SYSTEM.
SMITHSONIAN
CATALOGUE SYSTEM.
DIFFICULTIES IN PUBLISHING
CATALOGUES.
Few persons, except librarians, are aware of the nature and extent of
the difficulties, which have been encountered, in attempting to furnish
suitable printed catalogues of growing libraries; difficulties
apparently insurmountable, and menacing a common abandonment of the
hope of affording guides, so important, to the literary accumulations
of the larger libraries of Europe.
It is, of course, entirely practicable to publish a complete and
satisfactory catalogue of a library which is stationary. But most
public libraries are constantly and rapidly increasing. This
circumstance, so gratifying on every other account, is the source of
the difficulties alluded to.
While the catalogue of such a library is passing through the press,
new books are received, the titles of which it is impossible, in the
ordinary manner of printing, to incorporate with the body of the work.
Recourse must then be had to a supplement. In no other way can the
acquisitions of the library be made known to the public. If the
number of supplements be multiplied, as they have been in the library
of Congress, the student may be obliged to grope his weary way through
ten catalogues, instead of one, in order to ascertain whether the book
which he seeks be in the library. He cannot be certain, even then, that
the book is not in the collection, for it may have been received, since
the last appendix was printed. Supplements soon become intolerable. The
whole catalogue must then be re-arranged and re-printed. The expense of
this process may be borne, so long as the library is small, but it soon
becomes burdensome, and, ere long, insupportable, even to national
establishments.
There is but one course left—not to print at all. To this no scholar
consents, except from necessity. But to this alternative, grievous as
it is, nearly all the large libraries of Europe have been reluctantly
driven.
More than a century has passed, since the printing of the catalogue of
the Royal Library at Paris was commenced. It is not yet finished. No
one feels in it the interest which he would, if he could hope to have
its completeness sustained, when once brought up to a given date.
Dr. Pertz, chief librarian of the Royal Library at Berlin, declares,
that to print the catalogue of a large library, which is constantly
increasing, is to throw away money. His opinion is founded upon the
supposed impossibility of keeping up the catalogue, so as continually
to represent the actual possessions of the library.
The commissioners, lately appointed by the Queen of England, to
inquire into the constitution and management of the British Museum,
have, in their report, expressed an opinion decidedly against the
printing of the catalogue at all, and principally on the ground that it
must ever remain imperfect.
One of the witnesses, (the Right Honorable J. W. Croker,) examined
before the commissioners, thus strongly states the case with respect to
printing:
"You receive, I suppose, into your library every year some twenty
thousand volumes, or something like that. Why, if you had a printed
catalogue dropped down from Heaven to you at this moment perfect,
this day twelve-month your twenty thousand interlineations would
spoil the simplicity of that catalogue; again the next year twenty
thousand more; and the next year twenty thousand more; so that at the
end of four or five years, you would have your catalogue just in the
condition that your new catalogue is now [the manuscript part greater
than the printed part]. With that new catalogue before your eyes, I
am astonished that there should be any discussion about it, for there
is the experiment; the experiment has been made and failed."
Not one European library, of the first class, has a complete printed
catalogue, in a single work. The Bodleian Library is not an exception.
It may be necessary to search six distinct catalogues, in order to
ascertain whether any specified book were or were not in that
collection, at the close of the year 1847.
This is, surely, a disheartening state of things. It has been felt and
lamented by every one who has had the care of an increasing
library.
PLAN FOR OBVIATING THESE
DIFFICULTIES.
As a remedy for this evil, it is proposed to stereotype the titles separately, and to preserve
the plates or blocks, in alphabetical order of the titles, so as to be
able readily to insert additional titles, in their proper places, and
then to reprint the whole catalogue. By these means, the chief cost of
re-publication (that of composition) together with the trouble of
revision and correction of the press, would, except for new titles, be
avoided. Some of the great difficulties, which have so long oppressed
and discouraged librarians, and involved libraries in enormous
expenses, may be thus overcome.
APPLICATION OF THE PLAN TO THE FORMATION
OF A GENERAL CATALOGUE.
The peculiar position of the Smithsonian Institution suggested the
application of this plan, on a wider scale, and for a more important
purpose, than that of merely facilitating the publication of new and
complete editions of separate catalogues.
It had been proposed to form a general catalogue of all the books in
the country, with references to the libraries where each might be
found. The plan of stereotyping titles, separately, suggested the
following system for the accomplishment of this important purpose:
1. The Smithsonian Institution to publish Rules for the preparation of
Catalogues.
2. Other institutions, intending to publish catalogues of their books,
to be requested to prepare them in accordance with these rules, with a
view to their being stereotyped under the direction of the Smithsonian
Institution.
3. The Smithsonian Institution to pay the whole extra expense
of stereotyping, or such part thereof as may be agreed on.
4. The stereotyped titles to remain the property of the Smithsonian
Institution.
5. Every library, acceding to this plan, to have the right of using
all the titles in the possession of the Institution, as often as
desired, for the printing of its own catalogue, by the Smithsonian
Institution; paying only the expense of making up the pages, of
press-work, and of distributing the titles to their proper places.
6. The Smithsonian Institution to publish, as soon as possible, and at
stated intervals, a General Catalogue of all Libraries coming into this
system.
ADVANTAGES TO BE
DERIVED FROM THIS SYSTEM OF PREPARING CATALOGUES.
The plan of stereotyping the titles, separately, would be of great
value to every increasing library, independent of any general system.
Such a library, in the first issue of its catalogue, would be obliged
to incur an additional expense for stereotyping, which we may, for the
present, state at fifty per centum above the price for composition.
But, in the first reprint, both these expenses would be saved; so that
the whole cost of the two editions would, in this respect, be
twenty-five per cent. less, if stereotyped.
Moreover, it would be necessary to print only a comparatively small
number of copies, when the book, in a more perfect state, could be
reproduced so easily; much would therefore be saved in paper and
press-work. Besides, the arrangement of the titles, for a reprint,
would pass from the hands of the librarian to those of the printer. The
proof-reading, also, would have been done, once for all. In keeping up
such a catalogue, the attention and labor of the librarian would have
to be bestowed only upon additional titles.
Reckoning, thus, the expense of stereotyping as a part of the
diminished cost of the first reprint, the saving, for every subsequent
repetition, would be equal to the whole original cost of composition
and proof-reading, for the part already stereotyped, and a considerable
part of that of paper, press-work, and re-arrangement. It is,
therefore, demonstrable that the economy of the plan would be very
great, to every library publishing and reprinting its catalogues, even
without connection with the system proposed.
But, in connection with a general system, the advantages of this plan
would be greatly increased, inasmuch as the same books are to be found
in many libraries. If the titles, which have been stereotyped for one
library, may be used for another having the same books, the saving to
the second would be equal to the whole cost of composition and
stereotyping of the titles common to the two, added to that of
preparation of such titles.
At least one quarter of the titles in any two general libraries, of
ten thousand volumes and upwards, may safely be supposed to be the
same. The saving, from this source, to the second library, would,
therefore, go far towards defraying the extra expense of stereotyping.
A third institution, adopting the plan, would be likely to find a very
large proportion of its titles identical with those already
stereotyped, and the amount saved by the use of these titles, would,
perhaps, be sufficient to counterbalance the whole extra expenditure
for stereotyping. At any rate, the extra expense would be constantly
and rapidly diminishing, and would, probably after the fourth or fifth
catalogue, cease entirely. The Smithsonian Institution would not,
therefore, be required to assume the charge of an enterprise, which
might involve it in great and increasing expense, but merely to
organize, and to guide a system, which will almost immediately pay its
own way, and will soon save large sums of money to our public
libraries.
That the aggregate economy of this plan would be very great, may be
seen from the following statement:
In fifteen thousand pages, mostly in octavo, of catalogues of public
libraries in the United States, there were found to be more than four
hundred and fifty thousand titles. But, according to the best estimate
which could be made, these catalogues contained not more than one
hundred and fifty thousand different titles. Two-thirds, at
least, of the whole cost of printing these catalogues (except the extra
expense incurred by stereotyping the titles which differed) might have
been saved, by following this plan.
Having shown its economy when employed by single libraries, and its
greater economy, in connection with a general system, it is proper to
suggest a few, among the many benefits to the cause of knowledge, which
the general adoption of this method would seem to promise.
It can hardly be necessary to dwell, at length, upon the benefits to
be expected from a general printed catalogue of all books in the public
libraries of America. By means of it, every student in this country
would be able to learn the full extent of his resources for
investigation. The places where books could be found, might be
indicated in the catalogue. A correspondence could be kept up between
this Institution and every other library in the country. A system of
exchange and of loans might, with certain stringent conditions, be
established, or, when the loan of a book would be impracticable,
extracts could be copied, quotations verified, and researches made,
through the intervention of this Institution, as effectually to the
purpose of the student, in most cases, as a personal examination of the
book. All the literary treasures of the country might thus be made
measurably available to every scholar.
Again, this general catalogue would enable purchasers of books for
public libraries, to consult judiciously for the wants of the country.
So poor are we in the books which scholars need; so long, at best, must
we remain in a condition of provincial dependence in literary matters;
that a responsibility to the whole country rests upon the man, who
selects books for any public library.
An important advantage of this system is, that it allows us to vary
the form of the catalogue, at will, from the alphabetical to the
classed, and to modify the classification as we please. The titles,
separately stereotyped, may change their order at command. If, for
example, it were required to print a separate list of all books in the
country, on the subject of meteorology, it would merely be
necessary to check off, in the general catalogue, the titles to be
used, leaving to the printer the rest of the work.
Another highly beneficial result would be, the attainment of a much
higher degree of uniformity than could otherwise be hoped for.
The rules for cataloguing must be stringent, and should meet, as far as
possible, all difficulties of detail. Nothing, so far as can be
avoided, should be left to the individual taste or judgment of the
cataloguer. He should be a man of sufficient learning, accuracy and
fidelity, to apply the rules. In cases of doubt, reference should be
made to the central establishment, to which the whole work should be
submitted, page by page, for examination and revision. Thus,
we should have all our catalogues formed substantially on one plan.
Now, even if the one adopted were that of the worst of our catalogues,
if it were strictly followed in all alike, their uniformity would
render catalogues, thus made, far more useful than the present chaos of
irregularities. The best possible system ought, however, to be the
object of our aim.
It is an important consideration, that this plan would greatly
facilitate the formation of an American bibliography, or a complete
account of all books published in America.
By law, a copy of every book, for which a copyright shall be secured,
in this country, is required to be delivered to the Smithsonian
Institution, and to be preserved therein. It is hoped, that additional
legislation, on this subject, will soon lighten the burdens of
publishers, and secure the observance of this law, in all
cases.
The collection of books thus obtained and preserved, will present a
complete monumental history of American literature, during the
existence of the law. It is needless to enlarge upon its value, in this
point of view. If, now, a list of these publications, as they come into
the library, should, month by month, be published in a Bulletin,
and the titles immediately stereotyped, the expense would be but
trifling of issuing, every year, a catalogue of books copyrighted in
America, during the year, and printing, every five years, a general
catalogue of American publications, up to that limit. Thus, monthly
bulletins, annual lists, and quinquennial catalogues would furnish full
and satisfactory records of American publications.
Another general consideration is, that this project looks towards the
accomplishment of that cherished dream of scholars, a universal
catalogue. If the system should be successful, in this country, it
may eventually be so in every country of Europe. When all shall have
adopted and carried out the plan, each for itself, the aggregate of
general catalogues, thus formed—few in number—will embrace the
whole body of literature extant, and from them, it will be no
impossible task to digest and publish a universal bibliography. How
much this would promote the progress of knowledge, by showing, more
distinctly, what has been attempted and accomplished, and what yet
remains to be achieved, and thus indicating
the path of useful effort; how much, by rebuking the rashness which
rushes into authorship, ignorant of what others have written, and
adding to the mass of books, without adding to the sum of knowledge;
how much, by giving confidence to the true and heroic student, who
fears no labor, so that it bring him to the height at which he
aims—the summit of learning, in the branch to which he devotes
himself; are objects which deserve the hopeful attention of all who
desire their attainment.
DISTINCTION BETWEEN A CATALOGUE AND A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
A catalogue of a library is, strictly speaking, but a list of the
titles of the books, which it contains. It is not generally expected to
give any further description of a book than the author gives, or ought
to give in the title-page, and the publisher, in the imprint, or
colophon; except the designation of form, which is, almost universally,
added.
A bibliographical dictionary is supposed to contain, besides the
titles of books, such descriptions, more or less extended, drawn from
all available sources of information, as may be necessary to furnish
means of identifying each work, of distinguishing its different
editions, of ascertaining the requisites of a perfect copy, of learning
all facts of interest respecting its authorship, publication,
typography, subsequent casualties, alterations, etc., its market value,
and the estimation in which it is held.
A catalogue is designed to show what books are contained in a
particular collection, and nothing more. Persons in want of further
information, are expected to seek for it in bibliographical
dictionaries, literary histories, or similar works.
Inasmuch, however, as bibliographical works are not always accessible,
or known to the investigator, additions are, not unfrequently, made to
the titles, in catalogues, of such notices as belong more appropriately
to bibliographical dictionaries, as above described. These, of course,
impart to such catalogues greater value and usefulness.
As bibliographers, we cannot indeed but wish, that the catalogue of
every library were a bibliographical dictionary of its books.
Practically, however, we must restrict our efforts, within the limits
of probable accomplishment. There is no species of literary labor so
arduous, or which makes so extensive demands upon the learning of the
author, as that of the preparation of such works. The most which one
man can hope to effect, in this department, is to examine and describe
books, in some special branch of knowledge, or books of some particular
class, as palæotypes, books privately printed, a selection of
books most esteemed by collectors, &c. It is too much to expect,
that every librarian can find time, or possess learning, for such a
description of all books under his care. Besides, this would be a waste
of labor and of money. The same description would be prepared and
printed, a hundred or a thousand times.
It is doubtless desirable, that such results of original
investigations of librarians, as are not to be found in any of the
bibliographical dictionaries, should be given, in the catalogues which
they publish. In other cases, also, as will appear hereafter, it may be
important to give, in a catalogue, fuller and more accurate
descriptions of books, than are to be found upon their title-pages; but
the principle should be established, and ever borne in mind, that a
catalogue, being designed to be merely a list of titles, with imprints
and designations of size, all additional descriptions should be limited
and regulated by explicit rules, in order to give uniformity and system
to the work, and to restrict its bulk and cost, within reasonable
bounds.
PREPARATION OF
TITLES SO AS TO SERVE FOR BOTH GENERAL AND PARTICULAR CATALOGUES.
It is proposed to prepare and stereotype catalogues of particular
libraries, in such a manner, that the titles can be used, without
alteration, for constructing a General Catalogue.
This requires, that the title of every book be such, as will apply to
every copy of the same edition.
If the edition be different, the book is to be considered different.
In almost every instance, the title also, is different. There are,
indeed, cases, where the title of a book is the same, in two editions,
while the body of the work is more or less altered. Such instances are,
however, of rare occurrence. They are, or should be, recorded in
bibliographical works. They could only be described by one, who should
place the two books side by side, and compare them together. In
general, titles vary with the editions. We may, therefore, in using a
title transcribed from one copy of a book, for other copies, avoid
trouble by preparing and stereotyping a new title for every distinct
edition; treating new editions as new books. So that, if copies of
various editions of a work exist in several libraries, each will appear
with a distinct title, in the General Catalogue.
This method of forming a general catalogue requires, further, that
peculiarities of copy, which it may be desirable to note in
preparing the catalogues of particular libraries, should not be stated
within the titles; but, if at all, in notes appended to the titles, and
entirely separate from them.
One copy of the same edition of a book may be on vellum, another, on
paper; one may be in quarto form, another in octavo; one may have
cancelled leaves, another, the substituted leaves, another, added
leaves; some may contain autographs; some, valuable manuscript notes;
others may be bound by Roger Payne, etc., etc. These are peculiarities
of copy, and they may be as numerous as the number of copies in the
edition. They are not noticed in title-pages, and, consequently, would
not modify the entries in a catalogue, which takes cognizance of titles
alone.
The printed matter, which constitutes the book, as a literary
production, is not altered, in any of these cases, except in that of
cancelled, substituted, or added leaves. It is indeed true, that,
occasionally, alterations are made in the body of a book, while it is
passing through the press: that is to say, after a few copies have been
struck off, some error may be discovered and corrected, or some word
may be substituted for another. But, such changes are always slight,
and can only be detected, by comparing two or more copies of a work
together. In the case of cancelled leaves, it may, sometimes be
desirable to print in the general catalogue, the description of rare
and important copies possessed by particular libraries. But these cases
would occur comparatively seldom. The rule would be,
to omit from the title to be stereotyped, all account of peculiarities,
or defects of copies.
In cataloguing particular libraries, such peculiarities should be
stated, upon the card, after the title, but separate from it. They may
be printed, at the expense of such libraries, in the form of notes to
their catalogues. The notes for any particular library may be made as
extensive, as the means of the institution, and the learning and
leisure of its librarian permit.
There is another particular, in which the catalogue title might vary,
in different copies: that, of designation of size. The same book, in
the same edition, may have copies in quarto, in octavo, and in
duodecimo. The size of the printed page is, however, in all these
cases, the same; otherwise, the edition is different. All difficulty,
on this account, therefore, is obviated, and all confusion of editions
prevented, by adopting, instead of, or in addition to the usual
designation of form, as the indication of size, the
measurement of the printed page, in inches and tenths. Other reasons
for this mode of marking the size of books, with minute directions,
will be given hereafter.
The titles constituting the catalogue may be variously arranged. They
may be placed under the names of authors, and the names disposed in
alphabetical order; they may be grouped in classes, according to
subjects; or they may be made to follow the order of the date, or place
of printing.
