
eventide and hear the distant vesper-bell--and we have “The Angelus.”

The purpose of the dramatist is identical. If he shows us a drunken man
on the stage it is because he wants us to experience the disgust or
amusement or envy that wells up in us on contemplating such a person
in real life. He concerns himself, in brief, with things as he sees
them. The preacher deals with things as he thinks they ought to be.
Sometimes the line of demarcation between the two purposes may be but
dimly seen, but it is there all the same. If a play has what is known
as a moral, it is the audience and not the playwright that formulates
and voices it. A sermon without an obvious moral, well rubbed in, would
be no sermon at all.

And so, if we divest ourselves of the idea that Shaw is trying to
preach some rock-ribbed doctrine in each of his plays, instead of
merely setting forth human events as he sees them, we may find his
dramas much easier of comprehension. True enough, in his prefaces
and stage directions, he delivers himself of many wise saws and
elaborate theories. But upon the stage, fortunately, prefaces and
stage directions are no longer read to audiences, as they were in
Shakespeare’s time, and so, if they are ever to discharge their natural
functions, the Shaw dramas must stand as simple plays. Some of them,
alackaday! bear this test rather badly. Others, such as “Mrs. Warren’s
Profession” and “Candida,” bear it supremely well.

It is the dramatist’s business, then, to record the facts of life as
he sees them, that philosophers and moralists (by which is meant the
public in meditative mood) may deduce therefrom new rules of human
conduct, or observe and analyze old rules as they are exhibited in the
light of practice. That the average playwright does not always do so
with absolute accuracy is due to the fact that he is merely a human
being. No two men see the same thing in exactly the same way, and
there are no fixed standards whereby we may decide whether one or the
other or neither is right.

Herein we find the element of individual color, which makes one man’s
play differ from another man’s, just as one artist’s picture of a
stretch of beach would differ from another’s. A romancist, essaying
to draw a soldier, gave the world Don Cesar de Bazan. George Bernard
Shaw, at the same task, produced Captain Bluntschli. Don Cesar is an
idealist and a hero; Bluntschli is a sort of refined day laborer,
bent upon earning his pay at the least possible expenditure of blood
and perspiration. Inasmuch as no mere man--not even the soldier under
analysis himself--could ever hope to pry into a fighting man’s mind
and define and label his innermost shadows of thought and motive with
absolute accuracy, there is no reason why we should hold Don Cesar
to be a more natural figure than Captain Bluntschli. All that we can
demand of a dramatist is that he make his creation consistent and
logical and, as far as he can see to it, true. If we examine Bluntschli
we will find that he answers these requirements. There may be a good
deal of Shaw in him, but there is also some of Kitchener and more of
Tommy Atkins.

This is one of the chief things to remember in studying the characters
in the Shaw plays. Some of them are not obvious types, but a little
inspection will show that most of them are old friends, simply viewed
from a new angle. This personal angle is the possession that makes one
dramatist differ from all others.


III

Sarcey, the great French critic, has shown us that the essence of
dramatic action is conflict. Every principal character in a play must
have a complement, or as it is commonly expressed, a foil. In the most
primitive type of melodrama, there is a villain to battle with the hero
and a comic servant to stand in contrast with the tearful heroine. As
we go up the scale, the types are less strongly marked, but in every
play that, in the true sense, is dramatic, there is this same balancing
of characters and action. Comic scenes are contrasted with serious ones
and for every Hamlet you will find a gravedigger.

In the dramas of George Bernard Shaw, which deal almost wholly with the
current conflict between orthodoxy and heterodoxy, it is but natural
that the characters should fall broadly into two general classes--the
ordinary folks who represent the great majority, and the iconoclasts,
or idol-smashers. Darwin made this war between the faithful and the
scoffers the chief concern of the time, and the sham-smashing that is
now going on, in all the fields of human inquiry, might be compared to
the crusades that engrossed the world in the middle ages. Everyone,
consciously or unconsciously, is more or less directly engaged in it,
and so, when Shaw chooses conspicuous fighters in this war as the chief
characters of his plays, he is but demonstrating his comprehension of
human nature as it is manifested to-day. In “Man and Superman,” for
instance, he makes John Tanner, the chief personage of the drama, a
rabid adherent of certain very advanced theories in social philosophy,
and to accentuate these theories and contrast them strongly with the
more old-fashioned ideas of the majority of persons, he places Tanner
among men and women who belong to this majority. The effect of this is
that the old notions and the new--orthodoxy and heterodoxy--are brought
sharply face to face, and there is much opportunity for what theater
goers call “scenes”--_i. e._ clashes of purpose and will.

In all of the Shaw plays--including even the farces, though here to
a less degree--this conflict between the worshipers of old idols and
the iconoclasts, or idol-smashers, is the author’s chief concern. In
“The Devil’s Disciple” he puts the scene back a century and a half
because he wants to exhibit his hero’s doings against a background of
particularly rigid and uncompromising orthodoxy, and the world has
moved so fast since Darwin’s time that such orthodoxy scarcely exists
to-day. Were it pictured as actually so existing the public would
think the picture false and the playwright would fail in the first
business of a maker of plays, which is to give an air of reality to
his creations. So Dick Dudgeon, in “The Devil’s Disciple” is made a
contemporary of George Washington, and the tradition against which he
struggles seems fairly real.

In each of the Shaw plays you will find a sham-smasher like Dick.
In “Mrs. Warren’s Profession,” there are three of them--Mrs. Warren
herself, her daughter Vivie and Frank Gardner. In “You Never Can Tell”
there are the Clandons; in “Arms and the Man” there is Bluntschli, and
in “Man and Superman” there are John Tanner and Mendoza, the brigand
chief, who appears in the Hell scene as the Devil. In “Candida” and
certain other of the plays it is somewhat difficult to label each
character distinctly, because there is less definition in the outlines
and the people of the play are first on one side and then on the other,
much after the fashion of people in real life. But in all of the Shaw
plays the necessary conflict is essentially one between old notions of
conduct and new ones.

Dramatists of other days, before the world became engaged in its
crusade against error and sham, depicted battles of other sorts. In
“Hamlet” Shakespeare showed the prince in conflict with himself, and
in “The Merchant of Venice” he showed Shylock combatting Antonio, or,
in other words, the ideals of the Jew at strife with Christian ideals
of charity and mercy. Of late, the most important plays have much
resembled those of Shaw. Ibsen, except in his early poetical dramas,
deals chiefly with the war between new schemes of human happiness
and old rules of conduct. Nora Helmer fights the ancient idea that a
married woman should love, honor and obey her husband, no matter what
the provocation to do otherwise, just as Mrs. Warren defies the mandate
that a woman should preserve her virtue, no matter how much she may
suffer thereby. Sudermann, in “Magda,” shows his heroine in revolt
against the patriarchal German doctrine that a father’s authority over
his children is without limit, and Hauptmann, another German of rare
talents, depicts his chief characters in similar situations. Shaw is
frankly a disciple of Ibsen, but he is far more than a mere imitator.
In some things, indeed--such, for instance, as in fertility of wit and
invention--he very greatly exceeds the Norwegian.


IV

As long as a dramatist is faithful to his task of depicting human life
as he sees it, it is of small consequence whether the victory, in the
dramatic conflict, goes to the one side or the other. In Pinero’s
play, “The Second Mrs. Tanqueray,” the heroine loses her battle with
convention and her life pays the forfeit. In Ibsen’s “Ghosts,” the
contest ends with the destruction of all concerned; in Hauptmann’s
“Friedensfest” there is no conclusion at all, and in Sudermann’s
“Johnnisfeuer,” orthodox virtue triumphs. The dramatist, properly
speaking, is not concerned about the outcome of the struggle. All he is
required to do is to draw the two sides accurately and understandingly
and to show the conflict naturally. In other words, it is not his
business to decide the matter for his audience, but to make those who
see his play think it out for themselves.

“Here,” he says, as it were, “I have set down certain human
transactions and depicted certain human beings brought face to face
with definite conditions, and I have tried to show them meeting these
conditions as persons of their sort would meet them in real life.
I have endeavored, in brief, to exhibit a scene from life as real
people live it. Doubtless, there are lessons to be learned from this
scene--lessons that may benefit real men and women if they are ever
confronted with the conditions I have described. It is for you, my
friends, to work out these lessons for yourselves, each according to
his ideas of right and wrong.”

That Shaw makes such an invitation in each of his plays is very plain.
The proof lies in the fact that they have, as a matter of common
knowledge, caused the public to do more thinking than the dramas of
any other contemporary dramatist, with the sole exception of Ibsen.
Pick up any of the literary monthlies and you will find a disquisition
upon his technique, glance through the dramatic column of your favorite
newspaper and you will find some reference to his plays. Go to your
woman’s club, O gentle reader! and you will hear your neighbor, Mrs.
McGinnis, deliver her views upon “Candida.” Pass among any collection
of human beings accustomed to even rudimentary mental activity--and you
will hear some mention, direct or indirect, and some opinion, original
or cribbed, of or about the wild Irishman. All of this presupposes
thinking, somewhere and by somebody. Mrs. McGinnis’ analysis of
Candida’s soul may be plagiarized and in error, but it takes thinking
to make errors, and the existence of a plagiarist always proves the
existence of a plagiaree. Even the writers of reviews in the literary
monthlies, and the press agents who provide discourses upon “You Never
Can Tell” for the provincial dailies are thinkers, strange as the idea,
at first sight, may seem. And so we may take it for granted that Shaw
tries to make us think and that he succeeds.


V

“My task,” said Joseph Conrad the other day, in discussing the aims of
the novelist, “is, by the power of the written word, to make you hear,
to make you feel--it is, before all, to make you _see_. That--and no
more....”

“All that I have composed,” said Hendrik Ibsen, in an address to
the Ladies’ Club of Christiania, “has not proceeded from a conscious
tendency. I have been more the poet and less the social philosopher
than has been believed.... Not alone those who write, but also those
who read, compose, and very often they are more full of poetry than the
poet himself....”

“The poet,” said Schopenhauer, “brings pictures of life and human
character and situations before the imagination, sets everything in
motion and leaves it to everyone to think into these pictures as much
as his intellectual power will find for him therein.”

Let us suppose, for instance, that “Mrs. Warren’s Profession” is given
a performance and that 2000 average citizens pay to see it. Of the 2000
it is probable that 1900 will be persons who accept unquestioningly and
without even a passing doubt the legal and ecclesiastical maxim that
the Magdalen was a sinner, whom mercy might save from her punishment
but not from her sin. A thousand, perhaps, will sit through the
play without progressing any further; it will appeal to them merely
as an entertainment and those who are not vastly delighted by its
salaciousness, will condemn its immorality. But the 900, let us say,
will slowly awaken to the strange fact that there is something to be
said against as well as for the ancient maxim. Eight hundred of them,
perhaps, after debating the matter in their minds, will decide that the
arguments for it overwhelm those against it, and one hundred will leave
the playhouse convinced to the contrary or in more or less doubt. But
the eight hundred, though they have left harboring the same opinion
that was theirs before they came, will have made an infinite step
forward. Instead of being unthinking endorsers of a doctrine they have
never even examined, they will have become, in the true sense, original
thinkers. Thereafter, when they condemn the Magdalen, it will be, not
because a hundred popes did so before them, but because on hearing her
defense, they found it unconvincing.

In this will be seen the truth of the statement purposely reiterated:
that Shaw is in no sense a preacher. His private opinions, very
naturally, greatly color his plays, but his true purpose, like that of
every dramatist worth while, is to give a more or less accurate and
unbiased picture of some phase of human life, that persons observing
it may be led to speculate and meditate upon it. In “Widowers’ Houses”
he attempts, by setting forth a series of transactions between a given
group of familiar Englishmen, to show that capitalism, as a social
force, is responsible for the oppression that slum landlords heap
upon their tenants, and that, in consequence, every other man of the
capitalistic class, no matter what his own particular investments
and activities may be, shares, to a greater or less extent, in the
landlords’ offense. A capitalist reading this play may conclude with
some justice that the merit of husbanding money--or, as Adam Smith
calls it, the virtue of abstinence--outweighs his portion of the
burden of this sin, or that it is, in a sense, inevitable and so not
properly a sin at all; but whatever his conclusion, if he has honestly
come to it after a consideration of the facts, he is a far better man
than when he accepted the maxims of the majority unquestioningly and
without analysis.

A preacher necessarily endeavors to make all his hearers think exactly
as he does. A dramatist merely tries to make them think. The nature of
their conclusions is of minor consequence.


VI

That Shaw will ever become a popular dramatist, in the sense that
Sardou and Pinero are popular, seems to be beyond all probability.
The vogue that his plays have had of late in the United States is
to be ascribed, in the main, to the yearning to appear “advanced”
and “intellectual” which afflicts Americans of a certain class. The
very fact that they do not understand him makes him seem worthy of
admiration to these virtuously ambitious folks. Were his aims and
methods obvious, they would probably vote him tiresome. As it is, a
performance of “Candida” delights them as much as an entertainment by
Henry Kellar, the magician, and for the same reason.

But even among those who approach Shaw more honestly, there is little
likelihood that he will ever grow more popular, in the current sense,
than he is at present. In the first place, some of his plays are
wellnigh impossible of performance in a paying manner without elaborate
revision and expurgation. “Man and Superman,” for instance, would
require five hours if presented as it was written. And “Mrs. Warren’s
Profession,” because of its subject-matter, will be unsuitable for a
good many years to come. In the second place, Shaw’s extraordinary
dexterity as a wit, which got him his first hearing and keeps him
before the public almost constantly to-day, is a handicap of crushing
weight. As long as he exercises it, the great majority will continue to
think of him as a sort of glorified and magnificent buffoon. As soon as
he abandons it, he will cease to be Shaw.

The reason of this lies in the fact that the average man clings fondly
to two ancient delusions: (_a_) that wisdom is always solemn, and (_b_)
that he himself is never ridiculous. Shaw outrages both of these ideas,
the first by placing his most searching and illuminating observations
in the mouths of such persons as Frank Gardner and Sidney Trefusis,
and the second by drawing characters such as Finch McComas and Roebuck
Ramsden. The average spectator laughs at Frank’s impertinences and
at Trefusis’ satire, and by gradual stages, comes to laugh at Frank
and Trefusis. Beginning as comedians, they become butts. And so,
conversely, McComas and Ramsden, as their opponents fall, rise
themselves. In the first act of “Man and Superman,” the battle seems to
be all in favor of John Tanner and so the unthinking reader concludes
that Tanner is Shaw’s personal spokesman and that the Tanner doctrines
constitute the Shavian creed. Later on, when Tanner falls before the
forces of inexorable law, this same reader is vastly puzzled and
perplexed, and in the end he is left wondering what it is all about.

If he would but remember the reiterated axiom that a dramatist’s
purpose is to present a picture of life as he sees it, without
reference to any particular moral conclusions, he would better enjoy
and appreciate the play as a work of art. Playwrights of Shaw’s
calibre do not think it necessary to plainly label every character or
to reward their heroes and kill their villains in the last act. It is
utterly immaterial whether Tanner is dragged into a marriage with Ann
or escapes scot free. The important thing is that the battle between
the two be depicted naturally and plausibly and that it afford some
tangible material for reflection.

The average citizen’s disinclination to see the ridiculous side of his
own pet doctrines and characteristics has been noted by Shaw in his
preface to Ibsen’s plays. Ibsen has drawn several characters intended
to satirize the typical self-satisfied business man and tax-payer--the
type greatly in the majority in the usual theater audience. These
characters, very naturally, have failed utterly to impress the said
gentlemen. One cannot expect a man, however keen his sense of humor,
to laugh at the things he considers eminently proper and honorable.
Shaw’s demand that he do so has greatly restricted the size of the
Shaw audience. To appreciate “The Devil’s Disciple,” for instance, a
religious man would have to lift himself bodily from his accustomed
rut of thought and look down upon himself from the same distance that
separates him in his meditations from the rest of humanity. This, it is
obvious, is possible only to man given to constant self-analysis and
introspection--the 999th man in the thousand.

Even when the average spectator does not find himself the counterpart
of a definite type in a Shaw play, he is confused by the handling of
some of his ideals and ideas. No doubt the men who essayed to stone
the Magdalen were infinitely astounded when the Messiah called their
attention to the fact that they themselves were not guiltless. But it
is precisely this establishment of new view-points that makes Shaw
as an author worth the time and toil of study. In “Mrs. Warren’s
Profession,” the heroine’s picturesque fall from grace is shown in
literally a multitude of aspects. We have her own antipodal changes in
self-valuation and self-depreciation, we have her daughter’s varying
point of view, and we have the more constant judgments of Frank
Gardner, his father, Crofts, and the rest. It is kaleidoscopic and
puzzling, but it is not sermonizing. You pay your money and you take
your choice.


VII

But even if Shaw’s plays were not performed at all, he would be a
world-figure in the modern drama, just as Ibsen is a world-figure and
Maeterlinck another. Very frequently it happens, in literature as well
as in other fields of metaphysical endeavor, that a master is unknown
to the majority except through his disciples. Until Huxley began
lecturing about it, no considerable number of laymen read “The Origin
of Species.” Fielding is not even a name to thousands who know and
love Thackeray. And Adam Smith--how many citizens of to-day read “The
Wealth of Nations”? Yet it is undeniable that the Scotch schoolmaster’s
conclusions have colored the statutes of the entire English-speaking
world and that they are dished up to us, with new sauces, in every
political campaign.

