The Project Gutenberg EBook of Practical Italian Recipes for American Kitchens, by Julia Lovejoy Cuniberti This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Practical Italian Recipes for American Kitchens Sold to aid the Families of Italian Soldiers Author: Julia Lovejoy Cuniberti Release Date: October 8, 2013 [EBook #43912] Language: English Character set encoding: ASCII *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRACTICAL ITALIAN RECIPES *** Produced by Ann Jury and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) Transcriber's Note: Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note. Irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained as printed. Words printed in italics are noted with underscores: _italics_. The Table of Contents was not present in the original text and has been produced for the reader's convenience. PRACTICAL ITALIAN RECIPES FOR AMERICAN KITCHENS SOLD TO AID THE FAMILIES OF ITALIAN SOLDIERS COPYRIGHTED, 1917 Contents Soups BROWN STOCK _Sugo di Carne_ VEGETABLE CHOWDER _Minestrone alla Milanese_ FRENCH ONION SOUP _Minestra di Cipolla alla Francese_ PARADISE SOUP _Minestra del Paradiso_ PEA SOUP _Zuppa di Piselli_ BEAN SOUP _Zuppa di Fagiuoli_ QUEEN'S SOUP _Zuppa Regina_ VEGETABLE SOUP _Zuppa Saute_ SOUP WITH LITTLE HATS _Cappelletti all' uso di Romagna_ Vegetables MILANESE RICE _Risotto alla Milanese I_ RICE WITH CHICKEN GIBLETS _Risotto alla Milanese II_ RICE AND PEAS _Risotto coi Piselli_ STRING BEANS WITH EGG SAUCE _Fagiuolini in Salsa d'Uovo_ FRIED CELERY _Sedano Fritto_ BOILED CELERY _Sedano per Contorno_ BOILED CAULIFLOWER _Cavolfiore in Umido_ VEGETABLES ALLA NAPOLITANA _Giambotto alla Napolitana_ EGGPLANT WITH TOMATO SAUCE _Melanzana in Umido_ BAKED EGGPLANT WITH CHEESE _Tortino di Melanzana alla Parmigiana_ POTATOES "STUFATO" _Stufato di Patate_ MOULD OF PEAS OR BEANS _Sformato di Fagiuolini o Piselli_ MOULD OF SPINACH _Stampa di Spinaci_ Eggs EGGS ALL' AURORA TOMATOES WITH EGGS Corn Meal Dishes CORN MEAL LOAF _Pasticcio di Polenta_ POLENTA PIE _Polenta Pasticciata_ Spaghetti and Other Pastas GNOCCHI OF FARINA OR CORNMEAL _Gnocchi alla Romana_ SPAGHETTI WITH ANCHOVIES SPAGHETTI ALLA NAPOLITANA NOODLES OR HOME MADE PASTE _Tagliatelli o Pasta Fatta in Casa_ RAVIOLI RAVIOLI WITH MEAT _Ravioli alla Genovese_ NOODLES WITH HAM _Tagliatelle col Presciutto_ Sauces BOLOGNESE SAUCE FOR MACARONI _Maccheroni alla Bolognese_ TOMATO SAUCE _Salsa di Pomidoro_ WHITE SAUCE FOR BOILED ASPARAGUS OR CAULIFLOWER _Salsa Bianca_ PIQUANT SAUCE _Salsa Piccante_ Fish SALMON ALLA FIORENTINA CODFISH "STUFATO" _Stufato di Baccala_ CODFISH CROQUETTES _Cotolette di Baccala_ Meats FRIED CHIPPED VEAL _Frittura Piccata_ SCALLOPED MEAT _Piatto di Carne Avanzata_ MEAT SOUFFLE _Flam di Carne Avanzata_ MEAT OMELETTE _Polpettone_ STEW OF BEEF OR VEAL WITH MACARONI _Stufato di Vitello con Maccheroni_ PIGEONS IN CORNMEAL _Piccioni con Polenta_ SMOTHERED CHICKEN _Stufato di Pollo_ CHICKEN ALLA CACCIATORA _Pollo alla Cacciatora_ BOILED FOWL WITH RICE _Lesso di Pollo col Riso_ STUFFING FOR ROAST CHICKEN OR TURKEY _Ripieno_ Sweets CHOCOLATE PUDDING _Budino di Cioccolata_ ZABAIONE MONT BLANC _Monte Bianco, Dolce di Castagne_ NUT CAKE PASTA MARGUERITA BIGNE _FOREWORD_ In this world war we are learning many lessons from our Allies beside those of the battle field. The housewives of the old world have much to teach us in thrift, especially in the kitchen. Italian cooking--not that of the large hotel or restaurant, but the _cucina casalinga_ of the little roadside hostelry and of the home where the mother, or some deft handmaid trained in the art from infancy, is priestess at the tiny charcoal stove--is at once so frugal and so delicious that we do well to study it with close attention. If you have ever sat at a snowy table in the garden of some wayside inn in the Appennines, a savory dish of _risotto_ before you and the music of the mountain torrent far below in your ears; or sipped a _zabaione_ in the portico of a cafe on the sun-baked piazza of some brown old town clinging to a hillside of Umbria; or eaten _fritto misto_ on a _pensione_ terrace overhanging the sapphire Gulf of Naples, one of those inimitable haunts of comfort kept by a handsome Italian dame who served her apprenticeship in Anglo-Saxon ways as an English lady's maid; if any of these experiences have been yours you do not need to be convinced of the inimitable charms of the Italian cuisine. The Italian housewife uses quantities of vegetables, many soups and made dishes containing only a small proportion of meat and that the inexpensive cuts. Vegetable salads are a staple, while fresh or dried fruits, coffee, cheese and nuts are the regular dessert. The elaborate creations for which the Italian confectioner is justly famous are reserved for festal occasions. At first reading many of the recipes may sound elaborate, but in using them it is well to bear in mind the general plan of the Italian menu. Each dish is usually served as a course in itself. A good soup, a savory dish of spaghetti, rice or vegetables combined with meat, a crisp salad dressed with oil and vinegar, followed by a piece of fruit, a bit of cheese and black coffee make a characteristic Italian meal and one with which an epicure could find no fault. It is a meal, moreover, in keeping with the suggestions of our Food Administrator that