The two most common forms for catalogues, are the alphabetical and the
classed. Much controversy has arisen respecting their comparative
usefulness. It is not necessary to revive it here, since the system now
proposed, renders it easy to vary the order of titles, so as to suit
any desired form.
For the General Catalogue, however, it is, for several reasons,
desirable to adopt the alphabetical arrangement.
It would be impossible to propose any system of classification, which
would command general approval, or upon which a commission of competent
bibliographers would be unanimous in opinion.
A classification, founded upon the nature of things, though it has
occupied the best thoughts of such men as Bacon, Leibnitz, D'Alembert,
Coleridge, Ampère, and many others, has not yet been attained. Every
classification which has been proposed or used, is more or less
arbitrary, and consequently unsatisfactory, and liable to be altered or
superseded.
If, however, it were possible to agree upon a system of
classification, the attempt to carry it out would, in a work like that
proposed, be fatal to uniformity. Where different men were applying the
same system, their opinions would vary, with their varying intelligence
and skill. This would lead to utter and irremediable confusion, and
would eventually defeat all our plans.
Even were these objections obviated, the occurrence of fewer
difficulties in constructing an alphabetical catalogue would still
present a decisive argument in its favor. Even these are great. If
increased, by an attempt at classification, they would soon lead to an
abandonment of the work.
Another consideration of great weight is, that, in reprinting
classified catalogues, and inserting additions, if the titles were kept
in systematic order, the work of selecting those to be used, and of
distributing them to their places, would have to be done by a person,
who, besides being a practical printer, should be familiar with the
bibliographical system adopted. This would be very expensive. Whereas,
on the alphabetical plan, any printer could do the whole.
On general considerations, without special reference to those which
are peculiar to this system of publishing, alphabetical catalogues are
to be preferred;—catalogues in which all the works of each author are
placed under his name, and the names of authors are arranged
alphabetically; anonymous works being entered under the first word of
the title, not an article or preposition. Such is now the general
opinion of competent bibliographers and literary men.
The Edinburgh Review, in an able and interesting article upon the
British Museum, holds the following language:
"It seems to have been almost universally agreed that the catalogue
ought to be alphabetical. Some time ago the current of opinion among
literary men seemed to be setting towards classed catalogues, or
those in which the
books are arranged according to subjects. We had hardly supposed that
this illusion (as we hold it to be) had become so nearly obsolete as
the evidence before us shows that it is: and this disappearance of a
most injurious opinion, which never was entertained to any extent by
the really experienced in bibliography, encourages us to hope that it
will not be long before the professional persons just
alluded to [librarians] will be admitted to know best on all the
points which have been raised relative to the care of a large
library."
The experience of all students, of all who use books, if carefully
noted, will show, that, in a vast majority of cases, whoever wishes to
refer to books in a library, knows the names of their authors. It
follows, that this form of arrangement must be, in the main, the most
convenient; and if any other be pursued, it can but accommodate the
minority, at the expense of the majority.
Still, it is indisputable that, oftentimes, the names of authors are
not known; that one knows, merely, what subjects he wishes to
investigate.
It may be said, that a catalogue, being designed to be merely a list
of books contained in a library, is not to be expected to furnish this
information; and that references to all authors, treating of any
particular subjects, may be obtained from bibliographical works,
encyclopædias, and other sources of information. This is true. But,
unfortunately, these sources of information are not generally known, or
not readily accessible, even to men of considerable attainments and
scholarship.
It becomes, then, a question of importance how far the wants of such
persons are to be provided for. The following remarks on this subject
are worthy of attentive consideration:
"On this, as on other points, we may observe that two descriptions
of persons consult a catalogue—those who know precisely
what book they are in search of, and those who do not. The first will
find by any rule, so soon as they have learnt it; and will be glad
indeed of a catalogue which preserves its consistency, even though
600,000 titles, running over four quarters of the globe, four
centuries of time, and four hundred varieties of usage, should
actually require ninety-one
1) rules of digestion. The second class could
easily
be suited, if all their imperfect conceptions tended to the same case
of confusion: and, as being the majority, would have a right to the
adoption of the one nearly universal misconception; which, being one,
would furnish a rule. But it is truth which is single, while error is
manifold; and consequently, it is clear to every common sense except
that of men of letters claiming, as such, to be bibliographers, that
one of two things should be done:—either the truth should be taken,
when known, or in the event of it being possible to be wrong, the
error should be the consequence of a digested and easily-apprehended
rule, consistently applied throughout. If the framer of the catalogue
be allowed to do as he likes, the consulter of it must do as he can.
Now which of the two classes should be considered in
preference,—those who know what they want or those who do not? The
Doctor of Divinity already quoted, gives this as one of his rules:
'Item, whan anie man comith and wotteth not what he wold haue, then
he (the keper of the Bokys) shall tell hym, and doe hym to understond
hys besynesse.' This can be done, to a certain extent, by
cross-references. But, all cross-references being
concessions to want of accurate knowledge, it is plain that
discretionary entries, with discretionary cross-references, would
form a plan which puts entirely out of the question the convenience
of the person who knows exactly what he wants; which kills both calf
and cow for the less deserving son, without giving the power of
making any answer to the complaint of the one who never fed on husks.
Nothing is stranger in the course of the evidence before us, than the
quiet manner in which the opponents of the existing plan take it for
granted that no one ever goes with a precise knowledge of the
title-page of the work he seeks, unless it be the coolness with which
this accurate inquirer is told, as Mr. Carlyle said to those who
write useful knowledge, that he is one 'whom it is not worth while to
take much trouble to accommodate.'"
But it is convenient even for those to whom the principles and means
of research are best known, to be able to ascertain, readily, what
books, of those which they know to have been written upon the subjects
of their investigation, are to be found in the particular libraries
which they consult. This end may be attained in the following manner.
In connection with the catalogue of each library, there should
be an index of subjects. This index should also be
alphabetical. Under each subject, the divisions which naturally belong
to it, should be distinctly recognized. It may here be remarked, that
the parts of any particular science, or branch of learning, may be
clearly defined, and universally acknowledged, whilst the relation of
this science, or branch of learning, to others, may not be clearly
established. To use the words of a vigorous writer upon
this subject: "Take a library upon one science, and it classifies
beautifully, sketching out, to a nicety, the boundaries, which, it is
too rarely noticed, are much more distinct between the parts of a
subject, than between one subject and another. Long after the counties
of England and Scotland were well determined, the debateable land was
nothing but a theatre of war."
This index should be alphabetical, rather than classed, because it is
easier to find a word, in an alphabetical arrangement, than in any
other order of classification; and, besides, the subject of research
may be one not admitted, as a distinct division, in any classification.
Such indexes can hardly be expected, immediately, in connection with
the general catalogue; though, it is to be hoped, that these valuable
appendages will not long be, of necessity, omitted.
A method of securing uniformity in such indexes may, hereafter, be
agreed upon, so that they may be combined and form an alphabetical
index of subjects to the general catalogue. It is thought best,
however, for the present, to limit our efforts to the procuring of good
alphabetical catalogues, as a groundwork, to which other valuable aids
to research, may, as opportunities offer, be superadded.
NECESSITY
OF RULES FOR THE PREPARATION OF CATALOGUES.
The preparation of a catalogue may seem a light task, to the
inexperienced, and to those who are unacquainted with the requirements
of the learned world, respecting such works. In truth, however, there
is no species of literary labor so arduous and perplexing. The
peculiarities of titles are, like the idiosyncracies of authors,
innumerable. Books are in all languages, and treat of subjects as
multitudinous as the topics of human thought.
Liability to error and to confusion is, here, so great and so
continual, that it is impossible to labor successfully, without a rigid
adherence to rules. Although such rules be not formally enunciated,
they must exist in the mind of the cataloguer, and guide him, or the
result of his labors will be mortifying and unprofitable.
In this country, he who undertakes to prepare a catalogue, goes
to the work under great disadvantages, in many respects. Few have had
opportunity to acquire the requisite bibliographical knowledge and
experience; and few libraries contain the necessary books of reference.
A set of rules, therefore, seems peculiarly necessary for the
assistance of librarians.
Minute and stringent rules become absolutely indispensable, when the
catalogue of each library is, as upon the proposed plan, to form part
of a general catalogue. Uniformity is, then, imperative; but,
among many laborers, can only be secured by the adherence of all to
rules embracing, as far as possible, the minutest details of the
work.
The rules which follow were drawn up with great care. They are founded
upon those adopted for the compilation of the catalogue of the British
Museum; some of them are, verbatim, the same.
Others conform more to rules advocated by Mr. Panizzi, than to those
finally sanctioned by the Trustees of the Museum. Many modifications
and additions have been made, adapted to the peculiar character of the
system now proposed. Some innovations have been introduced, which, it
is hoped, may be considered improvements. The commissioners, appointed
to examine and report upon the catalogue project, considered not only
its general features, but, also, its minute details. To them, were
submitted the rules for cataloguing, which were separately discussed,
and, after having been variously amended and modified, were recommended
for adoption.
It is too much to suppose that any code should provide for every case
of difficulty which may occur. The great aim, here, has been to
establish principles, and to furnish analogies, by which many cases,
not immediately discussed, may be indirectly settled; and, it is
believed, that the instances will be few, which cannot be determined,
by studying the rules, with the remarks under them; and carefully
considering the characteristics of this kind of catalogue.
It should be remembered that a principal object of the rules is to
secure uniformity; and that, consequently, some rules, which
may seem unnecessarily burdensome, and, in certain applications, even
capricious, are, all things considered, the best; because they secure
that uniformity, which is not otherwise possible of attainment, and
without which, the catalogues could not be comprehended in a general
system.
DUTIES OF
COLLABORATORS AND SUPERINTENDENT.
The catalogue of each library is to be prepared, in accordance with
the rules, under the immediate direction of the librarian, by
transcribers employed by him. Should the system here proposed come into
general use, it will probably be found expedient to have persons
specially trained to the business, who shall go from place to place,
for the purpose of making catalogues. Much of the value of the work
will, of course, depend upon the faithfulness and learning of those who
first prepare the titles. The qualifications, both natural and
acquired, demanded for the suitable accomplishment of their task, are,
unfortunately, rare. No person, who is impatient, indolent, inaccurate,
or careless in his personal habits; who is ignorant of literary history
and bibliography; who is unacquainted with the classical, and with the
most important modern languages; or who is destitute of that general
knowledge of the circle of the sciences, which is attained in, what is
usually called, a liberal education; can be expected to make a
catalogue of a general library, that will not be discreditable to the
compiler, and to the institution employing him. Great care should,
therefore, be exercised in selecting men for such work.
It is proper to remark, in this place, that no one, whatever may be
his talents, attainments and industry, can safely work with the
rapidity, which the public, and committees (inexperienced in
catalogue-making, however judicious and well-instructed in other
matters) frequently require. It is impossible to say what would be a
good average rate of performance, in cataloguing a library, without
knowing exactly the kind of works it contains. The best and only
satisfactory criterion is furnished by the rate of progress in the
British Museum, the National Library of Paris, and other large
libraries containing books of all kinds. A trial of many years has
shown that men possessed of the best qualifications, long practised in
the work, with every advantage of a systematic division of labor, of
access to all necessary books of reference, and to persons who
could help them in emergencies, provided with every mechanical facility
and assistance to be desired, can prepare about forty or fifty titles a
day.
The danger of working with too great rapidity, without rules, and
without suitable bibliographical preparation, was most strikingly
illustrated during the discussions of the British Museum Commission.
The following account of the particular instance alluded to is
extracted from an article in the Edinburgh Review for October,
1850:
"Mr. Payne Collier, the secretary of the Commission, undertook to
show how the Museum catalogue should be made, without
reference to any preceding one. Mr. Collier prepared, according to
his own views, twenty-five titles, done in an hour, of books from his
own library, and with which he was therefore previously well
acquainted. They were handed to Mr. Panizzi, with the full consent of
the writer, and an invitation of criticism. Mr. Payne Collier is
known to our readers: but to 'excuse the tone of confidence' he
assumed, he described himself, in handing over these slips, as having
attained a certain reputation in letters and particularly in
antiquarian literature. The description is as correct a one as could
be looked for from Mr. Collier himself: and the Society of
Antiquaries, the Shakspeare and Camden Societies, and the Royal
Society of Literature could inform the public, if need were, that he
did not overrate himself. Moreover, his confidence was proved and
supported by the most explicit dealing: he willingly lent those of
the books he had described which were not in the Museum library, and,
after the criticism to which we are coming, he offered no plea of
haste. On the contrary, when a contemporary journal, of opposite
views to our own, called them, by way of extenuation, his 'hurried
slips,' he wrote a public letter in correction of the designation,
maintaining that they were 'not hurried in any sense of the word,'
and adhering to the defence, presently to be noticed, which he had
circulated among the Commissioners in a private pamphlet.
"Mr. Panizzi put these slips into the hands of Mr. Jones, his senior
assistant, requesting him to report upon them. The report was as
follows:
'These twenty-five titles contain almost every possible error
which can be committed in cataloguing books, and are open to almost
every possible objection which can be brought against concise
titles. The faults may be classed as follows:—1st. Incorrect or
insufficient description, calculated to mislead as to the nature or
condition of the work specified. 2nd. Omission of the names of
editors, whereby we lose a most necessary guide in selecting among
different editions of the same work. 3rd. Omission of the Christian
names of authors, causing great confusion between the works of
different authors who have the same surname—a confusion
increasing in proportion to the extent of the catalogue. 4th.
Omission of the names of annotators. 5th. Omission of the names of
translators. 6th. Omission of the number of the edition, thus
rejecting a most important and direct evidence of the value of a
work. 7th. Adopting the name of the editor as a heading, when the
name of the author appears in the title-page. 8th. Adopting the
name of the translator as a heading, when the name of the author
appears on the title-page. 9th. Adopting as a heading the title or
name of the author merely as it appears on the title-page—a
practice which would distribute the works of the Bishop of London
under the
names Blomfield, Chester, and London; and those of Lord Ellesmere
under Gowan, Egerton, and Ellesmere. 10th. Using English or some
other language instead of the language of the title-page. 11th.
Cataloguing anonymous works, or works published under initials,
under the name of the supposed author. Where this practice is
adopted, the books so catalogued can be found only by those who
possess the same information as the cataloguer, and uniformity of
system is impossible, unless the cataloguer know the author of
every work published anonymously or under initials. 12th. Errors in
grammar. 13th. Errors in description of the size of the book. We
have here faults of thirteen different kinds in twenty-five titles,
and the number of these faults amount to more than two in each
title. A large proportion of them, moreover, is of such a nature
that it would be impossible to detect them when the written title
is separated from the book; for example, Mr. Collier has catalogued
an edition of the Odyssey, with a Latin title, as though the title
were in Greek. A mere perusal of Mr. Collier's title would not lead
any person to suspect the existence of such a blunder. [I may say
(says Mr. Panizzi), by way of parenthesis, that when I saw this
Odyssey, printed at Oxford, with a Greek title, I sent everywhere
to try to find it. I had one with a Latin title of the same year,
and of the same size, but I could not be sure that it was the same.
I sent to Oxford; I made all sorts of inquiries; nobody knew such
an Odyssey with a Greek title; but still this was negative
evidence, until I begged the favor of Mr. Collier to show me the
book itself from which he drew up his title. The title is in Latin,
therefore the idea created by his title, that there was another
edition of the Odyssey in the same year and of the same size, at
Oxford, is wrong; there was only one.] Two editions of Madame de
Stael's work on the French Revolution appeared at Paris in 1818;
but Mr. Collier's title making no mention of the edition, the
inference would arise that the copy to which it referred was of the
first rather than of the second edition. It is a
fallacy to say that errors can be corrected on a subsequent perusal
of the titles or in print, unless that perusal be an actual
comparison of the title with the book. [In fact, in the case of the
Odyssey with the Greek title, the title looked to all intents and
purposes very correct, but it was not correct.] Where we see such a
result as is shown above, from an experiment made by a gentleman of
education; accustomed to research, and acquainted with books
generally, upon only twenty-five works, taken from his own library,
and of the most easy description, we may form some idea of what a
catalogue would be, drawn up, in the same manner, by ten persons,
of about 600,000 works, embracing every branch of human learning,
and presenting difficulties of every possible description. The
average number of faults being more than two to a title, the total
is somewhat startling—about 1,300,000 faults for the 600,000
works; that is, supposing the proportion to continue the same. But
it must be borne in mind that the proportion of errors would
increase with the number of titles; that to errors in drawing up
each individual title would be superadded the errors which would
unavoidably occur in the process of arranging the titles, and
subsequently in the printing. In short, I humbly conceive that it
would be impossible to prove the inexpediency of Mr. Collier's plan
more effectually than he has himself done; and I hope I may add,
without giving offence, that, had I seen these titles under any
other circumstances than the present, I should have concluded that
the object was to show how nearly worthless would be a catalogue,
the proposed advantages of which were short titles, drawn up and
printed within the shortest possible period of time.'
"Mr. Jones then proceeded to a detailed proof of his assertions. In
a case of this kind, we are inclined to think that Mr. Collier should
have had a reply: but the question is complicated, for though here
assailed, he was an assailant, and moreover was an officer of the
court who had been permitted to make himself a partizan, and to
support his own views by circulating pamphlets among the judges,
which a sense of official propriety prevented Mr. Panizzi from
answering in the same way. Mr. Collier did answer in a pamphlet
addressed to the Commissioners, as well as (recently) in the journal
alluded to. The answer does not deny one iota of Mr. Jones's
imputation: it merely protests against being tried by Mr. Panizzi's
rules. 'I intended,' says Mr. Collier, 'my English mode of
cataloguing to be diametrically opposed to his foreign mode, which
might do well enough for stationary or retrograding countries, where
want of enlightenment is at this hour producing the most lamentable
consequences, but which was totally unfit for this country, where
inquiry is active, where education is daily extending, and which
mainly owes to the spread of education2) the
happiness and tranquillity it enjoys. Nothing therefore could be more
obviously unjust than to test my titles by Mr. Panizzi's
rules. I discarded them altogether; I threw them overboard at
once, and en masse....'