And so it is with playwrights. Ibsen is far less popular than Clyde
Fitch, but Ibsen’s ideas are fast becoming universal. Persons who
would, under no consideration, pay $2 a seat to see “Ghosts,” pay
that sum willingly when “The Second Mrs. Tanqueray” or “The Climbers”
is the bill. From these plays, unknowingly, they absorb Ibsenism in
a palatable and diluted form, like children who take castor oil in
taffy. That either is a conscious imitation of any Ibsen drama I do not
intend to affirm. What I mean is that the Norwegian is that model of
practically every contemporary play-maker worth considering, just as
plainly as Molière was the model of Congreve, Wycherley, and Sheridan.
A commanding personality, in literature as well as in statecraft,
creates an atmosphere, and lesser men, breathing it, take on its
creator’s characteristics.

Shaw himself, a follower of Ibsen, has shown variations sufficiently
marked to bring him followers of his own. In all the history of the
English stage, no man has exceeded him in technical resources nor in
nimbleness of wit. Some of his scenes are fairly irresistible, and
throughout his plays his avoidance of the old-fashioned machinery of
the drama gives even his wildest extravagances an air of reality. So
far but two men have exhibited skill in this regard at all measurable
with his. They are Israel Zangwill and James M. Barrie. Perhaps neither
of them consciously admires Shaw: but the fact is of small importance.
The essential thing is that “The Admirable Crichton” is of Shaw,
Shavian, and that “Agnes-Sit-By-The Fire,” in conception, development
and treatment, might be one of the “Plays Pleasant.”

And now let us proceed to a consideration of the Shaw plays.




GEORGE BERNARD SHAW: HIS PLAYS




“MRS. WARREN’S PROFESSION.”


Mrs. “Kitty” Warren, the central character of Shaw’s most remarkable
play (and it is one of the most remarkable plays, in many ways, of
the time) is a successful practitioner of what Kipling calls the
oldest profession in the world. She is no betrayed milkmaid or cajoled
governess, this past mistress of the seventh unpardonable sin, but
a wide-awake and deliberate sinner, who has studied the problem
thoroughly and come to the conclusion, like Huckleberry Finn, that
it is better, by far, to sin and be damned than to remain virtuous
and suffer. The conflict in the play is between Mrs. Warren and her
daughter, and in developing it, Shaw exhibits his insight into the
undercurrents of human nature to a superlative degree. Mrs. Warren,
though she is a convention smasher, does not stand for heterodoxy.
In truth despite all her elaborate defense of herself and her bitter
arraignment of the social conditions that have made her what she is,
she is a worshiper of respectability and the only true believer, save
one, in the play. It is Vivie, her daughter, a virgin, who holds the
brief against orthodoxy.

“If I had been you, mother,” says Vivie, in the last scene, when the
two part forever, “I might have done as you did; but I should not have
lived one life and believed another. You are a conventional woman at
heart. That is why I am leaving you now.”

This complexity of character has puzzled a good many readers of the
play, but though there is a complexity, there is no real confusion.
Mrs. Warren, despite her ingenious reasoning, is a vulgar, ignorant
woman, little capable of analyzing her own motives. Vivie, on the other
hand, is a girl of quick intelligence and extraordinary education--a
Cambridge scholar, a mathematician and a student of the philosophies.
As the play opens Mrs. Warren seems to have all the best of it. She is
the rebel and Vivie is the slave. But in the course of the strangely
searching action, there is a readjustment. Convention overcomes the
mother and crushes her; her daughter, on the other hand, strikes off
her shackles and is free.

At the beginning Vivie is home from Cambridge, where she has tied with
the third wrangler--for and in consideration of a purse of $250 offered
by Mrs. Warren. For years she has seen very little of her mother, and
now, on the eve of a reunion, she is curious and inquisitive. They set
up housekeeping in a small cottage in the country, near the parsonage
of the Rev. Samuel Gardner, “a pretentious, booming, noisy person,”
and the friend of Mrs. Warren. There come, too, Sir George Crofts, “a
gentlemanly combination of the most brutal types of city man, sporting
man and man-about-town,” and one Praed, a sort of Greek chorus to the
drama. The Rev. Mr. Gardner’s son, Frank, “an entirely good-for-nothing
young fellow,” is attracted to Vivie, and so when Crofts casts his eye
upon her, there begins the action of a drama.

Vivie, beginning by wondering at her mother’s long absence from home,
ends by harboring a sickening sense of suspicion. The elder woman’s
unconscious vulgarities, her bizarre view-point, her championing of
Crofts--all add fuel to the flame of doubt. At first Mrs. Warren tries
browbeating, after the orthodox custom of parents, but to her horror
she finds that Vivie will not submit to such an exercise of authority.
And soon they are face to face in a mighty struggle and there is no
quarter on either side.

Finally Vivie demands to know the name of her father. Mrs. Warren
blusters, threatens, begs, evades, lies--and ends by breaking down
and telling the truth. Vivie is disgusted, horrified, appalled; Mrs.
Warren, at first in tears, returns to her browbeating.

“What right have you to set yourself above me like this?” she demands.
“You boast of what you are to me--to me who gave you the chance of
being what you are....”

“You attack me with the conventional authority of a mother,” replies
Vivie calmly. “I defend myself with the conventional superiority of a
respectable woman....”

But for the present, it is Mrs. Warren who triumphs. She has reasons,
arguments, causes, theories: Vivie’s shields are merely custom,
authority, the law. Mrs. Warren sees her advantage and hastens to
seize it. She tells Vivie all--of the squalor that she knew, of her
temptation, of the lure of comfort--“a lovely house, plenty of servants
and the choicest of eating and drinking”--and finally, of her strong
and resolute determination to yield and of the fruits of her yielding.

“Do you think,” she says, “that I was such a fool as to let other
people trade in my good looks by employing me as a shopgirl, a barmaid
or a waitress, when I could trade in them myself and get all the
profits, instead of starvation wages...?”

Vivie is visibly impressed, and herein Shaw shows his skill in laying
open the human animal. His iconoclasts sometimes go to mass and his
saints sometimes sin, exactly as saint and sinner sin and pray in real
life. Vivie, we learn in the end, is the real sham-smasher of the two,
but in this scene she seems to change places with her mother. Mrs.
Warren, alert to the slightest advantage, drives home her logic. It is
a scene that exhibits the play of mind upon mind as no other scene in a
contemporary play exhibits it, saving only that marvellous one between
Marikka and George in “Johnnisfeuer.” Mrs. Warren’s picture of the
forces that overcame her, her sturdy defense of her philosophy of life;
her contempt for those who fear to risk their all--it would take a girl
more than human to resist these things.

But the season of sentiment and pathos is destined to be brief.
Crofts, who is Mrs. Warren’s partner in her chain of brothels, resumes
his siege of Vivie. Even Mrs. Warren grows nauseated and Vivie’s
own disgust is undisguised. Then, for a moment, Crofts becomes the
conventional villain and hurls the sins of the mother into the
daughter’s teeth. It is all melodrama here--Crofts grows “black with
rage,” and Frank, bobbing up, rifle in hand, proposes to shoot him. And
then comes the climax.

“Allow me, Mister Frank,” says Crofts, “to introduce you to your
half-sister, the eldest daughter of the Reverend Samuel Gardner. Miss
Vivie: your half-brother. Good morning.”

As he turns on his heel, Frank raises the rifle and takes aim at his
back.

“You’ll testify before the coroner that it’s an accident?” he says to
Vivie.

She “seizes the muzzle and pulls it round against her breast.”

“Fire now,” she says. “You may.”

After that the play goes downhill to its inevitable conclusion. Vivie,
admitting her mother’s justification, revolts against her effort to
distort it into a grotesque sort of respectability. So there is a
parting and the daughter goes off to London, to begin life anew as
a public accountant and conveyancer. Mrs. Warren, now sunk to the
wailing, snivelling stage, follows her. The final scene between mother
and daughter is strangely impressive. Mrs. Warren pleads and begs and
screams. At the end of her rope she turns, and like an animal at bay
shows her teeth.

“From this time forth,” she shrieks, with the air of a tragedy queen,
“I’ll do wrong, and nothing but wrong! And I’ll prosper on it!”

“Yes,” said Vivie philosophically, “it’s better to choose your line and
go through with it. If I had been you, mother, I might have done as you
did; but I should not have lived one life and believed another.... That
is why I am bidding you good-bye now....”

And so ends the play of “Mrs. Warren’s Profession.” Posing as a
smasher of shams, Mrs. Warren is the most abject devotee in the whole
synagogue. Fenced within her virtue, Vivie is a true iconoclast--with
seasons of backsliding, it is true (for she is supremely human), but
with no permanent slacking of her unfaith.

William Archer, the translator of Ibsen, says that the play is
“intellectually and dramatically, one of the most remarkable of the
age,” and Cunninghame Graham calls it “the best that has been written
in English in our generation.” And yet James Huneker finds Mrs. Warren
“a bore” and Vivie “a chilly, waspish pig,” and Max Beerbohm, confused
by the fact that Vivie runs the whole gamut of passions, up and down
again, in the four acts, complains that the play exhibits no change in
the characters and that Vivie ends as she begins--“determined to go out
into the world to work.” Certainly it seems wellnigh incredible that a
man of Mr. Beerbohm’s discernment should be blind to the vast battles
that rage in the girl’s soul--her horror at the beginning, her yielding
to sentimentality and her declaration for sincerity and truth at the
close. Were the play ended with the extraordinary second act, his
objections would probably seem fatuous even to himself.

“Mrs. Warren’s Profession,” as a bit of theatrical mechanics, is
unsurpassed. Its events proceed with the inevitable air that marks
the work of a thoroughly capable journeyman: not a scene is out of
place; not a line is without its meaning and purpose. The characters
are sketched in rapidly and vividly and before the first act is half
over we have each of them clearly in our eye--Mrs. Warren and her
ancient profession, her vulgarities and her string of “private hotels”
from Brussels to Buda Pesth; the Rev. Samuel Gardner and his shallow,
commonplace hypocrisy; Frank Gardner and his utter worthlessness and
blasphemy; Crofts and his mellow lewdness; Vivie and her progress
from undergraduate cynicism and spectacular cigar-smoking to real
individualism; and Praed and his soft chanting in the background.

Taken as a play, the drama is wellnigh faultless. It might well serve,
indeed, as a model to all who aspire to place upon the stage plausible
records of human transactions.




“ARMS AND THE MAN”

                       “Arms and the man I sing.”

                                      --_The Aeneid._


Arms and the Man,” on its face, is a military satire, not unrelated to
“A Milk White Flag,” and Shaw himself hints that he tried to keep it
within the sphere of popular comprehension, but under the burlesque
and surface wit there lies an idea that the author later elaborated
in “Man and Superman.” This idea concerns the relationship of the
sexes and particularly the matter of mating. Ninety-nine men in every
hundred, when they go a-courting, fancy that they are the aggressors
in the ancient game and rather pride themselves upon their enterprise
and their daring. Hence we find Don Juan a popular hero. As a matter
of fact, says Shaw, it is the woman that ordinarily makes the first
advances and the woman that lures, forces, or drags the man on to the
climax of marriage. You will find this theory set forth in detail in
the preface of “Man and Superman” and elaborated in the play itself. In
“Arms and the Man” it is overshadowed by the satire, but even a casual
study of the drama will reveal its outlines.

The scene of “Arms and the Man” is a small town in Bulgaria and the
time is the winter of the Balkan War, 1885–6. Captain Bluntschli,
the hero, is a Swiss soldier of fortune, who takes service with the
Servians because war is his trade and Servia happens to be nearer his
home than Bulgaria. A machine gun detachment under his command is
overwhelmed by a sudden and unscientific charge of blundering Bulgarian
horsemen, and he swiftly takes to the woods, being little desirous
of shedding his blood unnecessarily. He and his comrades are pursued
by Bulgarians bent upon finishing them, and, passing through a small
town at night at a gallop, he shins up a rainspout and takes refuge
in the bed-chamber of a young woman, Raina Petkoff, the daughter of a
Bulgarian officer.

The ensuing scene between the two is a masterpiece of comedy and
Richard Mansfield’s performances of the play have made it familiar
to most American theater-goers. Bluntschli, as Shaw depicts him, is
a soldier entirely devoid of the heroics associated in the popular
imagination with men of war. He has no yearning to die for his country
or any other country, and, after bullying his unwilling hostess with an
unloaded revolver, he frankly confesses that he is hungry and sleepy,
and that, as a general proposition, he prefers a good dinner to a
forlorn hope. She is a young woman suffering from much romanticism
and undigested French fiction, and very naturally she is tremendously
astonished. Her heavy-eyed intruder, as a matter of fact, fairly
appals her. His common-sense seems idiocy and his callous realism
sacrilege.

But, nevertheless, the theatricality of his appearance makes an
overwhelming appeal to her and she shelters him and conceals him from
his enemies--her countrymen--and when he goes away, she sends after him
a portrait of herself, just as any other romantic young woman might do.
To her the incident is epochal, but Bluntschli himself gives little
thought to it. As he says afterwards, a soldier soon forgets such
things: “He is always getting his life saved in all sorts of ways by
all sorts of people.” So he fights a bit, forages a bit, perspires a
bit, draws his pay, eats his meals, and waits, in patience, for the war
to end.

But Raina does not forget. Even when peace comes at last and her
betrothed, Major Sergius Saranoff, comes home, she still remembers
her “chocolate-cream soldier.” Sergius was the blundering ass whose
reckless charge sent Bluntschli flying through the night into Raina’s
chamber. He is a queer mixture of romanticist and realist, of
aristocrat and blackguard, with the ideals alternately of a Cæsar and a
potman. One moment he revels in a Byronic ecstacy with Raina, the next
moment he is making Mulvaney-like advances to Louka, her maid.

This Louka is one of Shaw’s peculiarly human characters--a sort
of refined and developed Regina, taken from “Ghosts” and given an
essentially Shavian cast. She has a soul above servility, though she
answers Raina’s bell, and when Saranoff, awakening to his own grotesque
hypocrisy, revolts against Raina’s idealization of his very tawdry
heroics, Louka is ready to enmesh him in her net. She will be a fine
lady, this superwoman in a maid’s cap, and like Raina she will go to
Belgrade for the opera and to Vienna for frocks and frills.

Bluntschli, returning, helps to set the stage for her. Raina’s father
and Sergius, her betrothed, have met the Swiss and invited him to the
Petkoff home, not connecting him with the intruder who invaded Raina’s
bed-chamber. They want him to give them aid in the prosaic business
of putting up the shutters of war--to show them how to get their men
home and feed them on the way. This is his true forte and he comes
to the domicile of the Petkoffs--and again meets Raina. She is now
twenty-three, and the usual physiological revulsion against Byronic
sentiment is beginning to stir her. She sees that Sergius, with all his
gallant cavalry charges and play-acting, is rather a cheap sort after
all, and in the same light she sees that Bluntschli, despite his frank
running away and his fondness for chocolate-creams, is the more honest
of the two. The Swiss himself still gives little thought to her. His
business is to show old Petkoff how to bring his regiments home, and
after that, to return to Switzerland and take over the management of
his deceased father’s chain of Alpine hotels.

But, as Shaw hints, the man in the case has little to do with the
ordering of such dramas. Raina and Louka, each with her prey in sight,
fall to the chase. Sergius wavers, holds himself together, essays a
flight, is dragged back, and capitulates. As Louka carries him into
camp, the innocent and romantic little Raina is left free to bag
Bluntschli. He walks into the net with eyes wide open and, as it were,
sword in hand. When he finds himself enmeshed he is surprised beyond
measure, but he is a good soldier, is Bluntschli, and this time it is
too late to run away.

“Major Petkoff,” he says to the old man, “I beg to propose formally to
become a suitor for your daughter’s hand.”

And that is the end of the drama.

A detailed description would spoil the charm of the play’s exuberant
and boundless humor. As a comedy it is capital, from the scene of
Bluntschli’s entrance into Raina’s chamber to the last scene of all,
wherein the Petkoffs cross-examine him as to his finances. Bluntschli
is no mere burlesque. In him Shaw has tried to depict a real soldier
as opposed to a soldier of the grand opera or Ivanhoe type. He has
succeeded, in his way, as admirably as Cervantes, albeit a great
many persons--like Raina herself--whose idea of soldierly bearing
is expressed in St. Louis and of heroism in the charge of the Light
Brigade, have been vastly puzzled by Bluntschli.

Raina is drawn boldly and with what artists call an open line, and
her revolt against romantic tomfoolery and humbug is shown with
excellent art. Sergius, with his surface civilization and complex
personality--“the half dozen Sergiuses who keep popping in and out
of this handsome figure of mine”--and his keen self-analysis, is
naturally a less obvious type, but even he is perfectly consistent in
his inconsistency. Louka is the female Don Juan--the Donna Anna of “Man
and Superman,”--to the life. Her deliberate ensnarement of Sergius, in
itself would make a drama well worth the writing. The Petkoffs, Raina’s
parents, are simple-minded barbarians, and Nicola, their man-servant,
who willingly resigns Louka to Sergius, is of a breed not peculiar to
Bulgaria.

The play, despite its abounding humor and excellent characterizations,
is not to be numbered among Shaw’s best. The second act, which should
be the strongest, is the weakest, and the remarkable originality
and humor of the first scene rather detract from those that follow.
Shaw describes the play as his first attempt at writing a drama
comprehensible to the general public. With this object in view, he
lavished upon it a wealth of wit, but it is to be doubted if the real,
inner humor of the action has ever gone home. Mansfield still has
it in his repertory, but he seldom presents it. Persons who admire
“Beaucaire” and “Dr. Jekyl and Mr. Hyde” are not apt to demand it.




