The Project Gutenberg eBook of An Icelandic Primer, by Henry Sweet This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: An Icelandic Primer With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary Author: Henry Sweet Release Date: July 14, 2002 [eBook #5424] [Most recently updated: February 5, 2022] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 Produced by: Sean Crist and Ben Crowder *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ICELANDIC PRIMER *** AN ICELANDIC PRIMER With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary By Henry Sweet, M.A. SECOND EDITION 1895 PREFACE The want of a short and easy introduction to the study of Icelandic has been felt for a long time--in fact, from the very beginning of that study in England. The _Icelandic Reader_, edited by Messrs. Vigfusson and Powell, in the Clarendon Press Series, is a most valuable book, which ought to be in the hands of every student; but it still leaves room for an elementary primer. As the engagements of the editors of the Reader would have made it impossible for them to undertake such a work for some years to come, they raised no objections to my proposal to undertake it myself. Meanwhile, I found the task was a more formidable one than I had anticipated, and accordingly, before definitely committing myself to it, I made one final attempt to induce Messrs. Vigfusson and Powell to take it off my hands; but they very kindly encouraged me to proceed with it; and as I myself thought that an Icelandic primer, on the lines of my Anglo-Saxon one, might perhaps be the means of inducing some students of Old English to take up Icelandic as well, I determined to go on. In the spelling I have not thought it necessary to adhere strictly to that adopted in the Reader, for the editors have themselves deviated from it in their _Corpus Poeticum Boreale_, in the way of separating _ǫ_ from _ö_, etc. My own principle has been to deviate as little as possible from the traditional spelling followed in normalized texts. There is, indeed, no practical gain for the beginner in writing _tīme_ for _tīmi_, discarding _ð_, etc., although these changes certainly bring us nearer the oldest MSS., and cannot be dispensed with in scientific works. The essential thing for the beginner is to have _regular_ forms presented to him, to the exclusion, as far as possible, of isolated archaisms, and to have the defective distinctions of the MSS. supplemented by diacritics. I have not hesitated to substitute (¯) for (´) as the mark of length; the latter ought in my opinion to be used exclusively--in Icelandic as well as in Old English and Old Irish--to represent the actual accents of the MSS. In the grammar I have to acknowledge my great obligations to Noreen's _Altisländische Grammatik_, which is by far the best Icelandic grammar that has yet appeared--at least from that narrow point of view which ignores syntax, and concentrates itself on phonology and inflections. The texts are intended to be as easy, interesting, and representative as possible. With such a language, and such a master of it as Snorri to choose from, this combination is not difficult to realise. The beginner is indeed to be envied who makes his first acquaintance with the splendid mythological tales of the North, told in an absolutely perfect style. As the death of Olaf Tryggvason is given in the Reader only from the longer recension of the Heimskringla, I have been able to give the shorter text, which is admirably suited for the purposes of this book. The story of Auðun is not only a beautiful one in itself, but, together with the preceding piece, gives a vivid idea of the Norse ideal of the kingly character, which was the foundation of their whole political system. As the Reader does not include poetry (except incidentally), I have added one of the finest of the Eddaic poems, which is at the same time freest from obscurity and corruption--the song of Thor's quest of his hammer. In the glossary I have ventured to deviate from the very inconvenient Scandinavian arrangement, which puts _þ_, _æ_, _œ_, right at the end of the alphabet. I have to acknowledge the great help I have had in preparing the texts and the glossary from Wimmer's _Oldnordisk Læsebog_, which I consider to be, on the whole, the best reading-book that exists in any language. So excellent is Wimmer's selection of texts, that it was impossible for me to do otherwise than follow him in nearly every case. In conclusion, it is almost superfluous to say that this book makes no pretension to originality of any kind. If it contributes towards restoring to Englishmen that precious heritage--the old language and literature of Iceland--which our miserably narrow scheme of education has hitherto defrauded them of, it will have fulfilled its purpose. HENRY SWEET London, February, 1886 GRAMMAR 1. This book deals with Old Icelandic in its classical period, between 1200 and 1350. PRONUNCIATION 2. The Icelandic alphabet was founded on the Latin, with the addition of _þ_ and _ð_, and of the modified letters _ę_, _ǫ_, _ø_, which last is in this book written _ö_, _ǫ̈_. Vowels 3. The vowel-letters had nearly the same values as in Old English. Long vowels were often marked by (´). In this book long vowels are regularly marked by (¯)[1]. The following are the elementary vowels and diphthongs, with examples, and key-words from English, French (F.), and German (G.):-- [Footnote 1: Note that the longs of _ę_, _ö_ are written _æ_, _œ_, respectively.] a _as in_ mann (G.) halda (_hold_) ā " father rāð (_advice_) e " été (F.) gekk (_went_) ē[2] . . . lēt (let _pret._) ę " men męnn (_men_) [Footnote 2: Where no keyword is given for a long vowel, its sound is that of the corresponding short vowel lengthened.] æ _as in_ there sær (_sea_) i " fini (F.) mikill (_great_) ī . . . lītill (_little_) o " beau (F.) orð (_word_) ō . . . tōk (_look_) ǫ " not hǫnd (_hand_) ö " peu (F.) kömr (_comes_) œ . . . fœra (_bring_) ǫ̈ " peur (F.) gǫ̈ra (_make_) u " sou (F.) upp (_up_) ū . . . hūs (_house_) y " tu (F.) systir (_sister_) ȳ . . . lȳsa (_shine_) au " haus (G.) lauss (_loose_) ei = ę + i bein (_bone_) ey = ę + y leysa (_loosen_) 4. The unaccented _i_ in _systir_, etc. (which is generally written _e_ in the MSS.) probably had the sound of _y_ in _pity_, which is really between _i_ and _e_. The unacc. _u_ in _fōru_ (they went), etc. (which is generally written _o_ in the MSS.) probably had the sound of _oo_ in _good_. Note that several of the vowels go in pairs of _close_ and _open_, thus: close : e ē o ō ö œ open : ę æ ǫ - ǫ̈ - Consonants 5. Double consonants followed by a vowel must be pronounced really double, as in Italian. Thus the _kk_ in _drekka_ (to drink) must be pronounced like the _kc_ in _bookcase_, while the _k_ in _dręki_ (dragon) is single, as in _booking_. When final (or followed by another cons.) double conss. are pronounced long, as in _munn_ (mouth _acc._), _hamarr_ (hammer _nom._), _steinn_ (stone _nom._), distinguished from _mun_ (will _vb._), and the accusatives _hamar_, _stein_. 6. _k_ and _g_ had a more front (palatal) sound before the front vowels _e_, _ę_, _i_, _ö_, _ǫ̈_, _y_, and their longs, as also before _j_, as in _kęnna_ (known), _keyra_ (drive), _gǫ̈ra_ (make), _liggja_ (lie). 7. _kkj_, _ggj_ were probably pronounced simply as double front _kk_, _gg_, the _j_ not being pronounced separately. 8. *f* had initially the sound of our _f_, medially and finally that of _v_, as in _gefa_ (give), _gaf_ (gave), except of course in such combinations as _ft_, where it had the sound of _f_. 9. *g* was a stopped (back or front--guttural or palatal) cons. initially and in the combination _ng_, the two _g_'s in _ganga_ (go) being pronounced as in _go_. It had the open sound of G. _g_ in _sagen_ medially before the back vowels _a_, _o_, _ǫ_, _u_, and all conss. except _j_, and finally:--_saga_ (tale), _dǫgum_ (with days); _sagði_ (he said); _lag_ (he lay). Before the front vowels and _j_ it had the sound of G. _g_ in _liegen_, or nearly that of _j_ (our _y_), as in _sęgir_ (says), _sęgja_ (to say). 10. Before voiceless conss. (_t_, _s_) _g_ seems to have been pronounced _k_, as in _sagt_ (said), _dags_ (day's). 11. The _g_ was always sounded in the combination _ng_, as in _single_, not as in _singer_. 12. *h* was sounded before _j_ in such words as _hjarta_ (heart) much as in E. _hue_ (= hjū). _hl_, _hn_, _hr_, _hv_ probably represented voiceless _l_, _n_, _r_, _w_ respectively, _hv_ being identical with E. _wh_: _hlaupa_ (leap), _hnīga_ (bend), _hringr_ (ring), _hvat_ (what). 13. *j* is not distinguished from _i_ in the MSS. It had the sound of E. _y_ in _young_: _jǫrð_ (earth), _sętja_ (to set). 14. *p* in _pt_ probably had the sound of _f_: _lopt_ (air). 15. *r* was always a strong point trill, as in Scotch. 16. *s* was always sharp. 17. *v* (which was sometimes written _u_ and _w_) had the sound of E. _w_: _vel_ (well), _hǫggva_ (hew). 18. *z* had the sound of _ts_: _bęztr_ (best). 19. *þ* and *ð* were used promiscuously in the older MS., the very oldest using _þ_ almost exclusively. In Modern Icelandic _þ_ is written initially to express the sound of E. hard _th_, _ð_ medially and finally to express that of soft _th_; as there can be no doubt that this usage corresponds with the old pronunciation, it is retained in this book: _þing_ (parliament), _faðir_ (father), _við_ (against). In such combinations as _pð_ the _ð_ must of course be pronounced _þ_. Stress 20. The stress (accent) is always on the first syllable. PHONOLOGY Vowels 21. The vowels are related to one another in different ways, the most important of which are _mutation_ (umlaut), _fracture_ (brechung), and _gradation_ (ablaut). Mutation 22. The following changes are *i*-mutations (caused by an older _i_ or _j_ following, which has generally been dropped)[3]: [Footnote 3: Many of the _i_'s which appear in derivative and inflectional syllables are late weakenings of _a_ and other vowels, as in _bani_ (death) = Old English _bana_; these do not cause mutation.] *a* (*ǫ*) ... *ę* :-- _mann_ (man _acc._), _męnn_ (men); _hǫnd_ (hand), _hęndr_ (hands). *ā* ... *æ* :-- _māl_ (speech), _mæla_ (speak). *e* (*ja*, *jǫ*) ... *i* :-- _verðr_ (worth), _virða_ (estimate). *u* (*o*) ... *y* :-- _fullr_ (full), _fylla_ (to fill); _lopt_ (air), _lypta_ (lift). *ū* ... *ȳ* :-- _brūn_ (eyebrow), pl. _brȳnn_. *o* ... *ö* :-- _koma_ (to come), _kömr_ (comes). *ō* ... *œ* :-- _fōr_ (went), _fœra_ (bring). *au* ... *ey* :-- _lauss_ (loose), _leysa_ (loosen). *jū* (*jō*) ... *ȳ* :-- _sjūkr_ (sick), _sȳki_ (sickness); _ljōsta_ (strike), _lȳstr_ (strikes). 23. The change of _a_ into _ę_ is sometimes the result of a following _k_, _g_, or _ng_, as in _dęgi_ dat. sg. of _dagr_ (day), _tękinn_ (taken), _gęnginn_ (gone), inf. _taka_, _ganga_. _i_ appears instead of _e_, and _u_ instead of _o_ before a nasal followed by another cons.: cp. _binda_ (to bind), _bundinn_ (bound) with _bresta_ (burst) ptc. prt. _brostinn_. 24. There is also a *u*-mutation, caused by a following _u_, which has often been dropped: *a* ... *ǫ* :-- _dagr_ (day) dat. pl. _dǫgum_; _land_ (land) pl. _lǫnd_. 25. Unaccented _ǫ_ becomes _u_, as in _sumur_ pl. of _sumar_ (summer), _kǫlluðu_ (they called), infin. _kalla_. Fracture 26. The only vowel that is affected by fracture is _e_: when followed by original _a_ it becomes _ja_, when followed by original _u_ it becomes _jǫ_, as in _jarðar_ gen. of _jǫrð_ (earth)[4]. When followed by original _i_, the _e_ is, of course, mutated to _i_, as in _skildir_ plur. nom. of _skjǫldr_ (shield), gen. _skjaldar_. [Footnote 4: Cp. German _erde_.] Gradation 27. By gradation the vowels are related as follows:-- *a* ... *ō* :-- _fara_ (go) pret. _fōr_, whence by mut. _fœra_ (bring). *e* (i, ja) ... *a* ... *u* (o) :-- _bresta_ (burst), prt. _brast_, prt. pl. _brustu_, ptc. prt. _brostinn_; _finna_ (find), _fundinn_ (found _ptc._), _fundr_ (meeting). *e* ... *a* ... *ā* ... *o* :-- _stela_ (steal), prt. _stal_, prt. pl. _stālu_, ptc. prt. _stolinn_. *e* ... *a* ... *ā* ... *e* :-- _gefa_ (give), _gaf_ (he gave), _gāfu_ (they gave), _gefinn_ (given), _gjǫf_ (gift), _u_-fracture of _gef-_, _gæfa_ (luck) mut. of _gāf-_. *ī* ... *ei* ... *i* :-- _skīna_ (shine), _skein_ (he shone), _skinu_ (they shone). _sōl-skin_ (sunshine). *jū* (jō) ... *au* ... *u* ... *o* :-- _ljūga_ (tell a lie), prt. _laug_, prt. pl. _lugu_, ptc. prt. _loginn_. _lygi_ (lie _sbst._) mut. of _lug-_. _skjōta_ (shoot), _skjōtr_ (swift), _skotinn_ (shot _ptc._), _skot_ (shot _subst._). Other changes 28. All final vowels are long in accented syllables: _þā_ (then), _nū_ (now). 29. Inflectional and derivative vowels are often dropt after long accented vowels: cp. _ganga_ (to go) with _fā_ (to get), the dat. plurals _knjām_ (knees) with _hūsum_ (houses). 30. Vowels are often lengthened before _l_ + cons.: _hālfr_ (half _adj._), _fōlk_ (people); cp. _fōlginn_ (hidden) with _brostinn_ (burst _ptc._). Consonants 31. _v_ is dropped before _o_ and _u_: _vaxa_ (to grow), prt. _ōx_, _vinna_ (to win), _unninn_ (won _ptc._), _svelta_ (to starve), _soltinn_ (starved, hungry). Final _r_ is often assimilated to a preceding cons. 32. _*-lr_, _*-nr_, _*-sr_ always become _-ll_, _-nn_, _-ss_ after a long vowel or diphthong, as in _stōll_ (chair _nom._), acc. _stōl_, _steinn_ (stone _nom._), acc. _stein_, _vīss_ (wise _masc. nom. sg._), _vīs_ fem. nom. sg., and in unacc. syllables, as in the masc. sg. nominatives _mikill_ (great), fem. _mikil_, _borinn_ (carried), fem. _borin_, _ȳmiss_ (various) fem. _ȳmis_. 33. Words in which _l_, _n_, _r_, _s_ are preceded by a cons. drop the _r_ entirely, as in the masc. nominatives _jarl_ (earl), _hrafn_ (raven), _vitr_ (wise), _þurs_ (giant), _lax_ (salmon). 34. If _l_ and _n_ are preceded by a short accented vowel, the _r_ is generally kept, as in _stelr_ (steals), _vinr_, (friend), _sr_ becoming _ss_, as elsewhere. 35. _r_ is kept after _ll_, and generally after _nn_, as in the masc. nom. _allr_ (all), and in _bręnnr_ (burns). 36. _z_ often stands for _ðs_ as well as _ts_, as in _þēr þykkizk_ (ye seem) = _*þykkið-sk_, _Vest-firzkr_ (belonging to the West Firths) = _-*firðskr_ (_fǫrðr_, firth). 37. Inflectional _t_ is generally doubled after a long accented vowel: _fār_ (few) neut. _fātt_ (cp. _allr_ 'all,' neut. _allt_), _sā_ (I saw), _sātt_ 'thou sawest.' INFLECTIONS Nouns 38. *Gender*. There are three genders in Icelandic--masculine, feminine, and neuter. The gender is partly natural, partly grammatical, generally agreeing with the gender in Old English. Compound words follow the gender of their last element. 39. *Strong and Weak*. All weak nouns end in a vowel in the nom. sg. and in most of the other cases as well. Most strong nouns end in a cons. in the nom. sg. 40. *Cases*. There are four cases--nominative, accusative, dative, genitive. All nouns (except a few contractions) have the gen. pl. in _-a_ (_fiska_, of fishes), and the dat. pl. in _-um_ (_fiskum_). All strong masculines (_fiskr_) and some strong feminines (_brūðr_, bride) take _r_[5] in the nom. sg. Most strong feminines show the bare root in the nom. sg. with _u_-mutation, if possible (_āst_, favour, _fǫr_, journey). The nom. pl. of all strong masc. and fem. nouns ends in _r_ (_fiskar_, _āstir_). The acc. pl. of fem. nouns is the same as the nom. pl. (_āstir_). The acc. pl. of masc. strong nouns always ends in a vowel (_fiska_). The plur. nom. and acc. of neuters is the same as the sing. nom. and acc., except that in the plur. nom. and acc. they take _u_-mutation, if possible (_hūs_, houses, _lǫnd_, lands). [Footnote 5: Subject, of course, to the assimilations described above.] 41. The declensions are most conveniently distinguished by the acc. plur. Strong Masculines (1) a-plurals SINGULAR PLURAL _Nom._ fisk-r (_fish_) fisk-ar _Acc._ fisk fisk-a _Dat._ fisk-i fisk-um _Gen._ fisk-s fisk-a 42. So also _heimr_ (home, world); _konungr_ (king); _Þōrr_ (Thor), acc. _Þōr_, gen. _Þōrs_; _steinn_ (stone), acc. _stein_, gen. _steins_, pl. nom. _steinar_; _hrafn_ (raven), acc. _hrafn_, pl. nom. _hrafnar_; _þurs_ (giant), acc. gen. _þurs_, pl. nom. _þursar_. 43. Dissyllables in _-r_, _-l_, _-n_ generally throw out the preceding vowel before a vowel-inflection: _hamarr_ (hammer), dat. _hamri_; _jǫtunn_ (giant), pl. nom. _jǫtnar_. _kętill_ (kettle) and _lykill_ (key) show unmutated vowels in the contracted forms, as in the acc. plur. _katla_, _lukla_. 44. Some nouns of this decl. take _-ar_ in the gen. sing., especially proper names, such as _Hākon_, gen. _Hākonar_. 45. Some nouns add _v_ before vowels: _sær_ (sea), gen. _sævar_. 46. The dat. sometimes drops the _i_: _sæ_ (sea), _Þōr_. _dagr_ (day) mutates its vowel in the dat. _dęgi_. 47. Nouns in _-ir_ keep the _i_ in the sing., and drop it in the plur.: SINGULAR PLURAL _Nom._ hęlli-r (_cave_) hęll-ar _Acc._ hęlli hęll-a _Dat._ hęlli hęll-um _Gen._ hęlli-s hęll-a 48. So also a number of proper names, such as _Skrȳmir_, _Þōrir_. (2) i-plurals SINGULAR PLURAL _Nom._ stað-r (_place_) stað-ir _Acc._ stað stað-i _Dat._ stað stǫð-um _Gen._ stað-ar stað-a 49. So also _gripr_ (precious thing), _salr_ (hall). 50. _gęstr_ (guest) takes _-i_ in the dat. sg., and _-s_ in the gen. sg. 51. Those ending in _g_ or _k_ (together with some others) insert _j_ before _a_ and _u_: _bękkr_ (bench), _bękk_, _bękk_, _bękkjar_; _bękkir_, _bękki_, _bękkjum_, _bękkja_. So also _męrgr_ (marrow), _stręngr_ (string). (3) u-plurals SINGULAR PLURAL _Nom._ skjǫld-r (_shield_) skild-ir _Acc._ skjǫld skjǫld-u _Dat._ skild-i skjǫld-um _Gen._ skjald-ar skjald-a 52. So also _vǫndr_ (twig), _vǫllr_ (plain), _viðr_ (wood). _āss_ (god) has plur. nom. _æsir_, acc. _āsu_. _sonr_ (son) has dat. sg. _syni_, plur. nom. _synir_. It regularly drops its _r_ of the nom. in such compounds as _Tryggva-son_ (son of Tryggvi). (4) r-plurals SINGULAR PLURAL _Nom._ fōt-r (_foot_) fœt-r _Acc._ fōt fœt-r _Dat._ fœt-i fōt-um _Gen._ fōt-ar fōt-a 53. So also _fingr_ (finger), gen. _fingrar_, pl. _fingr_; _vetr_ (winter), pl. _vetr_. _maðr_ (man) is irregular: _maðr_, _mann_, _manni_, _manns_; _męnn_, _męnn_, _mǫnnum_, _manna_. SINGULAR PLURAL _Nom._ faðir (_father_) fęðr _Acc._ fǫður fęðr _Dat._ fǫður fęðrum _Gen._ fǫður fęðra 54. So also _brōðir_ (brother), pl. _brœðr_. 55. Pres. participles used as nouns follow this decl. in the pl., following the weak class in the sg.: SINGULAR PLURAL _Nom._ bōndi (_yeoman_) bœndr _Acc._ bōnda bœndr _Dat._ bōnda bōndum _Gen._ bōnda bōnda 56. So also _frœndi_ (kinsman), pl. _frœndr_. Strong Neuters SINGULAR PLURAL _Nom._ skip (_ship_) skip _Acc._ skip skip _Dat._ skip-i skip-um _Gen._ skip-s skip-a 57. So also _orð_ (word), _land_ (land) pl. _lǫnd_, _sumar_ (summer) pl. _sumur_ (§ 25). 58. _męn_ (necklace), _kyn_ (race), _grey_ (dog) insert _j_ before _a_ and _u_: _greyjum_. _hǫgg_ (stroke) inserts _v_ before a vowel: _hǫggvi_. _knē_ (knee), _knē_, _knē_, _knēs_; _knē_, _knē_, _kjām_, _knjā_. So also _trē_ (tree). 59. _fē_ (money) is contracted: gen. _fjār_, dat. _fē_. SINGULAR PLURAL _Nom._ kvæði (_poem_) kvæði _Acc._ kvæði kvæði _Dat._ kvæði kvæðum _Gen._ kvæði-s kvæða 60. So also _klæði_ (cloth). Those in _k_ insert _j_ before _a_ and _u_: _męrki_ (mark), _męrkjum_, _męrkja_. So also _rīki_ (sovereignty). Strong Feminines (1) ar-plurals SINGULAR PLURAL _Nom._ gjǫf (_gift_) gjaf-ar _Acc._ gjǫf gjaf-ar _Dat._ gjǫf gjǫf-um _Gen._ gjaf-ar gjaf-a 61. So also _mǫn_ (mane), _gjǫrð_ (girdle), _ār_ (oar). 62. _ā_ (river) contracts: _ā_, _ā_, _ā_, _ār_; _ār_, _ār_, _ām_, _ā_. 63. Many take _-u_ in the dat. sg.: _kęrling_ (old woman), _kęrling_, _kęrlingu_, _kęrlingar_; _kęrlingar_, _kęrlingar_, _kęrlingum_, _kęrlinga_. So also _laug_ (bath). 64. Those with a mutated root-vowel (or _i_) insert _j_ in inflection: _ey_ (island), _ey_, _eyju_, _eyjar_; _eyjar_, _eyjar_, _eyjum_, _eyja_. So also _Frigg_, _Hęl_. _mær_ (maid), _mey_, _meyju_, _meyjar_; _meyjar_, _meyjar_, _meyjum_, _meyja_. 65. SINGULAR PLURAL _Nom._ heið-r (_heath_) heið-ar _Acc._ heið-i heið-ar _Dat._ heið-i heið-um _Gen._ heið-ar heið-a (2) ir-plurals SINGULAR PLURAL _Nom._ tīð tīð-ir _Acc._ tīð tīð-ir _Dat._ tīð tīð-um _Gen._ tīð-ar tīð-a 66. So also _sorg_ (sorrow), _skipun_ (arrangement), _hǫfn_ (harbour) pl. _hafnir_, and the majority of strong feminines. 67. Many have _-u_ in the dat. sg.: _sōl_ (sun), _sōl_, _sōlu_, _sōlar_; _sōlir_, _sōlir_, _sōlum_, _sōla_. So also _jǫrð_ (earth), _stund_ (period of time). 68. One noun has _r_ in the nom. sg., following _heiðr_ in the sg.: _brūðr_ (bride), _brūði_, _brūði_, _brūðar_; _brūðir_, _brūðir_, _brūðum_, _brūða_. (3) r-plurals SINGULAR PLURAL _Nom._ bōk (_book_) bœk-r _Acc._ bōk bœk-r _Dat._ bōk bōk-um _Gen._ bōk-ar bōk-a 69. So also _nātt_ (night) pl. _nætr_, _bōt_ (compensation) pl. _bœtr_, _tǫnn_ (tooth) gen. _tannar_ pl. _tęnnr_. 70. _hǫnd_ (hand) pl. _hęndr_ has dat. sg. _hęndi_. 71. _kȳr_ (cow) has acc. _kū_, pl. _kȳr_. 72. _brūn_ (eyebrow) assimilates the _r_ of the pl.: _brȳnn_. SINGULAR PLURAL _Nom._ mōðir (_mother_) mœðr _Acc._ mōður mœðr _Dat._ mōður mœðrum _Gen._ mōður mœðra 73. So also _dōttir_ (daughter) pl. _dœtr_; _systir_ (sister) pl. _systr_. Weak Masculines SINGULAR PLURAL _Nom._ bog-i (_bow_) bog-ar _Acc._ bog-a bog-a _Dat._ bog-a bog-um _Gen._ bog-a bog-a 74. So also _māni_ (moon), _fēlagi_ (companion). 