"We are English as well as Mr. Collier; but we do not see that
progress and enlightenment are essentially connected with bad
bibliography at two errors and a fraction per title. Neither do we
think Mr. Collier's defence more valid than would be that of an
incorrect arithmetician who should attribute the rules to Cocker or
Walkingame, and protest against the jurisdiction. Mr. Panizzi's
rules, like all other codes, contain offences divisible into mala in se and mala prohibita:
Mr. Collier justifies his departures from the morals of bibliography,
by alleging his right to differ from Mr. Panizzi about its
expediencies. He leaves out an author's Christian name, or
substitutes his translator for him, and says he is not bound to
follow Mr. Panizzi's foreign modes: and therein he resembles those
reasoners who have defended false inference by renouncing Aristotle.
But his own argument may be turned against him: it is a strong
presumption in favor of the materiality of Mr. Panizzi's rules, that
so able an opponent finds himself under the necessity of implying the
following alternative—either those rules, or such bibliography as
is seen in this rejection of them. We dwell the more upon
this point because we observe that some of the journals adopt the
defence, and say in terms that what Mr. Panizzi calls errors are
deviations from his own ninety-one rules. Are we really to believe
that, if Mr. Collier had chosen to spell authors' names backwards, it
would have been a sufficient answer to an objection from Mr. Panizzi,
that the plan of writing them forwards was one of his own rules?
According to Mr. Collier and his defenders, English grammar
is only one of Mr. Panizzi's foreign modes, repudiated by English
common sense."
But the most elaborately formed rules for cataloguing are inadequate
to provide for all cases. Doubts and difficulties will unavoidably
arise, as to their application. For example, in abridging titles,
scarcely any two men would agree, even within the limits of the rules
given. It is necessary, therefore, that there should be a central
superintendence of the whole enterprise; and that the duties of those
who are engaged in preparing the titles, and of the superintendent
should be distinctly understood. This object has been kept in view in
preparing the rules. The transcribers are to be responsible for
exactness, in writing off titles without abridgment; and for a clear
statement, in notes, of all peculiarities not mentioned in the titles.
They should also indicate the parts of the titles which they think
might be omitted.
The titles are then to be submitted to the superintendent. He is to
examine them, in order to see that all the rules have been observed. He
is to decide upon all abridgments and additions, and mark the
manuscript for the printer. He is also to examine the last revise.
PRINTING AND STEREOTYPING.
The printing should all be executed in one office, under the immediate
eye of the superintendent. The same type, and the same style of work
should be used in all parts.
It is not necessary, upon this plan, to finish a catalogue in
manuscript, before beginning to print. Titles may be prepared and
stereotyped without regard to their future arrangement. The work of the
printer may keep pace with that of the transcribers. Should it be
desired, a catalogue might be published in parts, each comprising a
particular class of books.
The titles, after having been set up in type, and corrected with the
utmost care, are, before stereotyping, to be sent to the library to
which they belong, to be revised, by a comparison with the books
themselves. This arrangement implies the necessity of a large fount of
type, and of promptness on the part of librarians.
The titles are then to be stereotyped, each upon a separate plate, or
block. The headings (if they be names) are to stand on plates distinct
from the titles. This is required, in order to avoid repeating them for
each title. They must be separate from the titles, that other titles
may, if occasion require, be interposed.
Every name, or other word, used as a heading, is to be printed, in the
title, in small capitals; thus each stereotyped title will show, at a
glance, the heading under which it belongs.
Each title is to have upon it a running number, according to the order
of its being stereotyped. The use of this number is for reference to
the Local Index of the general catalogue, in which
the libraries, where the books are to be found, will be designated.
When the catalogue is made up, these numbers will not be in connection;
but in the index, they will follow each other in consecutive order, and
should there have, printed against each, the names of the several
libraries containing the book. These numbers will further serve to show
the extent and progress of the work.
Copies of the titles stereotyped will be kept at the Smithsonian
Institution, arranged in their numerical order; so that in referring to
any particular title it may not be necessary to copy the title in full,
but merely to give the number attached to it.
It will sometimes happen, that words, which, according to the rules,
are used as headings, do not occur in the titles. There would, then,
without further provision, be no means of ascertaining, from an
examination of the plate itself, its order in the collection. To meet
this case, the expedient has been adopted, of setting up the word to be
used as the heading, in the margin of the title, and in shorter type,
which will then show itself upon the plate, but not upon the printed
page.
PRESERVATION AND USE OF THE
PLATES.
When the titles have been stereotyped, and the plates ascertained to
be in perfect working order, they are to be arranged alphabetically,
and kept on sliding shelves, or shallow drawers, placed as near to each
other as possible. The catch-letters of the titles may be marked upon
the front of each shelf, so as to admit of alteration as the changing
of the plates may require. The ranges of shelves may be so disposed as
to form deep and narrow alcoves. A room of fifty feet by forty would
accommodate the plates of upwards of a million titles, which may, in
this manner, be kept in very compact and perfect order, and, at the
same time, be easily accessible.
It may not be amiss to add, that the material, which it is proposed to
employ in the stereotyping, is much less expensive than common type
metal; so cheap, indeed, that the whole expenditure on this account,
even for so large a collection, would be of small importance. It is,
besides, much lighter than type metal, more convenient in handling, and
requires fewer, and less expensive fixtures. It is not
at all affected by dampness, or by any ordinary elevation of
temperature.
The plates are mounted, for printing, upon blocks similar to those
ordinarily used for stereotype plates, but with continuous clamps
extending the whole length of the page. The breadth of page adopted is
such as is suitable for a work in octavo, or in double columns in
quarto or folio. The latter form (folio double columns) will probably
be found most convenient, as well as most economical, for large
catalogues. Presenting more titles upon a page, it enables a student to
examine and compare, with greater facility, the various works of an
author. It requires also less paper and press-work for the same number
of titles. These considerations have led to the general adoption of the
folio form for catalogues of large libraries. To these it may be added,
in the present case, that in folio pages it would be practicable to
avoid the division of titles between lines, without occasioning
observable irregularities in the length of the pages.
METHOD OF USING THE
STEREOTYPED TITLES IN THE FORMATION OF NEW CATALOGUES.
In concluding these details of the system of stereotyping catalogues,
by separate titles, it now remains to say a few words upon the method
of employing the titles, in the construction of new catalogues.
Whenever, after the publication of one catalogue, upon this plan, it
should be proposed to form a catalogue of another library, the first
step would be to ascertain, which of the titles of such library have
been already stereotyped; for these need not again be transcribed.
This may be done in the following manner. A copy of the catalogue
already published, together with a copy of any titles which may have
been subsequently stereotyped, should be sent to the cataloguer, who as
he takes a book from the shelf should first seek for its title among
those already printed. If a title, strictly identical with that of the
book, be found, it should be marked in the margin.
When titles occur, which he does not find among those already printed,
they are to be written, each on a card or slip of paper, according to
the rules; and, as the work goes on, sent, in parcels, to be
stereotyped.
When the cataloguer has gone through the library in this manner, he is
to return the printed catalogues, in the margin of which he has marked
the common titles. The printer will then be able to select and combine
the plates to be used for this particular catalogue, impose them, print
the requisite number of copies, and distribute them to their
places.
After the catalogues of several libraries shall have been thus
prepared and printed, they will be combined to form a general catalogue
of those libraries, and thus the labor of selecting common titles will
always be limited within narrow bounds.
RULES.
RULES FOR
PREPARING CATALOGUES.
TITLES.
I. The Titles are to be transcribed in full, including the names of Authors, Editors,
Translators, Commentators, Continuators, &c., precisely as they
stand upon the title-page.
Exceptions. There are many titles from which
much may well be omitted. But to make omissions without prejudice to
ready investigation is an extremely difficult and delicate task, in the
performance of which, uniformity is highly important; it is therefore
desirable that all abridgments be made by the same person. To this end,
the rule should stand without exception, so far as the writing out of
the titles is concerned. The abridgments for printing should all be
made by the superintendent, and only in the following cases:
Additions to names of authors, &c., not necessary for their
identification; mottoes, repetitions, or expletives not essential to a
full and clear titular description of the book, may be omitted.
Omissions of mottoes and devices are to be denoted by three stars; of
other matter, by three dots, placed thus ...
No omission is to be made which requires any change in, or addition
to, the phraseology of that part of the title which is retained. Not
even an improvement of the title, by any change, is to be allowed.
Remark 1. This rule is understood to apply
only to the principal entry. It is supposed that each title will be
entered in full only once. All other entries will refer to this full
entry. They will be called Cross-References; and rules for
their preparation are given hereafter.
Remark 2. It is necessary (in this plan) to
give the name of the Author, in connection with the title, although it
be but a repetition of the heading; for the heading will be stereotyped
separate from the title, and, therefore, the title should contain all
that is necessary to indicate its proper position, in the alphabetical
order, in case of displacement.
Remark 3. Experience shows that it takes
less time to transcribe titles in full, than to abridge them with any
tolerable degree of accuracy. It requires, too, less learning and
experience in the cataloguer. That a catalogue can be made more
rapidly, more economically, and more satisfactorily by transcribing the
titles faithfully and fully, without the omission of a single letter or
point, than by any proper plan of abridgment, cannot be denied by any
one who has fairly tried the experiment.3) If the
catalogue were not to be printed, this rule should have no exception
whatever. The printing, however, introduces two considerations to
modify the rule, namely, the expense of printing, and the
bulk of the catalogue. The force of the former consideration
is much diminished by the plan of stereotyping the titles. It is but a
first expense that we have to meet, not a repetition of it. Besides, no
library but the first has to print all its titles. The saving, even to
the second library, by the use of those already stereotyped, would
doubtless far more than counterbalance the extra expense of printing
long titles. The bulk of the catalogue is certainly a matter of
considerable importance, though of less than might, at first, be
supposed. It does not make much difference, in convenience of use,
whether such a work as an Encyclopædia be in a hundred volumes or in
ten, though it is, of course, more convenient to refer to one volume
than to ten. The proposed general catalogue would doubtless exceed one
volume, even with short titles. But convenience should not be allowed
to have more influence than the demands of learned investigators. The
bulk of catalogues should not be considered in opposition to their
accuracy, and to such a degree
of fulness of title, as may be necessary to identify the book, and to
give all such particulars of information, as may justly be expected
from a titular description.
Remark 4. It is deemed unnecessary to
prescribe any particular form of card or paper for use in copying the
titles. If they are to be printed at once, it will be found most
convenient to write them on one side only of common foolscap paper.
Cross references should immediately follow the titles to which they
belong. If cards have already been adopted in the library to be
catalogued, their form need not be changed. They may be placed in the
hands of the printer without being transcribed. A manuscript catalogue
for constant use should generally be upon cards. A very convenient
method of keeping them is that employed by Mr. Folsom in the Boston
Athenæum. The cards are long and narrow; are so perforated that they
may be strung upon cords, which, being elastic, allow free motion
without displacement; and are kept in cases, made to resemble folio
volumes, one side of which opens like the cover of a book.
II. The Titles are to be transcribed
with exactness.
Remark 1. The titles are not to be
translated by the cataloguer. If, however, the original title,
being in a language which does not admit of being represented in the
Roman character, be accompanied by a translation into a language for
which the Roman alphabet may be used, the latter may be given without
the former; this peculiarity being mentioned, with such explanations as
will prevent mistake as to the language in which the book is printed.
If the book be in several languages, and be provided with title-pages
for each, or for several, the cataloguer may give the preference to
languages using the Roman alphabet in the following order: English,
Latin, French, Italian, Spanish, German. The other title-pages should
however be mentioned.
Remark 2. The precise phraseology,
however quaint, awkward, or ungrammatical, must be scrupulously
followed. When striking faults or errors occur, the cataloguer should
write [sic], after each of them,
to denote that the title has been faithfully copied, and that the error
is not attributable to his carelessness.
Remark 3. The exact mode of
spelling, however inaccurate or antiquated, must be
conscientiously copied. When abbreviations appear upon the title-page,
they should, in transcribing, be copied accurately. They should also,
if possible, be printed. These are most frequent in early printed Latin
and Greek books. If types cannot be had for printing these
abbreviations, the word should be given in full; the added letters
being italics.
Remark 4. The punctuation of the
title-page should also be retained. Sometimes, in the titles of modern
books, no pointing is used; in such cases, none should be introduced.
Wide spaces may be used instead.
Remark 5. The accentuation of the
original should be preserved. In French books, however, it often
happens that parts of the title-page are printed in capitals without
accents, and other parts in "lower-case" letters with accents. This is
attributable to the general want of accents upon what are called
"title-letters." To avoid the striking incongruity which would be
occasioned by printing one part with, and another without accents, when
the same letter is used throughout the title, it will be proper to add
the accents, where they are omitted in the titles of foreign books; but
not to omit or alter any which occur.
Remark 6. When possible, the form of
letter (as Black Letter, Italic, Greek, Hebrew, &c.), is to be
preserved. When Black Letter, Italic, or any peculiar letter or cut of
type is used, in the title, merely as a typographical embellishment, it
is not to be copied; but only when the whole book is printed in it.
This rule has no limitation, except the knowledge of the cataloguer,
and the means of the printing office. With reference to those languages
in which is embodied the great mass of literature, there will be little
difficulty in finding men to copy the titles with accuracy; and the
printing office should contain varieties of type, Roman, Black Letter,
German, Greek, Hebrew, and, in time, fonts of other alphabets.
Books in languages which cannot, at first, be correctly printed or
written, should be reported from each library, as accurately and fully
as possible. An arrangement may hereafter be made to employ competent
persons to catalogue such works, and means may be procured
for printing or engraving their titles. No title, however, should be
stereotyped for the General Catalogue, till its accuracy and conformity
to the rules are fully ascertained.
Remark 7. This principle does not apply to
the use of capitals or small letters. Most title-pages are
printed wholly in large letters; some are partly in large and partly in
small letters. For the catalogue, they are to be written and printed in
small letters.
Remark 8.
Initial capitals are to be used only when the laws of the
language now require them. In English, the first word of every
sentence, proper names, adjectives derived from proper names, names of
the Deity, the first word of the title of a book quoted within another
title, and titles of respect or office, such as Hon., Mr., Dr., Capt.,
Rev., (whether contracted or not,) prefixed to a name, should be
written and printed with initial capitals. In German and Danish, every
noun begins with a capital. In French, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese,
adjectives derived from proper names, are not, as in English, generally
printed with initial capitals. In Latin, the English usage in this
particular should be followed. It would doubtless be more satisfactory
to make the titles, as printed in the catalogue, perfect transcripts of
the title-pages, in respect to the use of initial capitals; but this is
hardly practicable. The use of both upper-case and lower-case letters
in a title-page, is for the most part a matter of the printer's taste,
and does not generally indicate the author's purpose. To copy them in a
catalogue with literal exactness would be exceedingly difficult, and of
no practical benefit. In those parts of the title-page which are
printed wholly in capitals, initials are undistinguished. It would be
unsightly and un-undesirable
undesirable to distinguish
the initials where the printer had done so, and omit them where he had
used a form of letter, which prohibited his distinguishing them. It
would teach nothing to copy from the book the initial capitals in one
part of the title, and allow the cataloguer to supply them in other
parts. The only practicable method of securing uniformity or
convenience would seem to be, to require, as is done above, the
cataloguer to employ initial capitals according to established laws,
regardless of the title-page.
There are certain features of title-pages which it is wholly
impracticable
to transfer to a catalogue. For example, they generally are (as they
always should be) inscriptions, and as such are meant to have
a certain local disposition of parts which serves to interpret
them, by showing at a glance their relations to each other. A title in
a catalogue cannot be expected to retain this important feature of an
inscription.
III. The whole Title is to be
repeated for every distinct edition of the work; and the number of
the edition, if not the first, is to be always given.
Remark 1. The necessity of this rule arises
from the stereotyping of the titles separately. It is frequently the
case, that publishers, after having stereotyped a book, call every
thousand copies of it a separate edition, and, for twenty or more
editions, there may be no alteration in the book, except in the word
expressing the number of the edition, and in the date. In such cases,
it cannot be necessary to print a separate title for each pretended
edition. If there be any important alteration of the book, it should be
designated as a distinct edition. This irregularity is found mostly, if
not exclusively, in American books, and occurs principally in
school-books.
It is easy to see how this artifice of bibliopoles would occasion
great trouble to cataloguers, if it were common. Some publishers have
introduced the terms "second thousand," "tenth thousand," &c.,
instead of "second edition," "tenth edition." This is more honest, and
for our purposes more convenient. But it is not necessary to introduce
these chiliads into the catalogue.
Minor changes are sometimes made in the stereotype plates, after a
part of the copies have been printed; that is, some error may be
discovered and corrected, or some word substituted for another. But
such changes are generally slight and unimportant. They can only be
detected by comparing one copy of a book with another, and, when known,
are seldom worthy of notice.
Sometimes, the title of a book is the same in two editions, while the
body of the work is more or less altered. Sometimes, also, the title is
changed while the book remains entirely unaltered. Such
instances are, however, of comparatively rare occurrence. They are, or
should be, noted in bibliographical dictionaries. It is not often the
case, that the two editions are to be found in one library;
consequently, an account of such variations cannot be expected from the
cataloguer. But, if such facts become known to him, they should be
carefully noted.