“THE DEVIL’S DISCIPLE”


In “Mrs. Warren’s Profession” we saw individuals battling against
the law and in “Arms and the Man” we observed romanticism in an
_opera-bouffe_ catch-as-catch-can struggle with realism. In “The
Devil’s Disciple” we have revealed religion bruising its fists upon the
hard head of impious doubt. Dick Dudgeon, the hero (and he is a hero of
the good old white-shirted, bare-necked, melodramatic sort) laughs at
the commandments and the beatitudes--and then puts the virtuous to rout
by an act of supreme nobility that few of them, with all their faith in
post-mortem reward, would dare to venture.

It is a problem in human motives that looks formidable. Why does Dick,
the excommunicated, brave Hell to save another? Why does he face death,
dishonor, shame and damnation, with no hope of earthly recompense and
less of glory in the beyond? For the same reason, in truth, that moved
Huckleberry Finn to save the nigger Jim at the cost of his immortal
soul. “I had no motive,” says Dick, in an attempt at self-analysis,
“and no interest. All I can tell you is that when it came to the point
whether I would take my neck out of the noose and put another man’s
into it, I couldn’t do it.” You will find the psychology of this
worked out in the writings of Friedrich Nietzsche, the mad German. If
you think well of your belief in the good and the beautiful, don’t read
them.

The scene of “The Devil’s Disciple” is a small town in New England
and the time is the first year of the Revolutionary War. Shaw set
the action back this far because he wanted to display Dick against
a background of peculiarly steadfast and rock-ribbed faith, and the
present, alackaday! has little of it that isn’t wobbly. Dick’s mother
is a Puritan of the Puritans--a fetich worshiper whose fetich is the
mortification of the flesh. She flays her body, her mind and her soul
and in the end essays to flay the souls of those about her. Against all
of this Dick revolts. He doesn’t know exactly why, for Darwin is unborn
and doubt is still indecent, but he revolts, nevertheless. And so he
becomes a disciple of the devil.

King George’s red-coats are abroad in the land, on the hunt for rebels,
and Dick’s uncle, a blasphemer and sinner like himself, is nabbed by
them and hanged for treason. Dick sees the hanging and enjoys it as a
spectacle, but it fails to make him a tory, and he comes home as much
an enemy of church and king as ever. Then the soldiers come nearer and
the rumor spreads that they propose to hang Dick as horrible example
the second. Anthony Anderson, the village pastor, undertakes to warn
him, and incidentally to counsel him against his sacrilege and his
sins. Dick, in turn, warns Anderson. King George’s men, he says, will
not choose the village heretic the next time. The uselessness of
such a course has been shown in the case of his late and unlamented
uncle. When they come to hang again, he points out, they will select a
patriot whose taking off will leave a profound impression and something
approaching regret--to wit, Anderson himself. The pastor laughs at
this. He is a holy man and a truly good one. He fears no military but
the hosts of darkness.

But Dick is right after all. One morning he goes to the Anderson home
and while he is there the pastor is called away to the bedside of his
(Dick’s) mother. Dick does not think it is worth while to go himself.
His mother has tortured and preached at him from birth and he frankly
hates her. During the pastor’s absence soldiers come to the door. They
have a warrant for the good dominie, charging him with treason. The
sergeant sees Dick, and--

“Anthony Anderson,” he says, “I arrest you in King George’s name as a
rebel.... Put on your coat and come along....”

And so Dick faces his Calvary, with no faith to lead him on. By all the
books he should seek shelter behind the truth and leave self-sacrifice
to the godly. But he is a man, this devil’s disciple, and he doesn’t.

“Yes,” he says, “I’ll come.”

The whole drama is played in this first act of the play and the rest
of it is chiefly rather commonplace melodrama. Judith, the pastor’s
wife, finds her anchors of faith and virtue swept away by Dick’s
stupendous sacrifice. At the beginning it seems her duty to hate
him. She ends by loving him. But Shaw complains pathetically of the
stupidity which made an actor account for Dick’s heroism by exhibiting
him as in love with her in turn. “From the moment that this fatally
plausible explanation was launched,” he says, “my play ... was not
mine.... But, then, where is the motive? On the stage, it appears,
people do things for reasons. Off the stage they don’t.”... Herein the
dramatist reads his orders aright. It is his business to set the stage
and give the show. The solution of its problems and the pointing of
its morals--these things are the business of those who pay to see it.
Let each work it out for himself--with such incidental help as he may
obtain from the aforesaid Friedrich Nietzsche.

Dick is by no means the only full-length figure in the drama. Anderson,
the parson, is, in many ways, a creation of equal subtlety and
interest. He is a true believer to the outward eye, and he plays his
part honestly and conscientiously, but when the supreme moment comes,
the man springs out from the cleric’s black coat and we have Captain
Anthony Anderson, of the Springtown Militia. The colonists, so far,
have fought the king’s red-coats with threats and curses. When Dick’s
sacrifice spurs him to hot endeavor, Anderson is found to be the
leader foreordained. Off come his sable trappings and out come his
pistols--and he leads his embattled farmers to Dick’s rescue and to
the war for freedom. It is a transformation supremely human, and in
addition, vociferously dramatic. A wary builder of scenes is this man
Shaw! A Sardou peeping from behind Ibsen’s whiskers!

One of the minor characters is General Burgoyne, that strange mixture
of medieval romance and modern common-sense who met his doom at the
hands of the Yankee farm-hands at Saratoga. Shaw pictures him as a
sort of aristocratic and foppish Captain Bluntschli and devotes seven
pages of a remarkably interesting appendix to defending the consequent
battering of tradition. “He is not a conventional stage soldier,” says
Shaw, “but as faithful a portrait as it is in the nature of stage
portraits to be.”

The same may be said of most of Shaw’s characters. Dick Dudgeon is
certainly not a conventional stage hero, despite his self-sacrifice,
his white shirt, his bare neck, and his melodramatic rescue in the nick
of time. But he is a living figure, for all that, because his humanity
is fundamental. As Shaw himself says, some enemy of the gods has always
been a popular hero, from the days of Prometheus. That such an enemy
may be truly heroic, and even godlike, is evident, but evident facts
are not always obvious ones, and it requires plays like “The Devil’s
Disciple” to remind us of them.

“Dick Dudgeon,” says Shaw in his preface, “is a Puritan of the
Puritans. He is brought up in a household where the Puritan religion
has died and become, in its corruption, an excuse for his mother’s
master-passion of hatred in all its phases of cruelty and envy. In
such a home he finds himself starved of religion, which is the most
clamorous need of his nature. With all his mother’s indomitable
selfishness, but with pity instead of hatred as his master-passion,
he pities the devil, takes his side, and champions him, like a true
Covenanter, against the world. He thus becomes, like all genuinely
religious men, a reprobate and an outcast. Once this is understood, the
play becomes straightforwardly simple.”




“WIDOWERS’ HOUSES”


Just as Ibsen, when he set up shop as a dramatist, began by imitating
the great men of his time, so Shaw, when he abandoned novel-writing
for play-making, modeled his _opus_ upon the dramas then in fashion.
Ibsen’s first play was a one-act melodrama of the old school called
“Kiaempehöien” and it has been forgotten, happily, these fifty years.
Shaw’s bow was made in “Widowers’ Houses,” a three-act comedy. Begun in
1885, in collaboration with William Archer, the incompleted manuscript
was dusted, revamped and pushed to “finis” in 1892. It is not a
masterpiece, but its production by the Independent Theater Company
of London, served to introduce Shaw to the public, and thus it had a
respectable purpose. Admittedly modeled upon the early comedies of
Pinero and Jones, it shows plain evidences that it was produced during
the imitative stage of the author’s growth. It has scenes of orthodox
build, it has an “emotional” climax at the end and there are even
soliloquys--but the mark of Shaw is plainly upon every line of it.
The “grand” scene between the hero and the heroine might be from “Man
and Superman.” There is imitation in it, as there is in the earlier
works of most men of creative genius, but there is also a vast deal of
originality.

At the time the play was begun Shaw was engrossed in the propaganda
of the Fabian Society and so it was not unnatural that, when he set
out to write a play he made a social problem the foundation stone of
it. Harry Trench, a young Englishman but twice removed from the lesser
aristocracy and with the traditional ideals and ideas of his caste, is
the tortured Prince of this little “Hamlet.” Happening in his travels
upon two fellow Britishers--father and daughter--he falls in love with
the latter and in due course makes his honorable proposals. The father,
scenting the excellent joys of familiar association with Harry’s titled
relatives, gives his paternal blessing, and the affair bobs along in a
manner eminently commonplace and refined. The clan Sartorius has money;
the clan Trench has blood. An alliance between Harry and the fair Miss
Sartorius is one obviously desirable.

But before the wedding day is set, there comes trouble aplenty. By
accident Harry is led into an investigation of the manner in which
the Sartorius pounds, shillings and pence reach the wide pockets of
his _fiancée’s_ father. What he discovers fairly horrifies him. Papa
Sartorius wrings his thousands from the people of the gutter. Down in
the slums of St. Giles, of Marylebone and of Bethnal Green lie his
estates--rows upon rows of filthy, tumble-down tenements. The pound
saved on repairs kills a slum baby--and buys Blanche Sartorius a new
pair of gloves. The shillings dragged from reluctant costermongers and
washerwomen give Sartorius his excellent cigars. He is the worst slum
landlord in London--the most heartless, the most grasping, the most
murderous and the most prosperous. His millions pile up as his tenants
shuffle off to the potter’s field.

Harry’s disgust is unspeakable. He will have nothing of the Sartorius
hoard. Rather starve upon his miserable $3500 a year! He will work--he
has a license to practise upon his fellow-men as physician and
surgeon--and he and Blanche will face the world bravely. But Blanche,
unfortunately, does not see it in that light. Harry’s income is regular
and safe, but seven hundred pounds is no revenue for the daughter and
son-in-law of a millionaire. And when she discovers the reason for
Harry’s singular self-sacrifice and modesty, her pride rages high.
After all, Sartorius is her father. He may squeeze his tenants for the
last farthing, but he has been good to her. His money has been hers,
and even when she fathoms the depths of his heartlessness, her shame
does not break her loyalty. So she sends Harry about his business and
seeks consolation in maidenly tears. Thus they remain for a space--he
sacrificing his love to his ideals of honesty and honor, and she
offering her virtuous affection upon the altar of filial allegiance and
pride.

It is Sartorius who solves the problem. He is not shocked by Harry’s
revolt, by any means. The world, as he knows, is full of such silly
scruples and senseless ideas of altruism. And, at any rate, he is
willing to give his tenants as much as he can afford. He explains it
all to Blanche.

“I have made up my mind,” he says, “to improve the property and get in
a new class of tenants.... I am only waiting for the consent of the
ground landlord, Lady Roxdale.”

Lady Roxdale is Harry’s aristocratic aunt and Blanche’s face shows her
surprise.

“Lady Roxdale!” she exclaims.

“Yes,” replies her fond papa. “But I shall expect the mortgagee to take
his share of the risk.”

“The mortgagee!” says Blanche. “Do you mean----”

“Harry Trench,” says Sartorius blandly, finishing the sentence for her.

And so the melancholy fact is laid bare that Harry’s safe and honorable
$3500 a year, upon which he proposed to Blanche that they board and
lodge in lieu of her father’s tainted thousands, is just as dirty,
penny for penny, as the latter. Sartorius puts it before Harry, too,
and very plainly.

“When I,” he says, “to use your own words, screw and bully and drive
those people to pay what they have freely undertaken to pay me, I
cannot touch one penny of the money they give me until I have first
paid you your seven hundred pounds out of it....”

Of course, that puts a new face upon the situation. Thinking over
it calmly, Harry comes to the conclusion that the oppression of slum
dwellers is a thing regrettable and deplorable, but, on the whole,
inevitable and necessary. As Sartorius shows him, they would not
appreciate generosity if it were accorded them. Ethically, they are to
be pitied; practically, pity would do them no good. In matters of money
a man must make some sacrifice of his ideals and look out for himself.
And so Harry and Blanche are united with benefit of clergy and the
Sartorius money and the Trench blood enters upon an honorable and--let
us hope--happy and permanent alliance.

In incident and character-drawing the play is rather elemental.
Sartorius is the stock capitalist of drama--a figure as invariable as
the types in Jerome K. Jerome’s “Stageland.” And the other persons of
the play--Harry Trench, the altruist with reservations; William de
Burgh Cokane, his mentor in orthodox hypocrisy; Lickcheese, Sartorius’
rent-collector and rival, and Blanche herself--all rather impress us as
beings we have met before. Nevertheless, an occasional flash reveals
the fine Italian hand of Shaw--a hand albeit, but yet half trained.
That Blanche is a true daughter to Sartorius, psychologically as well
as physically, is shown in a brief scene wherein she and a serving
maid are the only players. And the “grand” scene at the close of the
play, between Blanche and Harry, smells of the latter-day Shaw to high
heaven. Harry has come to her father’s house to discuss their joint
affairs and she goes at him savagely:

“Well? So you have come back here. You have had the meanness to come
into this house again. (_He blushes and retreats a step._) What a
poor-spirited creature you must be! Why don’t you go? (_Red and
wincing, he starts huffily to get his hat from the table, but when he
turns to the door with it she deliberately gets in his way, so that he
has to stop._) _I_ don’t want you to stay. (_For a moment they stand
face to face, quite close to one another, she provocative, taunting,
half-defying, half-inviting him to advance, in a flush of undisguised
animal excitement. It suddenly flashes upon him that all this ferocity
is erotic--that she is making love to him. His eye lights up; a cunning
expression comes into the corner of his mouth; with a heavy assumption
of indifference he walks straight back to his chair and plants himself
in it with his arms folded. She comes down the room after him._)...”

It is too late for poor Harry to beat a retreat. He is lost as
hopelessly as John Tanner in “Man and Superman” and in the same way.

The scene savors strongly of Nietzsche, particularly in its frank
acceptance of the doctrine that, when all the poets have had their say,
plain physical desire is the chief basis of human mating. No doubt
Shaw’s interest in Marx and Schopenhauer led him to make a pretty
thorough acquaintance with all the German metaphysicians of the early
eighties. “Widowers’ Houses” was begun in 1885, four years before
Nietzsche was dragged off to an asylum. In 1892, when the play was
completed and the last scene written, the mad German’s theories of life
were just beginning to gain a firm foothold in England.




“THE PHILANDERER”


Shaw calls “The Philanderer” a topical comedy, which describes it
exactly. Written in 1893, at the height of the Ibsen craze, it served
a purpose like that of the excellent _revues_ which formerly adorned
the stage of the New York Casino. Frankly, a burlesque upon fads of the
moment, its interest now is chiefly archeological. For these many moons
we have ceased to regard Ibsen as a man of subterranean mystery--who
has heard any talk of “symbolic” plays for two years?--and have learned
to accept his dramas as dramas and his heroines as human beings. Those
Ibsenites of ’93 who haven’t grown civilized and cut their hair are now
buzzing about the head of Maeterlinck or D’Annunzio or some other new
god. To enjoy “A Doll’s House” is no longer a sign of extraordinary
intellectual muscularity. The stock companies of Peoria and Oil City
now present it as a matter of course, between “The Henrietta” and
“Camille.”

But when Shaw wrote “The Philanderer” a wave of groping individualism
was sweeping over Europe, the United States and other more or less
Christian lands. Overeducated young women of the middle class, with
fires of discontent raging within them, descended upon Nora Helmer with
a whoop and became fearsome Ibsenites. They formed clubs, they pleaded
for freedom, for a wider area of development, for an equal chance;
they demanded that the word “obey” be removed from their lines in the
marriage comedy; they wrote letters to the newspapers; they patronized
solemn pale-green matinées: some of them even smoked cigarettes.
Poor old Nietzsche had something to do with this uprising. His ideas
regarding the orthodox virtues, mangled in the mills of his disciples,
appeared on every hand. Iconoclasts, amateur and professional, grew as
common as policemen.

Very naturally, this series of phenomena vastly amused our friend from
Ireland. Himself a devoted student of Ibsen’s plays and a close friend
to William Archer, their translator, he saw the absurdity and pretense
in the popular excitement, and so set about making fun of it.

In “The Philanderer” he shows a pack of individualists at war with the
godly. Grace Tranfield and Julia Craven, young women of the period,
agree that marriage is degrading and enslaving, and so join an Ibsen
club, spout stale German paradoxes and prepare to lead the intellectual
life. But before long both fall in love, and with the same man, and
thereafter, in plain American, there is the devil to pay. Julia tracks
the man--his name is Leonard Charteris--to Grace’s home and fairly
drags him out of her arms, at the same time, yelling, shouting,
weeping, howling and gnashing her teeth. Charteris, barricading himself
behind furniture, politely points out the inconsistency of her conduct.

“As a woman of advanced views,” he says, “you determined to be free.
You regarded marriage as a degrading bargain, by which a woman sold
herself to a man for the social status of a wife and the right to be
supported and pensioned out of his income in her old age. That’s the
advanced view--our view....”

“I am too miserable to argue--to think,” wails Julia. “I only know that
I love you....”

And so a fine temple of philosophy, built of cards, comes fluttering
down.

As the struggle for Charteris’ battle-scarred heart rages, other
personages are drawn into the trenches, unwillingly and greatly to
their astonishment. Grace’s papa, a dramatic critic of the old school,
and Julia’s fond parent, a retired military man, find themselves members
of the Ibsen club and participants in the siege of their daughters’
reluctant Romeo. Percy Paramore, a highly respectable physician,
also becomes involved in the fray. In the end he serves the useful
peace-making purpose delegated to axmen and hangmen in the ancient
drama. Charteris, despairing of eluding the erotic Julia shunts her
off into Paramore’s arms. Then Grace, coming out of her dream, wisely
flings him the mitten and the curtain falls.