75. _hǫfðingi_ (chief) and some others insert _j_ in inflection: _hǫfðingja_, _hǫfðingjar_, _hǫfðingjum_. 76. _lē_ (scythe) is contracted; its gen. sg. is _ljā_. 77. _oxi_ (ox) has pl. _öxn_. 78. _herra_ (lord) is indeclinable in the sg. Weak Neuters SINGULAR PLURAL _Nom._ hjart-a (_heart_) hjǫrt-u _Acc._ hjart-a hjǫrt-u _Dat._ hjart-a hjǫrt-um _Gen._ hjart-a hjart-na 79. So also _auga_ (eye). Weak Feminines SINGULAR PLURAL _Nom._ tung-a (_tongue_) tung-ur _Acc._ tung-u tung-ur _Dat._ tung-u tung-um _Gen._ tung-u tung-na 80. So also _stjarna_ (star) pl. _stjǫrnur_, _kirkja_ (church), gen. plurals _stjarna_, _kirkna_. _Sg. Nom._ ęlli (_old age_) _Acc._ ęlli _Dat._ ęlli _Gen._ ęlli 81. So also _glęði_ (joy) and many abstract nouns. 82. _lygi_ (falsehood) has pl. _lygar_; so also _gǫ̈rsimi_ (precious thing). Adjectives 83. Adjectives have three genders, and the same cases as nouns, though with partly different endings, together with strong and weak forms. Strong Adjectives MASC. NEUT. FEM. _Sg. Nom._ ung-r (_young_) ung-t ung _Acc._ ung-an ung-t ung-a _Dat._ ung-um ung-u ung-ri _Gen._ ung-s ung-s ung-rar _Pl. Nom._ ung-ir ung ung-ar _Acc._ ung-a ung ung-ar _Dat._ ung-um ung-um ung-um _Gen._ ung-ra ung-ra ung-ra 84. So also _fagr_ (fair), fem. _fǫgr_, neut. _fagrt_. 85. Some insert _j_ before _a_ and _u_: _nȳr_ (new), _nȳjum_, _nȳjan_. 86. Some insert _v_ before a vowel: _hār_ (high), _hāvan_, _dökkr_ (dark), _dökkvir_, _kykr_ (alive), _kykvir_. 87. The _t_ of the neut. is doubled after a long vowel: _nȳtt_, _hātt_. Monosyllables in _ð_, _dd_, _tt_ form their neut. in _-tt_: _breiðr_ (broad), _breitt_; _leiddr_ (led), _leitt_. _gōðr_ (good) has neut. _gott_. _sannr_ (true) has neut. _satt_. In unaccented syllables or if a cons. precedes, _tt_ is shortened to _t_: _kallaðr_ (called), _kallat_; _blindr_ (blind), _blint_, _harðr_ (hard), _hart_, _fastr_ (firm), _fast_. 88. _l_ and _n_ assimilate a following _r_: _gamall_ (old), fem. _gǫmul_, fem. acc. _gamla_, dat. _gamalli_. _vǣnn_ (beautiful), gen. pl. _vænna_. MASC. NEUT. FEM. _Sg. Nom._ mikill (_great_) mikit mikil _Acc._ mikinn mikit mikla _Dat._ miklum miklu mikilli _Gen._ mikils mikils mikillar _Pl. Nom._ miklir mikil miklar _Acc._ mikla mikil miklar _Dat._ miklum miklum miklum _Gen._ mikilla mikilla mikilla 89. So also _lītill_ (little). 90. Dissyllables in _-inn_ have _-it_ in the neut., and _-inn_ in the masc. sg. acc.: _tīginn_ (distinguished), _tīgit_, _tīginn_, pl. _tīgnīr_. So also _kominn_ (come). 91. MASC. NEUT. FEM. _Sg. Nom._ annarr (_other_) annat ǫnnur _Acc._ annan annat aðra _Dat._ ǫðrum ǫðru annarri _Gen._ annars annars annarrar _Pl. Nom._ aðrir ǫnnur aðrar _Acc._ aðra ǫnnur aðrar _Dat._ ǫðrum ǫðrum ǫðrum _Gen._ annarra annarra annarra Weak Adjectives MASC. NEUT. FEM. _Sg. Nom._ ung-i ung-a ung-a _Acc._ ung-a ung-a ung-u _Dat._ ung-a ung-a ung-u _Gen._ ung-a ung-a ung-u _Pl. Nom._ ung-u ung-u ung-u _Acc._ ung-u ung-u ung-u _Dat._ ung-u ung-u ung-u _Gen._ ung-u ung-u ung-u 92. So also _fagri_, _hāvi_, _mikli_, etc. _Sg. Nom._ yngri (_younger_) yngra yngri _Acc._ yngra yngra yngri _Dat._ yngra yngra yngri _Gen._ yngra yngra yngri _Pl. Nom._ yngri yngri yngri _Acc._ yngri yngri yngri _Dat._ yngrum yngrum yngrum _Gen._ yngri yngri yngri 93. So also all comparatives, such as _meiri_ (greater), and pres. partic. when used as adjectives, such as _gefandi_ (giving), dat. pl. _gefǫndum_. Comparison 94. (1) with _-ari_, _-astr_: _rīkr_ (powerful), _rīkari_, _rīkastr_; _gǫfugr_ (distinguished), _gǫfgari_, _gǫfgastr_. 95. (2) with _-ri_, _-str_ and mutation: _langr_ (long), _lęngri_, _lęngstr_; _stōrr_ (big), _stœrri_, _stœrstr_; _ungr_ (young), _yngri_, _yngstr_. 96. The following are irregular: gamall (_old_) ęllri ęlztr gōðr (_good_) bętri bęztr illr (_bad_) vęrri vęrstr lītill (_little_) minni minstr margr (_many_) fleiri flestr mikill (_great_) meiri mestr Numerals 97. CARDINAL ORDINAL 1. einn (_one_) fyrstr (_first_) 2. tveir annarr 3. þrīr þriði 4. fjōrir fjōrði 5. fimm fimmti 6. sex sētti 7. sjau sjaundi 8. ātta ātti 9. nīu nīundi 10. tīu tīundi 11. ellifu ellifti 12. tōlf tōlfti 13. þrettān þrettāndi 14. fjōrtān 15. fimmtān 16. sextān 17. sjautān 18. ātjān 19. nītjān 20. tuttugu 21. einn ok tuttugu, etc. 30. þrīr tigir, etc. 100. tīu tigir 110. ellifu tigir 120. hundrað 1200. þūsund _einn_ is declined like other adjectives:-- 98. MASC. NEUT. FEM. _Nom._ einn eitt ein _Acc._ einn eitt eina _Dat._ einum einu einni _Gen._ eins eins einnar It also has a pl. _einir_, _einar_, _ein_; gen. _einna_, etc. in the sense of 'some.' The next three show various irregularities. 99. MASC. NEUT. FEM. _Nom._ tveir tvau tvær _Acc._ tvā tvau tvær _Dat._ tveim tveim tveim _Gen._ tvęggja tvęggja tvęggja Similarly _bāðir_ (both): 100. MASC. NEUT. FEM. _Nom._ bāðir bæði bāðar _Acc._ bāða bæði bāðar _Dat._ bāðum bāðum bāðum _Gen._ bęggja bęggja bęggja 101. MASC. NEUT. FEM. _Nom._ þrīr þrjū þrjār _Acc._ þrjā þrjū þrjār _Dat._ þrim þrim þrim _Gen._ þriggja þriggja þriggja 102. MASC. NEUT. FEM. _Nom._ fjōrir fjogur fjōrar _Acc._ fjōra fjogur fjōrar _Dat._ fjōrum fjōrum fjōrum _Gen._ fjogurra fjogurra fjogurra 103. The others are indeclinable up to _þrīr tigir_, etc.; the _tigir_ being declined regularly as a plural strong _u_-masculine _tigir_, _tigu_, _tigum_, _tiga_. 104. _hundrað_ is a strong neut.: _tvau hundruð_ (240), _tveim hundruðum_, etc. It governs the gen. (as also does _þūsund_): _fimm hundruð gōlfa_, 'five (six) hundred chambers.' 105. _þūsund_ is a strong _ir_-feminine: _tvær þūsundir_ (2400). 106. _hundrað_ and _þūsund_ are rarely = 100 and 1000. 107. Of the ordinals _fyrstr_ and _annarr_ (§ 91) are strong, the others weak adjectives. _þriði_ inserts a _j_: _þriðja_, etc. Pronouns 108. Personal _Sg. Nom._ ek (_I_) þū (_thou_) -- _Acc._ mik þik sik (_oneself_) _Dat._ mēr þēr sēr _Gen._ mīn þīn sīn _Dual Nom._ vit it -- _Acc._ okkr ykkr sik _Dat._ okkr ykkr sēr _Gen._ okkar ykkar sīn _Pl. Nom._ vēr (_we_) þēr (_ye_) -- _Acc._ oss yðr sik (_oneselves_) _Dat._ oss yðr sēr _Gen._ vār yðar sīn MASC. NEUT. FEM. _Sg. Nom._ hann (_he_) þat (_it_) hon (_she_) _Acc._ hann þat hana _Dat._ honum þvī hęnni _Gen._ hans þess hęnnar _Pl. Nom._ þeir (_they_) þau þær _Acc._ þā þau þær _Dat._ þeim þeim þeim _Gen._ þeira þeira þeira 109. _ek_ was often suffixed to its verb, especially in poetry, being sometimes added twice over: _mætta-k_ (I might), _sā-k-a-k_ (I saw not; _a_='not'). So also _þū_: _er-tu_ (art thou), _skalt-u_ (shalt thou) = _*skalt-tu_. Possessive MASC. NEUT. FEM. _Sg. Nom._ minn (_my_) mitt mīn _Acc._ minn mitt mīna _Dat._ mīnum mīnu minni _Gen._ mīns mīns minnar _Pl. Nom._ mīnir mīn mīnar _Acc._ mīna mīn mīnar _Dat._ mīnum mīnum mīnum _Gen._ minna minna minna 110. So also _þinn_ (thy), _sinn_ (his, etc., reflexive). 111. _vārr_, _vārt_, _vār_ (our) is regular: acc. masc. _vārn_, masc. plur. _vārir_, _vāra_, _vārum_, _vārra_, etc. MASC. NEUT. FEM. _Sg. Nom._ yðarr (_your_) yðart yður _Acc._ yðarn yðart yðra _Dat._ yðrum yðru yðarri _Gen._ yðars yðars yðarrar _Pl. Nom._ yðrir yður yðrar _Acc._ yðra yður yðrar _Dat._ yðrum yðrum yðrum _Gen._ yðarra yðarra yðarra 112. So also _okkarr_ (our two) and _ykkarr_ (your two). 113. _hans_ (his), _þess_ (its), _hęnnar_ (her), and _þeira_ (their) are indeclinable. Demonstrative 114. MASC. NEUT. FEM. _Sg. Nom._ sā (_that_) þat sū _Acc._ þann þat þā _Dat._ þeim þvī þeiri _Gen._ þess þess þeirar _Pl. Nom._ þeir þau þær _Acc._ þā þau þær _Dat._ þeim þeim þeim _Gen._ þeira þeira þeira 115. _hinn_, _hitt_, _hin_ (that) is inflected like _minn_ (except that its vowel is short throughout): acc. masc. _hinn_, plur. masc. _hinir_, _hina_, _hinum_, _hinna_. 116. MASC. NEUT. FEM. _Sg. Nom._ þessi (_this_) þetta þessi _Acc._ þenna þetta þessa _Dat._ þessum þessu þessi _Gen._ þessa þessa þessar _Pl. Nom._ þessir þessi þessar _Acc._ þessa þessi þessar _Dat._ þessum þessum þessum _Gen._ þessa þessa þessa Definite The prefixed definite article is declined thus: 117. MASC. NEUT. FEM. _Sg. Nom._ inn it in _Acc._ inn it ina _Dat._ inum inu inni _Gen._ ins ins innar _Pl. Nom._ inir in inar _Acc._ ina in inar _Dat._ inum inum inum _Gen._ inna inna inna 118. When suffixed to its noun it undergoes various changes. In its monosyllabic forms it drops its vowel after a short (un-accented) vowel, as in _auga-t_ (the eye), but keeps it after a long vowel, as in _ā-in_ (the river), _trē-it_ (the tree). The dissyllabic forms drop their initial vowel almost everywhere; not, however, after the _-ar_, _-r_, of the gen. sg., nor in _męnninir_ (men, _nom._), _męnn-ina_ (men, _acc._). The _-m_ of the dat. pl. is dropped before the suffixed _-num_. MASC. NEUT. FEM. _Sg. Nom._ fiskr-inn skip-it gjǫf-in _Acc._ fisk-inn skip-it gjǫf-ina _Dat._ fiski-num skipi-nu gjǫf-inni _Gen._ fisks-ins skips-ins gjafar-innar _Pl. Nom._ fiskar-nir skip-in gjafar-nar _Acc._ fiska-na skip-in gjafar-nar _Dat._ fisku-num skipu-num gjǫfu-num _Gen._ fiska-nna skipa-nna gjafa-nna _Sg. Nom._ bogi-nn auga-t tunga-n _Acc._ boga-nn auga-t tungu-na _Dat._ boga-num auga-nu tungu-nni _Gen._ boga-ns auga-ns tungu-nnar _Pl. Nom._ bogar-nir augu-n tungur-nar _Acc._ boga-na augu-n tungur-nar _Dat._ bogu-num augu-num tungnu-num _Gen._ boga-nna augna-nna tungna-nna Relative 119. The ordinary relative pron. is the indeclinable _er_, often preceded by _sā_: _sā er_ = he who, who, _sū er_ who fem. Interrogative 120. The neut. _hvat_ has gen. _hvess_, dat. _hvī_, which last is chiefly used as an adverb = 'why.' 121. MASC. NEUT. FEM. _Sg. Nom._ hvārr (_which hvārt hvār of two_) _Acc._ hvārn hvārt hvāra _Dat._ hvārum hvāru hvārri _Gen._ hvārs hvārs hvārrar _Pl. Nom._ hvārir hvār hvārar _Acc._ hvāra hvār hvārar _Dat._ hvārum hvārum hvārum _Gen._ hvārra hvārra hvārra 122. MASC. NEUT. FEM. _Sg. Nom._ hvęrr (_which, hvęrt hvęr who_) _Acc._ hvęrn hvęrt hvęrja _Dat._ hvęrjum hvęrju hvęrri _Gen._ hvęrs hvęrs hvęrrar _Pl. Nom._ hvęrir hvęr hvęrjar _Acc._ hvęrja hvęr hvęrjar _Dat._ hvęrjum hvęrjum hvęrjum _Gen._ hvęrra hvęrra hvęrra Indefinite 123. _einn-hvęrr_, _eitthvęrt_, _einhvęr_ (some one) keeps an invariable _ein-_ in the other cases, the second element being inflected as above. 124. _sumr_ (some) is declined like an ordinary adjective. 125. MASC. NEUT. FEM. _Sg. Nom._ nakkvarr nakkvat nǫkkur (_some_) _Acc._ nakkvarn nakkvat nakkvara _Dat._ nǫkkurum nǫkkuru nakkvarri _Gen._ nakkvars nakkvars nakkvarrar _Pl. Nom._ nakkvarir nǫkkur nakkvarar _Acc._ nakkvara nǫkkur nakkvarar _Dat._ nǫkkurum nǫkkurum nǫkkurum _Gen._ nakkvarra nakkvarra nakkvarra 126. MASC. NEUT. FEM. _Sg. Nom._ engi (_none, ekki engi no_) _Acc._ engan ekki enga _Dat._ engum engu engri _Gen._ engis engis engrar _Pl. Nom._ engir engi engar _Acc._ enga engi engar _Dat._ engum engum engum _Gen._ engra engra engra 127. In _hvār-tvęggja_ (each of the two, both) the first element is declined as above, the second is left unchanged. Verbs 128. There are two classes of verbs, _strong_ and _weak_. Strong verbs are conjugated partly by means of gradation, weak verbs by adding _ð_ (_d_, _t_). 129. The _ð_ of the 2 pl. is dropt before _þit_ (ye two) and _þēr_ (ye): _gefi þēr_, _gāfu þit_. 130. There is a middle voice, which ends in _-mk_ in the 1 pers. sg. and pl., the rest of the verb being formed by adding _sk_ to the active endings, _r_ being dropt, the resulting _ts_, _ðs_ being written _z_ (§ 36): _kvezk_ (active _kveðr_ 'says'), _þu fekkzk_ (_fekkt_ 'gottest'). 131. The following is the conjugation of the strong verb _gefa_ (give), which will show those endings which are common to all verbs: Active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE _Present sg._ 1. gef gef-a 2. gef-r gef-ir 3. gef-r gef-i _pl._ 1. gef-um gef-im 2. gef-ið gef-ið 3. gef-a gef-i _Preterite sg._ 1. gaf gæf-a 2. gaf-t gæf-ir 3. gaf gæf-i _pl._ 1. gāf-um gæf-im 2. gāf-uð gæf-ið 3. gāf-u gæf-i _Imperative sg._ 2 gef; _pl._ 1 gef-um, 2 gef-ið. _Participle pres._ gef-andi; _pret._ gef-inn. _Infin._ gefa. Middle INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE _Pres. sg._ 1. gef-umk gef-umk 2. gef-sk gef-isk 3. gef-sk gef-isk _pl._ 1. gef-umk gef-imk 2. gef-izk gef-izk 3. gef-ask gef-isk _Pret. sg._ 1. gāf-umk gæf-umk 2. gaf-zk gæf-isk 3. gaf-sk gæf-isk _pl._ 1. gāf-umk gæf-imk 2. gāf-uzk gæf-izk 3. gāf-usk gæf-isk _Impers. sg._ 2 gef-sk; _pl._ 1 gef-umk, 2 gef-izk. _Partic. pres._ gef-andisk; _pret._ gef-izk _neut._ _Infin._ gef-ask. Strong Verbs 132. In the strong verbs the plur. of the pret. indic. generally has a different vowel from that of the sing. The 1 sg. pret. of the middle voice always has the vowel of the pl. pret.: _gāfumk_. The pret. subj. has the vowel of the pret. indic. plur. mutated: _skaut_ (he shot), _skutu_ (they shot), _skyti_ (he might shoot). But there is no mutation in verbs of the first conj.: _hljōpi_, inf. _hlaupa_ (leap). 133. The pres. indic. sing. mutates the root-vowel in all three persons: _ek skȳt_, _þū skȳtr_, _hann skȳtr_, infin. _skjōta_ (shoot). _e_ however is not mutated: _ek gef_, _þū gefr_. The inflectional _r_ is liable to the same modifications as the _r_ of nouns (§ 32): _skīnn_, _vęx_, infin. _skīna_ (shine), _vaxa_ (grow). 134. Verbs in _ld_ change the _d_ into _t_ in the 1, 3 sg. pret. indic. and in the imper. sg.: _helt_ (held), _halt_ (hold!), infin. _halda_. _nd_ becomes _tt_, and _ng_ becomes _kk_ under the same conditions: _binda_ (bind), _ganga_ (go), pret. _batt_, _gekk_, imper. _bitt_, _gakk_. 135. The _t_ of the 2 sg. pret. indic. is doubled after a long accented vowel: _þū sātt_ (thou sawest). If the 1 sg. pret. indic. ends in _t_ or _ð_, the 2 sg. ends in _zt_: _lēt_ (I let), _þū lēzt_, _bauð_ (I offered) _þū bauzt_. 136. There are seven conjugations of strong verbs, distinguished mainly by the characteristic vowels of their preterites. 137. I. 'Fall'-conjugation INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT. falla (_fall_) fęllr fell fellu fallinn lāta (_let_) lætr lēt lētu lātinn rāða (_advise_) ræðr rēð rēðu rāðinn heita (_call_) heitr hēt hētu heitinn halda (_hold_) hęldr helt heldu haldinn ganga (_go_) gęngr gekk gengu gęnginn fā (_get_) fær fekk fengu fęnginn ----------------- auka (_increase_) eykr jōk jōku aukinn būa (_dwell_) bȳr bjō bjoggu būinn hǫggva (_hew_) hǫggr hjō hjoggu hǫggvinn hlaupa (_leap_) hleypr hljōp hljōpu hlaupinn 138. The following have weak preterites in _r_: grōa (_grow_) grœr gröri gröru grōinn rōa (_row_) rœr röri röru rōinn snūa (_twist_) snȳr snöri snöru snūinn 139. _heita_ in the passive sense of 'to be named, called' has a weak present: _ek heiti_, _þū heitir_. 140. II. 'Shake'-conjugation INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT. fara (_go_) fęrr fōr fōru farinn grafa (_dig_) gręfr grōf grōfu grafinn hlaða (_load_) hlęðr hlōð hlōðu hlaðinn vaxa (_grow_) vęx ōx ōxu vaxinn standa (_stand_) stęndr stōð stōðu staðinn aka (_drive_) ękr ōk ōku ękinn taka (_take_) tękr tōk tōku tękinn draga (_draw_) dręgr drō drōgu dręginn flā (_flay_) flær flō flōgu flęginn slā (_strike_) slær slō slōgu slęginn 141. The following have weak presents: hęfja (_lift_) hęfr hōf hōfu hafinn deyja (_die_) deyr dō dō dāinn hlæja (_laugh_) hlær hlō hlōgu hlęginn 142. III. 'Bind'-conjugation INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT. bresta (_burst_) brestr brast brustu brostinn hverfa (_turn_) hverfr hvarf hurfu horfinn svelga (_swallow_) svelgr svalg sulgu sōlginn verða (_become_) verðr varð urðu orðinn skjālfa (_shake_) skelfr skalf skulfu skolfinn drekka (_drink_) drekkr drakk drukku drukkinn finna (_find_) finnr fann fundu fundinn vinna (_win_) vinnr vann unnu unninn binda (_bind_) bindr batt bundu bundinn springa (_spring_) springr sprakk sprungu sprunginn stinga (_pierce_) stingr stakk stungu stunginn bregða (_pull_) bregðr brā brugðu brugðinn sökkva (_sink_) sökkr sǫkk sukku sokkinn stökkva (_spring_) stökkr stǫkk stukku stokkinn 143. The following have weak presents (which makes however no difference in their conjugation): bręnna (_burn_) bręnnr brann brunnu brunninn ręnna (_run_) ręnnr rann runnu runninn 144. IV. 'Bear'-conjugation INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT. bera (_carry_) berr bar bāru borinn nema (_take_) nemr nam nāmu numinn fela (_hide_) felr fal fālu fōlginn koma (_come_) kömr kom kvāmu kominn sofa (_sleep_) söfr svaf svāfu sofinn 145. V. 'Give'-conjugation INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT. drepa (_kill_) drepr drap drāpu drepinn gefa (_give_) gefr gaf gāfu gefinn kveða (_say_) kveðr kvað kvāðu kveðinn meta (_estimate_) metr mat mātu metinn reka (_drive_) rekr rak rāku rekinn eta (_eat_) etr āt ātu etinn sjā (_see_) sēr[6] sā sā[7] sēnn [Footnote 6: sē, sēr, sēr; sjām, sēð, sjā. Subj. sē, sēr, sē; sēm, sēð, sē.] [Footnote 7: sām, sāið, sā.] 146. The following have weak presents:-- biðja (_ash_) biðr bað bāðu beðinn sitja (_sit_) sitr sat sātu setinn liggja (_lie_) liggr lā lāgum leginn þiggja (_receive_) þiggr þā þāgu þeginn 147. VI. 'Shine'-conjugation INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT. bīta (_bite_) bītr beit bitu bitinn drīfa (_drive_) drīfr dreif drifu drifinn grīpa (_grasp_) grīpr greip gripu gripinn līða (_go_) līðr leið liðu liðinn līta (_look_) lītr leit litu litinn rīða (_ride_) rīðr reið riðu riðinn sīga (_sink_) sīgr seig sigu siginn slīta (_tear_) slītr sleit slitu slitinn stīga (_advance_) stīgr steig stigu stiginn bīða (_wait_) bīðr beið biðu beiðnn 148. The following has a weak present: vīkja (_move_) vīkr veik viku vikinn 149. VII. 'Choose'-conjugation INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT. bjōða (_offer_) bȳðr bauð buðu boðinn brjōta (_break_) brȳtr braut brutu brotinn fljōta (_float_) flȳtr flaut flutu flotinn hljōta (_receive_) hlȳtr hlaut hlutu hlotinn kjōsa (_choose_) kȳss kaus kusum kosinn njōta (_enjoy_) nȳtr naut nutu notinn skjōta (_shoot_) skȳtr skaut skutu skotinn drjūpa (_drop_) drȳpr draup drupu dropinn ljūga (_tell lies_) lȳgr laug lugu loginn lūka (_close_) lȳkr lauk luku lokinn lūta (_bend_) lȳtr laut lutu lotinn fljūga (_fly_) flȳgr flō flugu floginn Weak Verbs 150. There are three conjugations of weak verbs. All those of the first conjugation have mutated vowels in the pres., and form their pret. with _ð_ (_d_, _t_): _heyra_ (hear), _heyrða_. Those of the second form their pret. in the same way, but have unmutated vowels in the pres.: _hafa_ (have) _hafða_. Those of the third form their pret. in _-aða_: _kalla_ (call), _kallaða_. I. 'Hear'-conjugation Active 151. INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE _Pres. sg._ 1. heyr-i heyr-a 2. heyr-ir heyr-ir 3. heyr-ir heyr-i _pl._ 1. heyr-um heyr-im 2. heyr-ið heyr-ið 3. heyr-a heyr-i _Pret. sg._ 1. heyr-ða heyr-ða 2. heyr-ðir heyr-ðir 3. heyr-ði heyr-ði _pl._ 1. heyr-ðum heyr-ðim 2. heyr-ðuð heyr-ðið 3. heyr-ðu heyr-ði _Imper. sg._ 1. heyr; _pl._ 1. heyr-um, 2. heyr-ið. _Partic. pres._ heyr-andi; _pret._ heyr-ðr. _Infin._ heyr-a. Middle INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE _Pres. sg._ 1. heyr-umk heyr-umk 2. heyr-isk heyr-isk 3. heyr-isk heyr-isk _pl._ 1. heyr-umk heyr-imk 2. heyr-izk heyr-izk 3. heyr-ask heyr-isk _Pret. sg._ 1. heyr-ðumk heyr-ðumk 2. heyr-ðisk heyr-ðisk 3. heyr-ðisk heyr-ðisk _pl._ 1. heyr-ðumk heyr-ðimk 2. heyr-ðuzk heyr-ðizk 3. heyr-ðusk heyr-ðisk _Imper. sg._ 2. heyr-sk; _pl._ 1. heyr-umk, 2. heyr-izk. _Partic. pres._ heyr-andisk; _pret._ heyr-zk _neut._ _Infin._ heyr-ask. A. Without vowel-change 152. The inflectional _ð_ becomes _d_ after long syllables ending in _l_ or _n_: _sigla_ (sail), _siglda_; _nęfna_ (name), _nęfnda_, _nęfndr_. 153. _-ðð_ becomes _dd_: _leiða_ (lead), _leidda_. 154. _ð_ after _s_ and _t_ becomes _t_: _reisa_ (raise), _reista_; _mœta_ (meet), _mœtta_. Also in a few verbs in _l_, _n_: _mæla_ (speak), _mælta_; _spęnna_ (buckle), _spęnta_. 155. After _nd_ and _pt_ it is dropped: _sęnda_ (send), _sęnda_, _sęndr_; _lypta_ (lift), _lypta_. 156. It is preserved in such verbs as the following: _dœma_ (judge), _dœmða_; _fœra_ (lead), _fœrða_; _hęrða_ (harden), _hęrða_; _hleypa_ (gallop), _hleypða_. B. With vowel-change 157. All these verbs have _j_ preceded by a short syllable (tęlja), or a long vowel without any cons. after it (dȳja), or _gg_ (lęggja); the _j_ being kept before _a_ and _u_, as in the pres. ind. of _spyrja_ (ask): _spyr_, _spyrr_, _spyrr_; _spyrjum_, _spyrið_, _spyrja_, pres. subj. 1 sg. _ek spyrja_; they unmutate their vowel in the pret. and ptc. pret. (spurða, spurðr), the mutation being restored in the pret. subj. _spyrða_, _spyrðir_, etc. The ptc. pret. often has an _i_ before the _ð_. bęrja (_strike_) barða barðr lęggja (_lay_) lagða lag(i)ðr tęlja (_tell_) talða tal(i)ðr vękja (_wake_) vakða vakðr flytja (_remove_) flutta fluttr dȳja (_shake_) dūða dūðr 158. The following keep the mutated vowel throughout: sęlja (_sell_) sęlda sęldr sętja (_set_) sętta sęttr C. 159. The following are irregular: sœkja (_seek_) sōtta sōttr þykkja (_seem_) þōtta þōttr Subj. pret. _sœtta_, _þœtta_. 160. The following has an adj. for its partic. pret.: gǫ̈ra (_make_) gǫ̈rða gǫ̈rr. II. 