The increase of the bulk of the catalogue, which this rule will
occasion, may appear, at first sight, to be a grave difficulty. It
should be considered, however, that the number of books, which reach a
second edition, is comparatively small; and, that, although there may
be a hundred editions of a book, those only will have their titles
repeated, which belong to the library to be catalogued. The increase in
bulk will be much less considerable than might be apprehended, and it
will be more than compensated for, by the greater exactness of the
descriptions. Any one, who has had much experience in examining
catalogues, must have been frequently puzzled to ascertain the exact
character of several editions of a book, where the only description of
any edition after the first, is "The same," or
"Ditto," with a different date. We may wish to know
whether the titles are identical. In the title of a later edition, some
particular may have been given, which to us is very important, but
which the cataloguer has omitted. To bibliographers, and men of habits
of careful investigation, different editions are different books, and
they should be always described, in catalogues, as particularly as if
they were independent works.
IV. Early printed books, without
title-pages, are to be catalogued in the words of the head-title,
preceded by the word [Beginning], in italics and between
brackets; to which are to be added the words of the colophon,
preceded by the word [Ending],
in italics and between brackets.
If there be neither head-title nor colophon, such a description of
the work should be given, in English, and between brackets, as may
serve for its identification.
Remark 1. Books printed before the adoption
of separate title-pages are comparatively few. Most of them have been
described with great minuteness by bibliographers, particularly by
Maittaire, Denis, Panzer, and Hain. It will be best, in all cases, to
refer to their works in cataloguing such books.
These books generally have at the beginning a head-title, which
contains a sufficient description of the book, while in the colophon
the place of publication, name of the printer, date, &c., are
given; but sometimes the book begins with a table, or dedication, or
register, and has no colophon. In such cases, not unfrequently, there
is a title at the end of the table, or in the dedication. In short, so
great is the variety of cases, that it would be extremely difficult, if
not impossible, to give rules applicable to them all. The rule given
above will, it is thought, be found sufficiently comprehensive.
V. In cataloguing Academical
Dissertations, Orations, &c., the subject-matter is to be given
as the title. If that be not expressed upon the title-page, it is to
be supplied within brackets, if possible in the words of the author,
otherwise in English and in italics. The contracted words [Diss. Ac.] when necessary to
indicate the character of the publication, should be prefixed. The
occasion may generally be omitted, except when the subject of the
dissertation or oration has some special reference to it.
VI. In cataloguing Sermons, the book,
chapter and verse of the text; the date, if it
differs from that of publication; and the occasion, if a
special one, are to be given. When these are not upon the title-page,
they are to be supplied between brackets, and in italics.
VII. Periodical publications are to
be recorded in the
words of the title-page of the last complete volume; but without
designation of volume or date.
The history of the publication from its commencement, including all
changes of form, title, editorship, &c., is to be given in a
note.
Remark 1. This rule applies to Reviews,
Magazines, &c.; not to works issued in parts, sometimes called
"serials," nor to transactions of learned societies.
Remark 2. The last title is preferred for
the catalogue, because it is that by which the work is currently known,
and because of the peculiar difficulty of finding complete sets of
these publications. If the title be changed, it will become necessary
to prepare a new one for the catalogue, and to make an addition to the
note.
VIII. After the words of the title,
the number of parts, volumes, fasciculi, or whatever may be the
peculiar divisions of each work, is to be specified.
When nothing is said, in the title, respecting this point, if the
work be divided into several portions, but the same paging continue,
or, when the pages are not numbered, if the same register continue,
the work is to be considered as divided into parts (not
volumes). If the progressive number of the pages, or the register be
interrupted, then each series of pages, or of letters of the
register, is to be designated as a volume.
Remark 1. In designating volumes when the
number is not stated upon the title-page, the words Volume, Tome,
Theil, Band, Deel, &c., may generally be represented by the
initials alone. The numbers may be always expressed by Arabic figures.
If the ordinal expression of number be used on the title-page, the
figures may be given, and the ordinal termination omitted. The numbers
of the first
and of the last volume only are to be given, with a dash between them,
thus:
| V. 1—8. |
for |
Volume 1—Volume 8, i.e. Volume first—Volume eighth, or First
Volume—Eighth Volume. |
| B. 2—22. |
" |
Zweiter Band—Zwei und zwanzigster Band. |
| T. 1—4. |
" |
Tomo 1—Tomo 4. |
| Th. 1—6. |
" |
Theil 1—Theil 6. |
Remark 2. When there is a discrepancy
between the number of divisions of a work indicated on the title-page,
and the actual number of volumes, as defined above, (that is, of
divisions with separate pagings), the number of pagings should
be stated;—each paging being considered a distinct volume. The paging
of the preface and introductory matter is to be excepted. Appendixes,
when separately paged, should be specially noticed in the title, though
not reckoned as separate volumes.
IX. Next should follow the designation
of the place and date
of publication. The name of the place should be given in the form and
language of the title-page. If, in that, it be abbreviated, the full
name should be supplied, but not translated; the added parts being
between brackets.
Should either of these particulars be omitted in the title-page, the
deficiency should be supplied from the knowledge of the librarian, or
be noticed, in italics and between brackets.
Remark 1. It would on many accounts be
desirable to give the name of the publisher, but, as it would add very
much to the labor of preparation, and considerably increase the size of
the catalogue, it is thought best not to do so.
Remark 2. In the case of early printed
books, and typographical rarities, or where several editions of the
same book are known to have been published in the same year and place,
by different publishers, the name of the publisher should be
specified.
Remark 3. The date is to be given in Arabic
figures, unless numerals be used in the title-page, in such a manner as
to be on some accounts distinctive.
X. Next after the imprint should follow
the designation of size.
In accordance with general usage, the fold of the sheet, as folio,
quarto, octavo, when it can be ascertained, is to be stated. As an
additional, and more exact designation of size, the Height and
Breadth of the first full signature page (the folio and
signature lines being omitted in the measurement) are to be stated in
inches and tenths, the fractions being expressed decimally.
Explanation 1. The librarian should use a
small square or rule, marked with inches and tenths. The first number
given should represent the height, and the second, the breadth of the
page. In the catalogue, the measurement would be recorded thus:—
8º (7.3×4.2)
that is, fold of sheet, 8vo; measuring, 7 inches and 3 tenths in
height, by 4 inches and 2 tenths in breadth.
Explanation 2. When the first signature
page is not a full page, or when it has foot notes, turn to the first
succeeding signature page which is full and without notes.
Explanation 3. When there are no signatures,
measure the first full recto page. If the other
pages vary much from the standard page, add irr. for
irregular.
Explanation 4. Marginal rules and side
marginal references and notes are not to be regarded in the
measurement; some editions may be printed with and some without them.
But such marginal references should be mentioned.
Explanation 5. Catch-words generally stand
upon the signature line, and are therefore not to be counted. The
measurement of height should, however, comprise all printed matter
below the folio
line, and above the signature line. By folio line is meant that upon
which stands the number of the page.
Remarks. The designation of the form is
added to the titles of books in catalogues for two purposes: to enable
one to distinguish between different editions of the same book, and to
convey to those who have not seen the book, some idea of its size.
The fold of the paper has been universally adopted, as the measure of
size. A sheet once folded, forming two leaves, or four pages, is a
folio. A sheet twice folded, forming four leaves or eight pages, is a
quarto. A sheet three times folded, forming eight leaves, or sixteen
pages, is an octavo. A sheet so folded as to form twelve leaves, or
twenty-four pages, is a duodecimo. And so on.
But this method of designating the size of a book is inexact and
frequently deceptive; because, 1st, it is not always possible to
ascertain the fold; and, 2dly, the fold, when ascertained, gives no
definite indication of the size or shape of the book.
In many books one can tell, at a glance, the fold of the sheet; but it
is unsafe to rely upon this first impression. Examination of signatures
is indispensable. Sometimes, it is necessary to examine also the
water-lines and water-marks. Occasionally, all these will fail us.
Signatures are letters or figures placed at the bottom of the
first page of each sheet, as guides to the binder, to denote the order
of the sheets. The signatures of the different forms from folio to
32mo, would regularly be placed as follows:
| Folio, sheet, |
on pages |
1, |
5, |
9, |
13, |
17, |
21, |
&c. |
| Quarto, " |
" " |
1, |
9, |
17, |
25, |
33, |
41, |
&c. |
| Octavo, " |
" " |
1, |
17, |
33, |
49, |
65, |
81, |
&c. |
| 8vo, 1/2 sheet, |
" " |
1, |
9, |
17, |
25, |
33, |
41, |
&c. |
| 12mo, sheet, |
" " |
1, |
25, |
49, |
73, |
97, |
121, |
&c. |
| 12mo, 1/2 sheet, |
" " |
1, |
13, |
25, |
37, |
49, |
61, |
&c. |
| 16mo, sheet, |
" " |
1, |
33, |
65, |
97, |
129, |
161, |
&c. |
| 16mo, 1/2 sheet, |
" " |
1, |
17, |
33, |
49, |
65, |
81, |
&c. |
| 18mo, sheet, |
" " |
1, |
37, |
73, |
109, |
145, |
181, |
&c. |
| 18mo, 1/2 sheet, |
" " |
1, |
19, |
37, |
55, |
73, |
91, |
&c. |
| 24mo, sheet, |
" " |
1, |
49, |
97, |
145, |
193, |
241, |
&c. |
|
|
| 24mo, 1/2 sheet, |
" " |
1, |
25, |
49, |
73, |
97, |
121, |
&c. |
| 32mo, sheet, |
" " |
1, |
65, |
129, |
193, |
257, |
321, |
&c. |
| 32mo, 1/2 sheet, |
" " |
1, |
33, |
65, |
97, |
129, |
161, |
&c. |
But sometimes the paging of the book begins in the midst of a
signature; in such cases the signatures would fall on pages different
from the above, throughout the book, though the intervals would be
regular. Double signatures are sometimes placed upon stereotype plates,
to enable printers to impose them either as octavos or duodecimos.
Besides the principal signatures, there are subordinate signatures,
which, as they do not help to distinguish the size of the book, but are
only used to aid the binder, are omitted in the above table.
It will be seen from this table, that the signatures are precisely the
same for 8vos, in half sheets, as for 4tos; for 16mos, in half sheets,
as for 8vos; for 24mos, in half sheets, as for 12mos; for 32mos, in
half sheets, as for 16mos.
Printers impose in half sheets or sheets, according to their
convenience. Of course, therefore, from the signatures alone,
it is impossible to distinguish between 4tos and 8vos, 8vos and 16mos,
12mos and 24mos, 16mos and 32mos. It is generally easy to determine the
fold by the size and shape of the book, but (as we shall show
hereafter) not always.
Signatures do not occur in the earliest printed books; but as this
class of books is small, and very particularly described by Panzer,
Hain, and others, there is but little difficulty in ascertaining the
precise description of them.
Books may be quired in printing, that is, several sheets may be put
together, like the sheets in a quire of paper. In this case the
principal signature is the same as if the whole formed only one sheet.
A folio may thus be undistinguishable from an 8vo, by the signatures
alone.
When signatures fail us, resort may sometimes be had to the water
lines, which, by holding the paper up to the light, may be seen
crossing the sheet perpendicularly, in the folio, 8vo, 18mo, 24mo, and
32mo; and horizontally, in all the other forms less than 32mo;
sometimes, also, in the 24mo. The water-mark is a device
of the manufacturer, placed in the middle of the half sheet, and
distinguishable in the same way as the water-line. In the folio, this
occurs in the middle of the page; in the quarto, in the back or fold of
the book; in the 8vo, at the upper and inner corner. At the present
day, however, printing paper is seldom made with water-lines or
water-marks.
In examining a book, all these means of determining its fold
occasionally deceive the most skilful bibliographer. If sheets of paper
had, from the first, been always made of the same size, there would be
comparatively little difficulty. But they have always varied so much,
that a very small 8vo is often in no way distinguishable, in
dimensions, from a large 16mo. Many other sizes also are liable to be
confounded.
The following measurements, in inches, of a leaf of folio, octavo, and
16mo, of foolscap, medium, and imperial paper, will show how impossible
it would be, from the size of the book to determine the fold of the
sheet, even of paper of what are called the regular sizes, particularly
when the books have been cut down in binding:
|
Folio, |
Octavo, |
16mo. |
| Foolscap, |
13¼ |
× |
8⅜, |
6⅝ |
× |
4¼, |
4¼ |
× |
3⅜, |
| Medium, |
18¼ |
× |
11½, |
9⅛ |
× |
5¾, |
5¾ |
× |
4½, |
| Imperial, |
21⅞ |
× |
15, |
11 |
× |
7½, |
7½ |
× |
5½, |
|
Folio, |
Octavo, |
16mo. |
| Foolscap, |
13 1/4 |
× |
8 3/8, |
6 5/8 |
× |
4 1/4, |
4 1/4 |
× |
3 3/8, |
| Medium, |
18 1/4 |
× |
11 1/2, |
9 1/8 |
× |
5 3/4, |
5 3/4 |
× |
4 1/2, |
| Imperial, |
21 7/8 |
× |
15, |
11 |
× |
7 1/2, |
7 1/2 |
× |
5 1/2, |
Since the introduction of machine paper and large presses, paper is
made of almost any and every size and shape, and it is no longer
possible to distinguish, with accuracy, the different folds. Books,
which, judged by the eye, would be supposed to be quartos, are, in
reality, duodecimos; books which might be supposed to be octavos, are
16mos, &c. The signatures, as we have seen, will not inform us
whether a book is an 8vo, or a 16mo on half sheets. There are no
water-marks to help us; nor is it possible in any way to tell.
If it be thus difficult, and often impossible, to ascertain the fold
with the book before us, of what use can it be, as a designation of
size, to those who have only the description? This is a difficulty
which has but commenced. It is becoming more serious every year. It is
more serious in America, than in other countries, for in Europe, there
is much more regularity in the sizes of paper than here.
On these accounts, it has been thought desirable, if not
indispensable, to introduce some new method of designating the size of
books. The measurement of the printed page has seemed the readiest and
most useful. The trouble of measuring is much less than might, at first
sight, be supposed, and the time occupied by it is hardly worthy of
consideration.
It would be, for all purposes of bibliography, better to make this the
universal method of designating the size of books. It would save
numberless blunders and frequent perplexity; and, upon the whole, would
take less of the librarian's time, than the ordinary process of
ascertaining the fold, provided that be done with exactness.
XI. In books of one volume, the body
of which does not contain more than one hundred pages, the number of
pages is to be specified. In applying this rule, copy the number of
the last page of the body of the book, or of any addition paged
continuously with it.
Remark 1. The value of catalogues would,
doubtless, be enhanced by giving the number of pages in every volume,
after the manner of Dryander in the Catalogue of Sir Joseph Banks's
library; or with even greater particularity, thus: pp.
xxvi+345+xlv, meaning 26 pages of
prefatory matter, 345 pages in the body of the book, and 45 pages of
appendix. But the disproportionate amount of additional labor, as well
as of increase in the bulk and cost of catalogues, which such
enumeration and notation would demand, renders it necessary to limit the
object of this rule, which is to show whether the work described be
merely of pamphlet size.
Remark 2. Prefatory matter is not to be
included in the enumeration of pages. But if it be something more than
a preface or introduction by the author, and deemed of sufficient
importance to be added to the title, the number of pages of such
prefatory matter should be included in the addition.
XII. All additions to the titles are
to be printed in italics, and between brackets; to be in the English
language, whatever be the language of the title; to be such only as
are applicable to all copies of the edition described, and necessary
for a full titular description of the book.
Exception. When parts of a name are supplied
within brackets, they are to be in the vernacular of the author,
whatever be the language of the title; and, if the name be used for the
heading, the part supplied in the title is to correspond in typography
with the rest of the name; that is, to be printed in small
capitals.
Remark 1. It is not always easy to say what
additions are necessary, to render a title satisfactorily descriptive.
A title is often a mere name, arbitrarily chosen by the author. It is
sometimes allegorical, or embodies, in a pun, or conceit, or covert
allusion, some indication of the subject-matter of the book. In such
cases, it was not designed to be descriptive of the work, and could not
be made so, without destroying its character. Explanations of such
titles may be thought desirable; but if so, they should be given in
notes, and separate from the titles themselves. A title should be the
briefest possible designation of the contents of a book. It should
cover everything which the book contains, but in the most general
terms, without minute specifications. Mindful of this definition, we
shall frequently find cases, where the title, intended to be
descriptive, fails to give us what we have a right to expect. A book
may be in a different language from the title-page. It may be in
several languages, while the title indicates but one. It may contain an
important Preface, Introduction, or Biography of the author, by another
hand, not mentioned in the title. In these, and in many other cases,
additions to the titles may be necessary.
Remark 2. There are many cases, however,
where it seems desirable to give further information concerning a work,
than could be given within the title, under the restrictions of the
preceding paragraph. The title may be a misnomer, or it may contain
allusions, which it is desirable to explain. The book may be a rare and
valuable
one, with maps and illustrations, the number and description of which
ought to be given. It may have been privately printed, or limited to a
small number of copies, or prohibited, or condemned to be burnt. The
edition may be the Editio princeps, or a
fac-simile of an early edition, or a surreptitious or spurious edition;
or it may be identical, except in the title, with what purports to be
another edition, or an independent work. These facts belong, more
properly, to a bibliographical dictionary, than to a catalogue. It is
proper, however, that they should be noted by cataloguers. They may,
also, be printed, at the discretion of the superintendent, but
generally, in the form of separate notes, rather than as additions to
the titles.