It is frankly burlesque and in places it is Weberfieldian in its
extravagance. It was not presented in London in 1893 because no actors
able to understand it could be found. When it was published it made a
great many honest folk marvel that a man who admired Ibsen as warmly
as Shaw could write such a lampoon on the Ibsenites. This was the
foundation of Shaw’s present reputation as a most puzzling manufacturer
of paradoxes. The simple fact that the more a man understood and
admired Ibsen the more he would laugh at the grotesqueries of the
so-called Ibsenites did not occur to the majority, for the reason
that an obvious thing of that sort always strikes the majority as
unintellectual and childish and, in consequence, unthinkable. So Shaw
got fame as a paradoxical sleight-of-hand man, as Ibsen did with “The
Wild Duck” in 1884, and it has clung to him ever since. At present
every time he rises to utterances a section of the public quite frankly
takes it for granted that he means exactly the opposite of what he says.

It is unlikely that “The Philanderer” will ever take the place of “East
Lynne” or “Charley’s Aunt” in the popular repertoire. In the first
place, as has been mentioned, it is archaic and, in the second place,
it is not a play at all, but a comic opera libretto in prose, savoring
much of “Patience” and “The Princess Ida.” In the whole drama there is
scarcely a scene even remotely possible.

Every line is vastly amusing,--even including the sermonizing
of which Mr. Huneker complains,--but all remind one of the
“I-am-going-away-from-here” colloquy between “Willie” Collier and Miss
Louise Allen in a certain memorable entertainment of Messrs. Weber and
Fields.




“CAPTAIN BRASSBOUND’S CONVERSION”


Captain Brassbound’s Conversion” is a fantastic comedy, written with
no very ponderous ulterior purpose and without the undercurrents that
course through some of Shaw’s plays, but nevertheless, it is by no
means a bit of mere foolery. The play of character upon character is
shown with excellent skill, and if the drama has never attracted much
attention from aspiring comedians it is because the humor is fine-spun,
and not because it is weak.

The scene is the coast of Morocco and the hero, Captain Brassbound, is
a sort of refined, latter-day pirate, who has a working arrangement
with the wild natives of the interior and prospers in many ventures.
To his field of endeavor come two jaded English tourists--Sir Howard
Hallam, a judge of the criminal bench, and Lady Cicely Waynflete, his
sister-in-law. Lady Cicely is a queer product of her sex’s unrest. She
has traveled often and afar; she has held converse with cannibal kings;
she has crossed Africa alone. Hearing that it is well-nigh suicidal
to venture into the Atlas Mountains, which rear their ancient peaks
from the eastern skyline, she is seized by a yearning to explore them.
Sir Howard expostulates, pleads, argues, and storms--and in the end
consents to go with her.

It is here that Brassbound enters upon the scene--in the capacity of
guide and commander of the expedition. He is a strange being, this
gentleman pirate, a person of “olive complexion, dark southern eyes ...
grim mouth ... and face set to one tragic purpose....” A man of blood
and iron. A hero of scarlet romance, red-handed and in league with the
devil.

And so the little caravan starts off--Sir Howard, Lady Cicely,
Brassbound and half a dozen of Brassbound’s thugs and thieves. They
have little adventures and big adventures and finally they reach an
ancient Moorish castle in the mountains, heavy with romance and an
ideal scene for a tragedy. And here Brassbound reveals his true colors.
Pirate no longer, he becomes traitor--and betrays his charges to a wild
Moroccan chieftain.

But it is not gold that leads him into this crime, nor anything else so
prosaic or unworthy. Revenge is his motive--dark, red-handed revenge
of the sort that went out of fashion with shirts of mail. He has been
seeking a plan for Sir Howard’s destruction for years and years, and
now, at last, providence has delivered his enemy into his hands.

To see the why and wherefore of all this, it is necessary to know
that Sir Howard, before reaching his present eminence, had a brother
who fared upon the sea to the West Indies and there acquired a sugar
estate and a yellow Brazilian wife. When he died the estate was seized
by his manager and his widow took to drink. With her little son she
proceeded to England, to seek Sir Howard’s aid in her fight for
justice. Disgusted by her ill-favored person and unladylike habits,
he turned her out of doors and she, having no philosophy, straightway
drank herself to death. And then, after many years, Sir Howard himself,
grown rich and influential, used his riches and his influence to
dispossess the aforesaid dishonest manager of his brother’s estate.
Of the bibulous widow’s son he knew nothing, but this son, growing
up, remembered. In the play he bobs into view again. He is Captain
Brassbound, pirate.

Brassbound has cherished his elaborate scheme of vengeance for so
many years that it has become his other self. Awake and sleeping he
thinks of little else, and when, at last, the opportunity to execute
it arrives, he goes half mad with exultation. That such revenges have
come to seem ridiculous to civilized men, he does not know. His life
has been cast along barren coasts and among savages and outcasts, and
ethically he is a brother to the crusaders. His creed still puts the
strong arm above the law, and here is his chance to make it destroy one
of the law’s most eminent ornaments. Viewed from his standpoint the
stage is set for a stupendous and overpowering drama.

But the saturnine captain reckons without the fair Lady Cicely. In all
his essentials, he is a half-savage hairy-armed knight of the early
thirteenth century. Lady Cicely, calm, determined and cool, is of the
late nineteenth. The conflict begins furiously and rages furiously to
the climax. When the end comes Brassbound feels his heroics grow wabbly
and pitiful; he sees himself mean and ridiculous.

“Damn you!” he cries in a final burst of rage. “You have belittled my
whole life to me!”

There is something pathetic in the figure of the pirate as his ideals
come crashing down about his head and he blindly gropes in the dark.

“It was vulgar--vulgar,” he says. “I see that now; for you have opened
my eyes to the past; but what good is that for the future? What am I to
do? Where am I to go?”

It is not enough that he undoes his treason and helps to save Sir
Howard. What he wants is some rule of life to take the place of the
smashed ideals of his wasted years. He gropes in vain and ends, like
many another man, by idealizing a woman.

“You seem to be able to make me do pretty well what you like,” he says
to Lady Cicely, “but you cannot make me marry anybody but yourself.”

“Do you really want a wife?” asks Cicely archly.

“I want a commander,” replies the reformed Brassbound. “I am a good man
when I have a good leader.”

He is not the first man that has fallen beneath the spell of her
dominating and masterful ego, to mistake his obedience for love, and
she bluntly tells him so. And thus they part--Brassbound to return to
his ship and his smuggling, and Cicely to go home to England.

As will be observed, this is no ordinary farce, but a play of
considerable depth and beam. Shaw is a master of the art of depicting
such conflicts as that here outlined, and Brassbound and Cicely are by
no means the least of his creations. With all the extravagance of the
play, there is something real and human about each, and the same may
be said of the lesser characters--Sir Howard; the Rev. Leslie Rankin,
missionary and philosopher; Drinkwater, Brassbound’s recruit from the
slums of London; the Moorish chiefs; Captain Hamlin Kearney of the
U. S. S. _Santiago_, who comes to Sir Howard’s rescue, and the others.

The chief fault of the play is the fact that the exposition, in the
first act, requires an immense amount of talk without action. The whole
act, in truth, might be played with all of the characters standing
still. Later on, there is plenty of movement, but the play as a whole
is decidedly inferior to the majority of the Shaw dramas. The dialogue
lacks the surface brilliancy of “You Never Can Tell” and “Candida”
and the humor, in places, is too delicate, almost, for the theme.
The piece, in fact, is a satirical melodrama disguised as a farce--a
melodrama of the true Shaw brand, in which the play of mind upon mind
overshadows the play of club upon skull.




“CÆSAR AND CLEOPATRA”


Because he put it forth as a rival to “Julius Cæsar” and “Anthony and
Cleopatra,” Shaw’s “Cæsar and Cleopatra” has been the football in an
immense number of sanguinary critical rushes. His preface to it is
headed “Better than Shakespeare?” and he frankly says that he thinks
it _is_ better. But that he means thereby to elbow himself into the
exalted position occupied by William of Avon for 300 years does not
follow. “In manner and art,” he said, in a recent letter to the London
_Daily News_, “nobody can write better than Shakespeare, because,
carelessness apart, he did the thing as well as it can be done within
the limits of human faculty.” Shaw, in other words, by no means lacks
a true appreciation of Shakespeare’s genius. What he endeavors to
maintain is simply the claim that, to modern audiences, _his_ Cæsar
and _his_ Cleopatra should seem more human and more logical than
Shakespeare’s. That this is a thesis susceptible of argument no one who
has read “Cæsar and Cleopatra” will deny.

“The sun do move,” said the Rev. Mr. Jasper. Shaw says the same thing
of the world. In Shakespeare’s day knighthood was still in flower and
the popular ideals of military perfection were medieval. A hero was
esteemed in proportion as he approached Richard Cœur de Lion. Chivalry
was yet a very real thing and the masses of the people were still
influenced by the transcendentalism of the Crusades. And so, when
Shakespeare set out to draw a conqueror and hero of the first rank, he
evolved an incarnation of these far-fetched and rather grotesque ideals
and called it Julius Cæsar.

To-day men have very different notions. In these piping times of
common-sense, were a Joan of Arc to arise, she would be packed off to a
home for feeble-minded children. People admire, not Chevalier Bayard,
but Lord Kitchener and U. S. Grant; not so much lofty purposes as
tangible achievements; not so much rhetoric as accomplishment. For a
man to occupy to-day the position held by Cæsar at the beginning of the
year 44 B.C. he would have to possess traits far different from those
Shakespeare gave his hero. Shaw endeavors to draw a Cæsar with just
such modern marks of heroism--to create a Roman with the attributes
that might exalt a man, in this prosaic twentieth century, to the
eminence attained by the immortal Julius 1900 years ago. In other
words, Shaw tries to reconstruct Shakespeare’s Cæsar (and incidentally,
of course, his Cleopatra) just as a latter-day stage manager must
reconstruct the scenes and language of Shakespeare to make them
understandable to-day. That his own Cæsar, in consequence, is a more
comprehensible, a more human and, on the whole, a more possible hero
than Shakespeare’s is the substance of his argument.

The period of the play is the year 48 B.C., when Cleopatra was a girl
of sixteen and Cæsar an oldster of fifty-two, with a widening bald
spot beneath his laurel and a gradually lessening interest in the
romantic side of life. Shaw depicts the young queen as an adolescent
savage: ignorant, cruel, passionate, animal, impulsive, selfish and
blood-thirsty. She is monarch in name only and spends her time as
any child might. Egypt is torn by the feud that finally leads to the
Alexandrine war, and, Cleopatra, perforce, is the nominal head of
one of the two parties. But she knows little of the wire-pulling and
intriguing, and the death of her brother and rival, Ptolemy Dionysius,
interests her merely as an artistic example of murder. The health of
a sacred cat seems of far more consequence to her than the welfare of
Asia Minor.

Cæsar comes to Alexandria to take a hand in the affairs of Egypt and,
incidentally, to collect certain moneys due him for past services as a
professional conqueror. Cleopatra fears him at first, as a most potent
and evil bogey-man, and is so vastly surprised when she finds him quite
human, and even commonplace, that she straightway falls in love with
him. Cæsar, in return, regards her with a mild and cynical interest.
“He is an important public man,” says Max Beerbohm, “who knows that a
little chit of a girl-queen has taken a fancy to him and is tickled
by the knowledge, and behaves very kindly to her and rather wishes
he were young enough to love her.” He needs 1600 talents in cash and
tries to collect the money. In truth, he has little time to waste
in listening to her sighs. Pothinus, of the palace--an early Roman
Polonius--is appalled.

“Is it possible,” he gasps, “that Cæsar, the conqueror of the world,
has time to occupy himself with such a trifle as our taxes?”

“My friend,” replies Cæsar affably, “taxes are the chief business of a
conqueror of the world.”

And so there comes fighting and the burning of the Alexandrine library
and the historic heaving of Cleopatra into the sea and other incidents
more or less familiar. Through it all the figure of Cæsar looms calm
and unromantic. To him this business of war has become a pretty dull
trade: he longs for the time when he may retire and nurse his weary
bones. He fishes Cleopatra out of the water--and complains of a touch
of rheumatism. He sits down to a gorgeous banquet of peacock’s brains
and nightingale’s tongues--and asks for oysters and barley water. Now
and then Cleopatra’s blandishments tire him. Again, her frank savagery
startles and enrages him. In the end, when his work is done and his fee
pocketed, when Cleopatra’s throne is safe, with Roman soldiers on guard
about it, he goes home.

“I will send you a beautiful present from Rome,” he tells the volcanic
girl-queen.

She demands to know what Rome can offer Egypt.

“I will send you a man,” says Cæsar, “Roman from head to heel and Roman
of the noblest; not old and ripe for the knife; not lean in the arms
and cold in the heart; not hiding a bald head under his conqueror’s
laurels; not stooped with the weight of the world on his shoulders;
but brisk and fresh, strong and young, hoping in the morning, fighting
in the day and revelling in the evening. Will you take such an one in
exchange for Cæsar?”

“His name? His name?” breathes the palpitating Cleopatra.

“Shall it be Mark Anthony?” says Cæsar.

And the erotic little Cleopatra, who has a vivid remembrance of
Anthony’s manly charms, born of a fleeting glimpse of him, falls into
her elderly friend’s arms, speechless with gratitude.

Unlike most of Shaw’s plays, “Cæsar and Cleopatra” is modelled
upon sweeping and spectacular lines. In its five acts there are
countless scenes that recall Sardou at his most magnificent--scenes
that would make “Ben Hur” seem pale and “The Darling of the Gods” a
parlor play. And so, too, there is plenty of the more exciting sort
of action--stabbings, rows, bugle-calls, shouts and tumults. What
opportunity it would give to the riotous, purple fancy of Klaw and
Erlanger or the pomp and pageantry of David Belasco!

Shaw makes Cleopatra a much more human character than Cæsar. In the
latter there appears rather too much of the icy _sang froid_ we have
grown accustomed to encounter in the heroes of the brigade commanded
by “The Prisoner of Zenda.” Some of Cæsar’s witticisms are just a bit
too redolent of the professional epigrammatist. Reading the play we
fancy him in choker collar and silk hat, with his feet hoisted upon
a club window-sill and an Havana cigar in his mouth,--the cynical
man-of-the-world of the women novelists. In other words, Shaw, in
attempting to bring the great conqueror down to date, has rather
expatriated him. He is scarcely a Roman.

Cleopatra, on the contrary, is admirable. Shaw very frankly makes her
an animal and her passion for Cæsar is the backbone of the play. She is
fiery, lustful and murderous; a veritable she-devil; and all the while
an impressionable, superstitious, shadow-fearing child. In his masterly
gallery of women’s portraits--Mrs. Warren, Blanche Sartorius, Candida,
Ann Whitefield and their company--Cleopatra is by no means the least.

The lesser characters--Brittanus, the primitive Briton (a parody of
the latter-day Britisher); Apollodorus, the Sicilian dilletante;
Ftatateeta, Cleopatra’s menial and mistress; Rufio, the Roman general
(a sort of Tiber-bred William Dobbin); and the boy Ptolemy--all remain
in the memory as personages clearly and certainly drawn.

In view of the chances that the play affords the player and the stage
manager it seems curious that it was so long neglected by the Frohmans
of the day. Between Shaw’s Cæsar and Shakespeare’s Cæsar there is a
difference wide enough to make a choice necessary. That a great many
persons, pondering the matter calmly, would cast their ballots for
the former is a prophecy not altogether absurd. Just as the world
has outgrown, in succession, the fairy tale, the morality play, the
story in verse, the epic and the ode, so it has outgrown many ideas
and ideals regarding humanity that once appeared as universal truths.
Shakespeare, says Shaw, was far ahead of his time. This is shown by
his Lear. But the need for earning his living made him write down to
its level. As a result those of his characters that best pleased his
contemporaries--Cæsar, Rosalind, Brutus, etc.--now seem obviously and
somewhat painfully Elizabethan.




“A MAN OF DESTINY”


That characteristic tendency to look at the under side of things and
to explore the depths beneath the obvious surface markings, which
Shaw displays in “Cæsar and Cleopatra,” “Arms and the Man” and “The
Devil’s Disciple,” is shown at the full in “The Man of Destiny.”
The play is in one act and in intent it is a mere bravura piece,
written, as the author says, “to display the virtuosity of the two
principal performers.” But its picture of Napoleon Bonaparte, the
principal character, is a startlingly novel one, and the little drama
is remarkable alike for its fantastic character drawing, its cameo
craftsmanship, its ingenious incident and its fairly dazzling dialogue.
There is more of the quality called “brilliancy” in its one scene than
in most three-act society comedies of the day. Some of its episodes are
positive gems.

The Napoleon of the play is not the emperor of popular legend and
Meissonier’s painting, but the young general of 1796, but recently
come to opportunity and still far from immortality. The scene is the
parlor of a little inn on the road from Lodi to Milan and the young
general--he is but twenty-seven--is waiting impatiently for a packet
of despatches. He has defeated the Austrians at Lodi, but they are yet
foes to be feared and he is very eager to know whether General Massena
will make his next stand at Mantua or at Peschiera. A blundering
jackass of a lieutenant, the bearer of the expected despatches, comes
staggering in with the information that he has been met on the road and
outwitted and robbed of them by a boyish young officer of the enemy’s.
Napoleon flies into a rage, very naturally, but after all it is an
incident of the wars and, the papers being lost, he resigns himself to
doing without them.