we use a minimum of meats and sweets and a maximum of soups, fruits, vegetables, made dishes and cheese. This little venture is launched in the hope that the booklet may pay its way in new suggestions to American homemakers while it is earning money to prevent Italian homes from being destroyed. The expenses incident to publication have been contributed, so that every penny from the sale of every copy is forwarded direct to responsible people in Italy who will use it for food and clothing for the families of Italian soldiers. Additional copies may be had at fifty cents apiece, from Julia Lovejoy Cuniberti, 14 West Milwaukee street, Janesville, Wisconsin. _SUGGESTIONS_ TOMATO PASTE. This is a concentrated paste made from tomatoes and spices to be had of importers or grocers in Italian neighborhoods. Thinned with water, it is a much used ingredient in Italian recipes. Catsup and concentrated tomato soup do not make satisfactory substitutes as they are too sweet in flavor, but canned tomatoes seasoned with salt and a bit of bay leaf, cooked down to a thick cream and rubbed through a sieve, serve very well in lieu of tomato paste. PARMESAN CHEESE. When an Italian recipe calls for grated cheese it usually means Parmesan. This is practically unobtainable now, except the grated, bottled cheese, which is inferior in flavor. Gruyere, our own brick cheese, or any skim milk cheese dried and grated fresh as needed makes a good substitute. DRIED MUSHROOMS. These may be had of importers or small groceries in foreign neighborhoods. They sound expensive until one realizes that a very few ounces go a long way. They make a pleasing variety added to soups or sauces, and are much cheaper and more highly flavored than the canned mushrooms. They should be thoroughly washed and softened in warm water before using. ANCHOVIES. These recipes do not call for the filets of anchovy prepared for _hors-d'oeuvres_, but the less expensive and larger whole anchovies in salt to be had in bulk or cans at large dealers. To clean them plunge in boiling water. This loosens the skin and removes superfluous salt. Remove head, tail, backbone and skin and they are ready for use. GARLIC. Garlic is an inoffensive and wholesome ingredient if properly handled. Used in small quantities and thoroughly cooked it gives an indescribable flavor that is never disagreeable. By "a clove of garlic" is meant one of the tiny sections of a whole garlic peeled down to its white, fleshy core. SUBSTITUTION OF OTHER INGREDIENTS. Many of the recipes which have been written down just as they were given can be made more economical and no less delicious by the substitution of clarified drippings, vegetable shortenings and corn or nut oils for salt pork, butter or bacon. Corn-starch is recommended for thickening instead of flour. Anyone who does not care for as much cheese or tomato as the Italian likes, may omit them entirely or greatly reduce the quantity in most of the recipes and still have an excellent dish. [Sidenote: _Soups_] BROWN STOCK _Sugo di Carne_ 1 lb. beef from some tough but juicy cut A small piece of salt pork A large onion A stalk of celery 2 tablespoons butter A carrot 2 cloves Salt, pepper Chop the pork and put it in the bottom of a saucepan. Next add the onion, celery and carrot chopped. Dot with butter and over this place the meat cut into small pieces. Add any trimmings from steaks, roasts or chops that may be on hand and any bits of left over cooked meat. Season with salt and the cloves. Put over the fire without stirring. When you smell the onions getting very brown turn the meat and when everything is extremely brown add a cup of water and let it cook almost dry. Repeat this operation of adding the water three times. Finally add three pints of boiling water and let it boil gently five or six hours, when the stock will be reduced to a few cupfuls. Strain, cool and skim off the fat which will form a cake on top of the liquid. The meat may afterwards be used for a _Flam_, for _Polpettone_ or croquettes. The stock may be kept for some days and forms the basis for many dishes. In soups it is far superior to beef extract or bouillon cubes which may be substituted for it. VEGETABLE CHOWDER _Minestrone alla Milanese_ 1/2 lb. salt pork 2 or 3 sprigs parsley 1 kernel garlic 2 carrots 1/4 medium sized cabbage 1 scant cup dried beans, Lima or kidney, soaked over night 2 quarts cold water A little celery Any left over peas 1 tablespoon butter Rice, salt and pepper Cut off the rind of the pork and put it into 2 quarts of water to boil. Cut off a small slice of the pork and beat it to a paste with the parsley and garlic. Add this paste to the pork and water. Slice the carrots, cut the rib out of the cabbage leaves. Add the carrots, cabbage leaves, other vegetables, seasoning and butter to the soup, and let it boil slowly for 2-1/2 hours. The last 1/2 hour add 1 small handful of rice for each person. When the pork is very soft, remove and slice in little ribbons and put it back. This is equally good eaten cold. Three bouillon cubes may be used instead of pork, or may be added if a richer soup is desired. _Mme. Varesi._ FRENCH ONION SOUP _Minestra di Cipolla alla Francese_ 4 large onions 4 tablespoons of vegetable oil or meat drippings 1/4 lb. Swiss or American brick cheese, grated 1 quart to 3 pints soup stock or boiling water 4 slices of