'Have'-conjugation 161. The few verbs of this class are conjugated like those of conj. I, except that some of them have imperatives in _-i_: _vaki_, _þęfi_; _uni_. _lifa_, _sęgja_ have imper. _lif_, _sęg_. They mutate the vowel of the pret. subj. (ynða). Their partic. pret. generally occurs only in the neut.; sometimes the _a_ is dropped. lifa (_live_) lifi lifða lifat una (_be contented_) uni unða unat skorta (_be wanting_) skorti skorta skort þola (_endure_) þoli þolða þolat þora (_dare_) þori þorða þorat nā (_attain_) nāi nāða nāðr, nāit 162. The following show mutation: sęgja (_say_) sęgi sagða sagðr þęgja (_be silent_) þęgi þagða þagat hafa (_have_) hęfi hafða hafðr kaupa (_buy_) kaupi keypta keyptr 163. The present indic. of the first three is as follows: _Sing._ 1. hęfi sęgi þęgi 2, 3. hęfir sęgir þęgir _Plur._ 1. hǫfum sęgjum þęgjum 2. hafið sęgið þęgið 3. hafa sęgja þęgja 164. The rest of _hafa_ is regular. Pres. subj. _hafa_, _hafir_, _hafi_; _hafim_, _hafið_, _hafi_. Pret. indic. _hafða_, _hafðir_, _hafði_; _hǫfdum_, _hǫfðuð_, _hǫfðu_. Pret. subj. _hęfða_, _hęfðir_, _hęfði_; _hęfðim_, _hęfðið_, _hęfði_. Imper. _haf_, _hǫfum_, _hafið_. Ptc. _hafandi_, _hafðr_. III. 'Call'-conjugation Active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE _Pres. sg._ 1. kall-a kall-a 2. kall-ar kall-ir 3. kall-ar kall-i _pl._ 1. kǫll-um kall-im 2. kall-ið kall-ið 3. kall-a kall-i _Pres. sg._ 1. kall-aða kall-aða 2. kall-aðir kall-aðir 3. kall-aði kall-aði _pl._ 1. kǫll-uðum kall-aðim 2. kǫll-uðuð kall-aðið 3. kǫll-uðu kall-aði _Imper. sing._ 2. kall-a; _plur._ 1. kǫll-um, 2. kall-ið. _Partic. pres._ kall-andi; _pret._ kallaðr (_neut._ kallat). _Infin._ kalla. Middle INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE _Pres. sg._ 1. kǫll-umk kǫll-umk 2. kall-ask kall-isk 3. kall-ask kall-isk _pl._ 1. kǫll-umk kall-imk 2. kall-izk kall-izk 3. kall-ask kall-isk _Pret. sg._ 1. kǫll-uðumk kǫll-uðumk 2. kall-aðisk kall-aðisk 3. kall-aðisk kall-aðisk _pl._ 1. kǫll-uðumk kall-aðimk 2. kǫll-uðuzk kall-aðizk 3. kǫll-uðusk kall-aðisk _Imper. sing._ 2. kall-ask; _pl._ 1. kǫll-umk, 2. kall-izk. _Partic. pres._ kall-andisk; _pret._ kall-azk _neut._ _Infin._ kall-ask. 165. So also _byrja_ (begin), _hęrja_ (make war), _vakna_ (awake). Strong-Weak Verbs 166. These have old strong preterites for their presents, from which new weak preterites are formed. INFIN. PRES. SG. PRES. PL. PRT. PTC. eiga (_possess_) ā eigu ātta āttr kunna (_can_) kann kunnu kunna kunnat _n._ mega (_can_) mā megu mātta mātt _n._ muna (_remember_) man munu munða munat _n._ munu (_will_) mun munu munða ---- skulu (_shall_) skal skulu skylda skyldr þurfa (_need_) þarf þurfu þurfta þurft _n._ unna (_love_) ann unnu unna unnt _n._ vita (_know_) veit vitu vissa vitaðr 167. Of these verbs _munu_ and _skulu_ have preterite infinitives: _mundu_, _skyldu_. Anomalous Verbs 168. _Vilja_ (will): Present Sing. Plur. 1. vil viljum 2. vill vilið 3. vill vilja _Subj. pres._ vili. _Pret. ind._ vilda. _Ptc. prt._ viljat. 169. _Vera_ (be): INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE _Pres. sg._ 1. em sē 2. ert sēr 3. er sē _pl._ 1. erum sēm 2. eruð sēð 3. eru sē _Pret. sg._ 1. var væra 2. vart værir 3. var væri _pl._ 1. vārum værim 2. vāruð værið 3. vāru væri _Imper. sg._ ver; _pl._ verið. _Ptc. prt._ verit _n._ COMPOSITION 170. Composition with the genitive is very frequent in Icelandic. Thus by the side of _skip-stjōrn_ (ship-steering) we find _skips-brot_ (ship's breaking, shipwreck), _skipa-hęrr_ (army of ships, fleet). Genitival composition often expresses possession, as in _konungs-skip_ (king's ship). DERIVATION Prefixes 171. Prefixes are much less used in Icelandic than in Old English. *al-* 'quite,' 'very': _al-būinn_ 'quite ready,' _al-snotr_ 'very clever.' *all-* 'all,' 'very': _all-valdr_ 'all-ruler, monarch,' _all-harðr_ 'very hard,' _all-stōrum_ 'very greatly.' *and-* 'against': _and-lit_ 'countenance' (_lita_, look), _and-svar_ 'answer.' *fjǫl-* 'many': _fjǫl-męnni_ 'multitude' (_maðr_, man). *mis-* 'mis-': _mis-līka_ 'displease.' *ū-* 'un-': _ū-friðr_ 'war' (_friðr_, peace), _ū-happ_ 'misfortune' (_happ_ luck). Endings (a) Nouns Personal 172. *-ingr*, *-ingi*, *-ing*: _vīkingr_ 'pirate,' _hǫfðingi_ 'chief,' _kęrling_ 'old woman.' Abstract 173. *-ð*, fem. with mutation: _fęgrð_ 'beauty' (_fagr_, fair), _fęrð_ 'journey' (_fara_, go), _lęngð_ 'length' (_langr_, long). *-ing*, fem.: _svipting_ 'pulling,' _vīking_ 'piracy,' _virðing_ 'honour.' *-leikr*, masc.: _kœr-leikr_ 'affection' (_hœrr_, dear), _skjōt-leikr_ 'speed' (_skjōtr_, swift). *-an*, *-un*, fem.: _skipan_ 'arrangement,' _skęmtun_ 'amusement.' (b) Adjectives 174. *-ugr*: _rāðugr_ 'sagacious,' _þrūðugr_ 'strong.' *-ōttr*: _kollōttr_ 'bald,' _ǫndōttr_ 'fierce.' *-lauss* '-less': _fē-lauss_ 'moneyless,' _ōtta-lauss_ 'without fear.' *-ligr* '-ly': _undr-ligr_ 'wonderful,' _sann-ligr_ 'probable' (_sannr_, true). *-samr*: _līkn-samr_ 'gracious,' _skyn-samr_ 'intelligent.' *-verðr* '-ward': _ofan-verðr_ 'upper.' (c) Verbs 175. *-na*: _brotna_ 'be broken' (_brotinn_, broken), _hvītna_ 'become white,' _vakna_ 'awake.' Used to form intransitive and inchoative verbs of the third conj. (d) Adverbs 176. *-liga* '-ly': _undar-liga_ 'wonderfully,' _stęrk-liga_ 'strongly' (_stęrkr_, strong). *-um*, dat. pl.: _stōrum_ 'greatly' (_stōrr_, great). SYNTAX 177. Icelandic syntax greatly resembles Old English, but has several peculiarities of its own. Concord 178. Concord is carried out very strictly in Icelandic: _allir męnn vāru būnir_ 'all the men were ready,' _allir vāru drepnir_ 'all were killed.' 179. A plural adj. or pronoun referring to two nouns of different (natural or grammatical) gender is always put in the neuter: _þā gekk hann upp, ok með honum Loki_ (masc.), _ok Þjālfi_ (masc.), _ok Rǫskva_ (fem.). _þā er þau_ (neut.) _hǫfðu lītla hrið gęngit..._ 'he landed, and with him L., and Þ., and R. When they had walked for some time...' Cases 180. The extensive use of the instrumental dative is very characteristic of Icelandic: whenever the direct object of a verb can be considered as the instrument of the action expressed by the verb, it is put in the dative, as in _kasta spjōti_ 'throw a spear' (lit. 'throw _with_ a spear'), _hann helt hamarskaptinu_ 'he grasped the handle of the hammer,' _heita þvī_ 'promise that,' _jāta þvī_ 'agree to that.' Adjectives 181. The weak form of adjectives is used as in O.E. after the definite article, _þessi_ and other demonstratives. _annarr_ (other) is always strong. 182., An adj. is often set in apposition to a following noun to denote part of it: _eiga hālft dȳrit_ 'to have half of the animal,' _ǫnnur þau_ 'the rest of them,' _of miðja nātt_ 'in the middle of the night.' Pronouns 183. _sā_ is often put pleonastically before the definite article _inn_, both before and after the subst.: _sā inn ungi maðr_ 'that young man,' _hafit þat it djūpa_ 'the deep sea.' 184. The definite article is generally not expressed at all, or else _einn_, _einnhvęrr_ is used. 185. A noun (often a proper name) is often put in apposition to a dual pron. of the first and second persons, or a plur. of the third person: _þit fēlagar_, 'thou and thy companions,' _með þeim Āka_ 'with him and Āki.' Similarly _stęndr Þōrr upp ok þeir fēlagar_ 'Thor and his companions get up.' 186. The plurals _vēr_, _þēr_ are sometimes used instead of the singulars _ek_, _þū_, especially when a king is speaking or being spoken to. 187. _sik_ and _sēr_ are used in a strictly reflexive sense, referring back to the subject of the sentence, like _se_ in Latin: _Þorr bauð honum til matar með sēr_ 'Thor asked him to supper with him.' Verbs 188. The tenses for which there is no inflection in the active, and all those of the passive, are formed by the auxiliaries _skal_ (shall), _hafa_ (have), _vera_ (be) with the infin. and ptc. pret., much as in modern English. 189. The historical present is much used, often alternating abruptly with the preterite. 190. The middle voice is used: (1) in a purely reflexive sense: _spara_ 'spare,' _sparask_ 'spare oneself, reserve one's strength.' (2) intransitively: _būa_ 'prepare,' _būask_ 'become ready, be ready'; _sętja_ 'set,' _sętjask_ 'sit down'; _sȳna_ 'show,' _sȳnask_ 'appear, seem.' (3) reciprocally: _bęrja_ 'strike,' _bęrjask_ 'fight'; _hitta_, 'find,' _hittask_ 'meet.' In other cases it specializes the meaning of the verb, often emphasizing the idea of energy or effort: _koma_ 'come,' _komask_ 'make one's way.' 191. The impersonal form of expression is widely used in Icelandic: _rak ā storm_ (acc.) _fyrir þeim_ 'a storm was driven in their face.' 192. The indef. 'one' is expressed in the same way by the third pers. sg., and this form of expression is often used when the subject is perfectly definite: _ok freista skal þessar īþrōttar_ 'and this feat shall be tried (by you).' 193. The abrupt change from the indirect to the direct narration is very common: _Haraldi konungi var sagt at þar var komit bjarndȳri, 'ok ā Īslęnzkr maðr,'_ 'King Harold was told that a bear had arrived, and that an Icelander owned it.' The direct narration is also used after _at_ (that): _hann svarar at 'ek skal rīða til Hęljar'_ 'he answers that he will ride to Hel.' TEXTS [Note: The asterisks are to help find the spots mentioned in the notes. (I took out the line numbers to keep the line width as close to 65 characters as possible.) --B.C.] I. THOR Þōrr er āsanna framastr, sā er kallaðr er Āsa-þōrr eða Ǫku-þōrr; hann er stęrkastr allra guðanna ok manna. Hann ā þar rīki er Þrūð-vangar heita, en hǫll hans heitir [*] Bilskīrnir; ī þeim sal eru fimm hundruð gōlfa ok fjōrir tigir; þat er hūs mest, svā at męnn hafa gǫ̈rt. [*] Þōrr ā hafra tvā, er svā heita, Tann-gnjōstr ok Tann- grisnir, ok reið þā er hann ękr, en hafrarnir draga reiðina; þvī er hann kallaðr Ǫkuþōrr. Hann ā ok þrjā kost-gripi. Einn þeira er hamarrinn Mjǫllnir, er hrīm-þursar ok berg- risar kęnna, þā er hann kömr ā lopt, ok er þat eigi undarligt: hann hęfir lamit margan haus ā fęðrum eða frændum þeira. Annan grip ā hann bęztan, męgin-gjarðar; ok er hann spęnnir þeim um sik, þā vęx honum ās-męgin hālfu. En [*] þriðja hlut ā hann þann er mikill gripr er ī, þat eru jārn- glōfar; þeira mā hann eigi missa við hamarskaptit. En engi er svā frōðr at tęlja kunni ǫll stōr-virki hans. II. THOR AND ŪGARÐALOKI Þat er upp-haf þessa māls at Ǫkuþōrr fōr með hafra sīna [*] ok reið, ok með honum sā āss er Loki er kallaðr; koma þeir at kveldi til eins bōnda ok fā þar nātt-stað. En um kveldit tōk Þōrr hafra sīna, ok skar bāða; ęptir þat vāru þeir flęgnir ok bornir til kętils; en er soðit var, þā sęttisk [*] Þōrr til nātt-verðar ok þeir lags-męnn. Þōrr bauð til matar með sēr bōndanum, ok konu hans, ok bǫrnum þeira; sonr bōnda hēt Þjālfi, en Rǫskva dōttir. Þā lagði Þōrr hafr- stǫkurnar utar frā eldinum, ok mælti at bōndi ok heima-męnn hans skyldu kasta ā hafrstǫkurnar beinunum. Þjālfi, sonr bōnda, helt ā lær-lęgg hafrsins, ok sprętti ā knīfi sīnum, ok [*] braut til męrgjar. Þōrr dvalðisk þar of nāttina; en ī ōttu [*] fyrir dag stōð hann upp, ok klæddi sik, tōk hamarinn Mjǫllni ok brā upp, ok vīgði hafrstǫkurnar; stōðu þā upp hafrarnir, ok var þā annarr haltr ęptra fœti. Þat fann Þōrr, ok talði at bōndinn eða hans hjōn mundi eigi skynsamliga hafa farit með beinum hafrsins: kęnnir hann at brotinn var lærlęggrinn. Eigi þarf langt frā þvī at sęgja: vita męgu þat allir hvęrsu hræddr bōndinn mundi vera, er hann sā at Þōrr lēt sīga brȳnnar ofan fyrir augun; en þat er sā augnanna, [*] þā hugðisk hann falla mundu fyrir sjōninni einni samt; hann [*] hęrði hęndrnar at hamar-skaptinu svā at hvītnuðu knūarnir. En bōndinn gǫ̈rði sem vān var, ok ǫll hjōnin: kǫlluðu āka- fliga, bāðu sēr friðar, buðu at fyrir kvæmi alt þat er þau āttu. En er hann sā hræzlu þeira, þā gekk af honum mōðrinn, ok sefaðisk hann; ok tōk af þeim ī sætt bǫrn þeira, Þjālfa ok Rǫsku, ok gǫ̈rðusk þau þā skyldir þjōnustu- męnn Þōrs, ok fylgja þau honum jafnan sīðan. Lēt hann þar ęptir hafra, ok byrjaði fęrðina austr ī Jǫtun-heima, ok alt til hafsins; ok þā fōr hann ūt yfir hafit þat it djūpa; en er hann kom til lands, þā gekk hann upp, ok með honum Loki, ok Þjālfi, ok Rǫskva. Þā er þau hǫfðu lītla hrīð gęngit, varð fyrir þeim mǫrk stōr; gengu þau þann dag allan til myrkrs. Þjālfi var allra manna [*] fōt-hvatastr; hann bar kȳl Þōrs, en til vista var eigi gott. Þā er myrkt var orðit, leituðu þeir sēr til nāttstaðar, ok [*] fundu fyrir sēr skāla nakkvarn mjǫk mikinn, vāru dyrr ā ęnda, ok jafn-breiðar skālanum; þar leituðu þeir sēr nātt- bōls. En of miðja nātt varð land-skjālfti mikill, gekk jǫrðin undir þeim skykkjum, ok skalf hūsit. Þā stōð Þōrr upp, ok hēt ā lagsmęnn sīna; ok leituðusk fyrir, ok fundu af-hūs til hœgri handar i miðjum skālanum, ok gengu þannig; sęttisk Þōrr ī dyrrin, en ǫnnur þau vāru innar frā honum, ok vāru þau hrædd, en Þōrr helt hamarskaptinu, ok hugði at vęrja sik; þā heyrðu þau ym mikinn ok gnȳ. En er kom at dagan, þā gekk Þōrr ūt, ok sēr hvar lā maðr skamt frā [*] honum ī skōginum, ok var sā eigi lītill; hann svaf, ok hraut stęrkliga. Þā þōttisk Þōrr skiIja hvat lātum verit hafði of nāttina; hann spęnnir sik męgingjǫrðum, ok ōx honum āsmęgin; en ī þvī vaknar maðr sā, ok stōð skjōtt upp; en þā er sagt at Þōr varð bilt einu sinni at slā hann með ham- [*] rinum; ok spurði hann at nafni, en sā nęfndisk Skrȳmir: [*] 'en eigi þarf ek,' sagði hann, 'at spyrja þik at nafni: kęnni ek at þū ert Āsaþōrr; en hvārt hęfir þū dręgit ā braut hanzka minn?' Seildisk þā Skrȳmir til, ok tōk upp hanzka sinn; sēr Þōrr þā at þat hafði hann haft of nāttina fyrir skāla, en afhūsit þat var þumlungrinn hanzkans. Skrȳmir spurði ef Þōrr vildi hafa fǫru-neyti hans, en Þōrr jātti þvī. Þā tōk Skrȳmir ok leysti nestbagga sinn, ok bjōsk til at eta dǫgurð, en Þōrr ī ǫðrum stað ok hans fēlagar. Skrȳmir bauð þā at þeir lęgði mǫtu-neyti sitt, en Þōrr jātti þvī; þā batt Skrȳmir nest þeira alt ī einn bagga, ok lagði ā bak sēr; hann gekk fyrir of daginn, ok steig hęldr stōrum, en sīðan at kveldi leitaði Skrȳmir þeim nāttstaðar undir eik nakkvarri mikilli. Þā mælti Skrȳmir til Þōrs at hann vill lęggjask niðr at sofna; 'en þēr takið nest-baggann, ok būið til nātt-verðar [*] yðr.' Þvī næst sofnar Skrȳmir, ok hraut fast; en Þōrr tōk nest-baggann ok skal leysa; en svā er at sęgja, sem ū-trūligt mun þykkja, at engi knūt fekk hann leyst, ok engi ālar- ęndann hreyft, svā at þā væri lausari en āðr. Ok er hann sēr at þetta verk mā eigi nȳtask, þā varð hann reiðr, greip þā hamarinn Mjǫllni tveim hǫndum, ok steig fram ǫðrum fœti at þar er Skrȳmir lā, ok lȳstr ī hǫfuð honum; en Skrȳmir vaknar, ok spyrr hvārt laufs-blað nakkvat felli ī hǫfuð honum, eða hvārt þeir hęfði þā matazk, ok sē būnir til rękkna. Þōrr sęgir at þeir munu þā sofa ganga. Ganga þau þā undir aðra eik. Er þat þēr satt at sęgja, at ekki var [*] þā ōttalaust at sofa. En at miðri nātt þā heyrir Þōrr at Skrȳmir hrȳtr, ok söfr fast, svā at dunar ī skōginum. Þā stęndr hann upp, ok gęngr til hans, reiðir hamarinn tītt ok hart, ok lȳstr ofan ī miðjan hvirfil honum; hann kęnnir at hamars-muðrinn sökkr djūpt ī hǫfuðit. En ī þvī bili vaknar Skrȳmir, ok mælti: 'hvat er nū? fell akarn nakkvat ī hǫfuð mēr? eða hvat er tītt um þik, Þōrr?' En Þōrr gekk aptr skyndiliga, ok svarar at hann var þā nȳvaknaðr, sagði at þā var mið nātt, ok enn væri māl at sofa. Þā hugsaði Þōrr þat, ef hann kvæmi svā ī fœri at slā hann it þriðja hǫgg, at aldri skyldi hann sjā sik sīðan; liggr nū ok gætir ef Skrȳmir [*] sofnaði fast. En lītlu fyrir dagan þā heyrir hann at Skrȳmir mun sofnat hafa; stęndr þā upp, ok hleypr at honum, reiðir þā hamarinn af ǫllu afli ok lȳstr ā þunn-vangann þann er upp vissi; sökkr þā hamarrinn upp at skaptinu. En Skrȳ- mir sęttisk upp, ok strauk of vangann, ok mælti: 'hvārt munu fuglar nakkvarir sitja ī trēnu yfir mēr? mik grunaði, er ek vaknaða, at tros nakkvat af kvistunum felli ī hǫfuð mēr; hvārt vakir þū, Þōrr? Māl mun vera upp at standa ok klæðask, en ekki eigu þēr nū langa leið fram til borgar- innar er kǫlluð er Ūt-garðr. Heyrt hęfi ek at þēr hafið kvisat ī milli yðvar at ek væra ekki lītill maðr vęxti, en sjā skulu þēr þar stœrri męnn, er þēr komið ī Ūtgarð. Nū mun ek rāða yðr heil-ræði: lāti þēr eigi stōrliga yfir yðr, ekki munu hirðmęnn Ūtgarða-loka vel þola þvīlīkum kǫgur- sveinum kǫpur-yrði; en at ǫðrum kosti hverfið aptr, ok þann ætla ek yðr bętra af at taka. En ef þēr vilið fram [*] fara, þā stęfni þēr ī austr, en ek ā nū norðr leið til fjalla þessa er nū munu þēr sjā mega.' Tękr Skrȳmir nest-bag- garm, ok kastar ā bak sēr, ok snȳr þvęrs ā braut ī skōginn frā þeim, ok er þess eigi getit at æsirnir bæði þā heila [*] hittask. Þōrr fōr fram ā leið ok þeir fēlagar, ok gekk fram til miðs dags; þā sā þeir borg standa ā vǫllum nǫkkurum, ok sęttu [*] hnakkann ā bak sēr aptr, āðr þeir fengu sēt yfir upp; ganga til borgarinnar, ok var grind fyri borg-hliðinu, ok lokin aptr. Þōrr gekk ā grindina, ok fekk eigi upp lokit; en er þeir þreyttu at komask ī borgina, þā smugu þeir milli spalanna ok kōmu svā inn; sā þā hǫll mikla, ok gengu þannig; var hurðin opin; þā gengu þeir inn, ok sā þar marga męnn ā tvā bękki, ok flesta œrit stōra. Þvī næst koma þeir fyrir [*] konunginn, Ūtgarðaloka, ok kvǫddu hann, en hann leit seint til þeira, ok glotti um tǫnn, ok mælti: 'seint er um langan [*] veg at spyrja tīðinda, eða er annan veg en ek hygg, at þessi [*] svein-stauli sē Ǫkuþōrr? en meiri muntu vera en mēr līzk þū; eða hvat īþrōtta er þat er þēr fēlagar þykkizk vera við būnir? Engi skal hēr vera með oss sā er eigi kunni nakkvars konar list eða kunnandi um fram flesta męnn.' Þā sęgir sā er sīðast gekk, er Loki heitir: 'kann ek þā īþrōtt, er ek em al-būinn at reyna, at engi er hēr sā inni er skjōtara skal eta [*] mat sinn en ek.' Þā svarar Ūtgarðaloki: 'īþrōtt er þat, ef þū ęfnir, ok freista skal þā þessar īþrōttar;' kallaði utar ā [*] bękkinn at sā er Logi heitir skal ganga ā gōlf fram, ok freista sīn ī mōti Loka. Þā var tękit trog eitt, ok borit inn ā hallar- gōlfit, ok fylt af slātri; sęttisk Loki at ǫðrum ęnda, en Logi at ǫðrum, ok āt hvārr-tvęggja sem tīðast, ok mœttusk ī miðju troginu; hafði þā Loki etit slātr alt af beinum, en Logi hafði ok etit slātr alt ok beinin með, ok svā trogit; ok sȳndisk nū ǫllum sem Loki hęfði lātit leikinn. Þā spyrr Ūtgarðaloki hvat sā inn ungi maðr kunni leika. En Þjālfi sęgir at hann mun freista at ręnna skeið nǫkkur við einn-hvęrn þann er Ūtgarðaloki fær til. Hann sęgir, Ūtgarðaloki, at þetta er gōð īþrōtt, ok kallar þess meiri vān at hann sē vel at sēr [*] būinn of skjōtleikinn, ef hann skal þessa īþrōtt inna; en þō lætr hann skjōtt þessa skulu freista. Stęndr þā upp Ūtgarða- loki, ok gęngr ūt, ok var þar gott skeið at ręnna ęptir slēttum vęlli. Þā kallar Ūtgarðaloki til sīn sveinstaula nakkvarn, er nęfndr er Hugi, ok bað hann ręnna ī kǫpp við Þjālfa. Þā taka þeir it fyrsta skeið, ok er Hugi þvī framar at hann snȳsk aptr ī mōti honum at skeiðs ęnda. Þā mælti Ūtgarða- loki: 'þurfa muntu, Þjālfi, at lęggja þik meir fram, ef þū skalt vinna leikinn; en þō er þat satt, at ekki hafa hēr komit þeir męnn er mēr þykkja fōthvatari en svā.' Þā taka þeir [*] aptr annat skeið, ok þā er Hugi er kominn til skeiðs ęnda, ok hann snȳsk aptr, þā var langt kōlf-skot til Þjālfa. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'vel þykkir mēr Þjālfi ręnna; en eigi trūi ek honum nū at hann vinni leikinn, en nū mun reyna, er þeir ręnna it þriðja skeiðit.' Þā taka þeir ęnn skeið; en er Hugi er kominn til skeiðs ęnda ok snȳsk aptr, ok er [*] Þjālfi eigi þā kominn ā mitt skeiðit; þā sęgja allir at reynt er um þenna leik. Þā spyrr Ūtgarðaloki Þōr, hvat þeira īþrōtta mun vera er hann muni vilja birta fyrir þeim, svā miklar sǫgur sem męnn hafa gǫ̈rt um stōrvirki hans. Þā mælti Þōrr at hęlzt vill hann þat taka til, at þreyta drykkju við einnhvęrn mann. Ūtgarðaloki sęgir at þat mā vel vera; ok gęngr inn ī hǫllina, ok kallar skutil-svein sinn, biðr at hann taki vītis-horn þat, er hirðmęnn eru vanir at drekka af. Þvī næst kömr fram skutilsveinn með horninu, ok fær Þōr ī hǫnd. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'af horni þessu þykkir þā vel drukkit, ef ī einum drykk gęngr af, en sumir męnn drekka af ī tveim drykkjum, en engi er svā lītill drykkju- maðr, at eigi gangi af ī þrimr.' Þōrr lītr ā hornit, ok sȳnisk ekki mikit, ok er þō hęldr langt, en hann er mjǫk þyrstr; tękr at drekka, ok svelgr allstōrum, ok hyggr at eigi skal þurfa at lūta optar at sinni ī hornit. En er hann þraut [*] örindit, ok hann laut ōr horninu, ok sēr hvat leið drykkinum, [*] ok līzk honum svā, sem all-lītill munr mun vera at nū sē lægra ī horninu en āðr. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'vel er drukkit, ok eigi til mikit; eigi munda-k trūa, ef mēr væri sagt frā, at Āsaþōrr mundi eigi meira drykk drekka; en þō veit ek at þū munt vilja drekka af ī ǫðrum drykk.' Þōrr svarar engu, sętr hornit ā munn sēr, ok hyggr nū at hann skal drekka meira drykk, ok þreytir ā drykkjuna, sem honum vannsk til örindi, ok sēr ęnn at stikillinn hornsins vill ekki upp svā mjǫk sem honum līkar; ok er hann tōk hornit af munni sēr ok sēr, līzk honum nū svā, sem minna hafi þorrit en ī inu fyrra sinni; er nū gott beranda borð ā horninu. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'hvat er nū, Þōrr? muntu nū eigi sparask til eins drykkjar meira en þēr mun hagr ā vera? Svā līzk mēr, ef þū skalt nū drekka af horninu inn þriðja drykkinn, sem þessi mun mestr ætlaðr; en ekki [*] muntu mega hēr með oss heita svā mikill maðr sem æsir kalla þik, ef þū gǫ̈rir eigi meira af þēr um aðra leika en mēr līzk sem um þenna mun vera.' Þā varð Þōrr reiðr, sętr hornit ā munn sēr, ok drekkr sem ākafligast mā hann, ok þreytir sem lęngst ā drykkinn; en er hann sā ī hornit, þā hafði nū hęlzt nakkvat munr ā fęngizk, ok þā bȳðr hann upp hornit, ok vill eigi drekka meira. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'auð-sēt er nū at māttr þinn er ekki svā mikill sem vēr hugðum; en vill-tu freista um fleiri leika? Sjā mā nū, at ekki nȳtir þū hēr af.' Þōrr svarar: 'freista mā ek ęnn of nakkvara leika, en undarliga mundi mēr þykkja, þā er ek var heima með āsum, ef þvīlīkir drykkir væri svā lītlir kallaðir. En hvat leik vili þēr nū bjōða mēr?' Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'þat gǫ̈ra hēr ungir sveinar er lītit mark mun at þykkja, at hęfja upp af jǫrðu kǫtt minn; en eigi munda-k kunna at mæla þvīlīkt við Āsaþōr, ef ek hęfða eigi sēt fyrr at þū ert miklu minni fyrir þēr en ek hugða.' Þvī næst hljōp fram kǫttr einn grār ā hallargōlfit, ok hęldr mikill; en Þōrr gekk til, ok tōk hęndi sinni niðr undir miðjan kviðinn, ok lypti upp, en kǫttrinn beygði kęnginn, svā sem Þōrr rētti upp hǫndina; en er Þōrr seildisk svā langt upp sem hann mātti lęngst, þā lētti kǫttrinn einum fœti, ok fær Þōrr eigi framit þenna leik. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'svā fōr þessi leikr sem mik varði; kǫttrinn er hęldr mikill, en Þōrr er lāgr ok lītill hjā stōr- męnni þvī sem hēr er með oss.' Þā mælti Þōrr: 'svā lītinn sem pēr kallið mik, þā gangi nū til einnhvęrr, ok fāisk við mik; nū em ek reiðr.' Þā svarar Ūtgarðaloki, ok litask um ā bękkina, ok mælti: 'eigi sē ek þann mann hēr inni, er eigi mun lītil-ræði ī þykkja at fāsk við þik;' ok ęnn mælti hann: 'sjām fyrst, kalli mēr hingat kęrlinguna, fōstru mīna [*] Ęlli, ok fāisk Þōrr við hana, ef hann vill; fęlt hęfir hon þā męnn er mēr hafa litizk eigi ū-stęrkligri en Þōrr er.' Þvī næst gekk ī hǫllina kęrling ein gǫmul. Þā mælti Ūtgar- ðaloki, at hon skal taka fang við Āsaþōr. Ekki er langt um. at gǫ̈ra: svā fōr fang þat at þvī harðara er Þōrr knūðisk at fanginu, þvī fastara stōð hon; þā tōk kęrling at leita til þragða, ok varð Þōrr þā lauss ā fōtum, ok vāru þær svip- tingar all-harðar, ok eigi lęngi āðr en Þōrr fell ā knē ǫðrum fœti. Þā gekk til Ūtgarðaloki, bað þau hætta fanginu, ok sagði svā, at Þōrr mundi eigi þurfa at bjōða fleirum mǫnnum fang ī hans hǫll; var þā ok liðit ā nātt, vīsaði Ūtgarðaloki Þōr ok þeim fēlǫgum til sætis, ok dvęljask þar nātt-langt ī gōðum fagnaði. En at morgni, þegar dagaði, stęndr Þōrr upp ok þeir fēlagar, klæða sik, ok eru būnir braut at ganga. Þā kom þar Ūtgarðaloki, ok lēt sętja þeim borð; skorti þā eigi gōðan fagnað, mat ok drykk. En er þeir hafa matazk, þā snūask þeir til fęrðar. Ūtgarðaloki fylgir þeim ūt, gęngr með þeim braut ōr borginni; en at skilnaði þā mælti Ūtgar- ðaloki til Þōrs, ok spyrr hvęrnig honum þykkir fęrð sīn orðin, eða hvārt hann hęfir hitt rīkara mann nakkvarn en sik. Þōrr svarar at eigi mun hann þat sęgja, at eigi hafi hann mikla ū-sœmð farit ī þeira við-skiptum; 'en þō veit [*] ek at þēr munuð kalla mik lītinn mann fyrir mēr, ok uni ek þvī illa.' Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'nū skal sęgja þēr it sanna, er þū ert ūt kominn ōr borginni--ok ef ek lifi ok mega-k rāða, þā skaltu aldri optar ī hana koma; ok þat veit trūa mīn, at aldri hęfðir þū ī hana komit, ef ek hęfða vitat āðr at þū hęfðir svā mikinn krapt með þēr, ok þū hafðir svā nær haft oss mikilli ū-fœru. En sjōn-hvęrfingar hęfi ek gǫ̈rt þēr, svā at fyrsta sinn, er ek fann þik ā skōginum, kom ek til fundar við yðr; ok þā er þū skyldir leysa nestbaggann, þā hafða-k bundit með gres-jārni, en þū fannt eigi hvar upp skyldi lūka. En þvī næst laust þū mik með hamrinum þrjū hǫgg, ok var it fyrsta minst, ok var þō svā mikit, at mēr mundi ęndask til bana, ef ā hęfði komit; en þar er þū sātt hjā hǫll minni set-berg, ok þar sātt-u ofan ī þrjā dala fer- skeytta ok einn djūpastan, þat vāru hamarspor þin; setber- ginu brā ek fyrir hǫggin en eigi sātt þū þat. Svā var ok of leikana, er þēr þreyttuð við hirðmęnn mīna. Þā var þat it fyrsta, er Loki gǫ̈rði; hann var mjǫk soltinn, ok āt tītt; en sā er Logi hēt, þat var villi-eldr, ok bręndi hann eigi seinna slātrit en trogit. En er Þjālfi þreytti rāsina við þann er Hugi hēt, þat var hugi minn, ok var Þjālfa eigi vænt at þreyta skjōt-fœri við hann. En er þū drakkt af horninu, ok þōtti þēr seint līða,--en þat veit trūa mīn, at þā varð þat undr, er ek munda eigi trūa at vera mætti; annarr ęndir hornsins var ūt ī hafi, en þat sāttu eigi; en nū, er þū kömr til sævarins, þā mun-tu sjā mega, hvęrn þurð þū hęfir drukkit ā sænum.' Þat eru nū fjǫrur kallaðar. Ok ęnn mælti hann: 'eigi þōtti mēr hitt minna vera vert, er þū lyptir upp kęt- tinum, ok þēr satt at sęgja, þā hræddusk allir þeir er sā, er þū lyptir af jǫrðu einum fœtinum; en sā kǫttr var eigi sem þēr sȳndisk; þat var Miðgarðs-ormr, er liggr um lǫnd ǫll, ok vannsk honum varliga lęngðin til, at jǫrðina tœki sporðr ok hǫfuð; ok svā langt seildisk þū upp at skamt var þā til himins. En hitt var ok mikit undr um fangit, er þū fekkzk við Ęlli; fyrir þvī at engi hęfir sā orðit, ok engi mun verða, ef svā gamall er at ęlli bīðr, at eigi komi ęllin ǫllum til falls. Ok er nū þat sātt at sęgja, at vēr munum skiljask, ok mun þā bętr hvārratvęggju handar at þēr komið eigi optar mik at hitta; ek mun ęnn annat sinn vęrja borg mīna með þvīlīkum vēlum eða ǫðrum, svā at ekki vald munu þēr ā mēr fā.' En er Þōrr heyrði þessa tǫlu, greip hann til hamarsins, ok bregðr ā lopt; en er hann skal fram reiða, þā sēr hann þar hvęrgi Ūtgarðaloka, ok þā snȳsk hann aptr til borgarinnar, ok ætlask þā fyrir at brjōta borgina; þā sēr hann þar vǫllu vīða ok fagra, en enga borg. Snȳsk hann þā aptr, ok fęrr leið sina, til þess er hann kom aptr ī Þrūð- vanga. III. BALDER Annarr sonr Ōðins er Baldr, ok er frā honum gott at sęgja: hann er bęztr, ok hann lofa allir. Hann er svā fagr ā-litum ok bjartr svā at lȳsir af honum; ok eitt gras er svā hvītt at jafnat er til Baldrs brār, þat er allra grasa hvītast; ok þar ęptir māttu marka hans fęgrð, bæði ā hār ok ā līki; hann er vitrastr āsanna, ok fęgrstr taliðr ok līknsamastr. En sū nāttūra fylgir honum at engi mā haldask dōmr hans. [*] Hann bȳr þar sem heitir Breiða-blik, þat er ā himni; ī þeim stað mā ekki vera ū-hreint, svā sem hēr sęgir: Breiðablik heita, þar er Baldr hęfir sēr of gǫ̈rva sali; ī þvī landi er ek liggja veit fæsta feikn-stafi. IV. THE DEATH OF BALDER Þat er upphaf þessar sǫgu, at Baldr inn gōða dreymði drauma stōra ok hættliga um līf sitt. En er hann sagði āsunum draumana, þā bāru þeir saman rāð sīn, ok var þat gǫ̈rt at beiða griða Baldri fyrir alls konar hāska; ok Frigg tōk svardaga til þess, at eira skyldu Baldri eldr ok vatn, jārn ok alls konar mālmr, steinar, jǫrðin, viðirnir, sōttirnar, dȳrin, fuglarnir, eitr, ormar. En er þetta var gǫ̈rt ok vitat, þā var þat skęmtun Baldrs ok āsanna at hann skyldi standa upp ā þingum, en allir aðrir skyldu sumir skjōta ā hann, sumir hǫggva til, sumir bęrja grjōti. En hvat sem at var gǫ̈rt, sakaði hann ekki, ok þōtti þetta ǫllum mikill frami. En er [*] þetta sā Loki Laufeyjar-son, þā līkaði honum illa er Baldr sakaði ekki. Hann gekk til Fęn-salar til Friggjar, ok brā sēr ī konu līki; þā spyrr Frigg ef sū kona vissi hvat æsir hǫfðusk at ā þinginu. Hon sagði at allir skutu at Baldri, ok þat, at hann sakaði ekki. Þā mælti Frigg: 'eigi munu vāpn eða viðir granda Baldri; eiða hęfi ek þęgit af ǫllum þeim.' Þā spyrr konan: 'hafa allir hlutir eiða unnit at eira Baldri?' Þā svarar Frigg: 'vęx viðar-teinungr einn fyrir vestan Val-hǫll; sā er Mistilteinn kallaðr; sā þōtti mēr ungr [*] at kręfja eiðsins.' Þvī næst hvarf konan ā braut; en Loki tōk Mistiltein ok sleit upp, ok gekk til þings. En Hǫðr stōð utarliga ī mannhringinum, þvī at hann var blindr. Þā mælti Loki við hann: 'hvī skȳtr þū ekki at Baldri?' Hann svarar: 'þvī at ek sē eigi, hvar Baldr er, ok þat annat, at ek em vapnlauss.' Þā mælti Loki: 'gǫ̈r-ðu þō ī līking annarra, manna, ok veit Baldri sœmð sem aðrir męnn; ek mun vīsa þēr til, hvar hann stęndr; skjōt at honum vęndi þessum.' Hǫðr tōk Mistiltein, ok skaut at Baldri at tilvīsun Loka; flaug skotit ī gęgnum hann, ok fell hann dauðr til jarðar; ok hęfir þat mest ū-happ verit unnit með goðum ok mǫnnum. [*] Þā er Baldr var fallinn, þā fellusk ǫllum āsum orð-tǫk, ok svā hęndr at taka til hans; ok sā hvęrr til annars, ok vāru [*] allir með einum hug til þess er unnit hafði verkit; en engi mātti hęfna: þar var svā mikill griða-staðr. En þā er æsirnir freistuðu at mæla, þā var hitt þō fyrr, at grātrinn [*] kom upp, svā at engi mātti ǫðrum sęgja með orðunum frā sīnum harmi. En Ōðinn bar þeim mun vęrst þenna skaða, sem hann kunni mesta skyn, hvęrsu mikil af-taka ok missa āsunum var ī frā-falli Baldrs. En er goðin vitkuðusk, þā mælti Frigg ok spurði, hvęrr sā væri með āsum, er eignask vildi allar āstir hennar ok hylli, ok vili hann rīða ā hęl-veg [*] ok freista ef hann fāi fundit Baldr, ok bjōða Hęlju ūt-lausn, ef hon vill lāta fara Baldr heim ī Ās-garð. En sā er nęfndr Hęrmōðr inn hvati, sonr Ōðins, er til þeirar farar varð. Þā var tękinn Sleipnir, hestr Ōðins, ok leiddr fram, ok steig Hęrmōðr ā þann hest, ok hleypði braut. En æsirnir tōku līk Baldrs ok fluttu til sævar. Hring- horni hēt skip Baldrs, hann var allra skipa mestr; hann vildu goðin fram sętja, ok gǫ̈ra þar ā bāl-fǫr Baldrs; en skipit gekk hvęrgi fram. Þā var sęnt ī Jǫtunheima ęptir gȳgi þeiri er Hyrrokin hēt; en er hon kom, ok reið vargi, ok hafði hǫgg-orm at taumum, þā hljōp hon af hestinum, en Ōðinn kallaði til ber-sęrki fjōra at gæta hestsins, ok fengu þeir eigi haldit, nema þeir fęldi hann. Þā gekk Hyrrokin ā [*] fram-stafn nǫkkvans, ok hratt fram ī fyrsta við-bragði, svā at eldr hraut ōr hlunnunum, ok lǫnd ǫll skulfu. Þā varð Þōrr reiðr, ok greip hamarinn, ok mundi þā brjōta hǫfuð hęnnar, āðr en goðin ǫll bāðu hęnni friðar. Þā var borit ūt ā skipit līk Baldrs; ok er þat sā kona hans, Nanna, Neps dōttir, þā sprakk hon af harmi, ok dō; var hon borin ā bālit, ok slęgit ī eldi. Þā stōð Þōrr at, ok vīgði bālit með Mjǫllni; en fyrir fōtum hans rann dvergr nakkvarr, sā er Litr nęfndr; en Þōrr spyrndi fœti sīnum ā hann, ok hratt honum ī eldinn, ok brann hann. En at þessi bręnnu sōtti margs konar þjōð: fyrst at sęgja frā Ōðni, at með honum fōr Frigg ok valkyrjur ok hrafnar hans; en Freyr ōk ī kęrru með gęlti þeim er Gullin-bursti heitir eða Slīðrug-tanni; en Heimdallr reið hesti þeim er Gull-toppr heitir; en Freyja kǫttum sīnum. Þar kömr ok mikit fōlk hrīmþursa, ok berg- risar. Ōðinn lagði ā bālit gullhring þann er Draupnir heitir; honum fylgði sīðan sū nāttūra, at hina nīundu hvęrja nātt drupu af honum ātta gullhringar jafn-hǫfgir. Hestr Baldrs var leiddr ā bālit með ǫllu reiði. En þat er at sęgja frā Hęrmōði, at hann reið nīu nætr dökkva dala ok djūpa, svā at hann sā ekki, fyrr en hann kom til ārinnar Gjallar, ok reið ā Gjallar-brūna; hon er þǫkð lȳsi-gulli. Mōðguðr er nęfnd mær sū er gætir brūar- innar; hon spurði hann at nafni eða ætt, ok sagði at hinn fyrra dag riðu um brūna fimm fylki dauðra manna; 'en eigi dynr brūin minnr undir einum þēr, ok eigi hęfir þū lit dauðra manna; hvī rīðr þū hēr ā hęlveg?' Hann svarar at 'ek skal rīða til hęljar at leita Baldrs, eða hvārt hęfir þū nakkvat sēt Baldr ā hęlvegi?' En hon sagði at Baldr hafði þar riðit um Gjallarbrū; 'en niðr ok norðr liggr hęlvegr.' Þā reið Hęrmōðr þar til er hann kom at hęl-grindum; þā steig hann af hestinum, ok gyrði hann fast, steig upp, ok keyrði hann sporum, en hestrinn hljōp svā hart, ok yfir grindina, at hann kom hvęrgi nær. Þā reið Hęrmōðr heim til hallar- [*] innar, ok steig af hesti, gekk inn ī hǫllina, sā þar sitja ī ǫndvegi Baldr, brōður sinn; ok dvalðisk Hęrmōðr þar um nāttina. En at morgni þā beiddisk Hęrmōðr af Hęlju at Baldr skyldi rīða heim með honum, ok sagði hvęrsu mikill grātr var með āsum. En Hęl sagði at þat skyldi svā reyna, [*] hvārt Baldr var svā āst-sæll sem sagt er; 'ok ef allir hlutir ī heiminum, kykvir ok dauðir, grāta hann, þā skal hann fara til āsa aptr, en haldask með Hęlju, ef nakkvarr mællr við, eða vill eigi grāta.' Þā stōð Hęrmōðr upp, en Baldr leiðir hann ūt ōr hǫllinni, ok tōk hringinn Draupni, ok sęndi Ōðni til minja, en Nanna sęndi Frigg ripti ok ęnn fleiri gjafar, Fullu fingr-gull. Þā reið Hęrmōðr aptr leið sīna, ok kom ī Āsgarð, ok sagði ǫll tīðindi þau er hann hafði sēt ok heyrt. Þvī næst sęndu æsir um allan heim örind-reka, at biðja at Baldr væri grātinn ōr hęlju; en allir gǫ̈rðu þat, męnninir, ok kykvendin, ok jǫrðin, ok steinarnir, ok trē, ok allr mālmr; svā sem þū munt sēt hafa, at þessir hlutir grāta, þā er þeir koma ōr frosti ok ī hita. Þā er sęndi-męnn fōru heim, ok hǫfðu vel rekit sīn örindi, finna þeir ī hęlli nǫkkurum hvar [*] gȳgr sat; hon nęfndisk Þǫkk. Þeir biðja hana grāta Baldr ōr hęlju. Hon svarar: 'Þǫkk mun grāta þurrum tārum Baldrs bālfarar; kyks nē dauðs naut-k-a-k karls sonar; [*] haldi Hęl þvī es hęfir!' En þess geta męnn, at þar hafi verit Loki Laufeyjar-son, er flest hęfir ilt gǫ̈rt með āsum. V. HEÐINN AND HǪGNI Konungr sā er Hǫgni er nęfndr ātti dōttur, er Hildr hēt. Hana tōk at hęr-fangi konungr sā er Hēðinn hēt, Hjarranda- son. Þā var Hǫgni konungr farinn ī konunga-stęfnu; en er hann spurði at hęrjat var ī rīki hans, ok dōttir hans var ī braut tękin, þā fōr hann með sīnu liði at leita Hēðins, ok spurði til hans at Hēðinn hafði siglt norðr með landi. Þā [*] er Hǫgni konungr kom ī Noreg, spurði hann at Hēðinn hafði siglt vestr um haf. Þā siglir Hǫgni ęptir honum allt til Orkn-eyja; ok er hann kom þar sem heitir Hā-ey, þā [*] var þar fyrir Hēðinn með lið sitt. Þā fōr Hildr ā fund fǫður sīns, ok bauð honum męn at sætt af hęndi Hēðins, en ī ǫðru orði sagði hon at Hēðinn væri būinn at bęrjask, ok ætti Hǫgni af honum engrar vægðar vān. Hǫgni svārar stirt dōttur sinni; en er hon hitti Hēðin, sagði hon honum, at Hǫgni vildi enga sætt, ok bað hann būask til orrostu, ok svā gǫ̈ra þeir hvārir-tvęggju, ganga upp ā eyna, ok fylkja liðinu. Þā kallar Hēðinn ā Hǫgna, māg sinn, ok bauð honum sætt ok mikit gull at bōtum. Þā svarar Hǫgni: 'of sīð bauzt-u þetta, ef þū vill sættask, þvī at nū hęfi ek dręgit Dāins-leif, er dvergarnir gǫ̈rðu, er manns bani skal verða, hvęrt sinn er bęrt er, ok aldri bilar ī hǫggvi, ok ekki sār grœr, ef þar skeinisk af.' Þā svarar Hēðinn: 'sverði hœlir þū þar, en eigi sigri; þat kalla ek gott hvęrt er drōttin- holt er.' Þā hōfu þeir orrostu þā er Hjaðninga-vīg er kallat, ok bǫrðusk þann dag allan, ok at kveldi fōru konungar til skipa. En Hildr gekk of nāttina til valsins, ok vakði upp með fjǫlkyngi alla þā er dauðir vāru; ok annan dag gengu konungarnir ā vīg-vǫllinn ok bǫrðusk, ok svā allir þeir er fellu hinn fyrra daginn. Fōr svā sū orrosta hvęrn dag ęptir annan, at allir þeir er fellu, ok ǫll vāpn þau er lāgu ā vīgvęlli, ok svā hlīfar, urðu at grjōti. En er dagaði, stōðu upp allir dauðir męnn, ok bǫrðusk, ok ǫll vāpn vāru þā nȳ. Svā er sagt ī kvæðum, at Hjaðningar skulu svā bīða ragna-rökrs. VI. THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVASON Sveinn konungr tjūgu-skęgg ātti Sigrīði hina stōr-rāðu. Sigrīðr var hinn mesti ū-vinr Ōlāfs konungs Tryggva-sonar; ok fann þat til saka at Ōlāfr konungr hafði slitit einka-mālum við hana, ok lostit hana ī and-lit. Hon ęggjaði mjǫk Svein konung til at halda orrostu við Ōlāf konung Tryggvason, ok kom hon svā sīnum for-tǫlum at Sveinn konungr var full- kominn at gǫ̈ra þetta rāð. Ok snimma um vārit sęndi Sveinn konungr męnn austr til Svī-þjōðar ā fund Ōlāfs konungs Svīa-konungs, māgs sīns, ok Eirīks jarls; ok lēt sęgja þeim at Ōlāfr, Noregs konungr, hafði leiðangr ūti, ok ætlaði at fara um sumarit til Vind-lands. Fylgði þat orð-sęnding Dana-konungs, at þeir Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr jarl skyldi hęr ūti hafa, ok fara til mōts við Svein konung, skyldu þeir þā allir samt lęggja til orrostu við Ōlāf konung Tryggva- son. En Ōlāfr Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr jarl vāru þessar fęrðar al-būnir, ok drōgu þā saman skipa-hęr mikinn af Svīa- vęldi, fǫru þvī liði suðr til Dan-markar ok kvāmu þar svā, [*] at Ōlāfr konungr Tryggvason hafði āðr austr siglt. Þeir Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr jarl heldu til fundar við Danakonung, ok hǫfðu þā allir saman ū-grynni hęrs. Sveinn konungr, þā er hann hafði sęnt ęptir hęrinum, þā sęndi hann Sigvalda jarl til Vindlands at njōsna um fęrð Ōlāfs konungs Tryggvasonar, ok gildra svā til, at fundr þeira Sveins konungs mætti verða. Fęrr þā Sigvaldi jarl leið sīna, ok kom fram ā Vindlandi, fōr til Jōmsborgar, ok sīðan ā fund Ōlāfs konungs Tryggvasonar. Vāru þar mikil vināttu-māl þeira ā meðal, kom jarl sēr ī hinn mesta kærleik við Ōlāf konung. Āstrīðr kona jarls, dōttir Burizleifs konungs, var vinr mikill Ōlāfs konungs, ok var þat mjǫk af hinum fyrrum tęngðum, er Ōlafr konungr hafði ātt Geiru, systur [*] hęnnar. Sigvaldi jarl var maðr vitr ok rāðugr; en er hann kom sēr ī rāða-gęrð við Ōlāf konung, þā dvalði hann mjǫk fęrðina hans austan at sigla, ok fann til þess mjǫk ȳmsa hluti. [*] En lið Ōlāfs konungs lēt geysi illa, ok vāru męnn mjǫk heim-fūsir, er þeir lāgu albūnir, en veðr byr-væn. Sigvaldi jarl fekk njōsn leyniliga af Danmǫrk, at þā var austan kominn hęrr Svīakonungs, ok Eirīkr jarl hafði þā ok būinn sinn hęr, ok þeir hǫfðingjarnir mundu þā koma austr undir Vindland, ok þeir hǫfðu ā kveðit, at þeir mundu bīða Ōlāfs konungs við ey þā er Svǫlðr heitir, svā þat, at jarl skyldi svā til stilla [*] at þeir mætti þar finna Ōlāf konung. Þā kom pati nakkvarr til Vindlands, at Sveinn Dana- konungr hęfði hęr ūti, ok gǫ̈rðisk brātt sā kurr, at Sveinn Danakonungr mundi vilja finna Ōlāf konung. En Sigvaldi jarl sęgir konungi: 'ekki er þat rāð Sveins konungs at lęggja til bardaga við þik með Dana-hęr einn saman, svā mikinn hęr sem þēr hafið. En ef yðr er nakkvarr grunr ā þvī, at ū-friðr muni fyrir, þā skal ek fylgja yðr með mīnu [*] liði, ok þōtti þat styrkr vera fyrr, hvar sem Jōms-vīkingar fylgðu hǫfðingjum; mun ek fā þēr ellifu skip vel skipuð.' Konungr jātti þessu. Var þā lītit veðr ok hag-stœtt; lēt konungr þā leysa flotann, ok blāsa til brott-lǫgu. Drōgu męnn þā segl sīn, ok gengu meira smā-skipin ǫll, ok sigldu [*] þau undan ā haf ūt. En jarl sigldi nær konungs-skipinu, ok kallaði til þeira, bað konung sigla ęptir sēr: 'mēr er kunnast,' sęgir hann, 'hvar djūpast er um eyja-sundin, en þēr munuð þess þurfa með þau in stōru skipin.' Sigldi þā jarl fyrir með sīnum skipum. Hann hafði ellifu skip, en konungr sigldi ęptir honum með sinum stōr-skipum, hafði hann þar ok ellifu skip, en allr annarr hęrrinn sigldi ūt ā hafit. En er Sigvaldi jarl sigldi utan at Svǫlðr, þā röri ā mōti þeim skūta ein. Þeir sęgja jarli at hęrr Dana- konungs lā þar ī hǫfninni fyrir þeim. Þā lēt jarl hlaða seglunum, ok rōa þeir inn undir eyna. Sveinn Danakonungr ok Ōlāfr Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr jarl vāru þar þā með allan hęr sinn; þā var fagrt veðr ok bjart sōl-skin. Gengu þeir nū upp ā hōlminn allir hǫfðingjar með miklar sveitir manna, ok sā er skipin sigldu ūt ā hafit mjǫk mǫrg saman. Ok nū sjā þeir hvar siglir eitt mikit skip ok glæsiligt; þā mæltu bāðir konungarnir: 'þetta er mikit skip ok ākafliga fagrt, þetta mun vera Ormrinn langi.' Eirīkr jarl svarar ok sęgir: 'ekki er þetta Ormr hinn langi.' Ok svā var sem hann sagði; þetta skip ātti Eindriði af Gimsum. Lītlu sīðar sā þeir hvar annat skip sigldi miklu meira en hit fyrra. Þā mælti Sveinn konungr: 'hræddr er Ōlāfr Tryggvason nū, eigi þorir hann at sigla með hǫfuðin ā skipi sīnu.' Þā sęgir Eirīkr jarl: 'ekki er þetta konungs skip, kęnni ek þetta skip ok seglit, þvī at stafat er seglit, þat ā Erlingr Skjālgsson; lātum sigla þā, bętra er oss skarð ok missa ī flota Ōlāfs konungs en þetta skip þar svā būit.' En stundu sīðar sā þeir ok kęndu skip Sigvalda jarls, ok viku þan þannig at hōlmanum. Þā sā þeir hvar sigldu þrjū skip, ok var eitt mikit skip. Mælti þā Sveinn konungr, biðr þā ganga til skipa sinna, sęgir at þar fęrr Ormrinn langi. Eirīkr jarl mælti: 'mǫrg hafa þeir ǫnnur stōr skip ok glæsilig en Orm hinn langa, bīðum ęnn.' Þā mæltu mjǫk margir męnn: 'eigi vill Eirīkr jarl nū bęrjask, ok hęfna fǫður sīns; þetta er skǫmm mikil, svā at spyrjask mun um ǫll lǫnd, ef vēr liggjum hēr með jafn-miklu liði, en Ōlāfr konungr sigli ā hafit ūt hēr hjā oss sjālfum.' En er þeir hǫfðu þetta talat um hrīð, þā sā þeir hvar sigldu fjogur skip, ok eitt af þeim var dręki all-mikill ok mjǫk gull-būinn. Þā stōð upp Sveinn konungr, ok mælti: 'hātt mun Ormrinn bera mik ī kveld, honum skal ek stȳra.' Þā mæltu margir, at Ormrinn var furðu mikit skip ok frītt, ok rausn mikil at lāta gǫ̈ra slīkt skip. Þā mælti Eirīkr jarl, svā at nakkvarir męnn heyrðu: 'þōtt Ōlāfr konungr hęfði ekki meira skip en þetta, þā mundi Sveinn konungr þat aldri fā af honum með einn saman Danahęr.' Dreif þā fōlkit til skipanna, ok rāku af tjǫldin, ok ætluðu at būask skjōtliga. En er hǫfðingjar rœddu þetta milli sīn, sem nū er sagt, þā sā þeir, hvar sigldu þrjū skip all-mikil, ok fjōrða sīðast, ok var þat Ormrinn langi. En þau hin stōru skip, er āðr hǫfðu siglt, ok þeir hugðu at Ormrinn væri, þat var hit fyrra Traninn, en hit sīðara Ormrinn skammi. En þā er þeir sā Orminn