Remark 3. Peculiarities of copies, such as
large paper, satin paper, vellum; also notes, autographs, cancelled
leaves, substituted leaves, mutilations and alterations; binding in a
different number of volumes from that indicated in the title, or
ascertained by the rule already given, &c. &c.,—these, and
other peculiarities or imperfections of copy, relate only to particular
copies, and therefore should not be noticed in a title intended to
apply to the whole edition. Every cataloguer should, however, note
every such thing, after the title. The note may be printed in the
catalogue of the library containing the book described, but not,
usually, in the title for the General Catalogue.
HEADINGS.
XIII. When the title has been
transcribed in accordance with the foregoing rules, the heading is to
be written above it.
This heading determines the place of the title in the alphabetical
catalogue, and consists, in general, of the name of the author in its
vernacular form,
when the same can be represented by the letters of the English
alphabet.
When the word cannot be exactly represented by English letters, the
form used by the best English authorities is to be adopted.
The surname is to be printed in capitals. Christian or first names
are to follow, if possible in full, printed in small capitals, and
within parentheses.
XIV. When a name is variously
spelled, the best authorized orthography is to be selected for the
heading, and such other modes of spelling the name, as are likely to
occasion difficulty, are to be added, within brackets.
Cross references are to be made from all other forms of the name,
which occur in the catalogue, to the form preferred.
XV. The following rules are to be
observed in cataloguing names with prefixes:
(1.) If the name has become an English surname, it is to be recorded
under the prefix, which is to be accounted as a part of the name.
Thus: D'Israeli, De Morgan, De la
Beche, Du Ponceau are to be placed under
D; Van Buren under V.
In such cases, cross-references are to be made from the principal
name.
Names beginning with Mac, O',
Ap, and Fitz, are to be recorded under those
syllables.
Mc, and M', abbreviated forms of
Mac, are to be considered the same as if written in
full.
(2.) French surnames preceded by the preposition de are
to be catalogued under the name itself, and not under the prefix.
Thus: Florian (Jean Pierre Claris de) is to be placed
under F, not under D; Alembert (Jean le
Rond d') under A, not under D.
In this respect, usage is by no means uniform among French authors.
Thus, Brunet places D'Alembert under D, while
Quérard, the Editors of the "Biographie Universelle," etc., place the
same name under A. But consistency is of the first
importance, and it is decidedly best to make this rule positive, and
without exceptions.
(3.) French surnames preceded by De la, are to be
recorded under the article.
Thus: La Pérouse (Jean François Galaup de), not
De la Pérouse, nor Pérouse; La Harpe
(Jean François de), not De la Harpe, nor
Harpe.
It is better to make this the invariable rule, although uniformity
will not be found among French writers, in this particular, nor
scarcely consistency in any one writer.
(4.) French names preceded by Du or Des
are to be recorded under these prefixes.
Thus: Du Halde, under D, not under
H; Des Cartes, under D, not
under C.
(5.) French names, preceded by the article Le,
La, L', are to be recorded under
L.
Thus: Le Long (Jacques), not Long (Jacques
le); L'Héritier (Marie Jeanne), not
Héritier (Marie Jeanne l').
(6.) Names with similar prefixes in other languages, are, in all
cases, to be recorded under the word following the prefix, with
cross-references.
Thus: Delle Valle, under V; Della
Santa, under S; Da Cunha under
C. So Buch (Léopold von); Recke (Elisa
von der); Dyck (Anton Van); Praet (Joseph
Basile Bernard Van); Hooght (Everard van der);
Ess (Leander van).
XVI. Compound surnames, except Dutch
and English, are to be entered under the initial of the first name.
In Dutch and in English compound names, the last name is to be
preferred.
Thus, in French, such names as Etienne
Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, Isidore
Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, should be written
Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire (Etienne),
Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire (Isidore). So in Spanish,
Calderon de la Barca, and Calderon y
Belgrano, should both be entered under C. But
François de Salignac de Lamotte Fénélon, is universally
placed under Fénélon, even by those who generally adhere
to the above rule. There are other names, which must be considered
exceptions, respecting which it seems impossible to give any invariable
rule, but all difficulty must be removed by cross-references.
XVII. Works of an author who may
have changed his name, or added others to it, are to be recorded
under the last name, (if used in any of his publications,) with
cross-references from the other names. Names that may have been
altered by being used in different languages, are to be entered under
their original vernacular form. But if an author has never used the
vernacular form of his name in his publications, his works are to be
recorded under such other form as he may have employed.
Remark 1. Thus, Alexander Slidell
Mackenzie should be placed under Mackenzie, with a
cross-reference from Slidell. His family name was
Slidell, but after becoming known as a writer, he assumed
the name Mackenzie.
François Marie Aroüet de Voltaire, under
Voltaire; because Voltaire is a name assumed
as a surname. It is not a title, nor commonly considered part of a
compound surname.
Jean Baptiste Poquelin Molière, under
Molière. His father's name was Poquelin but
he added, himself, the name Molière, as
Aroüet did that of Voltaire.
The family name of an individual is to be considered that which he
has, or adopts, for himself and his descendants, rather than that which
he received from his ancestors,—his family name, not his
father's. Now if a man's name have been changed, by his own act,
the name assumed is supposed to be that by which he wishes to be known
to his contemporaries, and which he wishes to transmit to posterity. A
married woman generally drops her maiden name, and assumes that of her
husband. By this, therefore, she should ever after be known. If she
published books under her maiden name, and afterwards under her married
name, they should all be recorded under her married name, with a
cross-reference from the former. It may be that she published only
under her maiden name; in this case, her works should be entered under
that name, followed by her married name, included within
parentheses.
Remark 2. Such changes as are referred to
under this rule may generally be indicated by the mode of printing,
thus:
MACKENZIE (Alexander SLIDELL).
VOLTAIRE (François Marie AROÜET
de).
DACIER (Mad.
Anne LEFÈVRE).
XVIII. The following classes of
persons are to be entered under their first names, or their Christian
names:
(1.) Sovereigns, and Princes of sovereign houses.
(2.) Jewish Rabbis, and Oriental writers in general.
(3.) Persons canonized. The family name, when known, is to be added
within brackets.
(4.) Friars, who, by the constitution of their order, drop their
surnames. But the family name, when known, should be added within
brackets.
(5.) All other persons known only by their first names, to
which, for the sake of distinction, they add those of their native
places, profession, rank, &c., as, Adamus Bremensis,
or Adam of Bremen.
A cross-reference should be made from any other name by which the
author may be known, to that used as the heading.
XIX. Surnames of Noblemen and
Dignitaries, with the exception of cases coming under the preceding
rule, are to be ascertained, when not expressed, and to be used for
the heading, although the person may be better known by his title,
than by his name. But, in all cases where doubt would be likely to
arise, cross-references should be used.
Remark. Thus, Home (Henry), Lord
Kames. There should be a cross-reference; thus, Kames
(Lord). See Home (Henry). Stanhope (Philip Dormer), Earl
of Chesterfield.
This last is one of the cases which might lead us to doubt the
propriety of the rule. This author is universally known as
Chesterfield, not as Stanhope. But there are
other authors, who are as well known by their family names as by their
titles; while the greater portion are known by their family names, much
better than by their titles. A general rule is absolutely necessary,
and this is thought to be the best.
XX. If it appear upon the title-page,
that the work is the joint production of several writers, it is to be
entered under the first named, with cross-references from the names
of the others.
XXI. The complete works, or entire
treatises of several authors, published together in one series, with
a collective
title, are to be recorded in the words of the general title of the
series, and to be placed under the name, of the Editor, if known; if
that be not known, under the title of the collection, like anonymous
works. If any work in the collection be printed with a separate
title-page, and an independent paging, it is also to be recorded
under its author's name, as a distinct work, with a reference to the
volume of the collection in which it is to be found.
Cross-references may be made from names of authors, when they appear
upon the title-page, or when their works were first published in the
collection.
Explanation 1. The principle established by
this rule, decides the case, common among German books, of works
with double titles, one general and the other special. Such a work
must be entered twice, once under the general title, which should omit,
as much as possible, what is contained in the special; and once under
the special title, which should refer to the general, stating what
volume of the general collection this particular volume forms.
Explanation 2. This rule applies to
periodical publications, which should be entered under the
name of the Editor, if this appears upon the title-page, with a
cross-reference from the name of the publication. But if the
publication be issued under the direction of an association, it comes
under the next rule, and is to be recorded under the name of the
association, with a cross-reference from the editor's name.
Remark. The catalogue, thus formed, will be
composed of works, having each a distinct title-page and an independent
pagination. Doubtless, greater convenience and usefulness might be
attained by adopting a more comprehensive plan;—one, by which every
distinct article in Transactions of Learned Societies, in Magazines,
Reviews, and similar works, where, by the rule of the publication,
the authors of the treatises are named,—should be separately entered,
as if it were a book. Such an attempt is, however, at present,
unadvisable. Should it, hereafter, be thought practicable to extend the
rule, none of the titles which have been prepared, under this rule,
will be superfluous, and none will have to be altered. It is hoped,
that, within a few years, such progress may be made in the General
Catalogue, as to justify the attempt at greater minuteness of
registration.
XXII. Academies, institutes,
associations, universities, colleges; literary, scientific,
economical, eleemosynary and religious societies; national and
municipal governments; assemblies, conventions, boards, corporations,
and other bodies of men, under whatever name, and of whatever
character, issuing publications, whether as separate works, or in a
continuous series, under a general title, are to be considered and
treated as the authors of all works issued by them, and in their name
alone. The heading is to be the name of the body, the principal word
to be the first word, not an article. A cross-reference is to be made
from any important substantive or adjective, to the principal
word.
Explanation 1. If the name of the author
appears upon the title-page of a work having a distinct title-page and
paging, published by such a body, the work then comes under Rule XXI. It must be recorded twice; once under
the general title, according to the above rule, and again under the
name of the author, referring, if it be published in a series, to the
volume of the series in which it is contained.
Explanation 2. Catalogues of public
libraries are to be entered under the name of the establishment; and if
the name of the compiler appears upon the title-page, a cross-reference
should be made from it to the principal entry.
Explanation 3. When committees, or branches
of a body, issue publications, the heading is to be the name of the
chief, and not of the subordinate body. Thus, under United
States, would be placed all public documents issued at the
expense of the United States, whether as regular Public Documents, or
by particular Departments, Bureaus, or Committees. Such titles, when
they become numerous, may be classed, and conveniently arranged in the
catalogue.
On the same principle, the publications of literary and other
societies connected with colleges and universities are to be catalogued
under the names of the colleges, &c., with cross-references from
the names of the societies.
Explanation 4. Under this rule, Liturgies,
Prayer-Books, Breviaries, Missals, &c., are to be placed under the
English name of the communion, religious order or denomination, under
whose authority they are prepared and published. Similar works by
individuals, are to be placed under their names.
XXIII. Translations are to be
entered under the heading of the original work, with a
cross-reference from the name of the translator. If the name of the
translator be known, and that of the author unknown, the book is to
be entered, like other anonymous works, under the first word of the
original title, not an article or preposition, whether the original
be or be not in the library to be catalogued.
When the title of the original cannot be ascertained, or cannot be
expressed in English letters, the translation is to be entered as an
anonymous work, that is, under the first word of its title, not an
article or preposition.
XXIV. Commentaries accompanied by
the whole Text, are to be entered under the heading of the original
work, with a cross-reference from the name of the commentator. If not
accompanied by the Text, they are to be entered under the name of the
commentator, with a cross-reference from the name of the author.
XXV. The Bible, or any part of it, in
any language, is to be entered under the word "Bible."
Cross-references should be made from the names of the writers, as
well as from the names of the several parts of the Bible. Both of
these classes of names are to be expressed in the form adopted in the
authorized English version.
XXVI. Reports of Trials are to be
recorded under the name of the Reporter; or if this be not known,
under the first word of the Title. There should also be
cross-references, from the names of the plaintiff and of the
defendant in a civil suit, and from that of the defendant in a
criminal suit.
XXVII. The Respondent or defender
in a thesis, is to be considered its author, except when it
unequivocally appears to be the work of the Præses.
XXVIII. Pseudonymous works are to
be entered under the assumed name, followed by pseud.;
after which may be given the name of the supposed or reputed author,
with (in case of doubt) the word probably before it, or
? after it.
But if the author have published any edition, continuation,
or supplement under his name, the work is not to be considered
pseudonymous. In such case, a cross-reference should be made from the
feigned name.
Explanation 1. Under pseudonyms are to be
included not only fictitious names, such as Geoffrey Crayon,
Gent., assumed by Washington Irving, and abbreviated names, as
A. L. Mil., for A. L. Millin; but also names
concealed in an anagram, as Nides, for Denis;
or formed from the initials of the real name, as Talvi,
for Theresa Adolfina Louisa Von Jacob, and all words used
fictitiously as proper names of authors.
Explanation 2. Works falsely attributed, in
their titles, to particular persons, are also to be treated as
pseudonymous, and entered under the names of the pretended authors,
with such notes as may be necessary to prevent mistake; unless some
edition has been published under the name of the real author.
Explanation 3. Works published with
initials, are to be entered under the full name of the author,
if he be known to have published any edition with his name; otherwise,
under the last initial, which is to be supposed to stand for
the surname, and the other letter or letters for Christian names. But
if the last letter be known to stand for a title, it is not to be used
for the heading.
XXIX. Anonymous works are to be
entered under the first word of the title, not an article or
preposition. Cross-references may be made from all words, in the
title, under which such a work would be likely to be sought for, in
an alphabetical catalogue.
But if the author have published any edition, continuation, or
supplement under his name, the work is not to be considered
anonymous.
Exception 1. An anonymous biography or
personal narrative is to be entered under the name of the person, whose
life or adventures
form the subject of the book, if the name appears upon the title-page.
But such works should in all cases be designated as anonymous.
Exception 2. An anonymous continuation,
supplement, appendix or index is to be entered under the heading of the
original work.
Explanation 1. A book is not to be
considered anonymous, when the name of the author is given in any part
of it, or expressed by any distinctive description. In such case, the
name of the author is to be inserted in the title, within brackets, and
is to be used as the heading.
Explanation 2. If it be known that the book
has been attributed to a certain person, his name may be
inserted in the title, within brackets, with such explanation as shall
prevent mistake; and a cross-reference may be made from the name of the
reputed author.
Explanation 3. Works in which the author is
described by some circumlocution, which does not serve to identify him,
are to be considered anonymous.
Remark. This rule will secure uniformity. It
will relieve librarians from an almost incalculable amount of labor,
perplexity and dissatisfaction. It will relieve readers from every
inconvenience, except that of sometimes being obliged to look in two
places for the book. On these accounts, a simple, arbitrary rule is the
only one that can safely be adopted. Any rule for selecting the most
prominent word of a title, or for entering a book under the name of its
subject, would be found fatal to uniformity; it would greatly increase
the trouble of making a catalogue; it would not render the catalogue
more convenient for readers, but, in the main, much less so. The only
objections to the proposed rule are, that it brings many titles under
words of little significance, as a "Brief Survey", a
"Succinct Narrative", &c., and that it brings many
titles together, under such words as "Essay", "History", "Narrative",
&c. These objections have been fully considered, and the rule is
given with the settled conviction that the inconveniences alluded to
are much less than those which would result from any other rule or set
of rules, which have been proposed, or can be devised.
CROSS-REFERENCES.
XXX. Cross-references,—consisting
of only the word from which reference is made, the word
See, and the name or heading referred to,—are to be
made in the following instances:
(1.) From other forms of a name, than the one adopted in the
heading.
(2.) From any name used by an author, or by which he may be
generally known, other than the one used for the heading.
(3.) From important words in the name of any collective body, used
as a heading, under Rule XXII.
(4.) From names of subordinate bodies, when a work is entered under
the name of the principal body, under Rule
XXII.
(5.) From the name of a supposed author of a pseudonymous work.
(6.) From titles, or designations of office, or dignity, when used
upon title-pages, instead of surnames.
(7.) From the family names of persons, whose works are entered under
the Christian, or first names; except sovereigns, or princes
belonging to sovereign houses.
(8.) From the names of the several parts of the Bible, and of the
writers of them.
(9.) From former titles of periodicals, when the publication is
catalogued under an altered title, or a new editor, according to Rule VII.
XXXI. The following classes of
cross-references, employed to prevent the necessity of entering
titles in full, more than once, are to contain so much of the title
referred to, as may be necessary to show distinctly the object of the
reference. When it would be difficult to abbreviate the title, for
this purpose, other words, not those of the title, may be used.
(1.) From the names of Translators, Editors, Commentators,
Continuators, or other persons, named on the title-page, (or added to
the title, on the principle of Rule XII.), as
participating in the authorship of the work.
(2.) From the name of any person, the subject of a biography or
narrative.
(3.) From the name of an author, any whole work of whom, or some
considerable part of it, may be the subject of any commentary or
notes, without the text.
(4.) From the name of an author, whose complete works are contained
in any collection, or any considerable part of whose works have been
first published in such collection, if the name be given upon the
title-page.
(5.) From any word, in the title of an anonymous work, under which
one would be likely to seek for the work in an alphabetical
catalogue.
(6.) From the name of a supposed author of an anonymous work.
(7.) From the names of the plaintiff and of the defendant, in the
report of a civil suit; and from
the name of the defendant, in that of a criminal suit.
(8.) From the name of a former editor of a periodical, when the
publication is catalogued under the name of a new editor, according
to Rule VII.
ARRANGEMENT.
XXXII. The order of the Headings
will be determined by the plan of the catalogue, whether
alphabetical, classed, or chronological.