Almost simultaneously there appears from upstairs a handsome young
woman. The lieutenant, seeing her, is instantly struck with her
remarkable resemblance to the youthful officer who cajoled and robbed
him. Napoleon pricks up his ears and orders the half-witted lieutenant
out of the room. And then begins a struggle of wits. The young woman
and the young officer are one person. Bonaparte knows it and demands
the dispatches. But she is a nimble one, this patriot in skirts, and
it seems for a while that he will have to play the dragoon and tear
them from her bodice. Even when she yields and he has the papers in his
hands, she is the victor. There is one letter that he dare not read. It
is a _billet-doux_ from a woman to a man who is not her husband and it
has been sent from Paris by a well-meaning blunderer that the husband
may read it and learn. Josephine is the woman, the director Barras is
the other man--and Napoleon himself is the husband.

Here we have Bonaparte the man, facing a crisis in his affairs more
appalling than any he has ever encountered on the field of war. There
is no gleam of a crown ahead to cheer him on and no crash of artillery
to hearten him. It is a situation far more terrifying than the fight
about the bridge at Lodi, but he meets it squarely and resolutely. And
in the end he outplays and vanquishes his fair conqueror.

She tells the blundering lieutenant that the officer boy who outwitted
him was her brother.

“If I undertake to place him in your hands, a prisoner,” she says,
“will you promise me on your honor as an officer and a gentleman not to
fight with him or treat him unkindly in any way?”

The simple-minded lieutenant promises--and the young woman slips out
and once more discards her skirts for the uniform of a young officer.
Then she reappears and surrenders.

“Where are the dispatches?” demands Napoleon, with heavy dissembling.

“My sister has bewitched the general,” says the protean stranger.
“General: open your coat; you will find the dispatches in the breast of
it....”

And lo! they are even there--and all agree that as papers bearing the
gristly finger-prints of a witch, they must be burnt. Cæsar’s wife must
be above suspicion.

“I read them the first thing....” whispers the witch’s alter ego; “So
you see I know what’s in them; and you don’t.”

“Excuse me,” replies Napoleon blandly. “I read them when I was out
there in the vineyard ten minutes ago.”

It would be impossible to exaggerate the humor and delicacy of this
little play. Napoleon, it must be remembered, is still a youngster,
who has scarcely dared to confess to himself the sublime scope of his
ambitions. But the man of Austerlitz and St. Helena peeps out, now
and then, from the young general’s flashing eyes, and the portrait,
in every detail, is an admirable one. Like Thackeray, Shaw is fond of
considering great men in their ordinary everyday aspects. He knows
that Marengo was but a day, and that there were thousands of other
days in the Little Corporal’s life. It is such week-days of existence
that interest him, and in their light he has given us plays that offer
amazingly searching studies of Cæsar and of Bonaparte, not to speak of
General Sir John Burgoyne.




“THE ADMIRABLE BASHVILLE”


The Admirable Bashville, or Constancy Rewarded,” a blank verse farce
in two tableaux, is a dramatization by Shaw of certain incidents in
his novel, “Cashel Byron’s Profession.” Cashel Byron, the hero of the
novel, is a prize-fighter who wins his way to the hand and heart of
Lydia Carew, a young woman of money, education and what Mulvaney calls
“theouries.” Cashel sees in Lydia a remarkably fine girl; Lydia sees in
Cashel an idealist and a philosopher as well as a bruiser. The race of
Carew, she decides, needs an infusion of healthy red blood. And so she
marries Byron--and they live happily ever after.

Bashville is Lydia’s footman and factotum, and he commits the
unpardonable solecism of falling in love with her. Very frankly he
confesses his passion and resigns his menial portfolio.

“If it is to be my last word,” he says, “I’ll tell you that the
ribbon round your neck is more to me,” etc., etc.... “I am sorry
to inconvenience you by a short notice, but I should take it as a
particular favor if I might go this evening.”

“You had better,” says Lydia, rising quite calmly and keeping
resolutely away from her the strange emotional result of being
astonished, outraged and loved at one unlooked-for stroke. “It is not
advisable that you should stay after what you have just----”

“I knew that when I said it,” interposes Bashville, hastily and
doggedly.

“In going away,” continues Lydia, “you will be taking precisely the
course that would be adopted by any gentleman who had spoken to the
same effect. I am not offended by your declaration; I recognize your
right to make it. If you need my testimony to further your future
arrangements, I shall be happy to say that I believe you to be a man of
honor.”

An American pugilist-actor, struck by the possibilities of the story,
engaged a journeyman playwright to make a play of it, and Shaw, to
protect his rights, put together “The Admirable Bashville.” The one
performance required by the English copyright law was given by the
Stage Society at the Imperial Theater, London, in the summer of 1903.

“It was funny,” says James Huneker, who witnessed the performance. “It
gibed at Shakespeare, at the modern drama, at Parliament, at social
snobbery, at Shaw himself, and at almost everything else within reach.
The stage setting was a mockery of the Elizabethan stage, with two
venerable beef-eaters in Tower costume, who hung up placards bearing
the legend, ‘A Glade in Wiltstoken Park,’ etc. Ben Webster as Cashel
Byron and James Hearn as the Zulu King (whom Cashel entertains by an
exhibition of his fistic prowess) carried off the honors. Aubrey Smith,
made up as Mr. Shaw in the costume of a policeman with a brogue, caused
merriment, especially at the close, when he informed his audience that
the author had left the house. And so he had. He was standing at the
corner when I accosted him.”

Shaw explains that he wrote the extravaganza in blank verse because
he had to hurry over it and “hadn’t time to write it in the usual
prose.” To anyone “with the requisite ear and command of words,” he
says in another place, “blank verse, written under the amazingly loose
conditions which Shakespeare claimed, with full liberty to use all
sorts of words, colloquial, technical, rhetorical and even obscurely
technical, to indulge in the most far-fetched ellipses, and to
impress ignorant people with every possible extremity of fantasy and
affectation, is the easiest of all known modes of literary expression,
and this is why whole oceans of dull bombast and drivel have been
emptied on the head of England since Shakespeare’s time in this form by
people who could not have written ‘Box and Cox’ to save their lives.”

“The Admirable Bashville” may be seen in the United States before long.
Not long ago the London _Daily Mail_ reported that the eminent comedian
and gladiator, Mr. James J. Corbett, was casting eager eyes upon it and
that Shaw rather liked the idea of his appearing in it.

“He is a man who has made a success in one profession,” the dramatist
is reported to have said, “and will therefore understand that there are
difficulties to be encountered in making a success in another. Look
at the books written to-day, and then consider which you would rather
have--a man who can do nothing or a really capable prize-fighter.”

All of which you will find, much elaborated, in “Cashel Byron’s
Profession,” which was written in 1882.




“CANDIDA”


Candida” is a latter-day essay in feminine psychology after the fashion
of “A Doll’s House,” “Monna Vanna” and “Hedda Gabler.” Candida Morell,
the heroine, is a clergyman’s wife, who, lacking an acquaintance
with the philosophies and face to face with the problem of earning
her daily bread, might have gone the muddy way of Mrs. Warren. As it
is, she exercises her fascinations upon a moony poet, arouses him
to the mad-dog stage of passion, drives her husband to the verge of
suicide--and then, with bland complacency and unanswerable logic, reads
both an excellent lecture, turns the poet out of doors, and falls into
her husband’s arms, still chemically pure. It is an edifying example of
the influence of mind over matter.

Arnold Daly’s heroic production of the play, at the little Berkeley
Lyceum, in New York City, served as the foundation of the present vogue
of Shaw in the United States, and in consequence “Candida” has been the
theme of many metropolitan and provincial philosophers and critics.
At the start the vast majority of them muddled the play hopelessly.
Candida, they decided, was a sublime type of the virtuous wife and
mother--a good woman whose thoughts were as innocent as her acts. It
remained for Shaw--and he is usually his own best critic--to set them
right. Candida, he explained, was a “very immoral female ... who,
without brains and strength of mind ... would be a wretched slattern or
voluptuary.” In other words (as he tried to make clear) she remained
virtuous, not because there was aught of the vestal or altruist about
her, but because she had discovered that it was possible to enjoy all
of the ecstatic excitement of a fall from grace, and still, by holding
back at the actual brink of the precipice, to retain, in full measure,
her reputation as a pattern of fidelity and virtue. She solved the
problem of being immoral and respectable at the same time.

The play is well built and thoroughly balanced and mature. Its every
scene shows that it is the work of a dramatist whose genius has been
mellowed and whose hand has been made sure by experience. The action
moves with that certain, natural air peculiar to many of Ibsen’s plays.
The characters are not sketches, but definitive, finished portraits.
They are not obvious types, perhaps, but even the poet, with all his
extravagances, is strangely human.

The Rev. James Morell, Candida’s husband, is a Christian-socialist of
a sort not uncommon on either side of the Atlantic. He has a parish in
an unfashionable part of London, and beside the usual futilities of
a conscientious clergyman’s daily labor, finds time to make frequent
addresses to the masses and classes upon the problems of the hour. In
his make-up, there is much of the unconscious make-believe of the actor
off the stage, though his own belief in himself is unshaken. Public
speaking seems to have this uncanny effect upon many men. Beginning in
all sincerity, they gradually lay stress upon the manner of saying a
thing at the expense of the matter. Their aim is to make an effect by
means of the spoken word and in the end, without realizing it, they
become stagey and unnatural. Such a man is Morell. By no means, it will
be observed, is he to be mistaken for a hypocrite.

Into his home, by some mad, altruistic impulse, he brings Eugene
Marchbanks, a moon-struck young man with the romantic ideals and day
dreams of a medieval Edgar Allan Poe and the practical common-sense of
an infant. Eugene is eighteen. He inhabits a world a mile or so above
the pink clouds of the sunset and writes vague, immaterial verses of
the sort that all of us invent and some of us set down in pen-and-ink
when we are young. At the start, in all probability, Candida regards
him as a nuisance. But by the time the play opens she has already lured
him on to the rocks. It is pleasant to sit by the fire and listen to
his hazy verses. He is a relief from the honest beefiness of Morell.
And so Candida has her entertainment and Eugene, poor boy! falls in
love with her.

Now, loving another man’s wife, since the beginning of written history,
has always presupposed or developed a rather ungenial attitude toward
that other man, and Eugene, studying Morell, comes to the conclusion
that he is a mere vaporish windbag--a silly bundle of stale platitudes,
trite ponderosities and pulpit puerilities. Having the valor of youth,
he makes open confession.

“I love your wife,” he says to Morell, “... a woman with a great soul
craving reality, truth, freedom, and being fed on metaphors, sermons,
stale perorations, mere rhetoric. Do you think a woman’s soul can live
on your talent for preaching?...”

Morell is staggered, not by Eugene’s frank avowal of his love for
Candida, but by the other things he has said. What if it is true that
she is stifled by the atmosphere of the Morell home? What if it is
true that she has tired of being shadow and drudge to an obscure,
over-earnest clergyman in a semi-slum and has turned her fancy toward
the poet?

“It is easy, terribly easy,” he says pathetically, “to break a man’s
faith in himself. To take advantage of that to break a man’s spirit is
devil’s work. Take care of what you are doing. Take care....”

It is a time of torment for the preacher and he sees his house of cards
trembling as if for a fall. Eugene, all the while, is defiant and
belligerent. He adds the virtue of rescuing Candida to the pleasure of
possessing her, and the two together work his swift undoing.

“Send for her!” he roars. “Send for her and let her choose between us!”

Aha, my masters! what a scene is this!--what a scene of mad passion for
the gallery to linger over breathlessly, for the orchestra to greet
with stares and for the critics to belabor and dissect in the morning!

Candida comes in and the two bid for her heart and helping hand.

“I have nothing to offer you,” says Morell, with proud humility, “but
my strength for your defense, my honesty of purpose for your surety, my
ability and industry for your livelihood, and my authority and position
for your dignity. That is all it becomes a man to offer a woman.”

“And you, Eugene?” asks Candida quietly. “What do you offer?”

“My weakness!” exclaims the poet passionately. “My desolation! My
heart’s need!”

“That’s a good bid,” says Candida judicially. “Now I know how to make
my choice.”

Then she pauses and looks curiously from one to the other, as if
weighing them. Morell, whose lofty confidence has once more changed
into heart-breaking dread, loses all power over himself and in
a suffocating voice--the appeal bursting from the depths of his
anguish--cries “Candida!”

“Coward!” shrieks Eugene, divining the victory in the surrender. And
Candida--O most virtuous of wives!--says blandly, “I give myself to the
weaker of the two” and falls into her husband’s arms. It is a situation
that struck the first night audience at the Berkeley Lyceum as one
eminently agreeable and refined.

As Shaw explains, the poet, despite the fact that “his face whitens
like steel in a furnace that cannot melt it,” is a gainer by Candida’s
choice. He enters the Morell home a sentimental boy yearning for an
emotional outlet. He leaves it a man who has shouldered his cross and
felt the unutterable stimulus of sacrifice. Candida makes a man of him,
says Shaw, by showing him his strength. David finds that he must do
without Uriah’s wife.

The dramatist makes Candida essay a most remarkable analysis of her
own motives. It is after Morell has reproached her, sick at heart and
consumed by a nameless fear, to learn if Eugene’s fiery onslaught has
been born of any unrest that may be stirring within her. She explains
freely and frankly, with more genuine honesty and self-revelation,
perhaps, than she knows. Eugene, she says, is like a shivering beggar
asking for her shawl. He needs love but scarcely knows it, and she
conceives it her duty to teach him the value of love, that no worse
woman may teach him its pains later on.

“Will he forgive me,” she says, “for not teaching him myself? For
abandoning him to the bad women for the sake of my goodness--my purity,
as you call it? Ah, James, how little you understand me, to talk of
your confidence in my goodness and purity. _I would give them both to
Eugene as willingly as I would give my shawl to a beggar dying of
cold_, if there was nothing else to restrain me....”

“Here,” says Huneker, “is one of the most audacious speeches in
any modern play. It has been passed over by most critics who saw
in ‘Candida’ merely an attempt to make a clergyman ridiculous, not
realizing that the theme is profound and far-reaching, the question put
being no more or no less than: Shall a married man expect his wife’s
love without working for it, without deserving it?” To this may be
added another and more familiar question: May not the woman who lives
in the odor of sanctity be more thoroughly immoral, at heart, than the
worst of her erring sisters?

The play has a number of extremely exciting “grand” scenes and in
general is admirably suitable for public performance. The minor
characters are but three in number--Candida’s wine-buying vulgarian of
a father, Morell’s curate and Proserpine, his typewriter. Proserpine is
admirable, and her hopeless love for Morell--a complaint not uncommon
among the women he knows--gives the play a note of homely sentiment
that keeps it to earth.

As a piece of workmanship “Candida” is Shaw at his best; as a study in
the workings of the feminine mind it deserves to rank with some of the
best plays the modern stage has to offer.




“HOW HE LIED TO HER HUSBAND”


How He Lied to Her Husband” is a one-act bit of foolery that Shaw wrote
for Arnold Daly after “Candida” had made a success in New York. It was
presented for the first time on the evening of Sept. 26, 1904, and
during the ensuing week was more vociferously discussed than any other
one-act play that ever graced the boards of an American theater.

As he made fun of the vaporing Ibsenites of the early ’90’s in “The
Philanderer,” just so Shaw got his joke at the expense of his own
ecstatic followers in this little appendix to “Candida.” The latter had
been presented with huge profit, and thousands of honest playgoers,
alert for mysterious “symbolism” and subtle “purposes” had seen
in its heroine a great many of the qualities they formerly sought
and discovered in the much-mauled Ibsen women. Candida, in brief,
became the high priestess of the advanced cult, in all its warring
denominational variety. It became a sign of intellectual vigor to go to
the Berkeley Lyceum and compare her with Nora Helmer, Hedda Gabler and
their company. And so Shaw indited “How He Lied to Her Husband.”

The characters in the little farce are a fashionable young poet named
Henry Upjohn, an untamed American husband named Bumpus, and his wife,
Aurora Bumpus, a young woman with yearnings. Aurora and Henry have
seen a performance of “Candida” and have come away with a feeling that
an intrigue after the fashion of Candida and Eugene, is one of those
things that no really advanced poet or modern wife should be without.
So Henry writes a sheaf of sonnets to Aurora and being determined
to play the game according to the rules, proposes that they run off
together. They are about to depart, conscientiously leaving the Bumpus
diamonds behind, when Aurora, at the brink of the precipice, draws back.

Meanwhile Bumpus happens upon Henry’s sonnets and confronts the poet
with the charge of having written them. Henry, determined to save
Aurora, “lies like a gentleman”--and incidentally overdoes it. Bumpus,
mistaking his well-meant prevarication for impolite indifference to
Aurora’s beauty, or denial of it, flies into a passion, and is on the
point of soundly thrashing the amorous bard when Aurora stays his hand.
Then Henry confesses, and Bumpus is so much pleased by the manner in
which the sonnets celebrate his wife’s charms that he offers to print
them for private circulation among connoisseurs with broad margins and
_de luxe_ binding.

The play is built upon the lines of broad farce, and in New York it
made an uproarious success. The encounter between Bumpus and Henry is
extraordinarily ludicrous. Aurora throughout is the typical enthusiast
of the women’s clubs--filled with vague longings and ambitions, but
intensely practical and commonplace at bottom. Henry, during one of
their tumultuous exchanges, is about to break her fan. She shrieks the
warning that it cost a dollar. He ventures upon a dark, melodramatic
oath. “How dare you swear in my presence?” she demands. “One would
think you were my husband!”