langa, kęndu allir, ok mælti þā engi ī mōt, at þar mundi sigla Ōlāfr Tryggvason; gengu þā til skipanna, ok skipuðu til at- lǫgunnar. Vāru þat einkamāl þeira hǫfðingja, Sveins konungs, Ōlāfs konungs, Eirīks jarls, at sinn þriðjung Noregs skyldi eignask hvęrr þeira, ef þeir fęldi Ōlāf konung Tryggvason; en sā þeira hǫfðingja er fyrst gengi ā Orminn, skyldi eignask alt þat hlut-skipti er þar fengisk, ok hvęrr þeira þau skip er sjālfr hryði. Eirīkr jarl hafði barða einn geysi mikinn, er hann var vanr at hafa ī viking; þar var skęgg ā ofan- verðu barðinu hvārutvęggja, en niðr frā jārn-spǫng þykk ok svā breið sem barðit, ok tōk alt ī sæ ofan. Þā er þeir Sigvaldi jarl röru inn undir hōlminn, þā sā þat þeir Þorkęll dyðrill af Trananum ok aðrir skip-stjōrn- ar-męnn, þeir er með honum fōru, at jarl snöri skipum undir hōlmann; þā hlōðu þeir ok seglum, ok röru ęptir honum, ok kǫlluðu til þeira, spurðu, hvī þeir fōru svā. Jarl sęgir, at hann vill bīða Ōlāfs konungs: 'ok er meiri vān at ūfriðr sē fyrir oss.' Lētu þeir þā fljōta skipin, þar til er Þorkęll nęfja kom með Orminn skamma, ok þau þrjū skip er honum fylgðu. Ok vāru þeim sǫgð hin sǫmu tīðindi; hlōðu þeir þā ok sīnum seglum, ok lētu fljōta, ok biðu Ōlāfs konungs. En þā er konungrinn sigldi innan at hōl- manum, þā röri allr hęrrinn ūt ā sundit fyrir þā. En er þeir sā þat, þa bāðu þeir konunginn sigla leið sīna, en lęggja eigi til orrostu við svā mikinn hęr. Konungr svarar hātt, ok stōð upp ī lyptingunni: 'lāti ofan seglit, ekki skulu mīnir męnn hyggja ā flōtta, ek hęfi aldri flȳit ī orrostu, rāði Guð fyrir līfi mīnu, en aldri mun ek ā flōtta lęggja.' Var svā gǫ̈rt sem konungr mælti. Ōlāfr konungr lēt blāsa til sam-lǫgu ǫllum skipum sīnum. Var konungs skip ī miðju liði, en þar ā annat borð Ormrinn skammi, en ā annat borð Traninn. En þā er þeir tōku at tęngja stafna ā Orminum langa ok Orminum skamma, ok er konungr sā þat, kallaði hann hātt, bað þā lęggja fram bętr hit mikla skipit, ok lāta þat eigi aptast vera allra skipa ī hęrinum. Þā svarar Ūlfr hinn rauði: 'ef Orminn skal þvī lęngra fram lęggja, sem hann er lęngri en ǫnnur skip, þā mun ā-vint verða um sǫxin ī dag.' Konungr sęgir: 'eigi vissa ek at ek ætta stafnbūann bæði rauðan ok ragan.' Ūlfr mælti: 'vęr þū eigi meir baki lyptingina en ek mun stafninn.' Konungr helt ā boga, ok lagði ǫr ā stręng, ok snöri at Ūlfi. Ūlfr mælti: 'skjōt annan veg, konungr ī þannig sem meiri er þǫrfin; þēr vinn ek þat er ek vinn.' Ōlāfr konungr stōð ī lyptingu ā Orminum, bar hann hātt [*] mjǫk; hann hafði gyltan skjǫld ok gull-roðinn hjālm; var hann auð-kęndr frā ǫðrum mǫnnum: hann hafði rauðan kyrtil stuttan utan yfir brynju. En er Ōlāfr konungr sā at riðluðusk flotarnir, ok upp vāru sętt męrki fyrir hǫfðingjum, þā spyrr hann: 'hvęrr er hǫfðingi fyrir liði þvī er gęgnt oss er?' Honum var sagt at þar var Sveinn konungr tjūguskęgg með Danahęr. Konungr svarar: 'ekki hræðumk vēr bleyður þær, engi er hugr ī Dǫnum. En hvęrr hǫfðingi fylgir þeim męrkjum er þar eru ūt īfrā ā hœgra veg?' Honum var sagt at þar var Ōlāfr konungr með Svīa-hęr. Ōlāfr konungr sęgir: 'bętra væri Svīum heima at sleikja um blōt- bolla sīna en ganga ā Orminn undir vāpn yður. En hvęrir eigu þau hin stōru skip, er þar liggja ūt ā bak-borða Dǫnum?' 'Þar er,' sęgja þeir 'Eirīkr jarl Hākonar-son.' Þā svaraði Ōlāfr konungr: 'hann mun þykkjask eiga við oss skapligan fund, ok oss er vān snarpligrar orrostu af þvī liði; þeir eru Norð-męnn, sem vēr erum.' Sīðan greiða konungar at-rōðr. Lagði Sveinn konungr sitt skip mōti Orminum langa, en Ōlāfr konungr Sœnski lagði ūt frā, ok stakk stǫfnum at yzta skipi Ōlāfs konungs Tryggvasonar, en ǫðrum megin Eirīkr jarl. Tōksk þar þā hǫrð orrosta. Sigvaldi jarl lēt skotta við sīn skip, ok lagði ekki til orrostu. Þessi orrosta var hin snarpasta ok all-mann-skœð. Fram- byggjar ā Orminum langa ok Orminum skamma ok Trananum fœrðu akkeri ok stafn-ljā ī skip Sveins konungs, en āttu vāpnin at bera niðr undir fœtr sēr; hruðu þeir ǫll þau skip er þeir fengu haldit. En konungrinn Sveinn ok þat lið er undan komsk flȳði ā ǫnnur skip, ok þar næst lǫgðu þeir frā ōr skot-māli. Ok fōr þessi hęrr svā sem gat Ōlāfr konungr Tryggvason. Þā lagði þar at ī staðinn Ōlāfr Svīakonungr; ok þegar er þeir koma nær stōrskipum, þā fōr þeim sem hinum, at þeir lētu lið mikit ok sum skip sīn, ok lǫgðu frā við svā būit. En Eirīkr jarl sī-byrði Barðanum við hit yzta skip Ōlāfs konungs, ok hrauð hann þat, ok hjō þegar þat ōr tęngslum, en lagði þā at þvī, er þar var næst, ok barðisk til þess er þat var hroðit. Tōk þā liðit at hlaupa af hinum smærum skipunum, ok upp ā stōrskipin. En Eirīkr jarl hjō hvęrt ōr tęngslunum, svā sem hroðit var. En Danir ok Svīar lǫgðu þā ī skotmāl ok ǫllum megin at skipum Ōlāfs konungs, en Eirīkr jarl lā āvalt sībyrt við skipin, ok ātti hǫgg-orrostu. En svā sem męnn fellu ā skipum hans, þā gengu aðrir upp ī staðinn, Svīar ok Danir. Þā var orrosta hin snarpasta, ok fell þā mjǫk liðit, ok kom svā at lykðum, at ǫll vāru hroðin skip Ōlāfs konungs Tryggvasonar nema Ormrinn langi; var þar þā alt lið ā komit, þat er vīgt var hans manna. Þā lagði Eirīkr jarl Barðanum at Orminum langa sībyrt, ok var þar hǫggorrosta. Eirlīkr jarl var ī fyrir-rūmi ā skipi sīnu, ok var þar fylkt með skjald-borg. Var þā bæði hǫggorrosta, ok spjōtum lagit, ok kastat ǫllu þvī er til vāpna var, en sumir skutu boga-skoti eða hand-skoti. Var þa svā mikill vāpnaburðr ā Orminn, at varla mātti hlīfum við koma, er svā þykt flugu spjōt ok ǫrvar; þvī at ǫllum megin lǫgðu hęrskip at Orminum. En męnn Ōlāfs konungs vāru þā svā ōðir, at þeir hljōpu upp ā borðin, til þess at nā með sverðs-hǫggum at drepa fōlkit. En margir lǫgðu eigi svā undir Orminn, at þeir vildi ī hǫggorrostu vera. En Ōlāfs męnn gengu flestir ūt af borðunum, ok gāðu eigi annars en þeir bęrðisk ā slēttum vęlli, ok sukku niðr með vāpnum sīnum. Einarr þambar-skęlfir var ā Orminum aptr ī krappa-rūmi; hann skaut af boga, ok var allra manna harð-skeytastr. Einarr skaut at Eirīki jarli, ok laust ī stȳris-hnakkann fyrir ofan hǫfuð jarli, ok gekk alt upp ā reyr-bǫndin. Jarl leit til, ok spurði ef þeir vissi, hvęrr skaut. En jafn-skjōtt kom ǫnnur ǫr svā nær jarli, at flaug milli sīðunna ok handarinnar, ok svā aptr ī hǫfða-fjǫlina, at langt stōð ūt broddrinn. Þā mælti jarl við mann þann er sumir nęfna Finn, en sumir sęgja at hann væri Finskr, sā var hinn mesti bog-maðr: 'skjōt-tu mann þann hinn mikla ī krapparūminu!' Finnr skaut, ok kom ǫrin ā boga Einars miðjan, ī þvī bili er Einarr drō it þriðja sinn bogann. Brast þā boginn ī tvā hluti. Þā mælti Ōlāfr konungr: 'hvat brast þar svā hātt?' Einarr svarar: 'Noregr ōr hęndi þēr, konungr!' 'Eigi mun svā mikill brestr at orðinn,' sęgir konungr, 'tak boga minn, ok skjōt af,' ok kastaði boganum til hans. Einarr tōk bogann, ok drō þegar fyrir odd ǫrvarinnar, ok mælti: 'ofveikr, ofveikr allvalds boginn!' ok kastaði aptr boganum; tōk þā skjǫld sinn ok sverð, ok barðisk. Ōlāfr konungr Tryggvason stōð ī lypting ā Orminum, ok skaut optast um daginn, stundum bogaskoti, en stundum gaflǫkum, ok jafnan tveim sęnn. Hann sā fram ā skipit, ok sā sīna męnn reiða sverðin ok hǫggva tītt, ok sā at illa bitu; mælti þā hātt: 'hvārt reiði þēr svā slæliga sverðin, er ek sē at ekki bīta yðr?' Maðr svarar: 'sverð vār eru slæ ok brotin mjǫk.' Þā gekk konungr ofan ī fyrirrūmit ok lauk upp hāsætis-kistuna, tōk þar ōr mǫrg sverð hvǫss, ok fekk mǫnnum. En er hann tōk niðr hinni hœgri hęndi, þā sā męnn at blōð rann ofan undan bryn-stūkunni; en engi vissi hvar hann var sārr. Mest var vǫrnin ā Orminum ok mannskœðust af fyrirrūms- mǫnnum ok stafnbūum; þar var hvārttvęggja, valit mest mann-fōlkit ok hæst borðin. En lið fell fyrst um mitt skipit. Ok þā er fātt stōð manna upp um siglu-skeið, þā rēð Eirīkr jarl til upp-gǫngunnar, ok kom upp ā Orminn við fimtānda [*] mann. Þā kom ī mōt honum Hyrningr, māgr Ōlāfs konungs, með sveit manna, ok varð þar inn harðasti bardagi, ok lauk svā, at jarl hrǫkk ofan aptr ā Barðann; en þeir męnn er honum hǫfðu fylgt fellu sumir, en sumir vāru særðir. Þar varð ęnn in snarpasta orrosta, ok fellu þā margir męnn ā Orminum. En er þyntisk skipan ā Orminum til varnarinnar, þā rēð Eirīkr jarl annat sinn til uppgǫngu ā Orminn. Varð þā ęnn hǫrð við-taka. En er þetta sā stafnbūar ā Orminum, þā gengu þeir aptr ā skipit, ok snūask til varnar mōti jarli, ok veita harða viðtǫku. En fyrir þvī at þā var svā mjǫk fallit lið ā Orminum, at vīða vāru auð borðin, tōku þā jarls męnn vīða upp at ganga. En alt þat lið er þā stōð upp til varnar ā Orminum sōtti aptr ā skipit, þar sem konungr var. Kolbjǫrn stallari gekk upp ī lypting til konungs; þeir hǫfðu mjǫk līkan klæða-būnað ok vāpna, Kolbjǫrn var ok [*] allra manna mestr ok frīðastr. Varð nū ęnn ī fyrirrūminu in snarpasta orrosta. En fyrir þā sǫk at þā var svā mikit fōlk komit upp ā Orminn af liði jarls sem vera mātti ā skipinu, en skip hans lǫgðu at ǫllum megin utan at Orminum, en lītit fjǫl-męnni til varnar mōti svā miklum hęr, nū þōtt þeir męnn væri bæði stęrkir ok frœknir, þā fellu nū flestir ā lītilli stundu. En Ōlāfr konungr sjālfr ok þeir Kolbjǫrn bāðir hljōpu þā fyrir borð, ok ā sitt borð hvārr. En jarls męnn hǫfðu lagt utan at smā-skūtur, ok drāpu þā er ā kaf hljōpu. Ok þā er konungr sjālfr hafði ā kaf hlaupit, vildu þeir taka hann hǫndum, ok fœra Eirīki jarli. En Ōlāfr konungr brā yfir sik skildinum, ok steypðisk ī kaf; en Kolbjǫrn stallari skaut undir sik skildinum, ok hlīfði sēr svā við vāpnum er lagt var af skipum þeim er undir lāgu, ok fell hann svā ā sæinn at skjǫldrinn varð undir honum, ok komsk hann þvī eigi ī kaf svā skjōtt, ok varð hann hand-tękinn ok dręginn upp ī skūtuna, ok hugðu þeir at þar væri konungrinn. Var hann þā leiddr fyrir jarl. En er þess varð jarl varr at þar var Kolbjǫrn, en eigi Ōlāfr konungr, þā vāru Kolbirni grið gefin. En ī þessi svipan hljōpu allir fyrir borð af Orminum, þeir er þā vāru ā līfi, Ōlāfs konungs męnn; ok sęgir Hall- freðr vandræða-skāld, at Þorkęll nęfja, konungs brōðir, hljōp sīðast allra manna fyrir borð. Svā var fyrr ritat, at Sigvaldi jarl kom til fǫruneytis við Ōlāf konung ī Vindlandi, ok hafði tīu skip, en þat hit ellifta, er ā vāru męnn Āstrīðar konungs-dōttur, konu jarls. En þā er Ōlāfr konungr hafði fyrir borð hlaupit, þā œpði hęrrinn allr sigr-ōp, ok þā lustu þeir ārum ī sæ Sigvaldi jarl ok hans męnn, ok röru til bardaga. En sū Vinda- snękkjan, er Āstrīðar męnn vāru ā, röri brott ok aptr undir Vindland; ok var þat margra manna māl þegar, at Ōlāfr konungr mundi hafa steypt af sēr brynjunni ī kafi, ok kafat svā ūt undan langskipunum, lagizk sīðan til Vindasnękkj- unnar, ok hęfði męnn Āstrīðar flutt hann til lands. Ok eru þar margar frā-sagnir um fęrðir Ōlāfs konungs gǫ̈rvar sīðan af sumum mǫnnum. En hvęrn veg sem þat hęfir verit, þā kom Ōlāfr konungr Tryggvason aldri sīðan til rīkis ī Noregi. VII. AUÐUN Maðr hēt Auðun, Vest-firzkr at kyni ok fē-lītill; hann fōr utan vestr þar ī fjǫrðum með um-rāði Þorsteins bōnda gōðs, ok Þōris stȳri-manns, er þar hafði þegit vist of vetrinn með Þorsteini. Auðun var ok þar, ok starfaði fyrir honum Þōri, ok þā þessi laun af honum--utan-fęrðina ok hans um-sjā. Hann Auðun lagði mestan hluta fjār þess er var fyrir mōður sīna, āðr hann stigi ā skip, ok var kveðit ā þriggja vetra bjǫrg. Ok nū fara þeir utan heðan, ok fęrsk þeim vel, ok var Auðun of vetrinn ęptir með Þōri stȳrimanni; hann ātti bū ā Mœri. Ok um sumarit ęptir fara þeir ūt til Grœn-lands, ok eru þar of vetrinn. Þess er við getit at Auðun kaupir þar bjarn-dȳri eitt, gǫ̈rsimi mikla, ok gaf þar fyrir alla eigu sīna. Ok nū of sumarit ęptir þā fara þeir aptr til Noregs, ok verða vel reið-fara; hęfir Auðun dȳr sitt með sēr, ok ætlar nū at fara suðr til Danmęrkr ā fund Sveins konungs, ok gefa honum dȳrit. Ok er hann kom suðr ī landit, þar sem konungr var fyrir, þā gęngr hann upp af [*] skipi, ok leiðir ęptir sēr dȳrit, ok leigir sēr hęr-bęrgi. Haraldi konungi var sagt brātt at þar var komit bjarndȳri, gǫ̈rsimi mikil, 'ok ā Īs-lęnzkr maðr.' Konungr sęndir þegar męnn ęptir honum, ok er Auðun kom fyrir konung, kvęðr hann konung vel; konungr tōk vel kvęðju hans, ok spurði sīðan: 'āttu gǫ̈rsimi mikla ī bjarndȳri?' Hann svarar, ok kvezk eiga dȳrit eitthvęrt. Konungr mælti: 'villtu sęlja oss dȳrit við slīku verði sem þū keyptir?' Hann svarar: 'eigi vil ek þat, herra!' 'Villtu þā,' sęgir konungr, 'at ek gefa þēr tvau [*] verð slīk, ok mun þat rēttara, ef þū hęfir þar við gefit alla þīna eigu.' 'Eigi vil ek þat, herra!' sęgir hann. Konungr mælti: 'villtu gefa mēr þā?' Hann svarar: 'eigi, herra!' Konungr mælti: 'hvat villtu þā af gǫ̈ra?' Hann svarar: 'fara,' sęgir hann, 'til Danmęrkr, ok gefa Sveini konungi.' Haraldr konungr sęgir: 'hvārt er, at þū ert maðr svā ūvitr at þū hęfir eigi heyrt ūfrið þann er ī milli er landa þessa, eða ætlar þū giptu þīna svā mikla, at þū munir þar komask með gǫ̈rsimar, er aðrir fā eigi komizk klakk-laust, þō at nauð-syn eigi til?' Auðun svarar: 'herra! þat er ā yðru valdi, en engu jātum vēr ǫðru en þessu er vēr hǫfum āðr ætlat.' Þā mælti konungr: 'hvī mun eigi þat til, at þū farir leið þīna, sem þū vill, ok kom þā til mīn, er þū fęrr aptr, ok sęg mēr, hvęrsu Sveinn konungr launar þēr dȳrit, ok kann þat vera, at þū sēr gæfu-maðr.' 'Þvī heit ek þēr,' sagði Auðun. Hann fęrr nū sīðan suðr með landi, ok ī Vīk austr, ok þā til Danmęrkr; ok er þā uppi hvęrr pęnningr fjārins, ok verðr hann þā biðja matar bæði fyrir sik ok fyrir dȳrit. Hann kömr ā fund ār-manns Sveins konungs, þess er Āki hēt, ok bað hann vista nakkvarra bæði fyrir sik ok fyrir dȳrit: 'ek ætla,' sęgir hann, 'at gefa Sveini konungi dȳrit.' Āki lēzk sęlja mundu honum vistir, ef hann vildi. Auðun kvezk ekki til hafa fyrir at gefa; 'en ek vilda þō,' sęgir hann, 'at þetta kvæmisk til leiðar at ek mætta dȳrit fœra konungi.' 'Ek mun fā þēr vistir, sem it þurfið til konungs fundar; en þar ī mōti vil ek eiga hālft dȳrit, ok māttu ā þat līta, at dȳrit mun deyja fyrir þēr, þars it þurfuð vistir miklar, en fē sē farit, ok er būit við at þū hafir þā ekki dȳrsins.' Ok [*] er hann lītr ā þetta, sȳnisk honum nakkvat ęptir sem [*] ārmaðrinn mælti fyrir honum, ok sættask þeir ā þetta, at hann sęlr Āka hālft dȳrit, ok skal konungr sīðan meta alt saman. Skulu þeir fara bāðir nū ā fund konungs; ok svā gǫ̈ra þeir: fara nū bāðir ā fund konungs, ok stōðu fyrir borðinu. Konungr īhugāði, hvęrr þessi maðr myndi vera, er hann kęndi eigi, ok mælti sīðan til Auðunar: 'hvęrr er-tu?' sęgir hann. Hann svarar: 'ek em Īslęnzkr maðr, herra,' sęgir hann, 'ok kominn nū utan af Grœnlandi, ok nū [*] af Noregi, ok ætlaða-k at fœra yðr bjarndȳri þetta; keypta-k þat með allri eigu minni, ok nū er þō ā orðit mikit fyrir mēr; ek ā nū hālft eitt dȳrit,' ok sęgir konungi sīðan, hvęrsu farit hafði með þeim Āka ārmanni hans. Konungr mælti: 'er þat satt, Āki, er hann sęgir?' 'Satt er þat,' sęgir hann. Konungr mælti: 'ok þōtti þēr þat til liggja, þar sem ek sętta-k þik mikinn mann, at hępta þat eða tālma er maðr gǫ̈rðisk til at fœra mēr gǫ̈rsimi, ok gaf fyrir alla eign, ok sā þat Haraldr konungr at rāði at lāta hann fara ī friði, ok er hann vārr ūvinr? Hygg þū at þā, hvē sannligt þat var þinnar handar, ok þat væri makligt, at þū værir drepinn; en ek mun nū eigi þat gǫ̈ra, en braut skaltu fara þegar ōr landinu, ok koma aldri aptr sīðan mēr ī aug-sȳn! En þēr, Auðun! kann ek slīka þǫkk, sem þū gefir mēr alt dȳrit, ok ver hēr með mēr.' Þat þękkisk hann, ok er með Sveini konungi um hrīð. Ok er liðu nakkvarir stundir, þā mælti Auðun við konung: 'braut fȳsir mik nū, herra!' Konungr svarar hęldr seint: 'hvat villtu þā,' sęgir hann, 'ef þū vill eigi með oss vera?' Hann sęgir: 'suðr vil ek ganga.' 'Ef þū vildir eigi svā gott rāð taka,' sęgir konungr, 'þā myndi mēr fyrir þykkja ī, er þū fȳsisk ī braut'; ok nū gaf konungr honum silfr mjǫk mikit, ok fōr hann suðr sīðan með Rūm-fęrlum, ok skipaði konungr til um fęrð hans, bað hann koma til sīn, er kvæmi aptr. Nū fōr hann fęrðar sinnar, unz hann kömr suðr ī Rōma-borg. Ok er hann hęfir þar dvalizk, sem hann tīðir, þā fęrr hann aptr; tękr þā sōtt mikla, gǫ̈rir hann þā ākafliga magran; gęngr þā upp alt fēit þat, er konungr hafði gefit honum til fęrðarinnar; tękr sīðan upp staf-karls stīg, ok biðr sēr matar. Hann er þā kollōttr ok hęldr ū-sælligr; hann kömr aptr ī Danmörk at pāskum, þangat sem konungr er þā staddr; en ei þorði hann at lāta sjā sik; ok var ī kirkju- skoti, ok ætlaði þā til fundar við konung, er hann gengi til kirkju um kveldit; ok nū er hann sā konunginn ok hirðina fagrliga būna, þā þorði hann eigi at lāta sjā sik. Ok er konungr gekk til drykkju ī hǫllina, þā mataðisk Auðun ūti, sem siðr er til Rūmfęrla, meðan þeir hafa eigi kastat staf ok skreppu. Ok nū of aptaninn, er konungr gekk til kveld- sǫngs, ætlaði Auðun at hitta hann, ok svā mikit sem honum þōtti fyrr fyrir, jōk nū miklu ā, er þeir vāru druknir hirðmęnninir; ok er þeir gengu inn aptr, þā þękði konungr mann, ok þōttisk finna at eigi hafði frama til at ganga fram at hitta hann. Ok nū er hirðin gekk inn, þā veik konungr ūt, ok mælti: 'gangi sā nū fram, er mik vill finna; mik grunar at sā muni vera maðrinn.' Þā gekk Auðun fram, ok fell til fōta konungi, ok varla kęndi konungr hann; ok þegar er konungr veit, hvęrr hann er, tōk konungr ī hǫnd honum Auðuni, ok bað hann vel kominn, 'ok hęfir þū mikit skipazk,' segir hann, 'sīðan vit sāmk'; leiðir hann ęptir sēr inn, ok er hirðin sā hann, hlōgu þeir at honum; en konungr sagði: 'eigi þurfu þēr at honum at hlæja, þvī at bętr hęfir hann sēt fyr sinni sāl hęldr en ēr.' Þā lēt konungr gǫ̈ra [*] honum laug, ok gaf honum sīðan hlæði, ok er hann nū með honum. Þat er nū sagt einhvęrju sinni of vārit at konungr bȳðr Auðuni at vera með sēr ā-lęngðar, ok kvezk myndu gǫ̈ra hann skutil-svein sinn, ok lęggja til hans gōða virðing. Auðun sęgir: 'Guð þakki yðr, herra! sōma þann allan er þēr vilið til mīn lęggja; en hitt er mēr ī skapi at fara ūt til Īslands.' Konungr sęgir: 'þetta sȳnisk mēr undarliga kosit.' Auðun mælti: 'eigi mā ek þat vita, herra!' sęgir hann, 'at ek hafa hēr mikinn sōma með yðr, en mōðir mīn [*] troði stafkarls stīg ūt ā Īslandi; þvī at nū er lokit bjǫrg þeiri er ek lagða til, āðr ek fœra af Īslandi.' Konungr svarar: 'vel er mælt,' sęgir hann, 'ok mannliga, ok muntu verða giptu-maðr; þessi einn var svā hlutrinn, at mēr myndi eigi [*] mis-līka at þū fœrir ī braut heðan; ok ver nū með mēr þar til er skip būask.' Hann gǫ̈rir svā. Einn dag, er ā leið vārit, gekk Sveinn konungr ofan ā bryggjur, ok vāru męnn þā at, at būa skip til ȳmissa landa, ī austr-veg eða Sax-land, til Svīþjōðar eða Noregs. Þā koma þeir Auðun at einu skipi fǫgru, ok vāru męnn at, at būa skipit. Þā spurði konungr: 'hvęrsu līzk þēr, Auðun! ā þetta skip?' Hann svarar: 'vel, herra!' Konungr mælti: 'þetta skip vil ek þēr gefa, ok launa bjarndȳrit.' Hann þakkaði gjǫfina ęptir sinni kunnustu; ok er leið stund, ok skipit var albūit, þā mælti Sveinn konungr við Auðun: 'þō villtu nū ā braut, þā mun ek nū ekki lętja þik, en þat hęfi ek spurt, at ilt er til hafna fyrir landi yðru, ok eru vīða öræfi ok hætt skipum; nū brȳtr þū, ok tȳnir skipinu ok fēnu; lītt sēr þat þā ā, at þū hafir fundit Svein konung, ok gefit honum gǫ̈rsimi.' Sīðan sęldi konungr honum leðr-hosu fulla af silfri, 'ok ertu þā ęnn eigi fē-lauss með ǫllu, þōtt þū brjōtir skipit, ef þū fær haldit þessu. Verða mā svā ęnn,' sęgir konungr, 'at þū tȳnir þessu fē; lītt nȳtr þū þā þess, er þū fannt Svein konung, ok gaft honum gǫ̈rsimi.' Sīðan drō konungr hring af hęndi sēr, ok gaf Auðuni, ok mælti: 'þō at svā illa verði, at þū brjōtir skipit ok tȳnir fēnu, eigi ertu fēlauss, ef þū kömsk ā land, þvī at margir męnn hafa gull ā sēr ī skips-brotum, ok sēr þā at þū hęfir fundit Svein konung, ef þū hęldr hringinum; en þat vil ek rāða þēr,' sęgir hann, 'at þū gefir eigi hringinn, nema þū þykkisk eiga svā mikit gott at launa nǫkkurum gǫfgum manni, þā gef þeim hringinn, þvī at tignum mǫnnum sōmir at þiggja, ok far nū heill!' Sīðan lætr hann ī haf, ok kömr ī Noreg, ok lætr flytja upp varnað sinn, ok þurfti nū meira við þat en fyrr, er hann var ī Noregi. Hann fęrr nū sīðan ā fund Haralds konungs, ok vill ęfna þat er hann hēt honum, āðr hann fōr til Danmęrkr, ok kvęðr konung vel. Haraldr konungr tōk vel kvęðju hans, ok 'sęzk niðr,' sęgir hann, 'ok drekk hēr með oss'; ok svā gǫ̈rir hann. Þā spurði Haraldr kon- ungr: 'hvęrju launaði Sveinn konungr þēr dȳrit?' Auðun svarar: 'þvī, herra! at hann þā at mēr.' Konungr sagði: 'launat mynda ek þēr þvī hafa; hvęrju launaði hann ęnn?' Auðun svarar: 'gaf hann mēr silfr til suðr-gǫngu.' Þā sęgir Haraldr konungr: 'mǫrgum mǫnnum gefr Sveinn konungr silfr til suðrgǫngu eða annarra hluta, þōtt ekki fœri honum gǫ̈rsimar; hvat er ęnn fleira?' 'Hann bauð mēr,' sęgir Auðun, 'at görask skutilsveinn hans, ok mikinn sōma til mīn at lęggja.' 'Vel var þat mælt,' sęgir konungr, 'ok launa, myndi hann ęnn fleira.' Auðun sagði: 'gaf hann mēr knǫrr með farmi þeim er hingat er bęzt varit ī Noreg.' Þat var stōr-mannligt,' sęgir konungr, 'en launat mynda ek þēr þvī hafa. Launaði hann þvī fleira?' Auðun svaraði: 'gaf hann mēr leðrhosu fulla af silfri, ok kvað mik þā eigi fēlausan, ef ek helda þvī, þō at skip mitt bryti við Īsland.' Konungr sagði: 'þat var ā-gætliga gǫ̈rt, ok þat mynda ek ekki gǫ̈rt hafa; lauss mynda ek þykkjask, ef ek gæfa þer skipit; hvārt launaði hann fleira?' 