XXXIII. The Titles are immediately
to follow the headings; and within the divisions and sub-divisions
given below, the arrangement is to be chronological. Editions without
date, and those of which the date cannot be ascertained, even by
approximation, are to precede all those bearing date, or of which the
date can be supplied, either positively or by approximation. The
latter are to follow, according to their date, whether apparent in
any part of the book, or supplied. Editions by the same editor, or
such as are expressly stated to follow a specific text or edition,
and editions with the same notes or commentary, to succeed each
other, in their chronological order, immediately after the entry of
that which is, or is considered to be, the earliest.
XXXIV. Titles, which occur under
the name of an author, are to be arranged in the following order:
(1.) Collections of all the works.
a. Those without translations, whether with or without notes,
commentaries, lives, or other critical apparatus.
b. Those with translations.
Editions with only one translation. Those with a Latin translation
are to be placed first; next those with an English; and then those
with a translation into any other language, in the alphabetical order
of the English name of such language.
Editions with several translations into different languages. Those
are to be entered first, which have the fewest number of
translations. Among those having the same number of translations, the
alphabetical order of the first of the languages employed is to be
followed.
c. Translations without the text. These are to be arranged
among themselves according to the principles laid down for
translations with the text.
(2.) Partial collections, containing two or more
works. Those which contain the greatest number of works are to
precede. The arrangement of the whole is to be, in other respects,
according to the principles laid down for collections of all the
works.
(3.) Selections or collected fragments. Those from
all the works are to precede those from several works, and the whole
to be arranged according to the foregoing principles.
(4.) Separate works. These are to succeed each
other alphabetically. Entire portions of a separate work are to
follow immediately after the work itself. The different editions and
translations are to be arranged according to the foregoing
principles.
(5.) Entire portions of a separate work, when the
work itself does not occur.
XXXV. Works placed under the names
of collective bodies, (according to Rule
XXII,) are, in general, to be arranged in alphabetical order; but
works forming part of a series are not to be separated, although that
series be interrupted, or the title changed; and works published by
branches or subordinate bodies, are to be separately arranged and
placed under sub-headings, which should be printed in a distinctive
type.
XXXVI. Cross-References are to be
placed after all other entries under the heading, and in alphabetical
order of the names referred to.
XXXVII. The entries under the word
Bible, are to be arranged in the following
order; subject in other respects to the principles laid down in Rule XXXIV, except that, in each of the
following classes, editions with the text alone are to precede those
with commentaries.
(1.) The Old and New Testaments with or without the Apocrypha.
(2.) The Old Testament.
(3.) Detached parts of the Old Testament, in the same order in which
they are arranged in the English authorized version of the
Scriptures.
(4.) The New Testament.
(5.) Detached parts of the New Testament.
(6.) Apocryphal books.
MAPS,
ENGRAVINGS, MUSIC.
XXXVIII. Maps, Charts, Engravings
and Music, (except when published in volumes,) are not to be included
in catalogues of Books. Separate catalogues of these should be
constructed upon the general principles of the preceding rules.
(1.) In cataloguing Maps and Charts, the full
title is to be given, including the names of surveyors, compilers,
engravers, publishers, &c.; date and place of publication; and
number of sheets composing the map. Each edition is to be separately
recorded, and the separate title of each sheet, when it varies from
the general title. The titles of sub-sketches are to be introduced at
the close of the main title, within brackets, and to be given in
full, including authorship, scale and size.
(2.) The scale is to be given in all cases. When not stated on the
map, it is, if possible, to be derived from it.
(3.) The size of the map, within the neat-line of the
border, is to be given in inches and tenths. When a map has no
printed border, the measure of the limits of printed surface is to be
given.
(4.) The price, if stated on the map, should be copied.
(5.) All important peculiarities of copy, such as the kind of paper,
and whether backed, folded, bound, on rollers, &c., should be
mentioned in a note.
The titles thus prepared are to be arranged under the names of the
countries, or divisions of the earth's surface delineated in the
maps; and these names are to be disposed in alphabetical order, with
the cross-references necessary to facilitate research.
(6.) Engravings are to be recorded under the
names of the engravers, with cross-references from those of the
painters or designers. The date, and the name of the publisher, if
found upon the print, should also be given. The size of the print, in
inches and tenths, should also be stated. If the copy be an artists'
artist's proof, or a
remarkably good impression of a valuable engraving, the fact should
be stated in a note.
(7.) Music is to be entered under the name of
the composer. If the work have a distinctive title, there should be a
cross-reference from that.
EXCEPTIONAL
CASES.
XXXIX. Cases not herein provided
for, and exceptional cases, requiring a departure from any of the
preceding rules, are to be decided upon by the superintendent.
EXAMPLES.
AMERICAN quarterly
review (The). V. 1–22. ...
Philadelphia, [1827]–'37. 8º
(6.7×3.8)
[2784]
ANCIENT Irish
histories.—The works of Spencer, Campion, Hanmer, and
Marlebvrrovgh. In two volumes. [4
pagings.] ...
[Dublin, Hibernia press co., 1809.] 8º
(6.5×4)
[2424]
ANTONINUS
Liberalis.
See
GALE (Thomas).
Historiæ poeticæ scriptores. Antoninus
Liberalis.
APOLLODORUS,
of Athens.
Apollodori Atheniensis bibliothecae libri
tres—Ad codd. mss. fidem recensiti a Chr. G. Heyne
[In the original.]
Goettingae, 1782. 8º (4×2.2)
[1004]
See
GALE (Thomas).
Historiæ poeticæ scriptores. Apollodorus
Atheniensis.
See
HEYNE (C. G.). Ad
Apollodori Ath. bibliothecam notæ,
etc.
ARC (Jeanne
d').
Memoirs of Jeanne d'Arc, ...
with the history of her times. In two volumes.
[4 pagings.] ...
London, 1824. 8º (5.3×3.2)
[1720]
AUTOBIOGRAPHY. A collection of
the most instructive and amusing lives ever published, written by the
parties themselves. With brief introductions, and compendious
sequels, carrying on the narrative to the death of each writer. V.
1–33. ... [40 pagings.]
London, 1826–'32. 12º (4.7 irr.×2.6
irr.)
[1255]
Note.—This collection contains the
autobiographies of C. Cibber, D. Hume, W. Lilly, F. M. A. de
Voltaire, J. F. Marmontel, R. Drury, G. Whitefield, J. Ferguson, M.
Robinson, C. Charke, E. Herbert, Prince Eugène of Savoy, A. F. F.
von Kotzebue, J. Creichton, W. Gifford, T. Ellwood, L. Holberg, J. H.
Vaux, E. Gibbon, B. Cellini, J. Lackington, T. W. Tone, Friedrike
Margravine of Baireuth, G. B. Dodington, C. Goldoni, E. F. Vidocq, M.
J. Du Barry, and W. Sampson.
AYSCOUGH
(Samuel).
A general index to the Monthly review, from its
commencement, to the end of the seventieth volume. By the Rev. S[amuel]
Ayscough, ... In two volumes. ...
London, 1786. 8º (6.5×3.5)
[2790]
A continuation of the general index to the Monthly
review; commencing at the seventy-first, and ending with the
eighty-first, volume; completing the first series of that work. ...
Compiled by the Rev. S[amuel] Ayscough,
...
London, 1796. 8º (6.5×3.6)
[2791]
AYSCU
(Edward).
A historie contayning the vvarres, treaties, marriages,
and other occurrents betweene England and Scotland, from King William
the Conqueror, vntill the happy vnion of them both in our gratious
King Iames. With a briefe declaration of the first inhabitants of
this island: and what seuerall nations haue sithence setled
them-selues therein one after an other:
[by Edward
Ayscu.] ***
London, 1607. 4º (5.5×3.3)
[2156]
BADEN (Gustav
Ludvig).
Dansk-norsk historisk Bibliothek, indeholdende
Efterretning om de Skrifter, som bidrage til dansk-norsk
Historiekundskab. Ved Dr. Gustav Ludvig
Baden.
Odense, 1815. 8º (5.4×3.1)
[391]
BALFOUR (Clara
Lucas).
Sketches of English literature, from the fourteenth to
the present century. By Clara Lucas
Balfour, ... ***
London, 1852. 8º (5×3)
[2646]
BANKES
(Henry).
The civil and constitutional history of Rome from its
foundation to the age of Augustus. By Henry
Bankes esq. In two volumes. *** ...
London, 1818. 8º
(6.1×3 43.4)
[1384]
BARBIÉ du
Bocage (Jean Denis).
Recueil de cartes géographiques, plans, vues et
médailles de l'ancienne Grèce, relatifs au voyage du jeune
Anacharsis, précédé d'une analyse critique des cartes.
[By J. D. Barbié
du Bocage.] Seconde édition.
Paris, 1789. 8º (7.3×4.6) pp. xlij.
maps, &c., 31.
[1216]
BARTHÉLEMY
(Jean Jacques).
Voyage du jeune Anacharsis en Grèce, dans le milieu du
quatrième siècle avant l'ère vulgaire. Seconde édition. T. 1–7.
[By J. J.
Barthélemy. With tables in V. 7, pp. cccxxij.]
Paris, 1789. 8º (5.3×3.1) marg.
notes.
[1215]
Note.—For maps, see
Barbié du Bocage, Jean Denis.
BASNAGE de
Beauval (Jacques).
The history of the Jews, from Jesus Christ to the
present time: ... Being a supplement and continuation of the history
of Josephus. Written in French by Mr. [Jacques] Basnage
[de Beauval]. Translated into English by
Tho. Taylor, A. M.
London, 1708. fo. (12.3×6.9 irr.) 2
cols.
[1429]
BECKER (Wilhelm
Adolf).
Gallus: or, Roman scenes of the time of Augustus; with
notes and excursuses illustrative of the manners and customs of the
Romans. By Professor W. A. Becker.
Translated by the Rev. Frederick Metcalfe, ...
[With plates.]
London, 1849. 12º (6.2×3.5)
[1775]
BELL (Thomas),
Sec. R. S.
The zoological journal. V. 1, 2. From March, 1824, ...
to April, 1826. Conducted by Thomas Bell,
esq. F. L. S. ... V. 3, 4. From January, 1827, ... to May, 1829.
Edited by N. A. Vigors, ... [With
plates.]
London, 1825–'29. 8º (6.2×3.6)
[2940]
Note.—Mr. Bell was assisted in the publication
of V. 1, 2, by J. G. Children, J. De C. Sowerby, and G. B. Sowerby;
Mr. Vigors, in the publication of V. 3, 4, by T. Bell, E. T. Bennett,
J. E. Bicheno, W. J. Broderip, J. G. Children, Thos. Hardwicke, T.
Horsfield, W. Kirby, J. De C. Sowerby, G. B. Sowerby, and W.
Yarrell.
BOMBET (Louis
Alexandre César), pseud.
for Henri Beyle.
The lives of Haydn [by
G. Carpani,] and Mozart [by
Schlichtegroll], with observations on Metastasio, and on the
present state of music in France and Italy. Translated from the
French of L. A. C. Bombet
[H. Beyle, by R. Brewin]. With
notes, by [W. Gardiner,] ...
Second edition.
London, 1818. 8º (5.9×3.3)
[1864]
BOSSUET (Jacques
Bénigne), Bishop of
Meaux.
Discours sur l'histoire universelle. Pour expliquer la
suite de la religion & les changemens des empires. Première
partie. Depuis le commencement du monde jusqu'à l'empire de
Charlemagne. Par Messire Jacques Bénigne
Bossuet, ... Dixième édition. ***
[With 3 maps.]
Amsterdam, 1710. 12º (4.9×2) marg.
notes.
[1377]
Continuation de l'histoire universelle de Messire
Jacques Bénigne Bossuet, ...
[By Jean de La Barre.] Tome
second. Depuis l'an 800. de nôtre Seigneur jusqu'à l'an 1687.
inclusivement. [With 3 maps.]
Amsterdam, 1714. 12º (4.9×2.5)
[1378]
Discours sur l'histoire universelle, à Monseigneur le
dauphin: pour expliquer la suite de la religion, et les changemens
des empires. Première partie. Depuis le commencement du monde
jusqu'à l'empire de Charlemagne. Par Messire
Jacques Bénigne Bossuet, ... Nouvelle
édition.
Paris, 1752. 12º (4.5 irr.×2.1) marg.
notes.
[1435]
Suite de l'histoire universelle, de Monsieur l'évêque
de Meaux [J. B. Bossuet]. Depuis l'an 800.
de notre Seigneur jusqu'à l'an 1700. inclusivement. Seconde partie.
Nouvelle édition. [By J. de La
Barre.]
Paris, 1752. 12º (4.8×2.4)
[1436]
C. (M. G.
D.), Gatien de Courtilz de
Sandras.
Mémoires de Monsieur de Bordeaux, intendant des
finances. Par M. G. D. C. [Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras.] T.
1–4.
Amsterdam, 1758. 12º (4.7×2.3)
[2731]
CÆSAR (Caius
Julius).
See
NAPOLÉON I. Précis des guerres de
César.
CAMPION
(Edmund).
Ancient Irish histories.—A historie of Ireland,
written in the yeare 1571. By Edmund
Campion, ... [Ed. by James
Ware.]
Dublin, 1809. 8º (6.7×4)
[2426]
Note.—Cont'd in V. 1 of "Ancient Irish
histories." A reprint of the Dublin edition of 1633.
CATTEAU-CALLEVILLE
(Jean Pierre Guillaume).
Histoire de Christine, reine de Suède, avec un précis
historique de la Suède depuis les anciens tems jusqu'à la mort de
Gustave-Adolphe-le-Grand, ... par [J. P.
G.] Catteau-Calleville, ... T. 1,
2. ***
Paris, 1815. 8º (5.7×3.1)
[1876]
CIBBER
(Colley).
An apology for the life of Mr. Colley Cibber, comedian. Written by himself.
***
London, 1829. 12º (4.7×2.6)
[1256]
Note.—V. 1 of "Autobiography."
CLÉMENT
(David).
Bibliothèque curieuse historique et critique, ou
catalogue raisonné de livres dificiles à trouver, par
David Clément. T. 1–9. ***
T. 1–3, Göttingen, T. 4, 5, Hannover,
T. 6–9, Leipsic, 1750–'60. 4º (6.5×5)
[2638]
Note.—This catalogue is alphabetical, but
unfinished, extending only to Hessus.
COBBETT
(William).
Elements of the Roman history, in English and French,
from the foundation of Rome to the battle of Actium; selected from
the best authors, ancient and modern, with a series of questions ...
The English by William Cobbett; the French
by J. H. Sievrac.
London, 1828. 12º (5.5×3.1)
[1029]
Note.—With a title-page in French.
COCHRANE (John
George).
See
LONDON
library. Catalogue; compiled by
J. G. Cochrane.
CONON
Grammaticus.
See
GALE (Thomas).
Historiæ poeticæ scriptores. Conon
Grammaticus.
CURTIUS Rufus
(Quintus).
[Q. Curtii Rufi, de rebus
gestis Alexandri regis Macedonum libri viii. Pref'd are two books of supplement. App'd
are the supplements of J. Freinsheim, pp. 93. Edited by D.
Elzevir.]
8º (6.9×3.4)
[1379]
CUVIER (Georges
Léopold Chrétien Frédéric Dagobert),
Baron.
See
LEE (Mrs.
R.). Memoirs of
G. L. C. F. D. Cuvier.
DECANVER (H.
C.), anagram for C. H.
Cavender.
Catalogue of works in refutation of Methodism, from its
origin in 1729, to the present time. Of those by Methodist authors on
lay-representation, Methodist episcopacy, etc., etc., and of the
political pamphlets relating to Wesley's "Calm address to our
American colonies." Compiled by H. C.
Decanver [C. H.
Cavender].
Philadelphia, 1846. 8º (6.3×3.8) pp.
54.
[310]
DIBDIN (Thomas
Frognall).
The bibliomania; or, book-madness; containing some
account of the history, symptoms, and cure of this fatal disease. In
an epistle addressed to Richard Heber, esq. By the Rev. Thomas Frognall Dibdin, F. S. A. ***
London, 1809. 8º (6.4 irr.×3.5) pp.
87.
[2736]
The bibliomania; or book-madness; containing some
account of the history, symptoms, and cure of this fatal disease. In
an epistle addressed to Richard Heber, esq. By the Rev. Thomas Frognall Dibdin, F. S. A. ***
London, [1842.] 8º (6.4×3.6) pp.
64.
[2631]
Note.—A reprint of "The first edition,"
1809.
Bibliomania; or book madness: a bibliographical
romance, in six parts. [1 paging. 2d
edition.] Illustrated with cuts. By the Rev.
Thomas Frognall Dibdin. ***
London, 1811. 8º (6.3 irr.×3.5)
[2629]
Bibliomania; or book-madness; a bibliographical
romance. Illustrated with cuts. By Thomas
Frognall Dibdin, D. D. New and improved edition, to which are
now added preliminary observations, and a supplement including a key
to the assumed characters in the drama.
[With indexes, pp. xxxiv.]
London, 1842. 8º (6.4×3.7)
[2630]
DIOGENES
Laërtius.
Diogenis Laertii de vitis, dogmatibus et
apophthegmatibus clarorum philosophorum libri
x. Græce et Latine
[in par. cols.]. Cum subjunctis
integris annotationibus Is. Casauboni, Th. Aldobrandini & Mer.
Casauboni. Latinam Ambrosii versionem complevit & emendavit Marcus
Meibomius. Seorsum excusas Æg. Menagii in Diogenem observationes
auctiores habet volumen ii. ... Additæ
denique sunt priorum editionum præfationes, & indices
locupletissimi. *** [V. 1, 2. With
portraits.]
Amstelædami, ciↄ
iↄ c viiic. 4º (8.1×5.4)
[1414]
DISRAELI
(Benjamin).