A pretty bit of fooling, _à la_ “The Wild Duck,” “The Philanderer” and
“Alice-Sit-by-the Fire.” Shaw calls it “a warning to theater-goers.” It
is.




“YOU NEVER CAN TELL”


You Never Can Tell,” like many of the dramas of Shakespeare, was
made to order. Shaw wrote it in 1896 and he calls it “an attempt to
comply with many requests for a play in which the much paragraphed
“brilliancy” of “Arms and the Man” should be tempered by some
consideration for the requirements of managers, in search of
fashionable comedies for West End theaters.” And so he laid the scene
in England, and made all his characters English and kept as close
to the earth as he could. But for all that, he failed to make a
conventional parlor drama of it. Shaw is Shaw, and when he set out to
build a comedy _à la mode_ he evolved instead a tragedy covered with a
sugar-coating of farce. On its face it is uproariously and irresistibly
funny; beneath the surface there is as nasty an undercurrent as that of
“Widowers’ Houses.”

Fergus Crampton, a wealthy English yacht builder, and his most
marvellous family are the chief characters of the play. Years before
the curtain rises Crampton and his wife agree to disagree and she
packs off to Madeira with their three babies--two girls and a boy.
Subscribing to the heterodox doctrine that a married woman is entitled
to her own home, her own pocket-book and her own name, Mrs. Crampton
assumes the cognomen of Clandon, bestows it upon her offspring
and brings them up in complete ignorance of the existence of their
paternal progenitor. Also she rears them in strict accordance with
her ultra-advanced ideas of independence and individualism. In all
matters concerning the emotions and intellect, they have freedom. And
so they become unconscionable egotists, disrespectful to their elders,
self-willed and obstinate, and nuisances in general.

As the curtain rises we find the Clandons back in England. Happening
into a small seaside town, Phil and Dolly, the younger of the three
children, scrape an acquaintance with one Valentine, a struggling young
dentist (and also a being with advanced views of human events), and
Dolly has the honor of paying him his first fee. Through him they meet
his landlord, an irascible old gentleman in a semi-nautical coat and an
habitual frown. They invite both dentist and landlord to luncheon, and
at the meal the discovery is made that the latter is none other than
the long-lost Mr. Crampton. Like the leading comedian of a burlesque
show afterpiece, Crampton is in consternation and shrieks “My wife!” in
a hoarse stage whisper.

“You are very greatly changed,” observes Mrs. Clandon-Crampton.

“I daresay,” replies the wretched husband and father. “A man does
change in eighteen years.”

This much of the prologue being accomplished, the personages proceed
to the real business of the action. Crampton, outraged and disgusted
beyond measure by the manners and dress of his progeny, demands that
Phil and Dolly be given over to his care and custody on the ground
that their mother is an unfit person to have the charge of them.
Meanwhile Valentine, the dentist, has felt a yearning towards Gloria,
the elder daughter, and Gloria, after surviving five previous sieges
of her heart, looks upon him not unkindly. One brief interview, in
fact, serves to advance him to a point whereat he may safely offer her
a chaste caress. Her mother, greatly astonished by his easy victory
over Gloria’s battalions of modern principles, seeks an explanation.
Valentine very blandly discusses the situation.

The duel of sex, he says, is much like the contest between the makers
of guns and the makers of ship’s armor. One year one is ahead and the
next year the other. In the old days, he says, mothers taught their
daughters old-fashioned methods of resisting the wiles of old-fashioned
Romeos, and for a space this method of defense was successful. But
by-and-by the Romeos learned its weak points, and the fond mammas
of England had to devise some new armor. They hit upon scientific
education, and for awhile it, too, was successful. But in the end the
old story was repeated.

“What did the man do?” says Valentine. “Just what the artilleryman
does--went one better than the woman--educated himself scientifically
and beat her at that game just as he had beaten her at the old one.
I learned how to circumvent the Woman’s Rights’ woman before I was
twenty-three....”

But before the play is done the philosophical duellist of sex finds
himself the vanquished rather than the victor. He begins to have doubts
about his preparedness for the marriage state and essays a polite
withdrawal. But Gloria, weighted with the wisdom of five previous
amorous encounters, is no easy adversary to lose.

“Be sensible,” says the valiant Valentine. “It’s no use. I haven’t a
penny in the world.”

“Can’t you earn one?” demands Gloria. “Other people do.”

Valentine, scenting a chance to flee, is half-delighted,
half-frightened.

“I never could!” he declares. “You’d be unhappy.... My dearest love, I
should be the merest fortune-hunting adventurer if----”

She grips his arm and kisses him.

“Oh, Lord!” he gasps. “O, I----”

The trap has sprung and he is caught fast.

“I don’t know anything about women,” wails the duellist of sex,
pathetically. “Twelve years’ experience is not enough.”

William, the waiter at the hotel, reads the moral.

“You never can tell, sir,” he says, “You never can tell.”

So much for the love making, which you will find, in slightly
different form in “Widowers’ Houses” and “Man and Superman.” The battle
between the Cramptons, husband and wife, is a more serious thing. In
some mysterious way the dramatist manages to keep the spectator from
sympathizing with either, but Crampton, nevertheless, is a character in
a tragedy and not in a comedy. It is all a ghastly horror to him--the
flight of his wife, the cynical, worldwise impudence and grotesque
individualism of his children, the perversity and topsy-turveyness
of the whole domestic drama. He is no martyr, by any means, for life
in his company, it is evident, would be an excellent imitation of
existence in a cage with a tiger, but if he is not lovable, he at
least has a great capacity for loving. He and Gloria have a memorable
encounter, in which she explains her theory of conduct in detail.

“You see,” she says triumphantly, at the end, “everything comes right
if we only _think_ it resolutely out.”

“No,” says Crampton sullenly, “I don’t think. I want you to feel:
that’s the only thing that can help us....”

In the end he succumbs to the inevitable senilely.

“Ho! ho! He! he! he!” he laughs, as Gloria bears Valentine away. And
then, say the stage directions, “he goes into the garden, chuckling at
the fun.”

Somehow the boundless humor of the play is forgotten long before this
undercurrent of ironic pathos.

William, the waiter, is one of Shaw’s most delightful characters.
He is, in truth, the chorus to the drama, and a man of deep
philosophies. To everyone’s consternation it is discovered that the
eminent Mr. Bohun, Q. C., who is called in as legal adviser to the
Clandon-Cramptons is William’s son.

“I’ve often wished he was a potman,” he says. “Would have had him off
my hands ever so much sooner, sir. Yes, sir, had to support him until
he was thirty-seven, sir....”

William reads Schopenhauer, but he has no intellectual yearnings.

“My name is Boon, sir,” he says, “though I am best known down here as
Balmy Walters, sir. By rights I should spell it with the aitch you,
sir, but I think it best not to take that liberty, sir. There is Norman
blood in it, sir, and Norman blood is not a recommendation to a waiter.”

Bohun, the son, is a blustering, roaring legal whale of the low
comedy type. The last act of the play is made a screaming farce by
his elephantine efforts to smooth out the family tangles of the
Clandon-Cramptons. In the end he reaches a decision worthy of Solomon.

“You can do nothing,” he says to Crampton, “but make a friendly
arrangement. If you want your family more than they want you, you’ll
get the worst of the arrangement; if they want you more than you want
them, you’ll get the better of it. The strength of their position lies
in their being very agreeable personally. The strength of your position
lies in your income....”

And that is the nearest approach to a solution of the difficulty that
the play offers.




“MAN AND SUPERMAN”


Measured with rule, plumb-line or hay-scales, “Man and Superman”
is easily Shaw’s _magnum opus_. In bulk it is brobdignagian; in
scope it is stupendous; in purpose it is one with the Odyssey. Like
a full-rigged ship before a spanking breeze, it cleaves deep into
the waves, sending ripples far to port and starboard, and its giant
canvases rise half way to the clouds, with resplendent jibs, sky-sails,
staysails and studdingsails standing out like quills upon the fretful
porcupine. It has a preface as long as a campaign speech; an interlude
in three scenes, with music and red fire; and a complete digest of the
German philosophers as an appendix. With all its rings and satellites
it fills a tome of 281 closely-printed pages. Its epigrams, quips,
jests, and quirks are multitudinous; it preaches treason to all the
schools; its hero has one speech of 350 words. No one but a circus
press agent could rise to an adequate description of its innumerable
marvels. It is a three-ring circus, with Ibsen doing running high
jumps; Schopenhauer playing the calliope and Nietzsche selling peanuts
in the reserved seats. And all the while it is the most entertaining
play of its generation.

Maybe Shaw wrote it in a vain effort to rid himself at one fell swoop
of all the disquieting doctrines that infested his innards. Into it he
unloaded Kropotkin, Noyes, Bakounin, Wilde, Marx, Proudhon, Nietzsche,
Netschajew, Wagner, Bunyan, Mozart, Shelley, Ibsen, Morris, Tolstoi,
Goethe, Schopenhauer, Plato--seized them by the heels and heaved them
in, with a sort of relieved “God help you!” The result is 281 pages of
most diverting farce--farce that only half hides the tumultuous uproar
of the two-and-seventy jarring sects beneath it. It is a tract cast
in an encyclopedic and epic mold--a stupendous, magnificent colossal
effort to make a dent in the cosmos with a slapstick.

      Why, all the saints and sages who discuss’d
      Of the Two Worlds so learnedly, are thrust
      Like foolish Prophets forth: their Words to Scorn
      Are scatter’d, and their Mouths are stopt with Dust.

Shaw explains that he wrote the play in response to a suggestion by
A. B. Walkley, the dramatic critic of the London _Times_ that he should
tackle the subject of Don Juan. In his 37-page preface he traces, at
length, the process of reasoning which led him to the conclusion that
Juan, as he was depicted by the fathers, was a fraud and an impostor.
In the business of mating, he says (after Schopenhauer) it is not the
man but the woman that does the pursuing. Man’s function in life is
that of food-getting. Woman’s is that of perpetuating the race. Hence
man’s ordinary occupation is making money, and woman’s is getting
married. To protect himself against “a too aggressive prosecution
of woman’s business,” he says, man has “set up a feeble romantic
convention that the initiative in sex business must always come from
him.” But the pretense is so shallow “that even in the theater, that
last sanctuary of unreality, it imposes only on the inexperienced.
In Shakespeare’s plays the woman always takes the initiative. In his
problem plays and his popular plays alike the love interest is the
interest of seeing the woman hunt the man down.”

And so, the hero of this new play, John Tanner (our old friend Juan
Tenorio) is the pursued, and Doña Ana (Miss Ann Whitefield) is the
pursuer. John is a being of most advanced and startling ideas. He
writes a volume called “The Revolutionist’s Handbook and Pocket
Companion,” full of all sorts of strange doctrines, from praise
of the Oneida Community to speculations regarding the probable
characteristics of the Superman. He laughs at honor, titles, the law,
property, marriage, liberty, democracy, the golden rule and everything
else that God-fearing folks hold sacred; he has a good word for
Czolgosz; he gives directions for beating children; he curls his lip
at civilization; he ventures the view that “every man over forty is a
scoundrel.” And then, with all this cargo of nonconformity afloat in
his hold, fate sends him sailing into a haven of staunch orthodoxy.

He and Roebuck Ramsden, a gentleman who hangs Herbert Spencer’s
portrait on his library wall as a sort of banner of his intellectual
modernity, are appointed guardians for Ann, whose papa has just passed
away, and John, to protect himself against being caught in ambush by
the Life Force, as represented in his ward, endeavors to marry her off
to Octavius Robinson, a harmless young man who has lived beneath her
father’s roof since his childhood. John is aware of the faults of Ann
and has no yearning to be enmeshed in her web. He notices that she is
a liar and politely calls her attention to the fact; he observes her
pursuit of him and makes open preparations for flight. Finally, in full
cry, he runs away in an automobile across Europe. But the Life Force
is more powerful than gasoline, and Ann, yielding to its irresistible
impulse, follows him--across the English channel, to Dover, and across
France toward the Mediterranean. In the Sierra Nevada mountains she
brings her game to bay and in old Grenada poor John receives his _coup
de grace_. Thus he sinks to earth:

    _Tanner._ ... The trap was laid from the beginning.

    _Ann_ (_concentrating all her magic_). From the beginning--from
    our childhood--for both of us--by the Life Force.

    _Tanner._ I will not marry you. I will not marry you.

    _Ann._ Oh, you will, you will.

    _Tanner._ I tell you, no, no, no.

    _Ann._ I tell you, yes, yes, yes.

    _Tanner._ No.

    _Ann_ (_coaxing--imploring--almost exhausted_). Yes. Before it is
    too late for repentance. Yes.

    _Tanner_ (_struck by an echo from the past_). When did all this
    happen to me before? Are we two dreaming?

    _Ann_ (_suddenly losing her courage, with an anguish that she
    does not conceal_). No. We are awake and you have said no: that
    is all.

    _Tanner_ (_brutally_). Well?

    _Ann._ Well, I made a mistake, you do not love me.

    _Tanner_ (_seizing her in his arms_). It is false: I love you.
    The Life Force enchants me: I have the whole world in my arms
    when I clasp you....

And this is the story upon which Shaw hangs his 175 pages of play--it
would take seven hours to perform it in its entirety--his thirty-seven
pages of introduction, and his sixty-nine pages of appendix.

The conflict between Tanner and the ethics and traditions represented
by Ramsden is riotously and irresistibly humorous. The first act of the
play, indeed, is the most gorgeously grotesque in all Shaw. Better fun
is scarcely imaginable. The famous Hell scene, which forms a sort of
movable third act, is also a masterpiece of comedy. Tanner during his
flight from Ann, is captured by a band of social-anarchist brigands,
led by one Capt. Mendoza, a sentimental Anglo-Hebrew. Mendoza’s story
of his unrequited love for an English lass sends Tanner to dreamland,
and he dreams that he is in Hell. And then an elaborately comic play
within a play is performed. Mendoza appears as the Devil; Tanner as
Don Juan; and Ann as Doña Ana de Ulloa. It is long, this episode,
and beyond all hope of boiling down, but the persons who see “Man
and Superman” without it miss two-thirds of the drama. An excellent
exposition by the Devil of the superiority of Hell over Heaven forms
part of it. During the rest of the action the characters discuss every
imaginable subject, from love to the higher morality.

“Whatever they say of me in churches on earth,” says the Devil, “I know
that it is universally admitted in good society that the Prince of
Darkness is a gentleman; and that is enough for me....”

In the first act Violet Robinson, Octavius’ sister, gives her family
an overwhelming shock by passing to that moral bourne whence no
feminine traveler returns. Her maiden aunt is for turning her out of
doors. Ramsden is apoplectic. Octavius is speechless. The scandal is
appalling. And here comes Tanner’s chance. He has preached against
marriage and now he will follow his preaching with practise. Virtuous
or unvirtuous, what are the odds? The Life Force is at it again,
and he, John Tanner, is its champion. So he goes to Violet’s rescue
grandly--a hero, every inch of him.

“They think to blame you,” he says loftily, “by their silly
superstitions about morality and propriety and so forth. But I know,
and the whole world really knows, that you are right to follow your
instinct; that vitality and bravery are the greatest qualities a woman
can have, and motherhood her solemn initiation into womanhood, and
that the fact of your not being legally married matters not one scrap
either to your own worth or to our real regard for you.”

The limelight flashes here, but suddenly it goes out and Violet’s eyes
flash instead.

“Oh!” she exclaims, “you think me a wicked woman, like the rest!
You think that I am not only vile, but that I share your abominable
opinions.... I won’t bear such a horrible insult.... I have kept my
marriage secret for my husband’s sake. But now I claim my right as a
married woman not to be insulted....”

And as Tanner wilts his fine theories come crashing down about his head.

The play is such a gigantic, ponderous thing that any effort to
summarize it is difficult. The central idea--that, in mating, the
man is pursued by the woman--is one that we have seen Shaw employ in
“Arms and the Man,” “The Philanderer,” and other plays. As he himself
says, it is not a new conception. Shakespeare had it, though maybe
unconsciously, and its rudiments appear in the works of other men.
Schopenhauer made it classical. In “Man and Superman” Shaw uses it
as an excuse for airing practically every radical doctrine in the
modern repertoire. “The general impression of the book,” says Huneker,
“causes us to believe there is a rift in the writer’s lute; not in
his mentality, but in his own beliefs, or scepticisms. Perhaps Shaw
no longer pins his faith to Shaw.” Herein the critic makes the common
mistake of confusing the dramatist and the theorist. Shaw borrows part
of the title from Nietzsche and makes sad sport of the mad German in
many a scene, but that is no evidence that he is insincere when, in his
introduction, he classes Nietzsche with those writers “whose peculiar
sense of the world I recognize as more or less akin to my own.” “The
Revolutionist’s Handbook and Pocket Companion” at the end of the play
is given, he says, merely to prove that John Tanner, its author, is
really the revolutionist and genius the drama makes him out to be. Too
often, says Shaw, a playwright is content to say that his hero is a man
of parts without offering any tangible evidence of the fact.

All in all, “Man and Superman” is a work worth the two years of effort
the title page hints it cost the author. But it is a pity that Shaw
didn’t divide it into two plays, a volume of essays, two dozen magazine
articles and a book of epigrams. The age of the epic is past. To-day we
sacrifice Fortinbras to get “Hamlet” into two hours and a half.




“JOHN BULL’S OTHER ISLAND”


This is a political satire in Shaw’s most amusing manner and, as its
title indicates, deals with the eternal Irish question--a problem
that, in England, rivals in perennial interest the dispute between
capital and labor in the United States. The author, with characteristic
impartiality, gives all sides a fair hearing, and “though in the end,”
says A. B. Walkley, “all parties are dismissed with costs, we have a
conviction that justice has been done.”