'Svā var vīst, herra!' sęgir Auðun, 'at hann launaði: hann gaf mēr hring þenna er ek hęfi ā hęndi, ok kvað svā mega at berask, at ek tȳnda fēnu ǫllu, ok sagði mik þā eigi fēlausan, ef ek ætta hringinn, ok bað mik eigi lōga, nema ek ætta nǫkkurum tignum manni svā gott at launa, at ek vilda gefa; en nū hęfi ek þann fundit, þvī at þū āttir kost at taka hvārttvęggja frā mēr, dȳrit ok svā līf mitt, en þū lēzt mik fara þangat ī friði, sem aðrir nāðu eigi.' Konungr tōk við gjǫfinni með blīðu, ok gaf Auðuni ī mōti gōðar gjafir, āðr en þeir skilðisk. Auðun varði fēnu til Īslands-fęrðar ok fōr ūt þegar um sumarit til Īslands, ok þōtti vera inn mesti gæfumaðr. VII. ÞRYMS-KVIÐA 1. Vreiðr var þā Ving-þōrr, er hann vaknaði, ok sīns hamars of saknaði: skęgg nam at hrista, skǫr nam at dȳja, rēð Jarðar burr um at þreifask. 2. Ok hann þat orða alls fyrst of kvað: 'heyr-ðu nū, Loki! hvat ek nū mæli, er engi veit jarðar hvęrgi [*] nē upp-himins: āss er stolinn hamri!' 3. Gengu þeir fagra Freyju tūna, [*] ok hann þat orða alls fyrst of kvað: 'muntu mēr, Freyja! fjaðr-hams ljā, ef ek minn hamar mætta-k hitta?' Freyja kvað: 4. Þō munda-k gefa þēr, þōtt ōr gulli væri, ok-þō sęlja at væri ōr silfri.' [*] 5. Flō þā Loki, fjaðrhamr dunði, unz fyr utan kom āsa garða, ok fyr innan kom jǫtna heima. 6. Þrymr sat ā haugi, þursa drōttinn, greyjum sīnum gull-bǫnd snöri ok mǫrum sīnum mǫn jafnaði. Þrymr kvað: 7. 'Hvat er með āsum? hvat er með ālfum? hvī er-tu einn kominn ī Jǫtunheima?' Loki kvað: 'Ilt er með āsum, ilt er með ālfum; hęfir þū Hlō-riða hamar of fōlginn?' Þrymr kvað: 8. 'Ek hęfi Hlōriða hamar of fōlginn ātta rǫstum fyr jǫrð neðan; hann engi maðr aptr of heimtir, nema fœri mēr Freyju at kvān.' [*] 9. Flō þā Loki, fjaðrhamr dunði, unz fyr utan kom jǫtna heima ok fyr innan kom āsa garða; mœtti hann Þōr miðra garða, ok hann þat orða alls fyrst of kvað: 10. 'Hęfir þū örindi sem ęrfiði? sęg-ðu ā lopti lǫng tīðindi: opt sitjanda sǫgur of fallask, ok liggjandi lygi of bęllir.' Loki kvað: 11. 'Hęfi-k ęrfiði ok örindi: Þrymr hęfir þinn hamar, þursa drōttinn; hann engi maðr aptr of heimtir, nema honum fœri Freyju at kvān.' 12. Ganga þeir fagra Freyju at hitta, ok hann þat orða alls fyrst of kvað: 'bitt-u þik, Freyja, brūðar līni! vit skulum aka tvau ī Jǫtunheima.' 13. Vreið varð þā Freyja ok fnāsaði, allr āsa salr undir bifðisk, stǫkk þat it mikla męn Brīsinga: 'mik veizt-u verða ver-gjarnasta, ef ek ęk með þēr ī Jǫtunheima.' 14. Sęnn vāru æsir allir ā þingi ok āsynjur allar ā māli, ok of þat rēðu rīkir tīvar, hvē þeir Hlōriða hamar of sœtti. 15. Þā kvað þat Heimdallr, hvītastr āsa (vissi hann vel fram, sem vanir aðrir): 'bindum vēr Þōr þā brūðar līni, hafi hann it mikla męn Brīsinga! 16. Lātum und honum hrynja lukla ok kvenn-vāðir of knē falla, en ā brjōsti breiða steina, ok hagliga of hǫfuð typpum!' 17. Þā kvað þat Þōrr, þrūðugr āss: 'mik munu æsir argan kalla, ef ek bindask læt brūðar līni.' 18. Þā kvað þat Loki, Laufeyjar sonr: 'þęgi þū [nū], Þōrr! þeira orða; þegar munu jǫtnar Āsgarð būa, nema þū þinn hamar þēr of heimtir.' 19. Bundu þeir Þōr þā brūðar līni ok inu mikla męni Brīsinga. 20. Lētu und honum hrynja lukla ok kvenn-vāðir of knē falla, en ā brjōsti breiða steina, ok hagliga of hǫfuð typðu. 21. Þā kvað þat Loki, Laufeyjar sonr: 'mun ek ok með þēr ambātt vera, vit skulum aka tvær ī Jǫtunheima.' 22. Sęnn vāru hafrar heim of reknir, skyndir at skǫklum, skyldu vel ręnna: bjǫrg brotnuðu, brann jǫrð loga, ōk Ōðins sonr ī Jǫtunheima. 23. Þā kvað þat Þrymr, þursa drōttinn: 'standið upp, jǫtnar! ok strāið bękki! nū fœra mēr Freyju at kvān, Njarðar dōttur, ōr Nōa-tūnum. 24. Ganga hēr at garði gull-hyrndar kȳr, öxn al-svartir jǫtni at gamni; fjǫlð ā ek meiðma, fjǫlð ā ek męnja, einnar mēr Freyju āvant þykkir.' 25. Var þar at kveldi of komit snimma, ok fyr jǫtna ǫl fram borit; einn āt oxa, ātta laxa, krāsir allar, þær er konur skyldu, drakk Sifjar verr sāld þrjū mjaðar. 26. Þā kvað þat Þrymr, þursa drōttinn: 'hvar sāttu brūðir bīta hvassara? sāk-a-k brūðir bīta breiðara, nē inn meira mjǫð mey of drekka.' 27. Sat in al-snotra ambātt fyrir, er orð of fann við jǫtuns māli: 'āt vætr Freyja ātta nāttum, svā var hon ōð-fūs ī Jǫtunheima.' 28. Laut und līnu, lysti at kyssa, en hann utan stǫkk ęnd-langan sal: 'hvī eru ǫndōtt augu Freyju? þykkir mēr ōr augum eldr of bręnna.' 29. Sat in alsnotra ambātt fyrir, er orð of fann við jǫtuns māli: 'svaf vætr Freyja ātta nāttum, svā var hon ōðfūs ī Jǫtunheima.' 30. Inn kom in arma jǫtna systir, hin er brūð-fjār of biðja þorði: 'lāttu þēr af hǫndum hringa rauða, ef þū ǫðlask vill āstir mīnar, āstir mīnar, alla hylli!' 31. Þā kvað þat Þrymr, þursa drōttinn: 'berið inn hamar brūði at vīgja, lęggið Mjǫllni ī meyjar knē, vīgið okkr saman Vārar hęndi!' 32. Hlō Hlōriða hugr ī brjōsti, er harð-hugaðr hamar of þękði; Þrym drap hann fyrstan, þursa drōttin, ok ætt jǫtuns alla lamði. 33. Drap hann ina ǫldnu jǫtna systur, hin er brūðfjār of beðit hafði; hon skell of hlaut fyr skillinga, en hǫgg hamars fyr hringa fjǫlð. Svā kom Ōðins sonr ęndr at hamri. NOTES The references marked Gr. are to the paragraphs of the Grammar. I. THOR Line 3. *Hann ā þar rīki er Þrūð-vangar heita*, 'he reigns (there) where it is called Þ.,' i.e. in the place which is called Þ. The plur. _heita_ agrees with _þrūðvangar_, as in l. 14 below: _þat eru jārnglōfar_ 'that is (his) iron gloves.' l. 5. *þat er hūs mest, svā at męnn hafa gǫ̈rt*, 'that is the largest house, so that men have made (it),' i.e. the largest house that has been built. Note the plur. _hūs_ of a single house; each chamber was originally regarded as a house, being often a detached building. l. 13. *spęnnir þeim*, Gr. § 154; cp. 2. 49. II. THOR AND ŪTGARÐALOKI l. 1. *fōr með hafra sīna...ok með honum sā, āss er...* We see here that _með_ generally takes an acc. to denote passive, and a dat. to denote voluntary accompaniment. l. 5. *soðit* refers to some such subst. as _slātr_ (meat) understood. l. 11. *sprętti ā...* _ā_ is here an adv. l. 12. *til męrgjar.* _til_ here implies intention--to get at the marrow. l. 20. *þat er sā augnanna*, 'the little he saw of the eyes.'-- Thor frowned till his eyebrows nearly covered his eyes, and the man felt as if he were going to fall down dead at the mere sight of them. l. 21. The second *hann* refers, of course, to Thor. l. 34. *til myrkrs*, till it was dark. l. 36. *þeir*, the masc. instead of the neut. pl., as in l. 32 *foll.*, showing that _leituðu_ is meant to refer only to the men of the party, and not to include Rǫskva. (Gr. § 179.) l. 46. *sēr hvar lā maðr*, 'saw where a man lay,' i.e. saw a man lying. l. 51. *einu sinni*, for once in his life. l. 52. *nęfndisk Skrȳmir*, said his name was Skr. l. 66. *būið til* (_prp._) *nātt-verðar yðr*, prepare supper for yourselves. l. 77. *Er þat þēr satt at sęgja*. _satt_ is in apposition to _þat_--'that is to be told you as the truth, (namely) that...' l. 88. *sjā sik*, see himself alive. l. 104. *þann* = _þann veg_, that way, course. l. 108. *at æsirnir bæði þā heila hittask*. The full sense is, 'that Thor and Loki expressed a wish that they and Skrȳmir might meet again safe and sound.' ll. 111, 112. *sęttu hnakkann ā bak sēr aptr*, threw back the backs of their heads till they touched their backs, i.e. threw back their heads. l. 118. *œrit stōra*, 'rather big,' i.e. very big. l. 120. *glotti um tǫnn*, 'grinned round a tooth,' i.e. showed his teeth in a malicious grin. Two MSS. read _við_ instead of _um_. l. 121. *er annan veg en ek hygg, at...?* is it otherwise than as I think, namely that...? i.e. am I not right in thinking that...? l. 127. *engi er hēr sā inni er...* = engi er hēr-inni sā-er... l. 129. *freista skal*, Gr. § 192. l. 140. *kallar þess meiri vān at hann sē...* 'says that there is more probability of that, namely that he is...than of the contrary,' i.e. says that he will have to be... l. 150. *fōthvatari en svā*, 'more swift-footed than so--under these circumstances,' i.e. than you. l. 156. *ok er Þjālfl eigi þā kominn...* = þā er Þjālfi eigi kominn... l. 172. *at sinni*, this time. l. 172. *hann*, acc. l. 173. *laut ōr horninu*, bent back from the horn. l. 188. *mestr* refers to _drykkr_ understood. l. 218. *kalli*, Gr. § 192. l. 241. *þō* refers to _uni_. III. BALDER l. 7. *engi* agrees with _dōmr_. IV. THE DEATH OF BALDER l. 11. *hann*, acc. l. 20. *ungr*, too young. l. 31. *ū-happ* is in apposition to _þat_; cp. 3. 7. ll. 33, 34. *vāru með einum hug til...* had the same feelings towards. l. 36. *var...fyrr*, was beforehand, prevented. l. 42. *vili*, subj. 'whether he will';--change of construction. l. 55. *nema*, 'unless,' here = 'until.' l. 89. *heim*. This use of _heim_ in the sense of 'someone else's home.' is frequent. Cp. our 'drive a nail home.' l. 94. *svā* refers to _ok ef allir hlutir..._, the _ok_ being pleonastic. l. 108. *hvar*, cp. 2. 46. l. 113. *karl*, 'old man,' here = Odin. V. HĒÐINN AND HEGNI l. 6. *Hēðinn* = hann; this use of a proper name instead of a pronoun is frequent. l. 9. *þar*. Cp. 1. 3. VI. THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVASON l. 17. *svā at*, so that, i.e. just when. l. 30. *er*, namely that. l. 33. *austan at sigla*, is in a kind of apposition to _fęrðina_. l. 40. *svā*, also. l. 48. *muni fyrir*, awaits you, is impending. l. 53. *meira*, adv., better, faster. l. 149. *bar hann hātt*, impers. w. acc.; he was in a conspicuous place. l. 244. *við fimtānda mann*, one of fifteen, with fourteen men. l. 259. *vāpna* is governed by the second half of the genitival compound _klæða-būnað_, which is here considered as two independent words. VII. AUÐUN l. 17. *var fyrir*, was to be found. l. 26. *tvau verð slīk*, double the price you gave. l. 55. *fē* is probably dat. here, but may be nom. l. 56. *ęptir sem...*, according as, in accordance with what. l. 64. *nū...nū*, lately...just now. l. 116. *hęldr* is here used pleonastically in a kind of apposition to the preceding _bętr_. l. 125. *en*, and = while. l. 129. *þessi einn var svā hlutrinn, at...*, this single thing is the case, namely that... i.e. the only thing is that... VIII. ÞRYMSKVIÐA l. 7. *jarðar* is governed by _hvęrgi_. l. 9. *tūna*. Poetical construction of gen. to denote goal of motion. l. 15. *þō* goes with the following _at_ = _ok sęlja, þōat_ (_þōtt_) _væri ōr silfri_. l. 32. *fœri* may be either sg. or pl. 3 pers. GLOSSARY æ _follows_ að, ð _follows_ d, ę _follows_ e, œ _follows_ oð, ǫ _follows_ o, ö _follows_ ǫ, þ _follows_ t. The declensions of nouns are only occasionally given. (-rs) etc. means that the _r_ of the nom. is kept in inflection. A -a _adv._ not. ā _sf._ river. ā _see_ *eiga*. ā _prp. w. acc. and dat._ on, in. āðr _adv., cj._ before. aðrir _see_ *annar*. æsir _see_ *āss*. ætla _wv._ 3, consider, deem: 'ætlask fyrir,' intend. ætt _sf._ 2, race, descent, family. ætta _see_ *eiga*. af _prp. w. dat._ from; of; with; _adv._ 'drekka af,' drink off. af-hūs _sn._ out-house, side room. afl _sn._ strength, might. af-taka _wf._ damage, injury. āgætliga _adv._ splendidly. aka _sv._ 2, drive (a chariot, etc.). ākafliga _adv._ vehemently, hard--'kalla a.' call loudly. akarn _sn._ acorn. akkeri _sn._ anchor. ālar-ęndir _sm._ thong-end, end of a strap. al-būinn _adj. w. gen._ quite ready. aldinn _adj._ old. aldri _adv._ never. ā-lęngðar _adv._ for some time. ālfr _sm._ elf. ā-lit _snpl._ appearance, countenance [līta]. all-harðr _adj._ very hard, very violent. all-lītill _adj._ very little. all-mann-skœðr _adj._ (very injurious to men), very murderous (of a battle) [skaði, 'injury']. all-mikill _adj._ very great. allr _adj._ all, whole; 'með ǫllu,' entirely; 'alls fyrst,' first of all. all-stōrum _adv._ very greatly. all-valdr _sm._ monarch, king. al-snotr _adj._ very clever. al-svartr _adj._ very black, coal-black. alt _adv._ quite. ambātt _sf._ 2, female slave, maid. and-lit _sn._ face [līta]. annarr _prn._ second; following, next; other; one of the two-- 'annar...annarr,' one...the other. aptann _sm._ evening. aptastr _adj._ most behind. aptr _adv._ back, backwards, behind. ār _sf._ oar. ār _sn._ year. ār _see_ *ā*. argr _adj._ cowardly, base. ār-maðr _sm._ steward. armr _adj._ wretched. ās-męgin _sn._ divine strength. āss _sm._ 3, (Scandinavian) god. āst _sf._ 2, affection, love, _often in pl._ āst-sæll _adj._ beloved, popular. [sæll, 'happy']. āsynja _wf._ (Scandinavian) goddess [āss]. āt _see_ *eta*. at _prp. w. dat._ at, by; to, towards, up to; for; in accordance with, after. at _adv._ to. -at _adv._ not. at-laga _wf._ attack [lęggja]. at-rōðr (-rar) _sm._ 2, rowing against, attack. ātta _num._ eight. ātta see *eiga*. auð-kęndr _adj._ easy to be recognized, easily distinguishable. auðr _adj._ desert, deserted, without men. auð-sēnn _adj._ evident. auga _wn._ eye. aug-sȳn _sf._ sight. auka _sv._ 1, increase; _impers., w. dat. of what is added_ 'jōk nū miklu ā,' much was added to it (his hesitation increased). austan _adv._ from the east. aust-maðr _sm._ Easterner, Norwegian. austr _sn._ the east--'ī au.,' eastwards. austr _adv._ eastwards. austr-vegr _sm._ the East, _especially_ Russia. āvalt _adv._ continually, all the time. ā-vanr _adj._ wanting; _impers. neut. in_ 'einnar mēr Freyju āvant þykkir,' Freyja alone I seem to want. ā-vinnr _adj._ toilsome, _only in the impers. neut._ 'mun ā-vint verða um sǫxin,' it will be a hard fight at the prow. B bað _see_ *biðja*. bāðir _prn._ both, _neut. as adv. in_ 'bæði...ok,' both...and. bāðu _see_ *biðja*. bǣða _see_ *biðja*. bǣði _see_ *bāðir*. baggi _wm._ bag; bundle. bak _sn._ back, 'vęrja eitt baki,' defend a thing with the back, i.e. turns one's back to it = be a coward. bak-borði _wm._ larboard. bāl _sn._ flame; funeral pile. bāl-fǫr _sf._ funeral. bani _wm._ death. bar _see_ *bera*. bardagi _wm._ battle. barð _sn._ edge, rim; projection in the prow of a ship formed by the continuation of the keel. barða _see_ *bęrja*. barði _wm._ war-ship with a sharp prow, ram. barn _sn._ child. batt _see_ *binda*. bauð _see_ *bjōða*. beiða _wv._ 1, _w. gen. of thing and dat. of pers. benefited_, ask, demand. bein _sn._ bone. bękkr _sm._ 2, bench. bęlla _wv._ 1, occupy oneself with, deal in, _generally in a bad sense_. bera _sv._ 4, carry, take; bear, endure. berask at, happen. b. fram, bring forward, out. b. vāpn niðr, shoot down. b. rāð sīn saman, hold council, deliberate. berg-risi _wm._ hill-giant. bęrja _wv._ 1b, strike--'b. grjōti,' stone. *bęrjask*, fight. bęrr _adj._ bare, unsheathed (of a sword). ber-sęrkr _sm._ 2, wild fighter, champion. [Literally 'bear-shirt,' i.e. one clothed in a bear's skin.] bętr _see_ *vel*. bętri _see_ *gōðr*. bęzt _see_ *vel*. bęztr _see_ *gōðr*. beygja _wv._ 1, bend, arch. bīða _sv._ 6, _w. gen._ wait for; _w. acc._ abide, undergo. biðja _sv._ 5, ask, beg, pray, _w. gen. of thing, acc. of the pers. asked, and dat. of the person benefited_; express a wish, bid--'bað hann vel kominn' (vera _understood_), bad him welcome; call on, challenge, command, tell. bifask _wv._ 1, tremble, shake. bil _sn._ moment of time. bila _wv._ 2, fail. bilt _neut. adj. only in the impers._ 'einum verðr bilt,' one hesitates, is taken aback, is afraid. binda _sv._ 3, bind, tie up; dress. birta _wv._ 1, show [bjartr]. bīta _sv._ 6, bite; cut. bittu _see_ *binda*. bitu _see_ *bīta*. bjarn-dȳri _sn._ bear. bjartr _adj._ bright, clear. bjō _see_ *būa*. bjōða _sv._ 7, _w. acc. and dat._ offer, propose--'b. einum fang,' challenge to wrestling; invite. b. upp, give up. bjǫrg _sf._ help; means of subsistence, store of food. blāsa _sv._ 1, blow; blow trumpet as signal. bleyða _wf._ coward. blīða _wf._ gentleness, friendliness. blindr _adj._ blind. blōð _sn._ blood. blōt-bolli _wm._ sacrificial bowl. bœtr _see_ *bōt*. boga-skot _sn._ bowshot. bogi _wm._ bow. bog-maðr _sm._ bowman, archer. bōndi _sm._ 4, yeoman, householder, (free) man [būa]. borð _sn._ side of a ship, board; rim, the margin between the rim of a vessel and the liquid in it--'nū er gott beranda b. ā horninu,' now there is a good margin for carrying the horn, i.e. its contents are so diminished that it can be lifted without spilling. borg _sf._ fortress, castle. borg-hlið _sn._ castle gate. bōt _sf._ 3, mending, improvement; _plur._ *bœtr*, compensation. bǫrn _see_ *barn*. brā _sf._ eyelid. brā _see_ *bregða*. bragð _sn._ trick, stratagem [bregða]. brann _see_ *bręnna*. brast _see_ *bresta*. brātt _adv._ quickly. braut _sf._ way--*ā braut*, _adv._ away. braut _see_ *brjōta*. braut, brott _adv._ away. bregða _sv._ 3, _w. dat._ jerk, pull, push; b. upp, lift, raise (to strike). change, transform. breiðr _adj._ broad. bręnna _wf._ burning; incremation. bręnna _sv._ 3, burn _intr._ bręnna _wv._ 1, burn _trans._ bresta _sv._ 3, break, crack, burst. brestr _sm._ crack; loss. brjōst _sn._ breast. brjōta _sv._ 7, break--'b. (skip)' suffer shipwreck, _also impers._ 'skip (acc.) brȳtr,' the ship is wrecked. broddr _sm._ point. brōðir _sm._ 4, brother. brotinn _see_ *brjōta*. brotna _wv._ 3, break _intr._ brott _see_ *braut*. brott-laga _sf._ retreat. brū _sf._ bridge. brūð-fē _sn._ bridal gift. brūðr _sf._ 2, bride. brūn _sf._ 3, eyebrow. bryggja _wf._ pier. brynja _wf._ corslet. brȳnn _see_ *brūn*. bryn-stūka _wf._ corslet-sleeve. bryti _see_ *brjōta*. brȳtr _see_ *brjōta*. bū _sn._ dwelling, home. būa _sv._ 1, dwell; inhabit, possess, prepare. *būask*, get ready, prepare _intr._ 'er būit við at...' it is likely to be that..., there is danger of... buðu _see_ *bjōða*. būinn _adj._ ready; in a certain condition--'(við) svā būit' _adv._ under such circumstances; capable, fit for--'vel at sēr būinn,' very capable, very good (at). bundu _see_ *binda*. burr _sm._ son. bȳðr _see_ *bjōða*. bȳr _see_ *būa*. byrja _wv._ 3, begin. byr-vænn _adj._ promising a fair wind. D daga _wv._ 3, dawn. dagan _sf._ dawn. dagr _sm._ day. dalr _sm._ valley. dauðr _adj._ dead. dęgi _see_ *dagr*. deyja _sv._ 2, die. djūpr _adj._ deep. dō _see_ *deyja*. dōmr _sm._ decision. dōttir _sf._ 3, daughter. dǫgurðr _sm._ breakfast [-urð = -verðr, _cp._ nāttverðr]. dōkkr (-vir) _adj._ dark. draga _sv._ 2, draw, drag. d. saman, collect. drakk _see_ *drekka*. drap _see_ *drepa*. draumr _sm._ dream. dręginn _see_ *draga*. dreif _see_ *drīfa*. dręki _wm._ dragon; dragon-ship, ship with a dragon's head as a beak. drekka _sv._ 3, drink. drepa _sv._ 5, strike; kill. dreyma _wv._ 1, _impers. w. acc. of pers. and acc. of the thing_ dream [draumr]. drīfa _sv._ 6, drive; hasten. drjūpa _sv._ 7, drop. drō _see_ *draga*. drōgu _see_ *draga*. drōttinn _sm._ lord. drōttin-hollr _adj._ faithful to its master. drukkinn _adj. (ptc.)_ drunk. drupu _see_ *drjūpa*. drykkja _wf._ drinking [drekka]. drykkju-maðr _sm._ drinker. drykkr _sm._ 2, draught. duna _wv._ 3, resound. dunði _see_ *dynja*. dvalða _see_ *dvęlja*. dvęlja _wv._ 1b, delay. *dvęljask*, dwell, stop. dvergr _sm._ dwarf. dyðrill _sm._ (?). dȳja _wv._ 1b, shake. dynja _wv._ 1b, resound. dȳr _sn._ animal, beast. dyrr _sfnpl._ door. E eða _cj._ or. ef _cj._ if. ęfna _wv._ 1, perform, carry out. ęggja _wv._ 3, incite. eiðr _sm._ oath. eiga _wf._ property. eiga _swv._ possess, have: have as wife, be married to; have _in the sense of_ must. eigi _adv._ not; no. eign _sf._ property. eignask _wv._ 3, appropriate, gain. eik _sf._ 3, oak. einka-māl _snpl._ personal agreement, special treaty. einn _num., prn._ one; the same; a certain, a; alone, only-- 'einn saman,' alone, mere. einn-hvęrr _prn._ a certain, some, a. eira _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ spare. eitr _sn._ poison. ek _prn._ I. ęk _see_ *aka*. ekki _prn. neut._ nothing; _adv._ not. eldr _sm._ fire. ęlli _wf._ old age. ellifti _adj._ eleventh. ellifu _num._ eleven. em _see_ *vera*. en _cj._ but; and. en _adv._ than, _after compar._ ęndask _wv._ 1, end, suffice for. ęndi, ęndir _sm._ end. ęnd-langr _adj._ the whole length--'ęndlangan sal,' the whole length of the hall. ęndr _adv._ again. engi _prn._ none, no. ęnn _adv._ yet, still; besides; after all. ęptir _prp. w. acc._ after (of time). _w. dat._ along, over; in quest of, after; according to, by. _adv._ afterwards; behind [aptr]. ęptri _adj. compar._ hind. er _prn. rel._ who, which, _rel. adv._ where; when; because, that. er _see_ *vera*. er _see_ *þū*. ęrfiði _sn._ work; trouble. ert _see_ *vera*. eru _see_ *vera*. eta _sv._ 5, eat. ey _sf._ island. F fā _sv._ 1, grasp; receive, get; give; be able. *fāsk*, wrestle. *fāsk ā*, be obtained, be. faðir _sm._ 4, father. fær _see_ *fā*. fæstr _see_ *fār*. fagnaðr _sm._ 2, joy; entertainment, hospitality. fagr _adj._ beautiful, fair, fine. fagrliga _adv._ finely. fall _sn._ fall. falla _sv._ 1, fall. *fallask*, be forgotten, fail. fang _sn._ embrace, grasp; wrestling. fann _see_ *finna*. fār _adj._ few--_neut._ fātt _w. gen._: 'fātt manna,' few men. fara go, travel--_w. gen. in such constr. as_ 'f. fęrðar sinnar,' go his way; fare (well, ill); happen, turn out; experience; 'f. með einu,' deal with, treat; destroy, use up _w. dat._ *farask* _impers. in_ 'fęrsk þeim vel,' they have a good passage. farmr _sm._ lading, cargo. fastr _adj._ firm, fast, strong. fē _sn._ property, money. fęðrum _see_ *faðir*. fekk _see_ *fā*. fęgrð _sf._ beauty [fagr]. fęgrstr _see_ *fagr*. feikn-stafir _smpl._ 2, wickedness. fela _sv._ 3, hide. fēlagi _wm._ companion. fē-lauss _adj._ penniless. fē-lītill _adj._ with little money, poor. fell _see_ *falla*. fęlla _wv._ 1, fell, throw down; kill [falla]. fengu, fęnginn _see_ *fā*. fęr _see_ *fara*. fęrð _sf._ 2, journey [fara]. fer-skeyttr _adj._ four-cornered. fimm _num._ five. fimtāndi _adj._ fifteenth. finna _sv._ 3, find; meet, go to see; notice, see. fjaðr-hamr _sm._ feathered (winged) coat. fjall _sn._ mountain. fjār _see_ *fē*. fjara _sf._ ebb-tide; beach. fjogur _see_ *fjōrir*. fjōrði _adj._ fourth. fjōrir _num._ four. fjǫlð _wf._ quantity. fjǫl-kyngi _sn._ magic. fjǫl-męnni _sn._ multitude; troop [maðr]. fjǫrðr _sm._ 3, firth. fjǫrur _see_ *fjara*. flā _sv._ 2, flay, skin. flaug _see_ *fljūga*. flęginn _see_ *flā*. flestr _see_ *margr*. fljōta _sv._ 7, float, drift. fljūga _sv._ 7, fly. flō _see_ *fljūga*. floti _wm._ fleet [fljōtal. flōtti _wm._ flight [flȳja]. flugu _see_ *fljūga*. fluttu _see_ *flytja*. flȳja _wv._ 1, flee. flytja _wv._ 1b. remove, bring. fnāsa _wv._ 3, snort. fœra _wv._ 1, bring, take; fasten [fara]. fœrir _see_ *fara*. fœti _see_ *fōt*. fōlginn _see_ *fela*. fōlk _sn._ multitude, troop; people. fōr _see_ *fara*. for-tǫlur _wpl._ representations, arguments [tala]. fōstra _wf._ nurse. fōt-hvatr _adj._ swift-footed. fōtr _sm._ foot; leg. fǫður _see_ *faðir*. fǫr _sf._ journey [fara]. fǫru-neyti _sn._ company [njōta]. frā _prp._ from, away from; about, concerning. 