stale bread toasted, salt, pepper Peel the onions and slice them very thin. Fry them slowly in the fat until they are a uniform golden brown, using a kettle deep enough to hold the water afterwards. When the onions are thoroughly fried add the hot water, cover and let simmer at least three-quarters of an hour, seasoning to taste. The onions will make a clean brown liquor without the use of any meat but soup stock may be used instead of water, or beef extract or bouillon cubes may be added to the water if a meat soup is preferred. Put the soup in a hot tureen, add the toast cut into triangles and sprinkle it over with the grated cheese. Serve as soon as the toast and cheese have been added. PARADISE SOUP _Minestra del Paradiso_ 4 tablespoons sifted bread crumbs 4 tablespoons grated cheese 1 quart white soup stock or clear broth 3 eggs Nutmeg Salt, pepper Beat the whites of the eggs, then beat in the yolks. Add the breadcrumbs gradually, then the grated cheese, a pinch of salt and a grating of nutmeg. These ingredients should form a thin batter. Have the broth boiling and drop the batter into it by spoonfuls. Let it boil three or four minutes and serve immediately. The batter will poach in soft, curdled lumps in the clear soup. This soup is much used as a delicacy for invalids. In this case the cheese may be scanted or omitted entirely. By way of variety a tablespoonful of finely chopped parsley may be added to the batter, or a half a cup of spinach drained and rubbed through a sieve may be substituted for half of the breadcrumbs. When stock or broth is not available, it may be made from bouillon cubes and a lump of butter dissolved in boiling water and seasoned with celery salt, onion salt and pepper. _Signora Maria Ronchi-Cuniberti._ PEA SOUP _Zuppa di Piselli_ 1 pint peas; fresh peas, canned peas or dried peas soaked over night 2 tablespoons oil or butter substitute 1 small onion 1 small carrot A sprig of parsley 2 oz. ham, fat and lean A piece of celery A bay leaf Salt, pepper Chop fine or put through a meat grinder the ham, onion, carrot and celery, add the parsley chopped or clipped fine with scissors, and the bay leaf. Fry all this in the oil until it is golden brown, but not at all scorched. Add one pint of boiling water and the peas. If this cooks away add more water as needed until the peas are tender. Rub the soup through a sieve. Serve this soup garnished with croutons or toast triangles, and send a dish of grated cheese to the table with it to be added according to individual taste. BEAN SOUP _Zuppa di Fagiuoli_ 1 cup dried beans, Kidney, Navy or Lima 1/4 cup oil 1/4 onion 1 clove of garlic 1 sprig of parsley 1 piece of celery 1 cup canned tomatoes Soak the beans over night. Boil until tender. Many cooks put the beans to cook in cold water with a pinch of soda. When they come to a boil, pour off this water and add fresh. Chop fine the onion, garlic, parsley and celery and put them to fry in the oil with salt and a generous amount of pepper. When the vegetables are a delicate brown add to them two cups of the broth from the beans, and the tomatoes. Let all come to a boil and pour the mixture into the kettle of beans from which some of the water has been drained, if they are very liquid. This soup may be served as it is or rubbed through a sieve before serving. Croutons or triangles of dry toast make an excellent addition. QUEEN'S SOUP _Zuppa Regina_ 1 cup cooked chicken 1/4 cup bread crumbs 1/4 cup milk Yolk of 1 egg, if desired 5 or 6 blanched almonds 1 quart chicken stock 1 slice stale bread Fat for deep frying Grind the meat and almonds in a meat grinder, or chop very fine. Soak the bread crumbs in the milk, and rub all these ingredients to a very smooth paste. Add the hot broth. If you wish the soup to be richer and have a more milky consistency use the yolk of an egg, which should be beaten and have a few tablespoons of the hot broth stirred into it before adding to the soup. Do not let the soup boil after the egg is added or it will curdle. Cut the stale bread into cubes and fry in deep fat. Put these croutons in the soup, and send it to the table with a dish of grated cheese. VEGETABLE SOUP _Zuppa Saute_ Many kinds of vegetables may be used for this soup, carrots, celery, cabbage, turnips, onions, potatoes, spinach, the outside leaves of lettuce or greens of any variety. Select three or four kinds of vegetables. Shred or chop coarsely cabbage or greens, and slice or cut in cubes the root vegetables. Put them over the fire with a small quantity of cooking oil or butter substitute, and let them fry until they have absorbed the fat. Then add broth and cook until the vegetables are very tender. Fry croutons of stale bread in oil and serve them in the soup. In this, as in other recipes, water may be used instead of broth if the latter is not available, and bouillon cubes or beef extract added just as the hot soup is removed from the fire. SOUP WITH LITTLE HATS _Cappelletti all' uso di Romagna_ Equal parts curds or cottage cheese and cooked meat (chicken, pork or veal) Grated cheese 1 egg Grated lemon peel Nutmeg, allspice, salt Grind the meat very fine and make a highly seasoned mixture of it and all the other ingredients. The ground meat may be sauteed in a little butter or drippings before it is mixed with the other ingredients to improve the flavor. Cut rounds measuring