Two London engineers--Broadbent, an Englishman, and Larry Doyle,
an anglicized Irishman--are the central characters. Broadbent is a
political radical and insatiable reformer of a very familiar sort.
Yearning to lend a hand in the uplifting of humanity, he turns to the
martyred Irish and proposes to be their champion, without in the least
understanding them. Doyle, on the other hand, looks upon all reform as
so much moonshine. As far as he is concerned, Ireland may go hang. He
is neither a patriot nor an altruist.

Nevertheless, when Broadbent decides to go to Ireland to study the
problem of saving the Irish on the ground, Doyle consents to go with
him, and together they arrive at a primitive sort of Irish village.
There they make acquaintance with the folks who constitute suffering
Ireland--an unfrocked priest whose mysticism has given him the
local character of a lunatic, a peasant fairly savage in his simple
superstitions, the fanatical parish priest and other types more or
less familiar. To Doyle they are commonplace bores. To Broadbent they
constitute a People yearning for a Moses.

When Doyle refuses to stand for Parliament for the district, Broadbent
willingly steps into the breach, and in the ensuing campaign all the
multitudinous facets of the Irish question are revealed. The honest
electors, misunderstanding Broadbent’s altruistic efforts for their
welfare, get a great deal of innocent enjoyment out of his orations
and a great deal more out of his honest efforts to deal with them as
freeman to freeman. He offers to take a farmer’s pig home in his motor
car. The car runs over the pig and, in addition, knocks out the window
of the village china shop. “There is a jest in every line,” says the
critic of the London _Daily Mail_. “The play exists for and by the
comic spirit alone.”

In the end, after many farcical situations and excellent quips, the
canny Irish yeomanry accept Broadbent as a profitable acquaintance,
and as the novelty of his misunderstood good intentions dies, come
to regard him more or less seriously. As the curtain falls they are
looking forward with interest to certain very material boons he
promises to confer upon them--a big hotel in the village, a new tower
for the village landmark and links for the village golfers. Meanwhile
he has fallen in love with an old sweetheart of Doyle’s and, after
an uphill wooing, has supplanted the latter in the fair charmer’s
affections.

The play is a characteristically Shavian _reductio ad absurdum_ of
the vast ocean of hair-raising schemes and startling theories that
has so long deluged the Irish question. Shaw himself is an Irishman,
and no doubt the troubles of his native land are of some interest to
him, despite his vigorous denial that he is a patriot. Probably the
play indicates his subscription to the idea of many an Irishman whose
emotionalism has been tempered by English common-sense: that Ireland
must cease looking for relief without and seek it within. In so far as
this is true, the play is dialectic. But first of all it is a farce by
the dramatist whom one London critic, at least, calls “the best living
writer of comedy.”

“It’s all rot,” says Broadbent, the Englishman in the play, of some
speech made by Doyle. “It’s all rot, but it’s so brilliant, you know.”

“Here, no doubt,” observed Mr. Walkley of the _Times_, “Shaw is slyly
taking a side glance at the usual English verdict on his own works.
The verdict will need some slight modification in the case of ‘John
Bull’s Other Island.’ For, in the first place, the play is not _all_
rot. Further, it has some other qualities than mere brilliancy. It
is at once a delight and a disappointment.... Shaw takes up the
empty bladders of life, the current commonplaces, the cant phrases,
the windbags of rodomontade, the hollow conventions, and the sham
sentiments; quietly he inserts his pin; and the thing collapses with a
pop.”

The play was given six special matinée performances at the London Court
Theater in the latter part of 1904, and Arnold Daly has since presented
it in America.




THE NOVELS AND OTHER WRITINGS


Shaw’s four published novels both suffer and gain by the widespread
public interest in his plays; gain because this interest serves to
keep them somewhat in the foreground, and suffer because, as the work
of a very young man, they are ill-fitted to stand comparison with
the literary offspring of his maturity. Of the four, “Love Among the
Artists” is the best and “Cashel Byron’s Profession” the most popular.
“An Unsocial Socialist” is a wild extravaganza that has lived its day
and done its task, and “The Irrational Knot” is forgotten. The author’s
first novel, written in his early twenties, has never seen the light.
The publishers of that time would have none of it, and later on, when
Shaw “copy” began to find a market and there even arose a mild demand
for it, Shaw wisely decided that the yellowing manuscript should remain
in the twilight of its tomb.

The hero of “Cashel Byron’s Profession” has become one of the most
familiar characters of latter-day fiction. References to him are made
in the newspapers frequently and every time a star of the roped arena
marries a chorus girl the love making of Mr. Byron is recalled. He was
not the first bruiser to grace the pages of an English romance--as
admirers of “Pendennis” and _The Spectator_ well know--but he has
become, by long odds, the most conspicuous. It is to be deplored
that Shaw did not save him for a play. “The Admirable Bashville,” a
burlesque dramatization of the novel, does not answer. Cashel should be
the hero of a melodrama _a la_ “Arms and the Man.” What an opportunity
he would give to our Greek god stars!

Cashel is the son of an actress and becoming tired of her variable
moods and the exactions of his instructors, runs away from boarding
school in England and journeys to Australia. There, by chance, he
is taken into the household of Mr. “Ned” Skene, an eminent retired
pugilist, as secretary and gymnasium assistant. The alert Skene
discerns in him a rare “find” and before long he is back in England
again, battling his way to fame and fortune.

Before long, through one Lord Worthington, a man of vast acquaintance
and catholic taste, Cashel is introduced to the notice of Miss Lydia
Carew, a young Englishwoman of huge fortune and most marvellous
intellectuality. It is not until page 189--more than half way
through the 330 page book--that Lydia learns that Cashel is a
prize-fighter. Very naturally she recoils from him, but all the while,
half-unconsciously, she has been falling desperately in love with him,
and in the end, despite his profession, she marries him.

“I practically believe,” she explains to his rejected rival, “in the
doctrine of heredity; and as my body is frail and my brain morbidly
active, I think my impulse toward a man strong in body and untroubled
in mind is a trustworthy one. You can understand that; it is a plain
proposition in eugenics.”

And so Cashel retires from the ring and gradually, though never
completely, takes on the polish of civilization. It is a union so happy
that it soon descends into the commonplace.

The author was born with the dramatic instinct of a Sardou or a Hal
Reid and throughout the book there are scenes of tremendous excitement
and clatter. Cashel fights fairly terrific battles--among others one
with Miss Carew’s footman, Bashville, who also loves her--and the
general air of the book is distinctly warlike. Most of the minor
characters are commonplace. Skene and his wife and Lord Worthington
are old friends from Thackeray and Lucian Webber, Lydia’s cousin
and unsuccessful Romeo, is the ready-made rising young statesman of
contemporary English fiction.

“An Unsocial Socialist” is a tract born of the nights that Shaw passed
in pondering the philosophies. All of the ten articles in the manifesto
of 1845 are preached in it, and in addition there is much that the Hon.
“Tom” Watson, the Hon. Eugene Debs, and various other earnest gentlemen
were destined to spout forth years later. “I suppose,” says Max
Beerbohm, “that there is not under heaven a subject on which Shaw has
not thought deeply and indignantly.” “An Unsocial Socialist” justifies
this venture. It is the most riotous hodge-podge of cart-tail oratory
and low comedy in the language.

Sidney Trefusis, a millionaire, takes to wife Henriette Jansenius,
the daughter of a millionaire, and after a brief honeymoon bids her
good-bye. He is no ordinary money-king, this strange young man, but
a Rothschild with the ideas of a Marx. The times, he decides, are
out of joint. Things have grown rotten in Denmark. To live as men of
his fortune live would be to give his tacit consent to the immoral
scheme of things. And so he deserts his wife, assumes the name of
Smilash, and going to a small country town, sets up shop as the local
jack-of-all-trades.

From this point on, for a hundred pages, the book is a socialist tract.
To his wife, who pursues him, and to everyone else he encounters--the
faculty and student body of a refined young ladies’ seminary, the
village politicians, chance passersby, enemies, and friends--he
expounds his theories. Also--and this is what makes him rise from the
common level of propagandists--he practices many (though not all) of
the things he preaches. In the end, his neglect kills his wife and he
goes ranging England in search of a real affinity. When he finds her he
marries her and the book ends--with a most marvellous letter from the
hero to the author.

As in the case of “The Philanderer” a great many persons have wondered
how Shaw could make such a ridiculous character of a man whose
doctrines apparently coincide with his own. In truth, it is highly
improbable that Shaw, or any other sane man, ever held to the ideas
expressed by Trefusis. The latter’s speech beside the corpse of his
wife is without parallel in fiction. And some of his other utterances
and acts--how royally and deliciously sacrilegious they are! Certainly
an age that finds Schopenhauer’s essay on women a never-ending delight
should be better acquainted with the ecstatic shocks of “An Unsocial
Socialist.” Trefusis, being utterly beyond the pale, is as productive
of wicked little thrills to the orthodox and virtuous as McIntosh
Jellaludin, David, Pantagruel, or the latest popular murderer.

“The Irrational Knot”--the theme of which is evident from the title--is
now but a name. It was one of a vast multitude of similar books that
saw the light at the time of its birth. Not one of the reviewers,
eulogists or enemies of Shaw seems to think much of it. “Love Among
the Artists,” on the contrary, is a novel that deserves to rank with
the really important fiction of the time. The theme is not startlingly
original and in the 400-odd pages there are oceans of tiresome talk,
but the work, as a whole, bears the stamp of distinction, and if only
for the admirable searching portrait of the Polish _pianiste_, Aurélie
Szczympliça, it deserves some share of attention.

The story has the amiably discursive cast of the other Shaw stories
and ill bears translation into a brief summary. Adrian Herbert, an
artist, is a character about whom others, in a sense, revolve, though,
in himself, he is little interesting. At the start he is affianced to
Mary Sutherland, a young woman of artistic longings. The chief business
of the book is to show how he is won away from Mary by the Szczympliça
and duly and regularly married by that remarkable young woman. As for
Mary, she finds consolation in the arms of John Hoskyn, an eminently
practical and matter-of-fact gentleman, who wanders into Bohemia quite
by accident, and is much astonished by what he sees there.

Shaw was a newcomer in Bohemia himself when he wrote this book and to
this fact may be ascribed the freshness and virility of some of the
characters--the Szczympliça in particular, and Owen Jack, the eccentric
composer. In the former the vagaries of the artistic mind are revealed
with considerable originality and delicacy. If he was tempted to make a
burlesque of the soulful little Aurélie, he kept a tight rein upon the
impulse. Jack, on the contrary, is frankly a figure out of low comedy.
Nothing more grotesque than his struggles with the Philistines is to
be found in any of the Shaw plays. Like Cashel Byron, he and Aurélie
deserve to be translated from the closet to the stage. Jack especially
is sufficiently obvious to give any comedian of fair talents the
opportunity of a lifetime.

Shaw’s pair of critical pamphlets--“The Perfect Wagnerite” and “The
Quintessence of Ibsenism”--will go down into history beside Robert
Schumann’s early reviews of the compositions of Chopin and Huxley’s
opening broadsides for Darwin. Each paved the way for better knowledge
and better understanding. In 1888, when “The Perfect Wagnerite” was
published, the composer of “The Ring of the Nibelung” was still caviare
to the Britons. The professors of the day knew him and feared that the
great gaping public would come to know him, and so, like the ancient
monks who kept the Scriptures under lock and key, they greatly desired
that he be ignored. Shaw undertook the vain task of proving the younger
Siegfried a socialist--and succeeded in making his readers meditate
upon Wagner. Thus he earned whatever money and fame he got from his
pains.

“The Quintessence of Ibsenism” includes some wonderfully illuminative
and searching passages, but on the whole it is rather out of date. Shaw
makes the Norwegian a social-philosopher of most earnest purposes, and
hangs upon the book an elaborate and ingenious theory of sham-smashing.
As a matter of fact, we have Ibsen’s own word for it that few of his
plays contain much conscious preaching, and no doubt many of the
alarming doctrines Shaw found in them were not there before he conjured
them up. Nevertheless, the book remains the best estimate of Ibsen yet
written in English.

Incidentally, it gave birth to the tumultuous discussion of the
so-called “symbolic” play which raged over England and America half a
dozen years ago. Nowadays one hears little of “symbolism” and even the
comic papers have ceased to regard Ibsen and his company as men who
write in mysterious cryptograms. But persons who follow the trend of
things dramatic remember the disputations that once awoke the echoes.
You will find the germ of them in Shaw’s half-forgotten discourses upon
“Brand,” “Peer Gynt,” and “Emperor and Galilean.”

In the early ’90’s, when Max Nordau’s mighty tome, “Degeneration,”
was making a stir like a new best-selling novel, Shaw published a
counter-blast to it. Even exceeding Nordau in the minuteness of his
knowledge, he made an answer that, in the words of one admirer,
“wiped Nordau off the field of discussion.” Unhappily, this effort at
regeneration has been forgotten with “Degeneration.”

Shaw’s remarkable essay “On Going to Church,” which was recently
republished in book form, is an earnest plea for less humbug in public
worship. The average church, he argues, is so hopelessly ugly, tawdry,
and irritating, that it straightway dissipates any religious emotion
the stray comer may harbor when he enters.

The socialistic and political essays, while by no means unimportant to
the students of the Shaw plays, are scarcely within the province of
this book.




BIOGRAPHICAL AND STATISTICAL


I

George Bernard Shaw was born in Dublin, July 26, 1856. His paternal
grandfather, Bernard Shaw, was high sheriff of County Kilkenny, and
his maternal grandfather, Walter Bagnall Gurley, a county ’squire and
fox hunter, with an extensive, but entailed estate. Shaw’s father
was a younger son and, in consequence, no millionaire. But that he
was a pauper or that the dramatist, in his youth, was attracted to
vegetarianism because, as James Huneker hints, cabbages are cheaper
than venison, there is no reason to believe. When the family came to
London, in 1876, it took up quarters in “a well furnished house in a
pleasant part” of the city. This upon the authority of Mr. Stanley
Shaw, a relative, in a letter to the New York _Sun_, dated Berlin,
April 25, 1905.

The Shaws then, were country gentlemen, and in all probability
little different from the other Irish gentry about them. The son of
the younger son was educated and reared in the orthodox fashion. He
learned the speech of the Irish aristocracy and the foreign tongues
in favor--English, French, and maybe a bit of German; he mastered
the three R’s, he studied the history of his country, and went to
church. “When I was a little boy,” he says in his essay “On Going
to Church,” “I was compelled to go on Sunday; and though I escaped
from that intolerable bondage before I was ten, it prejudiced me so
violently against church-going that twenty years elapsed before, in
foreign lands and in pursuit of works of art, I became once more a
church-goer. To this day, my flesh creeps when I recall that genteel
suburban Irish Protestant church, built by Roman Catholic workmen who
would have considered themselves damned had they crossed its threshold
afterward....” A virtuous, commonplace family. Its present head, says
the Mr. Stanley Shaw aforesaid, “is Major Sir Frederick Shaw, Bart.,
D. S. O. of Bushey Park, Dublin.” A respectable, well-sounding name and
address.


II

Shaw was twenty when he reached London--the meditative, impressionable,
speculative, iconoclastic age. Apparently he fell an easy prey
to the philosophical anarchists who then held the centre of the
stage--Proudhon, Lassalle, Marx, Louis Blanc, Engels, Liebknecht, and
the lesser Germans. Certainly it was a day of stimulating stirring
about. Huxley and Spencer were up to their necks in gore; Ibsen, with
“The League of Youth” behind him, was giving form to “The Pillars of
Society” and “A Doll’s House”; Nietzsche was tramping up and down his
garden path; Wagner was hard at work; “The Principles of Sociology”
had just come from the press. Sham-smashing was in the air. Everything
respectable was under suspicion.

It didn’t take Shaw long to spring out of the audience upon the stage.
His first novel, in truth, must have been begun long before he learned
to find his way about the streets of London. Whether it was good or bad
the human race will never know; publishers declined it without thanks,
and the author, when his manuscripts began to have a value, decided
that it should remain unpublished. “It was a very remarkable work,” he
says, “but hardly one which I should be well advised in letting loose
whilst my livelihood depends on my credit as a literary workman. I can
recall a certain difficulty, experienced even while I was writing the
book, in remembering what it was about....” Thus heavily did his theme
bear down upon him.

What the young Irishman did to relieve his imagination during the
next three years is not recorded. That he learned a great deal,
particularly of music and literature, is very probable. His sister
was a professional singer, and the persons he met were chiefly of the
literary-artistic sort. He was “but an infant of twenty-four, when,
being at that time one of the unemployed” he essayed to mend his
“straitened fortunes” by writing his second novel, “The Irrational
Knot.” It was no masterpiece, but if the few persons who glanced
through it possessed prophetic eyes they must have seen in it marks
of a genius rather startling. A year later came “Love Among the
Artists”--a volume of nearly 500 pages. Then, in order, came “Cashel
Byron’s Profession” and “An Unsocial Socialist.” Not one of these
extraordinary tales struck the fancy of the publishers. “An encouraging
compliment or two,” says Shaw, was his sole reward for the fatiguing
labor of writing them. Not until a good while afterward did any of
the five see the light, and then it was only “to fill up the gaps
in socialist magazines financed by generous friends.” “An Unsocial
Socialist” was the first to reach the dignity of covers. After it came
“Cashel Byron’s Profession” and “The Irrational Knot.” “Love Among the
Artists” was the last to appear upon the book stalls.