'ī frā' _adv._ away. frændi _sm._ 4, relation. frā-fall _sn._ death. fram _adv._ forward, forth. _compar._ *framar*, ahead. framastr _adj. superl._ chief, most distinguished. frami _wm._ advantage, courage. framiðr _see_ *fręmja*. fram-stafn _sm._ prow. frā-sǫgn _sf._ narrative, relation. freista _wv._ 3, _w. gen._ try, test. fręmja _wv._ 1b, perform [fram]. friðr _sm._ 2, peace. frīðr _adj._ beautiful, fine. frōðr _adj._ learned, wise. frœkn _adj._ bold, daring. frost _sn._ frost. fugl _sm._ bird. full-kominn _adj._ (_ptc._) complete; ready (for). fullr _adj._ full. fundr _sm._ 2, meeting [finna]. fundu _see_ *finna*. furðu _adv._ awfully, very. fūss _adj._ eager. fylgja _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ follow; accompany. fylki _sn._ troop [fōlk]. fylkja _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ draw up (troops) [fōlk]. fylla _wv._ 1, fill [fullr]. fyr, fyrir _prp. w. acc. and dat._ before; beyond, over--'f. borð,' overboard; instead of--'koma f.' _adv._ be given as compensation; for; because of. 'f. þvī at,' because. 'lītill. f. sēr,' insignificant. fyrir-rūm _sn._ fore-hold, chief-cabin. fyrirrūms-maðr _sm._ man in the fore-hold. fyrr _adv. compar._ before, formerly. _superl._ *fyrst*, first. fyrri _adj. compar._ former. _superl._ *fyrstr*, first. fȳsa _wv._ 1, hasten _trans.--impers._ 'braut fȳsir mik,' I feel a desire to go away [fūss]. G gā _wv._ 1, _w. gen._ heed, care for. gæfa _wf._ luck [gefa]. gæta _wv._ 1, watch, take care of [geta]. gaf _see_ *gefa*. gæfu-maðr _sm._ lucky man. gaflak _sn._ javelin. gamall _adj._ old. gaman _sn._ amusement, joy. ganga _sv._ 1, go, _with gen. of goal in poetry_; attack--'g. ā skip,' board a ship. g. af, be finished. g. til, come up. g. upp, land; board a ship; be used up, expended (of money). garðr _sm._ enclosure, court; dwelling. gat _see_ *geta*. gefa _sv._ 5, give. gęgnum, ī gęgnum _prp. w. gen._ through. gekk _see_ *ganga*. gęlti _see_ *gǫltr*. gęnginn, gęngr, gengu _see_ *ganga*. geta _sv._ 5, _w. gen._ mention, speak of; guess, suppose. geysi _adv._ excessively. gipta _wf._ luck [gefa]. giptu-maðr _sm._ lucky man. gjafar _see_ *gjǫf*. gjǫf _sf._ gift. glotta _wv._ 2, smile maliciously, grin. glæsiligr _adj._ magnificent. gnȳr _sm._ din, noise. gōðr _adj._ good--'gott er til eins,' it is easy to get at, obtain. gōlf _sn._ floor; apartment, room. gott _see_ *gōðr*. gǫfugr _adj._ distinguished [gefa]. gǫltr _sm._ 3, boar. gǫmul _see_ *gamall*. gǫ̈ra _wv._ 1c, do, make. *gǫ̈rask*, set about doing; be made into, become. *gǫ̈ra at*, accomplish, carry out. gǫ̈rsimi _wf._ article of value, treasure. granda _wv._ 3, _w. dat._ injure. grār _adj._ gray. gras _sn._ grass; plant, flower. grāta _sv._ 1, weep, mourn for. grātr _sm._ weeping. greiða _wv._ 1, put in order, arrange. greip _see_ *grīpa*. gres-jārn _sn._ iron wire (?). grey _sn._ dog. grið _snpl._ peace, security. griða-staðr _sm._ sanctuary. grind _sf._ 3, lattice door, wicket. grīpa _sv._ 6, seize. gripr _sm._ 2, article of value, treasure. grjōt _sn._ stone (collectively). grōa _sv._ 1, grow; heal. grœr _see_ *grōa*. gruna _wv._ 3, _impers._--'mik grunar,' I suspect, think. grunr _sm._ 2, suspicion. gull _sn._ gold. gull-band _sn._ gold band. gull-būinn _adj._ adorned with gold. gull-hringr _sm._ gold ring. gull-hyrndr _adj._ (_ptc._) with gilt horns. gull-roðinn _adj._ (_ptc._) gilt. gȳgr _sf._ giantess. gyltr _adj._ (_ptc._) gilt. gyrða _wv._ 1, gird. H hæstr _see_ *hār*. hætta _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ desist from, stop. hættligr _adj._ dangerous, threatening. hættr _adj._ dangerous. haf _sn._ sea. hafa _wv._ 1, have; 'h. einn nær einu,' bring near to, expose to; use, utilize. at hafask, undertake. til hafa, have at hand. hafna _see_ *hǫfn*. hafr _sm._ goat. hafr-staka _wf._ goatskin. hagliga _adv._ neatly. hagr _sm._ condition; advantage--'þēr mun h. ā vera,' will avail thee, be profitable to you. hag-stœðr _adj._ favourable. halda _sv._ 1, _w. dat._ hold (also with prp. _ā_); keep. _w. acc._ observe, keep (laws, etc.). _intr._ take a certain direction, go. hālfr _adj._ half. hālfu _adv._ by half, half as much again. hallar _see_ *hǫll*. hallar-gōlf _sn._ hall floor. haltr _adj._ lame. hamarr _sm._ hammer. hamars-muðr _sm._ thin end of hammer. hamar-skapt _sn._ handle of a hammer. hamar-spor _sn._ mark made by a hammer. hana _see_ *hann*. handar _see_ *hǫnd*. hand-skot _sn._ throwing with the hand. hand-tękinn _ptc. pret._ taken by hand, taken alive. hann _prn._ he. hār _sn._ hair. hār _adj._ high. harð-hugaðr _adj._ stern of mood. harðr _adj._ hard; strong. harð-skeytr _adj._ strong-shooting [skjōta]. harmr _sm._ grief. hāski _wm._ danger. hā-sæti _sn._ high seat, dais [sitja]. hāsætis-kista _sf._ chest under the dais. hātt _adv._ high; loudly. haugr _sm._ mound. hauss _sm._ skull. heðan _adv._ hence. hęfi _see_ *hafa*. hęfja _sv._ 2, raise, lift; begin. hęfna _wv._ 1, _w. gen._ revenge, avenge. heill _adj._ sound, safe, prosperous. heil-rǣði _sn._ sound advice, good advice [rāð]. heim _adv._ to one's home, home (domum). heima _adv._ at home (domi). heima-maðr _sm._ man of the household. heim-fūss _adj._ longing to go home, homesick. heimr _sm._ home, dwelling; world. heimta _wv._ 1, fetch, obtain, get back. heita _sv._ 1, call; _w. dat. of pers. and dat. of thing_ promise; _intr._ (_pres._ heiti) be named, called. hęldr _see_ *halda*. hęldr _adv. compar._ more willingly, rather, sooner, more; rather, very. hęl-grindr _sf._ the doors of hell. hęllir _sm._ cave. helt _see_ *halda*. hęl-vegr _sm._ road to hell. hęlzt _adv. superl._ most willingly, soonest, especially, most [hęldr]. hęndi, hęndr _see_ *hǫnd*. hęnnar, hęnni _see_ *hann*. hępta _wv._ 1, bind; hinder, stop. hēr _adv._ here--'h. af,' etc. here-of. hęr-bergi _sn._ quarters, lodgings. hęrða _wv._ harden, clench. hęr-fang _sn._ booty. hęrja _wv._ 3, make war, ravage [hęrr]. hęrr _sm._ army, fleet. herra _sm._ lord. hęr-skip _sn._ war-ship. hestr _sm._ horse. hēt _see_ *heita*. heyra _wv._ 1, hear. himinn _sm._ heaven. hingat _adv._ hither. hinn _prn._ that. hirð _sf._ court. hirð-maðr _sm._ courtier. hiti _wm._ heat. hitta _wv._ come upon, find, meet; _trans._ go to. *hittask*, meet, _intr._ hjā _prp. w. dat._ by, at; in comparison with. hjālmr _sm._ helmet. hjōn _snpl._ household. hlaða _sv._ 2, load, heap up; 'h. seglum,' take in sails. hlæja _sv._ 2, laugh. hlaupa _sv._ 1, jump, leap; run. hlaut _see_ *hljōta*. hleyp _see_ *hlaupa*. hleypa _wv._ 1, make to run (i.e. the horse), gallop. hlīf _sf._ shield. hlīfa _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ shelter, cover, protect. hljōp _see_ *hlaupa*. hljōta _sv._ 7, get, receive. hlōðu _see_ *hlaða*. hlōgu _see_ *hlæja*. hlunnr _sm._ roller (for launching ships). hluti _wm._ portion [hljōta]. hlutr _sm._ 2, share; portion, part, piece; thing [hljōta]. hlut-skipti _sn._ booty. hnakki _wm._ back of head. hōf _see_ *hęfja*. hollr _adj._ gracious, faithful. hōlmr _sm._ small island. hon _see_ *hann*. honum _see_ *hann*. horn _sn._ horn. hœgri _adj. compar._ right (hand). hœla _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ praise, boast of. hǫfðingi _wm._ chief [hǫfuð]. hǫfða-fjǫl _sf._ head-board (especially of a bedstead). hǫfðu _see_ *hafa*. hǫfn _sf._ harbour. hǫfuð _sn._ head. hǫgg _sn._ stroke. hǫgg-ormr _sm._ viper. hǫgg-orrosta _wf._ 'cutting-fight,' hand-to-hand fight. hǫggva _sv._ 1, hew, cut, strike. hǫll _sf._ hall. hǫnd _sf._ 3, hand; side--'hvārra-tvęggju handar,' on both sides, for both parties. hræddr _adj._ frightened, afraid [_ptc._ of hræðask]. hræðask _wv._ 1, be frightened, fear. hræzla _wf._ fear [hræðask]. hrafn _sm._ raven. hratt _see_ *hrinda*. hrauð _see_ *hrjōða*. hraut _see_ *hrjōta*. hreyfa _wv._ 1, move. hrīð _sf._ period of time. hrīm-þurs _sm._ frost giant. hrinda _sv._ 3, push, launch (ship). hrista _wv._ 1, shake. hrjōða _sv._ 7, strip, clear, disable. hrjōta _sv._ 7, start, burst out. hrǫkk _see_ *hrökkva*. hrökkva _sv._ 3, start back. hryði _see_ *hrjōta*. hrynja _wv._ 1b. fall down. hrȳtr _see_ *hrjōta*. hugða _see_ *hyggja*. hugi _wm._ thought. hugr _sm._ mind, heart; courage, spirit. hugsa _wv._ 3, consider, think. hundrað _sn._ hundred. hurð _sf._ 2, door. hūs _sn._ room; house. hvar _adv._ where; that. hvārr _prn._ which of two; each of the two, both. hvārr-tvęggja _prn._ each of the two, both. hvārt _adv._ whether, _both in direct and indirect questions_. hvārt-tvęggja _adv._ 'hv...ok,' both...and. hvass _adj._ sharp. hvat _prn. neut._ what. hvart _adj._ brisk, bold. hvē _adv._ how. hverfa _sv._ 3, turn, go. hvęr-gi _adv._ nowhere--'hv. jarðar,' nowhere on earth; in no respect, by no means. hvęrnig _adv._ how [= hvęrn veg.]. hvęrr _prn._ who. hvęrsu _adv._ how. hvī _adv._ why. hvirfill _sm._ crown of head. hvītna _wv._ 2, whiten. hvītr _adj._ white. hyggja _wv._ 1b. think, mean, determine [hugr]. hylli _wf._ favour [hollr]. I ī _prp._ in. ī-huga _wv._ 3, try to remember, consider [hugr]. illa _adv._ ill, badly. illr _adj._ ill, bad. inn _art._ the. inn _adv._ in _compar._ *innar*, further in. inna _wv._ 1, accomplish. innan _adv._ within, inside. *fyrir innan* _prp. w. gen._ within, in. inni _adv._ in. it _see_ *þū*. it _see_ *inn*. ī-þrōtt _sf._ feat. J jafn-breiðr _adj._ equally broad. jafn-hǫfugr _adj._ equally heavy [hęfja]. jafn-mikill _adj._ equally great. jafn-skjōtt _adv._ equally quick. jafna _wv._ 3, smooth; compare _w. dat. of thing compared._ jafnan _adv._ always. jarl _sm._ earl. jārn _sn._ iron. jārn-glōfi _sm._ iron gauntlet. jārn-spǫng _sf._ iron plate. jāta _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ agree to. jōk _see_ *auka*. jǫrð _sf._ earth. jǫtun-heimar _smpl._ home, world of the giants. jǫtunn _sm._ giant. K kær-leikr _sm._ love, affection [kærr, 'dear']. kaf _sn._ diving; deep water, water under the surface. kafa _wv._ 3, dive. kalla _wv._ 3, cry out, call; assert, maintain; name, call. kann _see_ *kunna*. kapp _sn._ competition. karl _sm._ man; old man. kasta _wv._ 3, cast, throw. kaupa _wv._ 2, buy. kęngr _sm._ bend. kęnna _wv._ 1, know; perceive. kęrling _sf._ old woman [karl]. kęrra _wf._ chariot. kętill _sm._ kettle. keypta _see_ *kaupa*. keyra _wv._ 1, drive. kirkja _wf._ church. kirkju-skot _sn._ wing of a church. kjōsa _sv._ 7, choose. klakk-laust _adv._ uninjured. klæða _wv._ 1, clothe. klæða-būnaðr _sm._ apparel. klæði _snpl._ clothes. knē _sn._ knee. knīfr _sm._ knife. knǫrr _sm._ merchant-ship. knūði _see_ *knȳja*. knūi _wm._ knuckle. knūtr _sm._ knot. knȳja _wv._ 1b, press with knuckles or knees; exert oneself [knūi]. kōlf-skot _sn._ (distance of a) bolt-shot. kollōttr _adj._ bald. koma _sv._ 4. come; happen, turn out; _w. dat._ bring into a certain condition. *k. fyrir*, be paid in atonement. *komask*, make one's way (by dint of exertion). kona _wf._ woman; wife. konr _sm._ kind--'alls konar,' all kinds; 'nakkvars konar,' of some kind. konunga-stęfna _wf._ congress of kings. konungr _sm._ king. konungs-dōttir _sf._ king's daughter. konungs-skip _sn._ king's ship. kosinn _see_ *kjōsa*. kost-gripr _sm._ precious thing, treasure. kostr _sm._ 2, choice--'at ǫðru kosti,' otherwise; power [kjōsa]. kǫgur-sveinn _sm._ little boy, urchin. kǫpp _see_ *kapp*. kǫpur-yrði _sn._ boasting [orð]. kǫttr _sm._ 3, cat. köm _see_ *koma*. krappa-rūm _sn._ back cabin. krappr _adj._ narrow. kraptr _sm._ strength. krās _sf._ 2, delicacy. kręfja _wv._ 1b, _w. acc. of pers. and gen. of thing_, demand. kunna _swv._ know; feel; venture; like to. kunnandi _wf._ knowledge, accomplishments. kunnusta _wf._ knowledge, power. kunnr _adj._ known. kurr _sm._ murmur, rumour. kvæði _sn._ poem. kvæma _see_ *koma*. kvān _sf._ wife. kveða _sv._ 5, say. *kv. ā* settle, agree on. kvęðja _wf._ salutation [kveða]. kvęðja _wv._ 1b, greet. kveld _sn._ evening--'ī kv.,' this evening. kveld-sǫngr _sm._ vespers. kvenn-vāðir _sfpl._ woman's clothes. kviðr _sm._ 3, stomach, belly. kvisa _wv._ 3, whisper. kvistr _sm._ 3, branch, twig. kvǫddu _see_ *kvęðja*. kykr (-vir) _adj._ living. kykvendi _sn._ living creature, animal. kȳll _sm._ bag. kyn _sn._ race, lineage. kȳr _sf._ 3, cow. kyssa _wv._ 1, kiss. L lā _see_ *liggja*. lægri _see_ *lāgr*. lær-lęggr _sm._ thigh-bone. læt _see_ *lāta*. lagða _see_ *lęggja*. lāgr _adj._ low; short of stature [liggja]. lags-maðr _sm._ companion. lagu _see_ *liggja*. lamða, lamit _see_ *lęmja*. land _sn._ land, country. land-skjālfti _wm._ earthquake. langr _adj._ long, far. lāt _snpl._ noise. lāta _sv._ 1, let go; leave; lose; allow; cause, let; behave, act; say. lauf _sn._ foliage. laufs-blað _sn._ (blade of foliage), leaf. laug _sf._ bath. laun _snpl._ reward. launa _wv._ 3, reward, requite _w. dat. of the thing given and of the pers., and acc. of the thing requited._ lauss _adj._ loose; shaky, unsteady; free from obligation. laust _see_ *ljōsta*. laut _see_ *lūta*. lax _sm._ salmon. leðr-hosa _wf._ leather bag. lęggja _wv._ 1b, lay, put; 'l. eitt fyrir einn,' give, settle on; 'l. sik fram,' exert oneself; _intr. w._ skip _understood_ sail, row--*l. at*, land; attack; *l. frā*, retreat, draw off; pierce, make a thrust. *lęggjask*, set out, proceed; swim [liggja]. leið _sf._ way--'koma einu til leiðar,' carry out [līða]. leið _see_ *līða*. leiða _wv._ 1, lead, conduct [līða]. leiðangr (-rs) _sm._ levy [leið]. leiga _wv._ 1, borrow. leikr _sm._ game; athletic sports, contest. leita _wv._ 3, _w. gen. and dat._ seek; take to, have recourse to. *leitask*, feel one's way [līta]. lęmja _wv._ 1b, break. lęngð _sf._ length [langr]. lęngi _adv._ long (of time) [langr]. lęngstr _see_ *langr*. lēt _see_ *lāta*. lętja _wv._ 1b, _w. acc. of pers. and gen. of thing_, hinder, dissuade. lētta _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ lift. leyniliga _adv._ secretly. leysa _wv._ 1, loosen, untie, open [lauss]. lið _sn._ troop. līða _sv._ 6, go; pass (of time); _impers._ *līðr*, _w. dat._ fare, get on. _impers._ 'līðr ā (nāttina),' (the night) is drawing to a close. līf _sn._ life--'ā līfi,' alive. lifa _wv._ 2, live. liggja _sv._ 5, lie. *l. til*, be fitting. līk _sn._ body; corpse. līka _wv._ 3, _w. dat._ please. līki _sn._ form [līk]. līking _sf._ likeness, similarity [līkr]. līknsamr _adj._ gracious. līkr _adj._ like. līn _sn._ linen; linen headdress. list _sf._ art. līta _sv._ 6, look at; regard, consider--'l. til eins.' turn to, acknowledge greeting. *lītask* _impers. w. dat._ seem. litask _wv._ 3, look round one [līta]. lītill _adj._ little, small--'lītit veðr,' not very windy weather. *lītlu* _adv._ by a little, a little. lītil-ræði _sm._ degradation [rāð]. litr _sm._ 3, colour, complexion; appearance [līta]. līzk _see_ *līta*. ljā _wv._ 1, _w. gen. and dat._ lend. ljōsta _sv._ 7, strike, _w. dat. of instr. and acc. of the thing struck_--'l. ārum ī sæ,' dip the oars into the sea, begin to row. lofa _wv._ 3, praise. lōga _wv._ 3, _w. dat._ part with. logi _wm._ flame. lokinn _see_ *lūka*. lopt _sn._ air--'ā l.,' up. lūka _sv._ 7, lock, close; _impers._ 'lȳkr einu,' it is finished, exhausted. 'l. upp,' unlock, open. lukla _see_ *lykill*. lustu _see_ *ljōsta*. lūta _sv._ 7, bend, bow. lygi _wf._ lie, falsehood. lykð _sf._ ending--'at lykðum,' finally. lykill _sm._ key [lūka]. lypta _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ lift [lopt]. lypting _sf._ raised place (castle) on the poop of a warship [lypta]. lȳsa _wv._ 1, shine. lȳsi-gull _sn._ bright gold. lȳst _see_ *ljōsta*. lysta _wv._ 1, _impers. w. acc._ desire. M mā _see_ *mega*. maðr _sm._ 4, man. mæla (mælta) _wv._ 1, speak--'m. við einu,' refuse; suggest. mær _sf._ virgin, maid. mætta _see_ *mega*. magr (-ran) _adj._ thin. māgr _sm._ kinsman, relation, connection. makligr _adj._ fitting. māl _sn._ narrative; _in plur._ poem; proper time, time. mālmr _sm._ metal. mann _see_ *maðr*. mann-fōlk _sn._ troops, crew. mann-hringr _sm._ ring of men. mannliga _adv._ manlily. margr _adj._ many, much. mark _sn._ mark; importance. marka _wv._ 3, infer. marr _sm._ horse. mart _see_ *margr*. matask _wv._ 3, eat a meal. matr _sm._ 2, food. mātta _see_ *mega*. māttr _sm._ 2, might, strength. með _prp. w. acc. and dat._ with. meðal _s._ middle--ā m. _w. gen._ between. meðan _adv._ whilst. mega _swv._ can, may. megin --'ǫðrum m.,' on the other side; 'ǫllum m.,' on all sides [_corruption of_ vegum]. męgin-gjarðar _sfpl._ girdle of strength [mega]. meiðmar _sfpl._ treasures. meiri _see_ *mikill*. męn _sn._ necklace, piece of jewelry. męnn _see_ *maðr*. mēr _see_ *ek*. męrgr _sm._ 2, marrow. męrki _sn._ mark; banner [mark]. mest _see_ *mikill*. meta _sv._ 5, measure; estimate. mey _see_ *mær*. mið-garðr _sm._ (middle enclosure), world. miðgarðs-ormr _sm._ world-serpent. miðr _adj._ middle. mik _see_ *ek*. mikill _adj._ big, tall, great. *mikit* _adv._ much, very. miklu _adv._ (_instr._) much. milli, ā milli _prp._ between, among. minjar _sfpl._ remembrance, memorial. minn _see_ *ek*. minni _see_ *lītill*. minnr _adv._ less. mis-līka _wv._ 3, _w. dat._ displease, not please. missa _wf._ loss, want. missa _wv._ 1, _w. gen._ lose; do without. mistil-teinn _sm._ mistletoe [teinn, 'twig']. mitt _see_ *ek*. mjǫðr _sm._ 3, mead. mjǫk _adv._ very. mōðir _sf._ 3, mother. mōðr _sm._ anger. mœtask _wv._ 1, meet _intr._ [mōt]. mǫn _sf._ mane. morginn _sm._ morning. mǫrk _sf._ 3, forest. mǫrum _see_ *marr*. mōt _sn._ meeting. *ī mōti* _prp. w. dat._ against. mǫtu-neyti _sn._ community of food--'lęggja m. sitt,' make their provision into a common store [matr; njōta]. mundu _see_ *munu*. munnr _sm._ mouth. munr _sm._ difference--'þeim mun,' to that extent. munu _swv._ will, may (of futurity and probability). myndi _see_ *munu*. myrkr _sn._ darkness. myrkr _adj._ dark. N nā _wv._ 1, reach, obtain; succeed in. nǣr _adv. w. dat._ near; nearly. _superl._ *næst*--'þvī n.,' thereupon. nǣtr _see_ *nātt*. nafn _sn._ name. nakkvarr _prn._ some, a certain. *nakkvat* _adv._ somewhat; perhaps. nātt _sf._ 3, night. nātt-bōl _sn._ night-quarters. nātt-langt _adv._ the whole night long. nātt-staðr _sm._ night-quarters. nāttūra _wf._ nature, peculiarity. nātt-verðr _sm._ 2, supper. nauð-syn _sf._ necessity. naut _see_ *njōta*. neðan _adv._ below. *fyrir n.* _prp. w. dat._ below. nęfja _adj._ long-nosed (?). nęfna _wv._ 1, name, call. *nęfnask*, name oneself, give one's name as [nafn]. nema _sv._ 4, take; begin. nema _adv._ except, unless. nest _sn._ provisions. nest-baggi _sm._ provision-bag. niðr _adv._ down, downwards. nīundi _adj._ ninth. njōsn _sf._ spying; news. njōsna _wv._ 3, spy; get intelligence. njōta _sv._ 7, enjoy, profit. norðr _adv._ northwards. nǫkkvi _wm._ vessel, small ship. nū _adv._ now; therefore, so. nȳ-vaknaðr _adj._ (_ptc._) newly awoke. nȳr _adj._ new. nȳta _wv._ 1, profit [njōta]. O oddr _sm._ point. ōð-fūss _adj._ madly eager. ōðr _adj._ mad, furious. œ̄pa _wv._ 1, shout [ōp, 'shout']. œrit _adv._ enough; very. of _prp. w. dat._ over; during; with respect to, about. _adv._ too (of excess). of _adv., often used in poetry as a mere expletive._ of-veikr _adj._ too weak. ofan _adv._ above; down. ofan-verðr _adj._ upper, on the top. ōk _see_ *aka*. ok _conj._ and; also--'ok...ok,' both...and; but. okkr _see_ *þū*. opt _adv._ often. _compar._ *optar*, oftener, again. ōr _prp. w. dat._ out of. orð _sn._ word--'ī ǫðru orði,' otherwise. orðinn _see_ *verða*. orð-sęnding _sf._ verbal message. orð-tak _sn._ expression, word. ormr _sm._ serpent, dragon; ship with a dragon's head. orrosta _wf._ battle. oss _see_ *ek*. ōtta _wf._ the end of night, just before dawn. ōttalaust _adj._ without fear. ōx _see_ *vaxa*. oxi _wm._ ox. ǫðlask _wv._ 3, obtain. ǫðru _see_ *annarr*. ǫl _sn._ ale. ǫldnu _see_ *aldinn*. ǫndōttr _adj._ fierce. ǫnd-vegi _sn._ high seat, dais. ǫnnur _see_ *annar*. ǫr _sf._ arrow. ör-æfi _sn._ harbourless coast. örendi _sn._ errand. örendi _sn._ holding the breath, breath. örind-reki _sm._ messenger [reka]. öxn _see_ *oxi*. P pati _sm._ rumour. pęnningr _sm._ penny. R rāð _sn._ advice; what is advisable--'sjā eitt at rāði,' consider advisable; plan, policy, resolution. rāða _sv._ 1, advise, _w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers._; consider, deliberate; undertake, begin _w. prp._ til _or infin._; dispose of, have control over _w. prp._ fyrir. rāða-gǫ̈rð _sf._ deliberation, decision. rāðugr _adj._ sagacious. ragna-rökr _sn._ twilight of the gods, end of the world. [ragna _gen. of_ ręgin _neut. plur._ 'gods.'] ragr _adj._ cowardly. rāku _see_ *reka*. rann _see_ *ręnna*. rās _sf._ race. rauðr _adj._ red. rausn _sf._ magnificence, anything magnificent. rēð _see_ *rāða*. reið _sf._ chariot. reið _see_ *rīða*. reiða _wv._ 1, swing, wield, brandish. reið-fara _adj._--'vera vel r.,' have a good passage. reiði _sn._ trappings, harness. reiðr _adj._ angry. reka _sv._ 7, drive; carry out; perform. 