about three inches in diameter from a thin sheet of paste made according to the recipe on page 20. Place a spoonful of the filling in the middle of each circle of paste. Fold over and moisten the edge of the paste with the finger dipped in water to make it stay securely closed. These _cappelletti_ should be cooked in chicken or turkey broth until the paste is tender, and served with this broth as a soup. This is a time-honored Christmas dainty in Italy. [Sidenote: _Vegetables_] MILANESE RICE _Risotto alla Milanese I_ 1 lb. rice A medium sized onion 4 tablespoons butter, or oil Salt Curry powder, 1/2 teaspoon Grated cheese Chop the onion very fine, or put it through a meat grinder. Put it to cook in the butter, until it is soft and yellow. Wash the rice and add it to the onion and butter, stirring constantly so that it will not stick. Salt it and add boiling water, a little at a time, until the rice is cooked tender, yet not too soft, with each grain distinct. Dissolve the curry powder in a tablespoon of cold water and add to the rice. Take from the fire and serve very hot after mixing into it a handful of grated cheese. The delicacy of this dish is lost if it is overcooked or allowed to cool. _Signorina Irene Merlani._ RICE WITH CHICKEN GIBLETS _Risotto alla Milanese II_ 1 lb. rice The giblets of a chicken Cooking oil or chicken fat 1 egg Chicken broth Onion Grated cheese Salt and pepper The broth for this _Risotto_ may be made by cooking together the giblets, neck and tips of wings of a chicken which is to be roasted, or it may be made from the remnants of roast fowl. Boil the rice until it is about half done in salted water. Then let the water cook away and begin adding the broth, in such quantity that the rice will be nearly dry when it is tender. Fry the chopped onion in the oil or fat. Some mushrooms cut up small are a very good addition to this "soffritto." Mince the chicken giblets and add to the onion. Stir this mixture into the rice. Add grated cheese and a beaten egg just as the rice is taken from the fire. RICE AND PEAS _Risotto coi Piselli_ 1 cup rice 1 tablespoon oil 1 tablespoon butter 1/2 onion Grated cheese A small can of peas Clean the rice. Chop the onion fine and fry it a golden color in the oil. Put in the rice and stir it until it has absorbed all the oil. Salt and add boiling water. Boil until the rice is tender, taking care to keep plenty of water on it until the very end when it should cook almost dry. Drain the peas and add them toward the end of the cooking. Grated cheese is a good addition to this dish. STRING BEANS WITH EGG SAUCE _Fagiuolini in Salsa d'Uovo_ 1 lb. green or wax beans Butter, salt and pepper Yolk of 1 egg 1 teaspoon cornstarch or flour Juice of 1/4 lemon 3/4 cup soup stock String the beans and parboil them in salted, boiling water. Drain, cut up into inch pieces and season with butter, salt and pepper. Beat the egg yolk in a sauce pan. Beat in the flour and lemon juice, add the stock (cold water will do) and cook the mixture over a moderate fire until it thickens. Pour over the hot beans and let remain over the fire a moment so that they will absorb the flavor of the sauce but not long enough to curdle the egg. FRIED CELERY _Sedano Fritto_ Cut the outside stalks of celery into pieces 3 to 4 inches long, and strip off the coarsest fibres. Cook in water until soft and transparent. Drain in colander. When it is as dry as possible roll each piece separately in flour, and saute separately, not in a mass, in butter, vegetable oil or drippings, with salt and pepper. Each piece must be turned to cook on both sides. Swiss chard may be cooked in the same way. _Mme. Varesi._ BOILED CELERY _Sedano per Contorno_ Cook the outside stalks of celery, cut into small pieces, in boiling salted water for 5 minutes. Drain and saute in a very little butter. Add a few tablespoons of brown stock and simmer until tender. Sprinkle with grated cheese if desired, before serving. BOILED CAULIFLOWER _Cavolfiore in Umido_ A small strip of salt pork 1/4 onion 1 tablespoon butter or oil A large cauliflower Tomato paste[1] Salt, pepper, allspice A little sausage meat Grated cheese Chop fine the onion and salt pork, and brown together, adding the butter and spices. Add enough tomato paste and boiling water to moisten the mixture thoroughly, and let it boil a few minutes. Then add the finely chopped sausage and more water as necessary to keep it boiling. Wash and quarter the cauliflower and cook it for ten minutes in boiling, slightly salted water. Drain it and add it to the sauce, and simmer slowly until tender. Be careful not to cook it so long that it gets mushy. Grated cheese may be sprinkled over it before serving. Cabbage may be cooked in the same way. _Signorina Irene Merlani._ [1] See Suggestions, page 5. VEGETABLES ALLA NAPOLITANA _Giambotto alla Napolitana_ 1/4 onion An eggplant A few tablespoons oil Fresh or canned tomatoes Two or three green peppers One or two potatoes Salt, pepper Zucchini Zucchini are a kind of small squash for sale in groceries and markets of the Italian neighborhoods of our large cities. Summer or winter squash, ripe cucumber or even pumpkin make good substitutes. Chop the onion and fry in oil. The other vegetables should be in proportion to each other. For example, if there is a cupful of each of the other vegetables when they are cut up, use