Lord George Bentinck: a political biography. By B[enjamin]
Disraeli, ... *** Second edition.
London, 1852. 8º (5.8×3.3)
[2757]
DISRAELI (Isaac), or
D'Israeli.
Amenities of literature; consisting of sketches and
characters of English literature, illustrating the literary,
political, and religious vicissitudes of the English people. By
I[saac]
D'Israeli, ... In three volumes. ... Second
edition.
London, 1842. 8º (6.3×3.6)
[2622]
Curiosities of literature. By Isaac
Disraeli. With a view of the life and writings of the author.
By his son. In three volumes. ... Fourteenth edition.
[With 2 portraits, a fac-simile,
& a view.]
London, 1849. 8º (6.7×3.8)
[2734]
DUBOIS
(Guillaume),
Archbishop of Cambray.
Vie privée du cardinal
[Guillaume] Dubois, ... [By
Antoine Mongez.]
Londres, 1789. 8º (5.7×3.1)
[1721]
DU BUISSON (——),
pseud. for Gatien de Courtilz de
Sandras.
The history of the life and actions of ... the Viscount
de Turenne. Written in French by Monsieur Du
Buisson [G. de Courtilz de
Sandras], ... And translated into English by Ferrand Spence.
...
London, 1686. 8º (5.7×3.3)
[1719]
DUMOURIEZ
(Charles François DUPERIER).
The life of General [C. F.]
Dumouriez. In three volumes. ... ***
London, 1796. 8º (6×3.5)
[1702]
DU TERRAIL
(Pierre),
Chevalier Bayard.
See
SIMMS (W. G.). Life
of Pierre Du Terrail, Chevalier
Bayard.
EDINBURGH review (The), or
critical journal: ... quarterly. *** ...
London., 8º (6.7×3.8)
[2781]
Note.—This publication was commenced in
October, 1802. To October, 1853, inclusive, there were published 98
volumes.
General index to the Edinburgh review, from its commencement in
October 1802, to the end of the twentieth volume, published in
November 1812.
Edinburgh, 1813. 8º (6.6×3.8)
[2782]
General index to the Edinburgh review, from the twenty-first to the
fiftieth volumes inclusive. (April 1813–January 1830.)
Edinburgh, 1832. 8º (6.8×4) 2 cols.
[2783]
EMERSON (George
Barrell).
See
MASSACHUSETTS. Report on the trees and
shrubs of M.; by G. B. Emerson.
ESS (Willem Lodewyk
van).
The life of Napoleon Buonaparte; containing ... a
philosophical review of his manners and policy as a soldier, a
statesman, and a sovereign: including memoirs and original anecdotes
of the imperial family, and the most celebrated characters that have
appeared in France during the revolution. By Willem Lodewyk van Ess. Illustrated with
portraits. V. 1–4.
Philadelphia, 1809, '10. 8º
(6.6×3.7)
[1854]
EYTON (Thomas
C.).
A history of the rarer British birds. By T. C. Eyton, esq. Illustrated with woodcuts.
London, 1836. 8º (6.3×3.6)
[2893]
A catalogue of British birds. By T.
C. Eyton, esq.
London, 1836. 8º (6.3×3.5) pp. 67.
[2894]
FRIEDRIKE Sophie
Wilhelmine, Margravine of
Baireuth.
Memoirs of Frederica Sophia
Wilhelmina, ... Margravine of Bareith, sister of Frederic the
Great. Written by herself. Translated from the original French. In
two volumes. ...
London, 1828. 12º (4.6×2.7)
[1278]
Note.—V. 20, 21 of "Autobiography."
FREIRE de
Andrada (Jacinto).
Vida de D. João de Castro, ... escrita por Jacinto Freire de Andrada. Nova edição
emendada, e acrescentada com a vida do autor.
Paris, 1818. 12º (5×2.6) marg.
notes.
[1815]
FRONTINUS (Sextus
Julius).
Sexti Julii Frontini viri
consularis strategematicôn sive de solertibus ducum factis &
dictis libri quatuor. Samuel Tennulius variis mss. contulit,
emendavit, notis illustravit, & copiosissimo indice rerum ac
verborum ornavit. ***
Lugduni-Batav. & Amstelædami, 1675.
12º (4.2×2.1)
[1053]
*** Astvtie militari di Sesto Iulio
Frontino huomo consolare, di tvtti li famosi et eccellenti
capitani romani, greci, barbari, et hesterni.
[Ending "Stampato in Vinegia ...
mdxxxvi.'"]
1537. 8º (4.9×2.9) ***
[1054]
GALE
(Thomas).
Historiæ poeticæ scriptores antiqui. Apollodorus
Atheniensis. Conon Grammaticus. Ptolemæus Hephæst. f. Parthenius
Nicaensis. Antoninus Liberalis. Græcè & Latiné. Accessêre
breves notæ & indices necessarij.
[Ed. by Thomas
Gale.]
Parisiis, 1675. 8º (5.5×3.3) 3
pagings.
[1002]
GODDARD (Austin
Parke).
See
GUICCIARDINI
(Fr.). History of Italy; transl. by
A. P. Goddard.
GRAHAM
(Catharine SAWBRIDGE
Macaulay).
The history of England from the accession of James I.
... to the revolution. V. 1–5 ... By Catharine Macaulay. V. 6–8.
By Catharine Macaulay Graham. [With an app. to V. 2, pp. xxiv, &
to V. 5, pp. lv.]
London, 1763–'83. 4º (7.4×4.7) marg.
notes.
[2118]
The history of England, from the revolution to the
present time, in a series of letters to the Reverend Doctor Wilson,
... By Catharine Macaulay
[Graham]. V. 1.
Bath, 1778. 4º (7×4.5)
[2119]
GREAT BRITAIN.
State papers published under the authority of his
majesty's commission. V. 1–11. King Henry the Eighth. ...
[With 3 genealog. tables & 3
maps.]
[London,] 1831–'52. 4º (8.1×5.5)
marg. notes.
[2296]
GRENVILLE
(Thomas).
Bibliotheca Grenvilliana; or bibliographical notices of
rare and curious books, forming part of the library of the Right Hon.
Thomas Grenville: by John Thomas Payne and
Henry Foss. V. 1, 2. [1 paging.
Alphabetical; with an index, pp. xxxiii, & addenda.]
London, 1842. 8º (6.9×3.9) 2 cols.
[2737]
Bibliotheca Grenvilliana; part the second, completing
the catalogue of the library bequeathed to the British museum by the
late Right Hon. Thomas Grenville. By John
Thomas Payne and Henry Foss.
[Alphabetical; with an index, pp.
xlii, addenda, & books printed for clubs and societies.]
London, 1848. 8º (6.9×3.9) 2 cols.
[2738]
GUALDI
(L'abbé),
pseud. for Gregorio Leti.
La vie de Madame Olimpe Maldachini qui a gouuerné
l'église, durant le pontificat d'Innocent
x. c'est à dire, depuis l'an 1644. iusques
à l'an 1655. Escrite par l'abbé Gvaldi.
[Gregorio Leti.]
Cosmopoli, 1666. 12º (4.2×2.3)
[2700]
GUICCIARDINI
(Francesco).
The history of Italy, translated from the Italian of
Francesco Guicciardini, by Austin Parke
Goddard, esq; The third edition. ... V. 1–10.
[Pref'd to V. 1 is a life of the
author, pp. xxxii. App'd to V. 10 is an index, pp. 77.]
London, 1763. 8º (5.6×3) marg.
notes.
[1600]
HANMER
(Meredith).
Ancient Irish histories.—The chronicle of Ireland.
Collected by Meredith Hanmer, doctor of
diuinity, in the yeare 1571.
Dublin, 1809. 8º (6.7×4)
[2427]
Note.—Cont'd in V. 2 of "Ancient Irish
histories." A reprint of the Dublin edition of 1633.
HARWOOD
(Edward).
Biographia classica: the lives and characters of all
the classic authors, the Grecian and Roman poets, historians,
orators, and biographers. ... [By
Edward Harwood.] The second edition,
corrected and improv'd. To which is now added, at the end of every
life, a list of the best and most curious editions of each classic
author. In two volumes.
London, 1750. 12º (5.1×2.8)
[1019]
Biographia classica: the lives and characters of the
Greek and Roman classics. A new edition, corrected and enlarged, with
some additional lives; and a list of the best editions of each
author. By Edward Harwood, D. D. In two
volumes. ...
London, 1778. 12º (5×2.8)
[1020]
HERCULANO
(A.).
Historia de Portugal por
A. Herculano T. 1–3
Lisboa, 1846–'49. 8º (6×3.6)
[1621]
HEYNE (Christian
Gottlob).
Ad Apollodori Atheniensis bibliothecam notae avctore
Chr. G. Heyne cvm commentatione de
Apollodoro argvmento et consilio operis et cvm Apollodori fragmentis.
P. 1–3. [1 paging.]
Goettingae, 1783. 8º (4.1×2.4)
[1006]
HISTORIÆ
Augustæ scriptores vi. Ælius Spartianus.
Julius Capitolinus. Ælius Lampridius. Vulc. Gallicanus. Trebell.
Pollio. Flavius Vopiscus. Cum integris notis Isaaci Casauboni, Cl.
Salmasii & Jani Gruteri. Cum indicibus locupletissimis rerum ac
verborum. T. 1, 2. ***
Lugduni Batav[orum], 1671. 8º
(5.9×3.4)
[1201]
HUME
(David).
The history of England by David
Hume, in eight volumes. ... ***
[With portraits.]
Oxford, 1826. 8º (6.6×3.5) marg.
notes.
[2219]
Note.—Pref'd to V. 1 are an autobiography of
Hume, & a letter from Adam Smith to Wm. Strahan, pp.
xxvi.
The life of David Hume.
Written by himself.
London, 1826. 12º (4.7×2.6) pp. 16.
[1257]
Note.—V. 2 of "Autobiography."
IRVING
(David).
The lives of the Scotish poets, with preliminary
dissertations on the literary history of Scotland, and the early
Scotish drama. By David Irvine, L.L.D.
[Irving.] V. 1, 2.
[With 2 portraits.]
Edinburgh, 1810. 8º (5.8×3.3)
[2455]
Note.—A second copy, in the Library of
Congress, purports to be the "Second edition, improved," printed in
"London." The only difference is in the title-page.
IRVING
(Washington).
Chronicle of the conquest of Granada.
[By Washington
Irving.] From the mss. of Fray Antonio Agapida.
New-York, 1850. 12º (5.7×3.5)
[1816]
Note.—V. 14 of "The works of Washington
Irving."
JERDAN
(William).
The autobiography of William
Jerdan, ... With his literary, political, and social
reminiscences and correspondence during the last fifty years. V. 1,
2. [With 2 portraits.]
London, 1852. 8º (5.3×3.1)
[2479]
JERVIS (Henry
Jervis-White).
History of the island of Corfú, and of the republic of
the Ionian islands. By Henry Jervis-White
Jervis, ...
London, 1852. 12º (5.2×3)
[1489]
KELLY
(Michael).
Reminiscences of Michael
Kelly, of the King's theatre, and theatre royal Drury Lane,
including a period of nearly half a century; with original anecdotes
of many distinguished persons, political, literary, and musical.
[With an app. cont'g an acc't of the
King's theatre.]
New-York, 1826. 8º (6×3.6)
[2556]
KRAFT (Jens
Edvard).
See
NYERUP (Ras.).
Litteraturlexicon for Danmark, Norge, og Island; ved R. N. og
J. E. Kraft.
LA BARRE (Jean
de).
See
BOSSUET (J. B.).
Suite de l'hist. univ.; par Jean de La
Barre.
LA BLETTERIE
(Jean Philippe René de).
The life of the emperor Julian. Translated from the
French [of J. P.
R. de La Bletterie.] And improved with coins, notes and a
genealogical table. ***
London, 1746. 12º (5.1×2.6)
[1114]
LAIRESSE (Gerard
de).
Het groot schilderboek, door Gerard
de Lairesse, D. 1, 2. [With
plates.]
Amsterdam, 1707. 4º (6.2×4.1) marg.
notes.
[644]
LAMARTINE
(Alphonse de PRAT
de).
The history of the restoration of monarchy in France.
By Alphonse de Lamartine. ... V. 1–3.
Second edition.
London, 1851, '52. 8º (5.8×3.3)
[1748]
Note.—The edition of V. 2, 3 is not
designated.
LA ROCHEFOUCAULD
(François vi. de),
Duke.
Mémoires de la minorité de Louis xiv, corrigés & augmentés de plusieurs
choses fort considérables, qui manquent dans les autres éditions.
Avec une préface nouvelle, qui sert d'indice & de sommaire. Par
M. le duc [François vi.]
D[e]
L[a]
R[ochefoucauld.]
T. 1, 2.
Trévoux, 1754. 12º (3.9×2.1)
[2711]
LA TOUR
d'Auvergne (Henri
de), Viscount de
Turenne.
See
DU BUISSON (——). Life of
Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount de
Turenne.
LA TROUSSIÈRE (——).
Mémoires de la vie de François Dusson, ... Où l'on
voit tout ce qui s'est passé de plus considérable, pendant les
derniers troubles de France, au sujet de la religion.
[P. 1, 2. By ——
La Troussière.]
Amsterdam, 1677. 12º (3.9×2.2)
[2707]
LEE
(Mrs. R.), formerly
Mrs. T. E. Bowdich.
Memoirs of Baron Cuvier. By Mrs. R.
Lee (formerly Mrs. T. Ed. Bowdich).
[With a fac-simile letter.]
London, 1833. 8º (5.8×3.3)
[1710]
LILLY
(William).
William Lilly's history of his life and
times, from the year 1602 to 1681. Written by himself, in the
sixty-sixth year of his age, to his worthy friend, Elias Ashmole,
esq. Published from the original ms. London, 1715.
London, 1829. 12º (4.6×2.6)
[1258]
Note.—V. 2 of "Autobiography."
LINNEAN
society of London.
The transactions of the Linnean
society of London. ... ***
[With plates.]
London. 4º (7×5.2 & 7.5×5.5)
[2825]
Note.—This publication was commenced in 1791.
To 1851, there were published 20 volumes. Pref'd to V. 7 are the
charter, bye-laws, &c. of the society, pp. xl. App'd to V. 17 are
lists of the members of the society, for 1835 & 1837, pp. 15,
each; to V. 18, lists for 1838, 1839, & 1841,
pppp. 15, each. V. 5–20 contain lists of the additions
to the library; & V. 10–20, lists of objects presented to the
museum.
LONDON
library.
Catalogue of the London
library, 12, St. James's square, by John George Cochrane, ...
The second edition, greatly enlarged.
[Alphabetical; with addenda.]
London, 1847. 8º (6.9×4)
[2742]
LUDEN
(Heinrich).
Geschichte des teutschen Volkes. Von
Heinrich Luden. B. 1–12. ***
Gotha, 1825–'37. 8º (6.1×3.5)
[1858]
LYNES
(John).
See
PARR (Sam.). Catalogue
of Parr's library; compiled by John
Lynes.
LYTTON
(Sir Edward
George Earle Lytton BULWER).
Athens its rise and fall with views of the literature,
philosophy, and social life of the Athenian people. By
Edward [G. E.]
Lytton Bulwer
[Lytton], ... V. 1, 2.
London, 1837. 8º (5.8×3.3)
[1147]
M * * *
(Countess de),
Henriette Julie de Murat.
Mémoires de Madame la comtesse de
M * * *, [H. J. de
Murat,] avant sa retraite. Servant de réponse aux Mémoires de
M. le comte de * * *, rédigés par Monsieur de
Saint-Évremond. Nouvelle édition.
[Amsterdam?] 1753. 12º (4.2×2.2)
[2733]
MADDEN (R.
R.).
The united Irishmen, their lives and times. By R. R. Madden, ... *** In two volumes. ...
London, 1842. 12º (5.9×3.2)
[2440]
The united Irishmen, their lives and times. By R. R. Madden, M. D. With numerous original
portraits. *** Second series. In two volumes. ...
[With a hist. introd., pp. c, & a
map.]
London, 1843. 12º (5.9×3.2)
[2441]
The united Irishmen; their lives and times. By
R. R. Madden, ... With numerous original
portraits. *** Third series. In three volumes. ...
Dublin, 1846. 12º (5.7×3.2)
[2442]
MARCHAND (Louis
Joseph Marie).
See
NAPOLÉON I. Précis des guerres de César,
écrit avec une préface par L. J. M.
Marchand.
MARLEBOROUGH
(Henry).
Ancient Irish histories.—The chronicle of Ireland. By
Henry Marlebvrrovgh; continued from the
collection of Doctor Meredith Hanmer, in the yeare 1571.
Dublin, 1809. 8º (6.7×4) pp. 32.
[2428]
Note.—Cont'd in V. 2 of "Ancient Irish
histories." A reprint of the Dublin edition of 1633.
MASSACHUSETTS.
A report on the trees and shrubs growing naturally in
the forests of Massachusetts.
[By George B. Emerson.] Published
agreeably to an order of the legislature, by the commissioners on the
zoological and botanical survey of the state.
[With 17 plates.]
Boston, 1846. 8º (6.6×3.9)
[2771]
MÉMOIRES sur le
consulat. 1799 à 1804. Par un ancien conseiller d'état.
Paris, 1827. 8º (5.6×3.2)
[1967]
MEN (The) of the time in 1852 or
sketches of living notables ...
London, 1852. 16º (4.5×2.8)
[1828]
MEN (The) of the time or sketches
of living notables ...
New York, 1852. 12º (5.6×3.3)
[1948]
METCALFE
(Frederick).
See
BECKER (W. A.).