'r. af tjǫld,' take down awning. rękkja _wf._ bed. ręnna _sv._ 3, run. rētta _wv._ 1, direct; reach, stretch. *r. upp*, pull up. rēttr _adj._ right, correct; equitable, fair. reyna _wv._ 1, try, test. reyr-bǫnd _supl._ the wire with which the arrow-head was bound to the shaft. rīða _sv._ 6, _w. dat._ ride. riðu _see_ *rīða*. riðlask _wv._ 3, set oneself in motion. rīki _sn._ power; sovereignty, reign. rīkr _adj._ powerful, distinguished. ripti _sn._ linen cloth. rita _wv._ 3, write. rōa _sv._ 1, row. rœða _wv._ 1, talk about, discuss. röra _see_ *rōa*. rǫst _sf._ league. S sā _prn._ that; he; such, such a one. sā _see_ *sjā*. sær _sm._ sea. særa _wv._ 1, wound [sār]. sæti _sn._ seat [sitja]. sætt _sf._ 2, reconciliation, peace. sættask _wv._ 1, be reconciled, agree. saga _wf._ narrative, history, story. sagða _see_ *sęgja*. saka _wv. impers. w. acc._--'hann (acc.) sakaði ekki,' he was not injured. sakna _wv._ 3, _w. gen._ miss. sāl _sf._ 2, soul. sāld _sn._ gallon. salr _sm._ 2, hall. saman _adv._ together. sami _weak adj._ same. sam-laga _wf._ laying ships together for battle. samt _adv._ together. sannligr _adj._ probable; suitable, right. sannr _adj._ true. sār _sn._ wound. sārr _adj._ wounded. sat _see_ *sitja*. satt _see_ *sannr*. sē _see_ *vera*. sē _see_ *sjā*. sefask _wv._ 3, be pacified. sęgja _wv._ 1b, say, relate [saga]. segl _sn._ sail. seilask _wv._ 1, stretch _intr._ seinn _adj._ late, slow, tedious. *seint* _adv._ slowly. sęlja _wv._ 1, give; sell. sem _adv._ as; _w. subj._ as if; _to strengthen the superl._--'sem mest,' the most possible, as much as possible. sęnda _wv._ 1, send. sęndi-maðr _sm._ messenger. sęnn _adv._ at the same time, at once; immediately, forthwith. sēnn _see_ *sjā*. sēr _see_ *sik*. sēr _see_ *sjā*. sēt _see_ *sjā*. set-berg _sn._ seat-shaped rock, crag [sitja]. sętja _wv._ 1, set, place. *s. fram*, launch (a ship). *sętjask*, sit down. *sętjask upp*, sit up [sitja]. sī-byrða _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ lay a ship alongside another. _neut. ptc._ *sībyrt*, close up to [borð]. sīð _adv._ late. _comp._ sīðar, later, afterwards. _superl._ *sīðast*, latest, last. sīða _wf._ side. sīðan _adv._ afterwards, then; since. sīðari _adj. comp._ later, second (in order). siðr _sm._ 3, custom. sīga _sv._ 6, sink. sigla _wf._ mast [segl]. sigla _wv._ 1, sail. siglu-skeið _sn._ middle of a ship. sigr (-rs) _sm._ victory. sigr-ōp shout of victory. sik _prn._ oneself. silfr _sn._ silver. sīn _see_ *sik*. sinn _sn._ time (of repetition)--'einu sinni,' once, for once. 'eigi optar at sinni,' not oftener than that time, i.e. only once. sinn _see_ *sik*. sitja _sv._ 5, sit. *s. fyrir*, sit in readiness. sjā = þessi. sjā _sv._ 5, see; 's. fyrir einu,' look after, take care of. _impers._ 'lītt sēr þat ā, at'...it will hardly be seen that... *sjāsk*, see one another, meet. sjālfr _prn._ self. sjōða _sv._ 7, boil; cook. sjōn _sf._ sight. sjōn-hvęrfing _sf._ ocular delusion. skal _see_ *skulu*. skalf _see_ *skjālfa*. skāli _wm._ hall. skammr _adj._ short. skap _sn._ state, condition; state of mind, mood, humour. skapligr _adj._ suitable, fit. skapt _sn._ shaft, handle. skar _see_ *skera*. skarð _sn._ notch, gap; defect. skaut _see_ *skjōta*. skęgg _sn._ beard; beak (of a ship). skeið _sn._ race-course, running-ground; race--'taka sk.,' start in a race. skeina _wv._ 1, graze. skellr _sm._ knock. skęmtun _sf._ amusement, entertainment [skammr, _literally 'shortening (of time)'_]. skera _sv._ 4, cut, cut up; kill (animal). skiljask _wv._ 1, separate, part _intr._ skillingr _sm._ shilling, coin. skilnaðr _sm._ separation, parting. skip _sn._ ship. skipa _wv._ 3, order, arrange, prepare, fit out. 'sk. til um eitt,' make arrangements for. *skipask*, take one's place; change, alter _intr._ skipa-hęrr _sm._ fleet. skipan _sf._ arranging; ship's crew. skips-brot _sn._ shipwreck. skip-stjōrnar-maðr _sm._ (steerer), commander of a ship, captain. skjald-borg _sf._ wall of shields, testudo. skjālfa _sv._ 3, shake _intr._ skjōta _sv._ 7, _w. dat._ shoot, throw, push. skjōt-fœri _sn._ swiftness. skjōt-leikr _sm._ swiftness. skjōt-liga _adv._ swiftly, quick. skjōtr _adj._ swift, quick. *skjōtt* _adv._ quickly. skjǫldr _sm._ 3, shield. skōgr _sm._ forest, wood. skorta _wv._ 1, _impers. w. acc. of pers. and of thing_, want, fail. skot _sn._ shot; missile [skjōta]. skot-māl _sn._ shot-measure, range. skotta _wv._ 3, dangle--sk. við drift (of ships). skǫkull _sm._ shaft (of a cart). skǫmm _sf._ disgrace, shame. skǫr _sf._ hair of the head. skreppa _wf._ bag, wallet. skulfu _see_ *skjālfa*. skulu _swv._ shall. skuta _wf._ small ship, cutter. skutill _sm._ trencher, small table. skutil-sveinn _sm._ page, chamberlain. skutu _see_ *skjōta*. skykkr _sm._ shake--'ganga skykkjum,' shake. skylda _see_ *skulu*. skyldr _adj._ obliged, obligatory, bound [skulu]. skyn _sn._ understanding, insight--'kunna, sk.' understand. skynda _wv._ 1, hasten, bring in haste. skyndiliga _adv._ hastily, quickly. skynsamliga _adv._ intelligently, carefully. skȳt _see_ *skjōta*. slā _sv._ 2, strike. 'slā eldi ī,' light a fire. slæliga _adv._ sluggishly, weakly. slær _adj._ blunt. slær _see_ *slā*. slātr _sn._ meat. sleikja _wv._ lick. sleit _see_ *slīta*. slēttr _adj._ level, smooth; comfortable, easy. slīkr _adj._ such. slīta _sv._ 6, tear--*sl. upp*, pull up; _w. dat._ break (agreement). smæri _see_ *smār*. smār _adj._ small, insignificant. smā-skip _snpl._ small ships. smā-skūta _wf._ small cutter. smjūga _sv._ 7, squeeze through, slip. smugu _see_ *smjūga*. snarpligr _adj._ vigorous. snarpr _adj._ sharp; vigorous. snimma _adv._ early. snöra _see_ *snūa*. snūa _sv._ 1, _w. dat._ turn _or_ (_trans._) direct; twist, plait. *snūask*, turn (_intr._). soðinn _see_ *sjōða*. sœkja _wv._ 1c, seek; go--'s. aptr,' retreat. sœmð _sf._ honour [sōma]. sœtti _see_ *sœkja*. sofa _sv._ 4, sleep. sofna _wv._ 3, go to sleep. sǫgur _see_ *saga*. sǫk _sf._ cause--'fyrir þā s. at'..., because. sökkva _sv._ 3, sink. sōl _sf._ sun. sōl-skin _sn._ sunshine. soltinn _adj._ hungry [_ptc. of_ 'svelta,' starve]. sōma _wv._ 2, _w. dat._, be suitable, befitting. sōmi _wm._ honour. sonr _sm._ son. sōtt _sf._ illness. sōtta _see_ *sœkja*. sǫx _snpl._ raised prow of a war-ship. spala _see_ *spǫlr*. sparask _wv._ 2, spare oneself, reserve one's energy. spęnna (spęnta) _wv._ 1, _w. dat. of thing_, gird, buckle on. spjōt _sn._ spear. sporðr _sm._ tail. spori _sm._ spur. spǫlr _sm._ rail. sprakk _see_ *springa*. sprętta _wv._ 1, split. springa _sv._ 3, burst. spurða _see_ *spyrja*. spyrja _wv._ 1b, ask; hear of, learn--'sp. til eins,' have news of, hear of his arrival. *spyrjask*, be known. spyrna _wv._ 1, kick. staddr _adj._ placed, staying [_ptc. of_ 'stęðja,' place]. staðr _sm._ place--'ī staðinn,' instead. stafaðr _adj._ (_ptc._) striped. staf-karl _sm._ (staff-man), beggar. stafn _sm._ prow. stafn-būi _wm._ prow-man. stafn-lē _wm._ grappling-hook. stafr _sm._ 2 (_gen. sg._ stafs), staff, stick. stakk _see_ *stinga*. stallari _sm._ marshall. standa _sv._ 2, stand. *st. upp*, stand up, rise. starfa _wv._ 3, work. stęfna _wv._ 1, steer; take a course, go. steig _see_ *stīga*. steinn _sm._ stone; jewel. stela _sv._ 4, _w. dat. of thing and acc. of pers._ steal, rob. stęndr _see_ *standa*. stęrkliga _adv._ vigorously. stęrkr _adj._ strong. steypa _wv._ 1, _w. dat. of thing_, throw; pull off. *steypask*, throw oneself. stīga _sv._ 6, advance, walk, go. *st. upp*, mount (horse). stīgr _sm._ path, way. stikill _sm._ point. stilla (stilta) _wv._ 1, arrange. *st. til*, arrange, dispose. stinga _sv._ 3, pierce; 'st. stǫfnum at skipi,' run the prow against a ship's side. stirt _adv._ harshly [_neut. of_ 'stirðr,' stiff]. stōð _see_ *standa*. stœrri _see_ *stōr*. stōkkva _sv._ 3, spring, rebound, start back. stolinn _see_ *stela*. stōrliga _adv._ bigly, arrogantly. stōr-mannligr _adj._ magnificent, aristocratic. stōr-męnni _sn._ great men (collective), aristocracy. stōrr _adj._ big, great. *stōrum* _adv._ greatly. stōr-rāðr _adj._ (great of plans), ambitious. stōr-skip _sn._ big ship, stōr-virki _sn._ great deed. strā _wv._ 1, strew, cover with straw. strauk _see_ *strjūka*. stręngr _sm._ 2, string. strjūka _sv._ 7, stroke. stund _sf._ period of time, time. stutt _adv._ shortly, abruptly [_neut. of_ 'stuttr' short]. stȳra _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ steer. stȳri _sn._ rudder. stȳris-hnakki _wm._ top piece of rudder. styrkr _sm._ strength; help. sū _see_ *sā*. suðr _adv._ southward. suðr-ganga _wf._ journey south (to Rome). sukku _see_ *sökkva*. sumar _sn._ summer. sumr _prn._ some. sund _sn._ sound, channel. svā _adv._ so, as; as soon as. 'ok svā,' also. svaf _see_ *sofa*. svara _wv._ 3, _w. dat. of thing_, answer. svardagi _sm._ oath. sveinn _sm._ boy. sveinn-stauli _wm._ small boy. sveit _sf._ troop. svelga _sv._ 3, swallow, gulp. sverð _sn._ sword. sverðs-hǫgg _sn._ swordstroke. svipan _sf._ jerk; moment. svipting _sf._ pull, struggle. sȳnask _wv._ 1, seem [sjōn]. syni _see_ *sonr*. systir _sf._ 3, sister. T taka _wv._ 2, _w. acc._ take, seize, take possession of; _w. inf._ begin; _w. dat._ receive (well, ill, etc.). *takask*, take place, begin. *t. at*, choose. *t. til*, engage in, try. *t. upp*, take to, choose. tala _wf._ talk, speech. tala _wv._ 3, speak, talk about, discuss. taliðr _see_ *tęlja*. tālma _wv._ 3, hinder. tār _sn._ tear. taumar _smpl._ reins. tękinn _see_ *taka*. tęlja _wv._ 1b, count, recount; account, consider; relate, say [tala]. tęngðir _sfpl._ relationship, connection by marriage. tęngja _wv._ 1, bind, fasten together. tęngsl _snpl._ cable. tīða _wv._ 1, _impers. w. acc._ desire. tīðindi _snpl._ tidings, news. tīðr _adj._ usual, happening--'hvat er tītt um þik?' what is the matter with you? *tītt* _adv._ often, quickly--'sem tīðast,' as quickly as possible. tiginn _adj._ of high rank. tigr _sm._--'fjōrir tigir,' forty. til _prp. w. gen._ to; till; for (of use)--'alt er t. vāpna var,' everything that could be used as a missile; for (of object, intention)--'brjōta lęgg til męrgjar,' break a leg to get at the marrow; with respect to--'til vista var eigi gott,' they were not well off for provisions. til _adv._ too (of excess). til-vīsan _sf._ direction, guidance. tītt _see_ *tīðr*. tīvi _wm._ god. tjald _sn._ tent. tjūgu-skęgg _sn._ forked beard. tœka _see_ *taka*. tōk _see_ *taka*. tǫnn _sf._ 3, tooth. trani _wm._ crane. trē _sn._ tree. troða _sv._ tread. trog _sn._ trough. tros _sn._ droppings, rubbish. trūa _wf._ faith--'þat veit tr. mīn at...,' by my faith. trūa _wv._ 2, _w. dat. of pers._ believe, trust, rely on. tūn _sn._ enclosure, dwelling. tveir _num._ two. tȳna _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ lose. typpa _wv._ tie in a top-knot. Þ þā _see_ *sā*. þā _see_ *þiggja*. þā _adv._ then. þær _see_ *sā*. þakðr _see_ *þękja*. þakka _wv._ 3, _w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers._ thank; requite, reward. þambar-skęlfir _sm._ bowstring-shaker (?). þann _see_ *sā*. þannig _adv._ thither; so [= þann veg]. þar _adv._ there; then; 'þ. af,' _etc._, thereof. 'þar sem,' since, because. 'þar til,' until. þarf _see_ *þurfa*. þat _see_ *sā*. þau _see_ *sā*. þegar _adv._ at once. 'þ. er,' as soon as. þęginn _see_ *þiggja*. þęgja _wv._ 1b, be silent. þeim _see_ *sā*. þeir, þeirra _see_ *sā*. þękja _wv._ 1b, roof. þękkja _wv._ 1, notice. *þękkjask*, take pleasure in; accept. þēr _see_ *þū*. þess _see_ *sā*. þess _adv. w. comp._ the, so much the. þessi _prn._ this. þiggja _sv._ 5, receive. þik _see_ *þū*. þing _sn._ meeting, parliament. þinn _see_ *þū*. þit _see_ *þū*. þjōð _sf._ nation, race. þō _adv._ though, yet. þǫkð _see_ *þękja*. þǫkk _sf._ thanks, gratitude [þakka]. þola _wv._ 2, endure, put up with. þora _wv._ 2, dare. þǫrf _sf._ need. þorrinn _see_ *þverra*. þōtt _adv._ though [= þō at]. þōtta _see_ *þykkja*. þraut _see_ *þrjōta*. þreifask _wv._ 3, grope, feel. þreyta _wv._ 1, make exertions, try. þriði _adj._ third. þriðjungr _sm._ third. þrīr _num._ three. þrjōta _sv._ 7, _impers. w. acc. of pers._ come to an end, fail. þrūðugr _adj._ mighty. þū _prn._ thou. þumlungr _sm._ thumb of glove. þunn-vangi _wm._ temple (of head). þurðr _sm._ diminution. þurfa _swv. often impers._ require, need. þurr _adj._ dry. þurs _sm._ giant. þverra _sv._ 3, diminish. þvers _adv._ across. þvī _see_ *sā*. þvī _adv._ therefore; _w. compar._ the, so much the more. þvīlikr _adj._ such. þykkja _wv._ 1c, seen, be considered. 'þykkir einum fyrir,' there seems to be something in the way, one hesitates. 'myndi mēr fyrir þ. ī,' I should be displeased. *þykkjask*, think. þykkr _adj._ thick, close. þynna _wv._ 1, make thin. *þynnask* get thin. þyrstr _adj._ (_ptc._) thirsty. U ū-fœra _wf._ impassable place; fix, difficulty. ū-friðr _sm._ hostility, war. ū-grynni _sn._ countless number [grunnr, 'bottom']. ū-happ _sn._ misfortune. ū-hreinn _adj._ impure. um _prp. w. acc._ around, about, over; _of time_ in, at; _of superiority_ beyond; concerning, about. um-rāð _sn._ advice, help. um-sjā _sf._ care. una _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ be contented--'u. illa,' be discontented. undan _prp. w. dat._, _adv._ away (from). undarliga _adv._ strangely. undarligr _adj._ strange. undir _prp. w. acc. and dat._ under. undr _sn._ wonder. ungr _adj._ young. unninn _see_ *vinna*. unz _adv._ until. upp _adv._ up. upp-ganga _wf._ boarding (ship). upp-haf _sn._ beginning [hęfja]. upp-himinn _sm._ high heaven. uppi _adv._ up; at an end. urðu _see_ *verða*. ūt _adv._ out. _comp._ *utar*, outer, outwards, farther away. utan _adv._ outside; outwards. utan-fęrð _sf._ journey abroad. utar _see_ *ūt*. ūti _adv._ outside, out on the sea. ūt-lausn _sf._ ransom. ū-vinr _sm._ enemy. V vægð _sf._ forbearance. vænn _adj._ likely, to be expected. væri _see_ *vera*. vætr _neut._ nothing. vaka _wv._ 3, be awake, wake up. vakna _wv._ 3, awake. vald _sn._ power, control. val-kyrja _sf._ chooser of the slain, war-goddess [kjōsa]. valr _sm._ corpses on the battle-field. vān, _sf._ hope, expectation, probability. vandræða-skāld _sn._ the 'awkward' poet, the poet who is difficult to deal with. vandræði _snpl._ difficulty. vangi _wm._ cheek. vanr _adj._ accustomed. vāpn _sn._ weapon. vāpna-burð _sm._ bearing weapons, shower of missiles. vāpn-lauss _adj._ without weapons. var _see_ *vera*. vār _sn._ spring. vār _see_ *ek*. vara _wv._ 2, _impers. w. acc. of pers._--'mik varði,' I expected. varð _see_ *verða*. varði _see_ *vęrja*. vargr _sm._ wolf. variðr _see_ *vęrja*. varla _adv._ scarcely. varnaðr _sm._ goods, merchandise. vāru _see_ *vera*. vatn _sn._ water. vaxa _sv._ 2, grow; increase. veðr _sn._ weather. vegr _sm._ road; way, manner; direction, side; _in composition_, region, tract, land. veik _see_ *vikja*. veit _see_ *vita*. veita _wv._ 1, give, grant; make (resistance, etc.). vękja _wv._ 1b, wake [vaka]. vēl _sf._ artifice, cunning. vęlja _wv._ 1b, choose. vęndi _see_ *vǫndr*. vēr _see_ *ek*. vera _sv._ exist; remain, stay, happen; be. 'hvat lātum hafði verit,' what had caused the noise. *v. at*, be occupied with. verð _sn._ worth, value; price. verða _sv._ 3, happen; happen to come. 'v. fyrir einum,' come in one's way, appear before one; become; come into being, be; 'v. til eins,' be ready for, undertake; _w. infin._ be obliged, must. 'nū er ā orðit mikit fyrir mēr,' now I have come into a great perplexity, difficulty. *v. at*, happen. verðr _adj._ worth; important. ver-gjarn _adj._ desirous of a husband, loose. verit _see_ *vera*. vert _see_ *verðr*. vęrja _wv._ 1b, defend--'v. baki,' defend with the back, turn one's back on. vęrja _wv._ 1b, dress; lay out money, invest. verk _sn._ work, job. verr _sm._ man; husband. vęrr _adv. comp._ worse. _superl._ *vęrst*, worst. verǫld _sf._ world. vestan _adv._ from the west. 'v. fyrir' _w. gen. or acc._, west of. vestr _adv._ westwards. vetr _sm._ winter; year. vęx _see_ *vaxa*. vęxti _see_ *vǫxtr*. við _prp. w. acc._ by, near; towards (of place and time); with (of various relations). _w. dat._ towards, at (laugh at, etc.); in exchange for, for. vīða _adv._ widely, far and wide, on many sides. viðar-teinungr _sm._ tree-shoot, plant. við-bragð _sn._ push. viðr _sm._ 3, tree. vīðr _adj._ wide, broad. við-skipti _snpl._ dealings. við-taka _wf._ reception; resistance. vīgja _wv._ 1, consecrate, hallow. vīgr _adj._ warlike, able-bodied. vīking _sf._ piracy, piratical expedition. vīkingr _sm._ pirate. vīkja _sv._ 6, turn, move, go. vilja _swv._ will. villi-eldr _sm._ wildfire, conflagration. vinātta _wf._ friendship. vināttu-māl _snpl._ assurances of friendship. vinna _sv._ 3, do, perform; win, conquer. *vinnask til*, suffice. vinr _sm._ 2, friend. virðing _sf._ honour [verðr]. vīsa _wv._ 2, _w. dat._ show, guide. vīss _adj._ wise; certain. vissa _see_ *vita*. vist _sf._ 2, board and lodging; provisions. vit _see_ *ek*. vita _swv._ know; be turned in a certain direction. *v. fram*, see into futurity. vīti _sn._ punishment, penalty. vītis-horn _sn._ penalty-horn (whose contents were drunk as a punishment). vitkask _wv._ 3, come to one's senses. vitr (-ran) _adj._ wise. vǫllr _sm._ 3, plain, field. vǫndr _sm._ 3, twig, rod. vǫrn _sf._ defence, resistance. vǫxtr _sm._ 3, growth, stature. vreiðr = reiðr. Y yðr _see_ *þū*. yfir _prp. w. acc. and dat._ over [ofan]. ȳmiss _adj._ various, different. ymr _sm._ rumbling noise. ytri _adj. comp._ outer. _superl._ *yztr*, outside(st) [ūt]. PROPER NAMES Āki _sm._ Āsa-þōrr _sm._ (divine) Thor. Āstrīðr _sf._ Auðun _sm._ Baldr (-rs) _sm._ Barði _wm._ 'the Ram' (name of a ship). Bil-skīrnir _sm._ Brīsinga-męn _sn._ Freyja's necklace. Burizleifr _sm._ Dāins-leif _sf._ relic of Dāinn ['leif,' leaving, heritage]. Dana-konungr _sm._ king of the Danes. Danir _smpl._ the Danes. Dan-mǫrk _sf._ 3, Denmark. Draupnir _sm._ Einarr _sm._ Eindriði _wm._ Eirīkr _sm._ Erlingr _sm._ Fęn-salr _sm._ 2. Finnr _sm._ Finskr _adj._ Finnish. Freyja _wf._ Freyr _sm._ Frigg _sf._ wife of Odin. Fulla _wf._ Frigg's handmaid. Geira _wf._ Gimsar _fpl._ Gjallar-brū _sf._ the bridge over the river Gjǫll. Gjǫll _sf._ 'the Resounder,' the river of Hell. Grœn-land _sn._ Greenland. Gullin-bursti _wm._ 'Golden-bristle.' Gull-toppr _sm._ 'Gold-top.' Hā-ey _sf._ 'High-island.' Hākon _sm._ Hall-freðr _sm._ Haraldr _sm._ Hēðinn _sm._ Heim-dallr _sm._ Hęl _sf._ the goddess of the infernal regions. Hęr-mōðr _sm._ Hildr _sf._ ['hildr,' war]. Hjaðninga-vīg _sn._ battle of the Hjaðnings. Hjarrandi _wm._ Hlōriði _wm._ the Thunderer, Thor. Hǫgni _wm._ Hring-horni _wm._ 'Ring-prowed.' Hyrningr _sm._ Hyrrokin _sf._ Hǫðr _sm._ Īs-land _sn._ Iceland. Īsland-fęrð _sf._ journey to Iceland. Īslęnzkr _adj._ Icelandic. Jōms-borg _sf._ Jōms-vīkingar _smpl._ the pirates of Jōmsborg. Kol-bjǫrn _sm._ Laufey _sf._ Litr _sm._ Loki _wm._ Mōð-guðr _sf._ Mœri _wf._ Nanna _wf._ Nepr _sm._ Njarðar _see_ *Njǫrðr*. Njǫrðr _sm._ Nōa-tūn _snpl._ Noregr _sm._ Norway [= norð-vegr]. Ǫku-þōrr _sm._ Thor (the driver) [aka]. Ōlāfr _sm._ Ōðinn _sm._ Odin. Orkn-eyjar _sfpl._ Orkneys. Rōma-borg _sf._ Rome. Rūm-fęrli _wm._ pilgrim to Rome [fara]. Rǫskva _wf._ Sax-land _sn._ Saxony, Germany. Sif _sf._ Sigrīðr _sf._ Sig-valdi _wm._ Skjālgr _sm._ Skrȳmir _sm._ Sleipnir _sm._ Slīðrug-tanni _wm._ [tǫnn]. Sœnskr _adj._ Swedish. Sveinn _sm._ Svīa-konungr _sm._ king of Sweden. Svīar _smpl._ Swedes. Svīa-vęldi _sn._ Sweden [vald]. Svī-þjōð _sf._ Sweden. Svǫlðr (-rar) _sf._ island of Svolder, near Rügen. Tann-gnjōstr _sm._ [tǫnn]. Tann-grisnir _sm._ [tǫnn]. Tryggvi _wm._ 'Trusty.' Þjālfi _wm._ Þōrir _sm._ Þor-kęll _sm._ Þōrr _sm._ Thor. Þor-steinn _sm._ Þrūð-vangar _smpl._ 'plains of strength.' Þrymyr _sm._ Þǫkk _sf._ Ūlfr _sm._ Ūtgarða-loki _wm._ Ūt-garðr _sm._ *Ūt-garðar* _pl._ 'outer enclosure,' world of the giants. Vanir _smpl._ race of Gods. Vār _sf._ goddess of betrothal and marriage. Vest-firzkr _adj._ of the west firths (in Iceland). Vīk _sf._ 'the Bay,' the Skagerak and the Christiania fjord. Vinda-snękkja _wf._ Wendish ship. Vind-land _sn._ Wendland. Vindr _smpl._ the Wends. Ving-þōrr _sm._ name of Thor. THE END. *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ICELANDIC PRIMER *** Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. START: FULL LICENSE THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg-tm License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided that: * You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." * You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm works. * You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. * You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.