a cupful of tomatoes unless you wish the tomato flavor to be very pronounced. Peel and cube the potatoes, eggplant and squash. Remove the seeds and stems from the peppers and slice or shred them coarsely. Add the tomatoes to the onion and oil. After that has cooked a few minutes add the potatoes. When they are half done, put in the peppers, lastly the eggplant, squash, and salt and pepper. Continue cooking until the vegetables are tender but still whole and firm. _Roma Pavilion Restaurant, Chicago._ EGGPLANT WITH TOMATO SAUCE _Melanzana in Umido_ Peel and cut up the eggplant. Salt it and let it stand for an hour or so to draw out the bitter juices. Drain and saute in a little oil or drippings. Add tomato sauce[2] and simmer a few moments until tender. [2] See page 23. BAKED EGGPLANT WITH CHEESE _Tortino di Melanzana alla Parmigiana_ The eggplant should be prepared as for ordinary frying, that is, it should be peeled, sliced and the slices sprinkled with salt and left under a weighted plate for some time to extract the bitter juices. Saute the slices in oil or lard. Line a baking dish with them. Fill the center of the dish with hard boiled eggs and cheese cut into little pieces. Add to this filling enough grated cheese and tomato sauce to flavor it to taste. Cover the top with another layer of the fried eggplant and a little more tomato sauce. Bake in the oven for 10 minutes. _Roma Pavilion Restaurant, Chicago._ POTATOES "STUFATO" _Stufato di Patate_ 2 lbs. potatoes 1 tablespoon flour 4 tablespoons butter 1 pint milk Grated cheese Salt, pepper Peel the potatoes and cut them into little pieces. Cook in boiling water for ten minutes. Take them out, drain thoroughly, and put in a saucepan, sprinkling them with flour, then adding the butter and milk. Cover the pan and let the potatoes cook slowly for a quarter of an hour or until thoroughly done. Season well with salt and pepper and a generous amount of grated cheese before serving. _Signorina Irene Merlani._ MOULD OF PEAS OR BEANS _Sformato di Fagiuolini o Piselli_ 1 lb. green or wax beans 1/4 onion A sprig of parsley A piece of celery 2 tablespoons oil or butter substitute 1 tablespoon flour 1 cup milk 3 eggs Grated cheese String the beans. Blanch them by throwing them into boiling water. As soon as the water has boiled again drain the beans and plunge them into cold water. Fry the finely chopped onion, parsley and celery in a tablespoon of oil. When the onion is a golden color add the beans and let them absorb the oil. Add just enough water to keep them from burning until the beans have simmered tender. Make a white sauce of the milk, flour and one tablespoon of oil. Beat the eggs. Let the beans and sauce cool a little. Then add the eggs, beans and a few tablespoons of grated cheese to the white sauce. Pour into a buttered mould. Bake or steam as a custard until firm, and serve hot. Peas are good cooked in the same way. Canned peas and beans may be used. This makes a very satisfactory luncheon dish. MOULD OF SPINACH _Stampa di Spinaci_ 1 cup milk 1 tablespoon butter 1 tablespoon flour Grated cheese 2 cups boiled spinach 3 eggs Brown stock Salt, pepper Make a smooth white sauce of the milk, butter and flour. Let it cook until it is thick and the flour is thoroughly cooked. Add to the sauce the spinach (drained, rinsed and chopped very fine) a few tablespoons of grated cheese, two eggs beaten, a few tablespoons of brown stock (or a bouillon cube dissolved in a little hot water) and salt. Mix thoroughly and pour into a buttered mould. Steam as a custard until it is firm. Brown stock or tomato sauce may be poured over this, but it is excellent served hot just as it is. For the recipes for _Brown Stock_ and _Tomato Sauce_ see pages 7 and 23. _Pensione Santa Caterina, Siena._ [Sidenote: _Eggs_] EGGS ALL' AURORA 1 tablespoon butter or vegetable oil 1 cup milk 1 tablespoon flour 3 eggs Salt and pepper Hard boil the eggs. Make a white sauce of the flour, milk and butter. Be sure to cook it thoroughly. Add the whites of the eggs diced very fine. Pour this out on a platter and cover with the yolks forced through a sieve or potato ricer. _Pensione Santa Caterina, Siena._ TOMATOES WITH EGGS 5 or 6 ripe tomatoes of equal size 5 or 6 eggs White sauce or brown gravy Peel the tomatoes. Cut a slice from the top of each, and scoop out the core. Break a raw egg into each and replace the top. Put in a baking dish and bake until the eggs are set. Serve with a cream sauce or brown gravy. [Sidenote: _Corn Meal Dishes_] CORN MEAL LOAF _Pasticcio di Polenta_ Yellow cornmeal Dried mushrooms[3] Parmesan cheese[3] Butter Cream Salt The day before this dish is to be served, cook cornmeal very thoroughly with only enough water to make it very stiff. Turn out to cool in just the shape of the dish in which it has cooked. Next day take this same dish, butter it and sprinkle with bread crumbs. Cut the mould of cornmeal in horizontal slices about 1/4 inch thick. Lay the top slice in the bottom of the dish where it fits. Dot with two or three small pieces of butter and three or four dried mushrooms which have had boiling water poured over them and soaked some time. Moisten with cream and sprinkle with grated Parmesan cheese. Repeat slice by slice until the shape is complete. On the last slice put only two dots of butter. Put in a moderate oven and bake three hours. If