Gallus; transl. by Fred. Metcalfe.
MÉTHODE pour apprendre facilement
l'histoire romaine, avec une chronologie du règne des empereurs,
& un abrégé des coûtumes des Romains. Nouvelle édition,
corrigée & augmentée.
Londres, 1754. 24º (4.9×2.7)
[1069]
An easy method of learning
the Roman history; with a chronology of the Roman emperors, and an
abridged account of the Roman usages and customs. ... Translated from
the French, with additions, by George Watterston, ...
Washington, 1820. 12º (5.4×3.1)
[1070]
MICALI
(Giusêppe).
L'Italia avanti il dominio dei Romani
[By Giusêppe
Micali.] T. 1–4.
Firenze, 1810. 8º (5.6×3.2)
[1596]
Antichi monumenti per servire all'opera intitolata
L'Italia avanti il dominio dei Romani
[By Giusêppe
Micali.]
Firenze, 1810. fo.
(13.2×9.1) pp. xi. 1 map & 60 plates.
[1771]
MOLBECH
(Christian).
Forelæsninger over den nyere danske Poesie, særdeles
efter Digterne Evalds, Baggesens og Oehlenschlägers Værker, af
Christian Molbech, ... Deel 1-2.
Kiöbenhavn, 1832. 8º (5.4×3.1)
[292]
Om offentlige Bibliotheker, Bibliothekarer, og det, man
har kaldet Bibliotheksvidenskab af Christian
Molbech, ... (Andet, med et Tillæg og Register forögede
Aftryk.)
Kiöbenhavn, 1829. 8º (6×3.5)
[291]
Ueber Bibliothekswissenschaft oder Einrichtung und
Verwaltung öffentlicher Bibliotheken von Christian Molbech, ... Nach der zweiten Ausgabe
des dänischen Originals übersetzt von H. Ratjen, ... Von dem
Verfasser mit Zusätzen, mit einem Verzeichnisse der Pergament-drucke
der grossen K. Kopenh. Bibliothek und einem Beitrage zur Geschichte
dieser Bibliothek vermehrt; von dem Uebersetzer mit Anmerk. versehen.
Mit einer Steindrucktafel.
Leipzig, 1833. 8º (6.2×3.5)
[317]
MONTHLY review (The). ... *** V.
1–81. V. 1–108. [New
series.] V. 1–15. New and improved series. V. 1–[33.] New and
improved series.
London, [1809]–'42. 8º (6.6×4)
[2789]
Note.—From January, 1831, to December, 1841,
inclusive, there was published, annually, a new series of 3 volumes,
each. For an index to the first series, see
Ayscough, Samuel.
A general index to the
Monthly review, from the commencement of
the new series, in January, 1790, to the end of the eighty-first
volume, completed in December, 1816. In two volumes. ...
London, 1818. 8º (6.8×3.6)
[2780]
MORGUES (Matthieu
de), Sieur de Saint
Germain.
Diverses pièces povr la défence de la royne mère dv
roy très-chrestien Lovys xiii. faites et
reveves par Messire Matthiev de Morgves
sieur de S. Germain, ...
[Antwerp?] 1643. 8º (5.5×2.8) marg.
notes.
[2728]
Pièces cvrievses povr la deffence de la royne mère dv
roy Lovys xiii. par divers avthevrs en
suitte de celles du sieur de S. Germain [Matthieu
de Morgues]. ... T. 2.
[Paris, 1644?] Iouxte la copie imprimée
à Anuers. 8º (5.4 irr.×2.9) 6 pagings.
[2729]
MOST excellent and perfecte
homish apothecarye or homely physick booke (A), for all the grefes
and diseases of the bodye. Translated out the Almaine speche into
English by Jhon Hollybush. ***
Collen, 1561. fo. (8.6×5.2) marg. notes.
fol. 41.
[2806]
NAPOLÉON I.
Bonaparte,
of France.
Précis des guerres de César, par
Napoléon, écrit
[with preface] par M. Marchand, à
l'île Sainte-Hélène, sous la dictée de l'empereur; suivi de
plusieurs fragmens inédits.
Paris, 1836. 8º (5.6×3.3) 1 chart.
[1288]
See
ESS (W. L. van). Life
of Napoleon.
See
NORVINS (J. M. de M.
de). Histoire de Napoléon.
NECKER
(Jacques).
De la révolution françoise, par M.
[Jacques]
Necker. T. 1–4.
[Paris?] 1796. 8º (5.5×3.1)
[2070]
NORTH AMERICAN review
(The). ... ***
[Quarterly.]
Boston. 12º (6.5×3.5)
[2778]
Note.—This publication was commenced in May,
1815. To April, 1853, inclusive, there were published 76 volumes. The
titles of V. 1–12 read "The North American review and miscellaneous
journal." V. 1–58 are in 8vo. V. 59–76 are in 12mo.
General index to the North
American review, from its commencement in 1815 to the end of
the twenty-fifth volume, published in October, 1827.
Boston, 1829. 8º (6.1×3.6)
[2779]
NORVINS (Jacques
Marquet de Montbreton de).
Histoire de Napoléon, par M. [J.
M. de M.] de Norvins. Ornée de
portraits, vignettes, cartes et plans. T. 1–4.
Paris, 1827, '28. 8º (5.5×3.2)
[1707]
Histoire de Napoléon par M. [J. M.
de M.] de Norvins 21e
édition illustrée par Raffet.
Paris, 1852. 8º (10×7.2) 2 cols.
[2099]
NYERUP
(Rasmus).
Almindeligt Litteraturlexicon for Danmark, Norge, og
Island; eller Fortegnelse over danske, norske, og islandske, saavel
afdöde som nu levende Forfattere, med Anförelse af deres vigtigste
Levnets-Omstoendigheder og Liste over deres Skrifter. Ved
R. Nyerup og J. E. Kraft.
Kjöbenhavn, 1820. (7.5×6) 2 cols.
[216]
ORIENTAL
historical manuscripts, in the Tamil language: translated; with
annotations. By William Taylor, missionary. In two volumes, ...
[With appendixes A–G., pp.
52.]
Madras, 1835. 4º (7.5×5.6)
[1410]
OROSIUS
(Paulus).
Pauli Orosii historiographi clarissimi
opus prestantissimum. *** ...
[Ending] Pauli Orosii viri
præclarissimi historiarum opus absolutum est:
quod diligentissime
emendatum impressum
Parhisiis in Bellouisu pro Ioanne Petit
commorante in vico diui
Iacobi sub leone argenteo. Anno ab incarnatione Domini. m.cccccvi. die. xxi.
mensis Ianuarii.
4º (6×3.8) marg. notes. fol.
cxxiii.
[1202]
PAMFILI
(Olimpia MAIDALCHINI).
See
GUALDI
(L'abbé). La vie
d'Olimpe Pamfili.
PARR, (Samuel),
LL. D.
Bibliotheca Parriana.—A catalogue of the library of
... Samuel Parr, ...
[Compiled by John Lynes; with a
portrait of Parr. Classed, with an alphabetical index, pp.
viii.]
London, 1827. 8º (6.4 irr.×3.7)
[2659]
PARTHENIUS,
of Nicæa.
See
GALE (Thomas).
Historiæ poeticæ scriptores. Parthenius
Nicaensis.
PATERCULUS
(Caius,
or
M.
or P.
Velleius).
C. Velleivs Patercvlvs cvm
animadversionibvs Ivsti LipsI, qvas postremvm avxit et emendavit. ***
[With index.]
Antverpiæ, 1667. fo. (11.4×6.7) marg.
notes. pp. 84.
[1427]
PLINIUS Secundus (Caius).
[Beginning, folio 4,
verso,] Caii Plynii Secvndi natvralis
historiae liber .1. [Ending,]
Caii Plynii Secvndi natvralis historiae libri tricesimiseptimi et
vltimi finis impressi Tervisii dvctv et impensis Michaelis Manzoli
Parmensis. m.cccc.lxxix.
fo. (8.3×5.2) 358 leaves.
[2851]
POTTER
(John).
Archæologia Græca: or, the antiquities of Greece. The
seventh edition. By John Potter, ... V. 1,
2. ... ***
London, 1751. 8º (6.4×3.5 irr.)
[1162]
PTOLEMÆUS Chennus, of
Alexandria.
See
GALE (Thomas).
Historiæ poeticæ scriptores.
Ptolemæus.
QUEYPO de
Llano (José Maria),
Count of Toreno.
Historia del levantamiento, guerra y revolucion de
España, por [J. M. Queypo de Llano] el
conde de Toreno. Nueva edicion aumentada con su vida
[by L. A. de Cueto, pp. l,] y
retrato. T. 1–3.
Paris, 1851. 8º (6.8×3.7)
[2003]
RAFFLES
(Sir
Thomas Stamford).
The history of Java. By Thomas
Stamford Raffles, ... In two volumes. With a map and plates.
... [With app. A–M, pp.
cclx.]
London, 1817. 4º (7.6×5.3) marg.
notes.
[1584]
RIQUETI (Honoré
Gabriel), Count de
Mirabeau.
Histoire secrète de la cour de Berlin, ou
correspondance d'un voyageur françois, depuis le mois de juillet
1786 jusqu'au 19 janvier 1787. Ouvrage posthume. Avec une lettre
remise au roi de Prusse regnant, le jour de son avénement au trône:
par le comte de Mirabeau [H. G. Riqueti].
T. 1, 2.
Londres, 1789. 8º (5.5×2.9)
[2039]
The secret history of the court of Berlin; ... In a
series of letters, translated from the French. A posthumous work. To
which is added a memorial, presented to the present king of Prussia,
on the day of his accession to the throne, by Count Mirabeau
[H. G. Riqueti.] V. 1, 2.
London, 1789. 8º (5.7×3.1)
[2040]
SCHELTEMA
(Jacobus).
Staatkundig Nederland; een woordenboek tot de
biographische kaart van dien naam, door Mr.
Jacobus Scheltema. D. 1, 2. ...
Amsterdam, 1805, '6. 8º (5.6×3) marg.
notes.
[645]
SIEVRAC (Jean
Henri).
See
COBBETT (Wm.).
Roman hist. in French and English; the Fr. by J.
H. Sievrac.
SIMMS (William
Gilmore).
The life of the Chevalier Bayard; "The good knight,"
"Sans peur et sans reproche." By W. Gilmore
Simms. ***
New York, 1847. 12º (5.7×3.2)
[1723]
SPENCE
(Ferrand).
See
DU BUISSON (——). Life of Turenne;
transl. by Ferrand Spence.
SPENSER
(Edmund).
Ancient Irish histories.—A view of the state of
Ireland, written dialogue-wise, betweene Eudoxus and Irenæus. By
Edmund Spencer, esq. in the yeare 1596.
[Ed. by James Ware.]
Dublin, 1809. 8º (6.5×4)
[2425]
Note.—Cont'd in V. 1 of "Ancient Irish
histories." A reprint of the Dublin edition of 1633.
STANHOPE (Philip
Henry), Lord Mahon.
History of the war of the succession in Spain. By
[P. H. Stanhope,] Lord Mahon. Second
edition. [With a map & an app.,
pp. cxxxv.]
London, 1836. 8º (6.3×3.5)
[1630]
The life of Belisarius. By [P. H.
Stanhope,] Lord Mahon. [With
a map.]
London, 1829. 8º (6.1×3.5)
[1304]
TACITUS (Caius
Cornelius).
Cornelii Taciti opera. Ad codices antiqvos
exacta et emendata commentario critico et exegetico illvstrata edidit
Franciscvs Ritter ... V. 1–4.
[With a biogr. and crit.
preface.]
Cantabrigiae, 1848. 8º (6.6×3.7)
[2273]
Cornelii Taciti annales. Ad codices
antiqvos exacti et emendati commentario critico et exegetico
illvstrati opera Francisci Ritteri. V. 1, 2.
Cantabrigiae, 1848. 8º (6.6×3.7)
[2274]
Note.—V. 1, 2 of "Cornelii Taciti opera."
Cornelii Taciti historiae. Ad codices
antiqvos exactae et emendatae commentario critico et exegetico
illvstratae opera Francisci Ritteri.
Cantabrigiae, 1848. 8º (6.6×3.7)
[2275]
Note.—V. 3 of "Cornelii Taciti opera."
Cornelii Taciti libri minores Germania
Agricola Dialogvs. Ad codices antiqvos exacti et emendati commentario
critico et exegetico illvstrati opera Francisci Ritteri. Accesservnt
indices.
Cantabrigiae, 1848. 8º (6.6×3.7)
[2276]
Note.—V. 4 of "Cornelii Taciti opera."
THIBAUDEAU
(Antoine Claire).
Histoire des états généraux et des institutions
représentatives en France depuis l'origine de la monarchie jusqu'à
1789 par A. C. Thibaudeau
[T.] 1–3.
Bruxelles, 1844. 8º (6.6×4)
[2005]
THORTSEN (Carl
Adolph).
Historisk Udsigt over den danske Litteratur indtil Aar
1814. Af Dr. Carl Adolph Thortsen, ...
Kjöbenhavn, 1839. 8º (6.2×3.4)
[290]
TOWNSEND (William
C.).
The lives of twelve eminent judges of the last and of
the present century. By William C.
Townsend, ... In two volumes. ...
London, 1846. 8º (6.6×3.7)
[2332]
UNGEWITTER
(Francis H.).
Europe, past and present: a comprehensive manual of
European geography and history; with separate descriptions and
statistics of each state, and a copious index, ... By
Francis H. Ungewitter, LL.D.
New York, 1850. 12º (5.6×3.5)
[1490]
UNIVERSITY
of Oxford.
Catalogus librorum impressorum bibliothecæ Bodleianæ
in Academia Oxoniensi. V. 1–3.
Oxonii, 1843. fo. (11.9×7.1) 2 cols.
[140]
Note.—This catalogue, prepared by Dr. Bulkley
Bandinel, contains the titles of books in the library up to 1835,
except those of which special catalogues had been published, viz.:
Books bequeathed by R. Gough, Books and MSS. bequeathed by F. Douce,
"Dissertationes Academicae" [See titles of these catalogues
below], and those described in the following catalogue, "Bibliotheca
celeberrima Hebraea quam collegit Dav. Oppenheimerus, 8º Hamburgi
1820."
Catalogus impressorum librorum quibus aucta est
bibliotheca Bodleiana, annis
mdcccxxxv-mdcccxlvii.
Oxonii, 1851. fo. (11.8×7.1) 2 cols.
[141]
Note.—The half-title reads: "Catalogi
impressorum librorum bibliothecæ Bodleianæ volumen quartum." It is
also designated in the signatures as Vol. 4.
A catalogue of the books, relating to British
topography, and Saxon and northern literature, bequeathed to the
Bodleian library, in the year mdccxcix. by
Richard Gough, esq. F.S.A.
Oxford, 1814. 4º (7.2×5.3)
[142]
Catalogue of early English poetry and other
miscellaneous works illustrating the British drama, collected by
Edmond Malone, esq. and now preserved in the Bodleian library. [Prefixed is a biographical memoir of
Edmond Malone.]
Oxford, 1836. fo. (11.9×7.1) 2 cols.
[145]
Catalogue of the printed books and manuscripts
bequeathed by Francis Douce, esq. to the Bodleian library.
Oxford, 1840. fo. (11.9×7.1) 2 cols.
[144]
Note.—The Catalogue of manuscripts is
separately paged,—90 pages, with 4 lithographic plates.
VAN ESS (Willem
Lodewyk). See
ESS.
VOLNEY (Constantin
François CHASSEBŒUF de).
Recherches nouvelles sur l'histoire ancienne. P. 1–3,
... Édition revue et complète. [By
C. F. C. de Volney. With maps &
tables.]
Paris, 1814, '15. 8º (5.6×3.4)
[1154]
VOLTAIRE
(François Marie AROÜET
de).
Memoirs of the life of [F. M. A.
de] Voltaire. Written by himself.
With introduction and sequel, condensed from the life by
Condorcet.
London, 1826. 12º (4.6×2.6)
[1259]
Note.—V. 2 of "Autobiography."
The philosophy of history, or a philosophical and
historical dissertation, on the origin, manners, customs, and
religion of the different nations, and people, of antiquity; with a
clear and concise exposition, of the usages, and opinions common
amongst them; and, in particular, of their religious rites,
ceremonies, and superstitions: ... Translated from the original
French manuscripts of Monsr. l'abbé Bazin [pseud. for F. M. A.
de Voltaire]. By Henry Wood Gandell, ... ***
London, 1829. 8º (6.2×3.5)
[1693]
WILSON (Robert
Thomas).
History of the British expedition to Egypt; to which is
subjoined, a sketch of the present state of that country and its
means of defence. Illustrated with maps, and a portrait of Sir Ralph
Abercromby. By Robert Thomas Wilson, ...
V. 1, 2. *** The fourth edition.
London, 1803. 8º (5.7×3.3)
[2053]
WOLLSTONECRAFT
(Mary),
afterwards Mrs. Godwin.
An historical and moral view of the origin and progress
of the French revolution; and the effect it has produced in Europe.
By Mary Wollstonecraft. V. 1.
London, 1794. 8º (6×3.3)
[1687]
YALE college, New
Haven, Conn.
Catalogue of books in the library of
Yale college.
[Classed.]
New Haven, 1823. 8º (6.6×3.6)
[502]
Catalogue of the library of the Linonian society,
Yale college, November, 1846.
[Alphabetical, with a classed
index.]
New Haven, 1846. 8º (6.5×4)
[457]
Catalogue of the library of the society of Brothers in
unity, Yale college, April 1846.
[Alphabetical, with a classed
index.]
New Haven, 1846. 8º (6.7×3.8)
[458]