III

Meanwhile Shaw had become engaged in half a dozen reform crusades.
Vegetarianism found in him an early advocate and socialism won him
easily. In 1883, the year Karl Marx died, Thomas Davidson, an American,
laid the foundation of the Fabian Society at a series of parlor
conferences in London. In 1884 Shaw joined the society, and four years
later, when it began holding public meetings, he found himself one of
its leading lights. He has told us himself how he delighted to indulge
in eloquent socialistic orations from cart-tails and how he came to
acquire a bodyguard of faithful auditors whose presence was assured
whenever it was announced that he would speak. With the pen, too, he
labored for the manifesto of 1845, and even to-day he is still hard at
it--despite prosperity, the approach of middle age and a fair imitation
of the thing called fame. He wrote tracts in great number and after
1889 edited the Fabian Essays. Incidentally he wrote “Fabianism and the
Empire” (1900), “Fabianism and the Fiscal Question” (1904), and other
socialistic broadsides. At odd moments he had his say, too, upon the
subjects of vegetarianism, the use of quotation marks, capitalization,
evening clothes, capital punishment, and the eternal snobbishness of
the patriotic Britisher.

During all this time he was drawn nearer and nearer to the theater. As
far back as 1885 he began a play in collaboration with William Archer,
the translator of Ibsen. This drama, rewritten and amplified seven
years later, was the first of his works to be performed in public. But
the need of getting on in the world pressed gloomily. “The question
was,” Shaw has told us, “how to get a pound a week.” Novel writing
was plainly hopeless and play making seemed equally impossible. There
remained a chance to set up shop as a critic. Shaw made the plunge
and almost immediately his humor and originality won him an audience.
“Soon,” he says, “my privileges were enormous and my wealth immense....
The classes patiently read my essays; the masses patiently listened
to my harangues. I enjoyed the immunities of impecuniosity with the
opportunities of a millionaire....”

At the start Shaw’s regular topic was the art pictorial, but before
long he began to dabble in music. According to Max Beerbohm, his first
essay was printed in the first number of the _Star_ in 1888. This was a
highly purposeful periodical, founded by T. P. O’Connor (“If we enable
the charwoman to put two lumps of sugar in her tea instead of one,”
said “Tay Pay,” in his salutatory, “we shall not have worked in vain”),
and Shaw wrote over the _nom de plume_ of “Corno di Bassetto.” In 1890,
after two years’ service, he transferred his flag to the _World_.
Then, like his friend Huneker, he abandoned music for the drama, and
from January, 1895, to May, 1898, he was the critic of the _Saturday
Review_--the London weekly in whose columns the ingenious Mr. Beerbohm
now holds forth.


IV

As has been noted, “Widowers’ Houses,” Shaw’s first play, was completed
in 1892. It was given its initial performance during that year at the
Royalty Theater, London, by the Independent Theater Company, and made
a rather strenuous success. “The socialists and independents,” says
Shaw, “applauded me furiously on principle; the ordinary play-going
first-nighters hooted me frantically on the same ground; I, being
at that time in some practice as what might be unpolitely called a
mob-orator, made a speech before the curtain; the newspapers discussed
the play for a whole fortnight, not only in the ordinary theatrical
notices and criticisms, but in leading articles and letters; and
finally the text of the play was published, with an introduction by
Mr. Grein (the manager of the Independent Company), an amusing account
by Mr. Archer of the original collaboration, and a long preface and
several elaborate controversial appendices in the author’s most
energetically egotistical fighting style.”

“The Philanderer” was written in 1893, also for the Independent
Theater, and “Mrs. Warren’s Profession” was completed the same year.
The former was withdrawn because it was found well-nigh impossible to
unearth actors capable of understanding it sufficiently to play it, and
the latter remained in the manager’s desk because the virtuous English
play-censor forbade its performance. Nine years later--January 12,
1902--it was presented privately by the Stage Society.

In 1894 a group of philanthropic play-goers, convinced that the dramas
of the day were intolerable, financed a series of special performances
at the Avenue Theater, London. The second play presented was Shaw’s
“Arms and the Man.” It was given its premiere April 21, and ran until
July 7. Shaw, in his preface to the second volume of “Plays Pleasant
and Unpleasant” enters upon an elaborate account of its receipts and
the philosophy thereof. During its brief season the Londoners paid
$8,500 to see it and the cost of presenting it, counting salaries,
rents, lights, advertising, and royalties, was nearly $25,000. Soon
afterwards Richard Mansfield presented the play in the United States
and it made a very fair success. It is in the Mansfield repertoire
even to-day, and now and then there is a matinée performance of it.
But apparently the public does not very vigorously demand it. In
translation it has been done in Germany.

“The Man of Destiny” was written in 1895. Two years later it was
given one performance at Croydon, England. Then it slumbered until
the last months of 1904, when Arnold Daly played it in New York as an
after-piece to “Candida.” Since then his company has appeared in it in
most of the large cities of the United States. “Candida” and “You Never
Can Tell” were written in 1896. The former was first played by the
Independent Theater Company, during a tour of the English provinces, in
1897. Arnold Daly, scraping together $300, presented it, in association
with Winchell Smith, at the Berkeley Lyceum, a diminutive theater in
West 45th street, New York, in 1904. The success of the drama was so
great that before long Daly found himself a Broadway star under the
management of Liebler & Co., and at present it seems likely that Shaw’s
plays will serve to keep him in the public eye for a good while to
come.

Shaw wrote a one-act piece, “How He Lied to Her Husband,” for his
young American interpreter, and when it was presented in New York, in
the fall of 1904, it made a great stir. “You Never Can Tell,” which
had been withdrawn by Shaw after being placed in rehearsal in London,
was given at the Garrick Theater by Daly at the conclusion of the run
of “Candida.” The two volumes of “Plays Pleasant and Unpleasant” were
published in 1898. They included “Widowers’ Houses,” “The Philanderer,”
“Mrs. Warren’s Profession,” “Arms and the Man,” “You Never Can Tell,”
“Candida,” and “The Man of Destiny”--not to speak of a 37-page preface
dealing with a vast multitude of subjects.


V

“The Devil’s Disciple,” the first of the “Three Plays for Puritans,”
was written early in 1897. Richard Mansfield presented it in New York
in the fall of that year and it made an excellent success. Like “Arms
and the Man” it is still in his repertoire--pretty far down in the
trunk, it may be mentioned in passing, with many other plays atop of
it. In October, 1899, Murray Carson’s company played it for a few weeks
at Kensington, near London. “Cæsar and Cleopatra” was written in 1898,
and “Capt. Brassbound’s Conversion” the next year. The “Three Plays
for Puritans” were published in 1900. “The Admirable Bashville, or
Constancy Rewarded” was given by the Stage Society at the Imperial
Theatre in 1903. Shaw evolved it from the fragments of “Cashel Byron’s
Profession” to protect his rights in the latter, an unauthorized
dramatization having been made for an American pugilist-actor. The play
was printed as an appendix to the second English edition of “Cashel
Byron’s Profession.”

“Man and Superman” was written in 1902, and published the next year,
with a gigantic preface, and “The Revolutionist’s Handbook and Pocket
Companion” as an appendix. Preface, play, and appendix make a volume
of 244 closely-printed pages. The drama saw the light on the evening
of May 23, 1905, at the Court Theater, London. Granville Barker, made
up to resemble Shaw, played the role of John Tanner, and Miss Lillian
McCarthy was the Ann Whitefield. May 21 and 22 there were special
performances of the play by the Stage Society, and in September, 1905,
Robert Loraine and his company presented it in New York. The third act
with the scene of Don Juan in Hell was omitted. “John Bull’s Other
Island” was completed in 1904, and presented at six special matinees at
the Court Theater by the Stage Society in the fall of that year. “Major
Barbara” was written in 1905.

Shaw’s two critical tracts, “The Perfect Wagnerite” and “The
Quintessence of Ibsenism” were published in 1888 and 1891,
respectively. His last scholastic manifesto, “The Common Sense of
Municipal Training” was issued in 1904. A remarkable essay, “On Going
to Church,” which appeared originally in the _Savoy Quarterly_--Arthur
Symons’ journal--in 1896, was reprinted early in 1905, and attained
a large sale. In the late ’80’s, in an English periodical, there
appeared his celebrated answer to Max Nordau’s book, “Degeneration.” In
the opinion of some of his admirers this is, by far, the best of his
controversial works, but, unfortunately, it has not been reprinted in
permanent form.

“When Arnold Daly visited Shaw,” says Gustav Kobbé, “he found several
indications that cynicism and Fabian socialism are not unprofitable.
Shaw lives in large apartments in the New Reform Club, overlooking
the Thames embankment, and he has a country place at Welwin, too....
There is no sham in the interior of his places of abode. There is a
complete absence of the cheap æsthetic or of superfluous ornamentation.
Simplicity of outline distinguishes such ornaments as there are.
Handles, incrustations and the like are eschewed. Shaw explained to
Daly that he wished nothing in his abode that would collect dust. Even
rugs are tabooed.... Daly did not find the author a _poseur_, but
simply a man who was not an ordinary man....”

That Shaw has a keen eye to business a great many aspiring managers
have discovered. He demands a royalty of 15 per cent. of the gross
receipts of his plays--considerably more than all but the most
famous dramatists receive--and is careful and unsentimental in his
negotiations. That he is now basking in the sun of prosperity is
very probable. Saving only Shakespeare, no English author was better
represented in the productions of the winter of 1904–5. In addition
Shaw is much in demand as a lecturer and has no difficulty in finding
a publisher for whatever he chooses to write. In 1898 he inherited the
entailed estate of his maternal grandfather, Walter Bagnall Gurley. He
was married the same year to Miss Charlotte Frances Payne-Townshend.

“Who’s Who” says that Shaw’s favorite exercises are swimming and
cycling and that his recreation is “anything except sport.” He is tall,
lanky, and wears a shaggy, red beard. He affects loose fitting flannel
shirts and heaps his curses upon the dress suit. He is a vegetarian,
a socialist, and many other things of a heterodox, fearsome sort. He
uses the typewriter in preference to a pen, even for correspondence. He
has travelled in Europe and the Levant, and may soon come to America.
He refuses to use apostrophes in such words as don’t and can’t, and
affects thin spacing, after the German style, instead of italics, to
emphasize words. “Last season,” says the sapient Mr. Daly, “he was a
social freak; now he is a legitimate amuser (sic!) of the people.”

And so much for George Bernard Shaw.




SHAKESPEARE AND SHAW


Shaw’s notion that Shakespeare’s plays--or, at least, some of
them--have been left behind by the evolution of popular philosophy
and ideals is scarcely original with him. As he himself points out,
the Bard of Avon has been burned in hot critical fire for many years,
despite the “Shakespeare fanciers” who hold him as a god. Some of his
plays, says Shaw, were so far ahead of their time when they were first
presented that it has taken 300 years of theater-goers to tire of the
“long line of disgraceful farces, melodramas, and stage-pageants which
actor-managers, from Garrick and Cibber to our own contemporaries,
have hacked out of them,” and to understand performances of the
texts as the poet wrote them. By the same token, those plays which
Shakespeare himself “wrote down” to the level of his audience have
grown archaic in sentiment and character. Dramas like “Anthony and
Cleopatra,” says Shaw, will nevermore be written, “nor relished by men
in whose philosophy guilt and innocence, and, consequently, revenge and
idolatry, have no meaning. Such men must rewrite all the old plays in
terms of their own philosophy....”

When this was published, as a preface to “Cæsar and Cleopatra,” in
“Three Plays for Puritans,” there was a volcanic critical eruption, and
ever since then the flames have roared about the ingenious Irishman. He
has delivered lectures explaining his position, he has set forth his
views, elaborately and carefully, in print, and his admirers have gone
to his rescue--but a large party of Shakespeare worshipers insist on
clinging to the belief that he has attempted to drag the bard from his
pedestal and himself climb upon it. Recently, in London, he delivered
a lecture designed to make clear his idea. Next morning the London
morning papers printed amazingly confused reports of it, and to set
himself right Shaw wrote a letter to the _Daily News_ containing 12
assertions, which, like the 95 theses Luther nailed upon the church
door at Wittenberg, he desired should make known the substance of his
argument. Here they are:

“1. That the idolatry of Shakespeare which prevails now existed in his
own time, and got on the nerve of Ben Jonson.

“2. That Shakespeare was not an illiterate poaching laborer who came
up to London to be a horseboy, but a gentleman with all the social
pretensions of our higher _bourgeoisie_.

“3. That Shakespeare, when he became an actor, was not a rogue and a
vagabond, but a member and part proprietor of a regular company, using,
by permission, a nobleman’s name as its patron, and holding itself as
exclusively above the casual barnstormer as a Harley Street consultant
holds himself above a man with a sarsaparilla stall.

“4. That Shakespeare’s aim in business was to make money enough to
acquire land in Stratford, and to retire as a country gentleman with a
coat of arms and a good standing in the county; and that this was not
the ambition of a _parvenu_, but the natural course for a member of
the highly respectable, though temporarily impecunious, family of the
Shakespeares.

“5. That Shakespeare found that the only thing that paid in the theater
was romantic nonsense, and that when he was forced by this to produce
one of the most effective samples of romantic nonsense in existence--a
feat which he performed easily and well--he publicly disclaimed any
responsibility for its pleasant and cheap falsehood by borrowing the
story and throwing it in the face of the public with the phrase ‘As You
Like It.’

“6. That when Shakespeare used that phrase he meant exactly what he
said, and that the phrase ‘What You Will,’ which he applied to ‘Twelfth
Night,’ meaning ‘Call it what you please,’ is not, in Shakespearean
or any other English, the equivalent of the perfectly unambiguous and
penetratingly simple phrase ‘As You Like It.’

“7. That Shakespeare tried to make the public accept real studies of
life and character in--for instance--‘Measure for Measure’ and ‘All’s
Well That Ends Well’; and that the public would not have them, and
remains of the same mind still, preferring a fantastic sugar doll, like
Rosalind, to such serious and dignified studies of women as Isabella
and Helena.

“8. That the people who spoil paper and waste ink by describing
Rosalind as a perfect type of womanhood are the descendants of the same
blockheads whom Shakespeare, with the coat of arms and the lands in
Warwickshire in view, had to please when he wrote plays as they liked
them.

“9. Not, as has been erroneously stated, that I could write a better
play than ‘As You Like It,’ but that I actually have written much
better ones, and in fact, never wrote anything, and never intend to
write anything, half so bad in matter. (In manner and art nobody can
write better than Shakespeare, because, carelessness apart, he did the
thing as well as it can be done within the limits of human faculty.)

“10. That to anyone with the requisite ear and command of words, blank
verse, written under the amazingly loose conditions which Shakespeare
claimed, with full liberty to use all sorts of words, colloquial,
technical, rhetorical, and even obscurely technical, to indulge in
the most far-fetched ellipses, and to impress ignorant people with
every possible extremity of fantasy and affectation, is the easiest
of all known modes of literary expression, and that this is why whole
oceans of dull bombast and drivel have been emptied on the head of
England since Shakespeare’s time in this form by people who could
not have written ‘Box and Cox’ to save their lives. Also (this on
being challenged) that I can write blank verse myself more swiftly
than prose, and that, too, of full Elizabethan quality plus the
Shakespearian sense of the absurdity of it as expressed in the lines of
Ancient Pistol. What is more, that I have done it, published it, and
had it performed on the stage with huge applause.

“11. That Shakespeare’s power lies in his enormous command of word
music, which gives fascination to his most blackguardly repartees and
sublimity to his hollowest platitudes.

“12. That Shakespeare’s weakness lies in his complete deficiency in
that highest sphere of thought, in which poetry embraces religion,
philosophy, morality, and the bearing of these on communities, which
is sociology. That his characters have no religion, no politics, no
conscience, no hope, no convictions of any sort. That there are, as
Ruskin pointed out, no heroes in Shakespeare. That his test of the
worth of life is the vulgar hedonic test and that since life cannot be
justified by this or any other external test, Shakespeare comes out
of his reflective period a vulgar pessimist, oppressed with a logical
demonstration that life is not worth living, and only surpassing
Thackeray in respect to being fertile enough, instead of repeating
‘Vanitas vanitatum’ at second hand to work the futile doctrine
differently and better in such passages as ‘Out, out, brief candle.’”

These twelve articles merely serve to arouse a new storm of discussion
and Shaw profited much thereby in the advertising it gave him. In May,
1905, the controversy had reached such a height that J. B. Fagan, a
young English dramatist, wrote a burlesque about it. The piece was
called “Shakespeare vs. Shaw” and was presented at the Haymarket
Theater, London. The scene of the one act was a courtroom, in which
the case between the two playwrights was being tried. James Welsh,
Miss Winifred Emery, Cyril Maude, and other prominent players were
in the cast and the little _revue_ evidently made a fair success.
At all events, its presentation was a rather significant thing. Few
dramatists, in their lifetimes, see plays written about them.


THE END




Transcriber’s Notes


Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a
predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they
were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; missing quotation marks at
the beginnings of chapters were left unbalanced; a missing one within a
paragraph was added.

The Table of Contents had no page numbers.

“Major Barbara” is listed in the Table of Contents, but thereafter is
mentioned only once, in a sentence on page 99.

“Johnnisfeuer” may be a misspelling for “Johannisfeuer.”

Page 7: “a chilly, waspish pig” was printed that way, but it may be
a misprint for “a chilly, waspish prig”.

Page 15: “Dr. Jekyl and Mr. Hyde” was printed that way, but it is a
misprint for “Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde”.

Pages 49 and 98: “The Admirable Bashville, or Constancy Rewarded”
was printed that way, but is a misprint for “The Admirable Bashville,
or Constancy Unrewarded”.

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