at the end of this time there should be too much liquid on top pour this off to use for the seasoning of some other dish, such as spaghetti, rice or noodles, and continue cooking until the liquid ceases to ooze. [3] See Suggestions, page 5. POLENTA PIE _Polenta Pasticciata_ 1 cup yellow corn meal 1 cup milk 1 tablespoon cornstarch Grated cheese Bolognese Sauce[4] Salt 1 tablespoon cooking oil or butter Make a very stiff mush of the cornmeal. Salt it well and when it is cooked spread it out to cool on a bread board in a sheet about an inch thick. Make a smooth white sauce of the milk, cornstarch and butter. Prepare the _Bolognese Sauce_ according to its recipe. When the cornmeal is cold slice it down in half inch slices and cut into diamonds or squares. Butter a baking dish. Put in a layer of the cornmeal, sprinkle it with cheese and a few tablespoons each of the white sauce and the meat sauce. Repeat until the dish is full. Bake until the top is nicely browned. This seems like an elaborate dish, but it is very delicious and a meal in itself. [4] See page 23. [Sidenote: _Spaghetti and Other Pastas_] GNOCCHI OF FARINA OR CORNMEAL _Gnocchi alla Romana_ 1 pint of milk, or half milk and half water 1/2 cup farina or cornmeal Butter and grated cheese 1 egg Salt Let the milk come to a boil, salt it and add the farina gradually, stirring constantly so it will not become lumpy. Take from the fire and add a tablespoon of butter and several tablespoons of grated cheese, also the egg slightly beaten. Mix well and spread out on a moulding board in a sheet about 3/4 inch thick. When it is cold cut it in squares or diamonds. Put a layer of these on a shallow baking dish or platter that has been buttered. Sprinkle with cheese and dot with butter. Make another layer and so on until the dish is filled. Bake in the oven until the crust is well browned. SPAGHETTI WITH ANCHOVIES 3/4 lb. spaghetti 5 medium sized anchovies[5] Olive oil Canned tomatoes Put the anchovies into a colander and dip quickly into boiling water to loosen the skins, and remove the salt. Skin and bone them. Chop them and put over the fire in a sauce-pan with a generous quantity of oil and some pepper. Do not let them boil, but when they are hot add two tablespoons of butter and three or four tablespoons of concentrated tomato juice made by cooking down canned tomatoes and rubbing through a sieve. Boil the spaghetti in water that is only slightly salted and take care not to let it become too soft. Drain thoroughly and put it into the hot dish in which it is to be served. Pour the sauce over the spaghetti, and if you have left the latter unbroken in the Italian style mix by lifting the spaghetti with two silver forks until sauce has gone all through it. Serve with grated cheese. [5] See Suggestions, page 5. SPAGHETTI ALLA NAPOLITANA 1/2 lb. round steak 1/4 lb. salt pork or bacon 1 small onion A clove of garlic 1 tablespoon butter or substitute A few dried mushrooms, if desired Several sprigs parsley Fresh or canned tomatoes Grind the salt pork and try it out in a saucepan. While it is frying put the onion through the grinder. As soon as the pork begins to brown add the onion, the parsley chopped, the garlic shredded fine, and the mushrooms which have been softened by soaking in warm water. When the vegetables are very brown (great care must be taken not to burn the onion, which scorches very easily) add the meat ground coarsely or cut up in little cubes. When the meat is a good brown color, add about one pint of tomatoes and simmer slowly until all has cooked down to a thick creamy sauce. It will probably take 3/4 hour. The sauce may be bound together with a little flour if it shows a tendency to separate. This sauce is used to dress all kinds of macaroni and spaghetti, also for boiled rice. Spaghetti should be left unbroken when it is cooked. If it is too long to fit in the kettle immerse one end in the boiling salted water and in a very few minutes the ends of the spaghetti under the water will become softened so that the rest can be pushed down into the kettle. Be careful not to overcook it and it will not be pasty, but firm and tender. Drain it carefully and put in a hot soup tureen. Sprinkle a handful of grated cheese over it and pour on the sauce. Lift with two forks until thoroughly mixed. NOODLES OR HOME MADE PASTE _Tagliatelli o Pasta Fatta in Casa_ The best and most tender paste is made simply of eggs and flour and salt. Water may be substituted for part of the eggs, for economy, or when a less rich paste is needed. Allow about a cup of flour to an egg. Put the flour on a bread board, make a hole in the middle and break in the egg. Use any extra whites that are on hand. Work it with a fork until it is firm enough to work with the hands. Knead it thoroughly, adding more flour if necessary, until you have a paste you can roll out. Roll it as thin as a ten cent piece. If the sheet of paste is too large to handle with an ordinary rolling pin, a broom handle which has been sawed off, scrubbed and sandpapered, will serve in lieu of the long Italian rolling pin. This paste may be cut in ribbons to be cooked in soup as _Tagliatelli_, or cut in squares or circles and filled with various mixtures to make _Cappelletti_, _Ravioli_, etc. Any bits that are left or become too dry to work may be made into a ball and kept for some time to be grated into soup, in which it makes an excellent thickening. RAVIOLI 1/4 lb. curds or soft cottage cheese 1/2 cup cooked spinach or beet greens 1 egg Nutmeg Salt Grated cheese Drain and chop the greens. Mix well with the curds, egg, a little grated cheese, salt and nutmeg. Make a paste such as that described in the recipe for _Pasta fatta in Casa_, page 20. Roll out this paste very thin and mark it off in two or three inch squares. Place a spoonful of the mixture on each square. Fold together diagonally. Moisten the edges with the finger dipped in cold water, to make them stick together, and press them down with the fingers or the tines of a fork. Another method is to put the spoonfuls of the mixture in a row two inches from the edge of the paste and two inches apart. Fold over the edge of the paste. Cut off the whole strip thus formed, and cut into squares with the mixture in the middle of each square. Boil these _ravioli_ in salted water, being careful not to break them open. Drain and serve with a tomato sauce containing mushrooms[6], either fresh ones, or the dried mushrooms soaked and simmered until tender. Arrange the _ravioli_ on a platter, pour the hot sauce over them and finish with a sprinkling of grated cheese. [6] See page 23. RAVIOLI WITH MEAT _Ravioli alla Genovese_ 1 cup cooked meat, veal, chicken, turkey or giblets 1 small slice cooked ham 1/2 cup spinach 1 egg Grated cheese, nutmeg, salt Chop the meat and spinach fine and work to a stiff mixture with the egg. Season with cheese, nutmeg and salt to taste. Enclose in little squares of the home made paste described above, and cook and serve as in the preceding recipe for _Ravioli_. NOODLES WITH HAM _Tagliatelle col Presciutto_ Noodles A slice of ham, fat & lean Oil or butter Carrot Celery Tomato paste[7] Cut the ham into little pieces. Chop carrot and celery to equal the ham in quantity. Put them all on the fire with some butter. When the mixture is brown add a few tablespoons of tomato paste dissolved in a cup of hot water. Cook the noodles in water that is only slightly salted. Drain and dress with the sauce and grated cheese. The quantities to use in the sauce must be determined by the amount of noodles to be cooked. [7] See Suggestions, page 5. [Sidenote: _Sauces_] BOLOGNESE SAUCE FOR MACARONI _Maccheroni alla Bolognese_ 1/4 lb. raw round steak A slice of salt pork or bacon (2 oz.) 1 tablespoon butter or substitute 1 pint hot water or broth 1 small carrot 1/4 onion 1 large piece celery 1/2 tablespoon flour Pepper, nutmeg if desired Chop the meat and vegetables fine and put them over the fire with the butter. When the meat has browned add the flour and wet the mixture with hot water or broth, allowing it to simmer from half an hour to an hour. It is done when it is the consistency of a thick gravy. This is enough sauce for 1 lb. of macaroni or spaghetti. Dried mushrooms are a good addition to this sauce. They may be soaked, drained and chopped with other vegetables. This sauce forms the basis for the dish of scalloped cornmeal called _Polenta Pasticciata_. TOMATO SAUCE _Salsa di Pomidoro_ Pellegrino Artusi, the inimitable author of that droll yet practical manual of cooking SCIENCE IN THE KITCHEN AND THE ART OF EATING WELL (La Scienza in Cucina e l'Arte di mangiar bene) has the following to say about tomato sauce. "There was once a good old priest in a village of the Romagna who stuck his nose into everything; in every family circle and in every domestic affair he wanted to have his finger in the pie. Aside from this he was a kindly old party and as his zeal was the source of more good than bad people let him go his way; but the wiseacres dubbed him Don Pomidoro (Sir Tomato) to indicate that tomatoes enter into everything; therefore a good tomato sauce is an invaluable aid in cooking." Chop fine together a quarter of an onion, a clove of garlic, a piece of celery as long as your finger, a few bay leaves and just parsley enough. Season with a little oil, salt and pepper, cut up seven or eight tomatoes and put everything over the fire together. Stir it from time to time and when you see the juice condensing into a thin custard strain it through a sieve, and it is ready for use." This sauce serves many purposes. It is good on boiled meat; excellent to dress macaroni, spaghetti or other pastes which have been seasoned with butter and cheese, or on boiled rice seasoned in the same way. Mushrooms are a great addition to it. WHITE SAUCE FOR BOILED ASPARAGUS OR CAULIFLOWER _Salsa Bianca_ 1 tablespoon flour or cornstarch 1/4 cup butter 1 tablespoon vinegar Salt and pepper 1/2 cup water or soup stock Yolk of 1 egg Melt half the butter, add the flour and cook until it begins to brown. Add the water slowly, stirring meanwhile, the vinegar and the rest of the butter. Take from the fire and add the beaten egg yolk. This sauce should be smooth like a thin custard. PIQUANT SAUCE _Salsa Piccante_ 2 sardines or anchovies A bunch of parsley 1/4 of a small onion Garlic Lemon juice Vinegar Olive oil Salt, pepper Wash, skin and bone the anchovies. Chop the parsley very fine with the onion. Rub a bowl with the cut side of a clove of garlic. Put in the anchovies and rub to a paste. Add the parsley and onion, a tablespoon each of lemon juice and vinegar, 1/4 cup olive oil and salt and pepper to taste. Stir the mixture until it is smooth and thick. Capers may be added by way of variety. This is delicious as a sauce for plain boiled meat or fish. _Signorina Cornelia Cuniberti._ [Sidenote: _Fish_] SALMON ALLA FIORENTINA 2 lbs. fresh salmon A sprig of parsley 2 cloves garlic A bit of sage A bay leaf 1 egg Flour Salt, pepper Mayonnaise Oil for frying Boil the piece of salmon for half an hour with the parsley, garlic, sage and bay leaf. Bone and roll into fillets 3/4 inch thick. If the fish has boiled very tender it may be necessary to tie the fillets in shape with string or strips of cheese cloth. Dip in beaten egg, then in flour, salt and pepper. Saute a delicate brown. Serve with oil mayonnaise. The white from the egg used in the mayonnaise may serve for dipping the fillets if only a small piece of salmon is cooked. CODFISH "STUFATO" _Stufato di Baccala_ 1 cup codfish, flaked or picked to pieces with a fork 4 tablespoons cooking oil Several sprigs parsley Tomato paste[8] Pepper, hot water Freshen and soak the codfish in cold water, changing the water two or three times. Heat the oil, with the parsley finely chopped. Add the tomato paste, pepper and enough water to make sufficient liquid to cover the fish. Add the fish and let it simmer over a slow fire until it is done. _Signorina Irene Merlani._ [8] See Suggestions, page 5. CODFISH CROQUETTES _Cotolette di Baccala_ 1 lb. salt codfish 2 anchovies[9] A sprig of parsley Grated cheese 2 eggs 1/2 cup breadcrumbs 1 tablespoon butter Pepper Flake the codfish and put it on the fire in cold water. When it has come to a boil remove from fire and drain. Clean the anchovies and chop them together with the codfish and parsley. Add enough hot water to the bread crumbs and butter to moisten thoroughly. Mix with the other ingredients Form into croquettes and dip into egg and crumbs and fry in deep fat. Serve with tomato sauce or simply garnish with lemon. [9] See Suggestions, page 5. [Sidenote: _Meats_] FRIED CHIPPED VEAL _Frittura Piccata_ Veal Flour Butter 1 tablespoon vinegar Chopped parsley Salt and pepper Take any piece of veal and slice it as thin as possible in small irregular slices like chipped beef. Roll in flour, put butter in frying pan; when hot add the vinegar and stir hard. Lay in the slices of veal and sprinkle salt, pepper and chopped parsley over it. saute first on one side, then on the other, turning each piece separately. Serve hot with its own butter and vinegar sauce poured over it. _Mme. Varesi._ SCALLOPED MEAT _Piatto di Carne Avanzata_ Any left over meat Onions Tomatoes, fresh or canned Flour Butter or butter substitute Sifted bread crumbs Salt Pepper Into the bottom of a baking dish put a layer of thinly sliced onion, salt, pepper, a sprinkling of flour and a few dots of butter, then a layer of the cooked meat sliced very thin, another layer of onion and seasoning, and then one of meat, moistening it occasionally with a tablespoon of soup stock or hot water in which a bouillon cube has been dissolved. Repeat this until the dish is nearly full. Last put in a layer of raw tomatoes (canned tomatoes may be made to serve the purpose) and cover the top with bread crumbs, salt, pepper and bits of butter. Bake in the oven for one-half hour. _Signorina Irene Merlani._ MEAT SOUFFLE _Flam di Carne Avanzata_ 1 cup cold boiled or roast meat chopped fine 1 oz. butter 1 tablespoon flour Grated cheese, to taste 1 pint of milk 2 eggs Salt, pepper Make the butter, flour and milk into a white sauce by melting the butter, cooking the flour in it until the mixture bubbles and begins to brown, then adding the milk and cooking until it is smooth. Let this cool. Brown the meat in a saucepan with a little fat or drippings, salt and pepper. Take it from the fire and add the white sauce and the eggs well beaten. Season with grated cheese, salt and pepper. Butter a mould and sprinkle it with bread crumbs, fill with the mixture and steam or bake as a custard for an hour. Serve with any good meat or tomato sauce. _Signorina Irene Merlani._ MEAT OMELETTE _Polpettone_ Cold boiled meat An egg Bread crumbs Butter, hot water Chop or grind cold boiled meat and form into an oval cake after mixing it with enough slightly beaten egg and bread crumbs (soaked in hot water and seasoned with butter) to make it hold its shape. Saute on one side in a frying pan. To turn it use a plate or cover so as not to break it. Saute on the other side. Lift it from the pan and with the fat remaining in the pan make a gravy to pour over it, which may be enriched by the addition of a beaten egg and a dash of lemon juice just as it is taken from the fire. A _Polpettone_ from left over soup meat often forms the second course to a meal, the first course of which has been the soup made from this meat with vegetables or macaroni cooked in it. STEW OF BEEF OR VEAL WITH MACARONI _Stufato di Vitello con Maccheroni_ 1-1/2 lbs. beef or veal suitable for stewing 1/4 cup vegetable oil or shortening 1 cup broth or sour milk 2 large onions Salt Pepper Cut the meat into little pieces and season each piece with salt and pepper. Chop the onions very fine or put them through the meat grinder, and fry them brown in the fat. Put in the meat and let it cook until it has absorbed all the fat and is slightly browned. Add the broth or milk and let it cook over a moderate fire. As a vegetable with this stew serve macaroni boiled, drained and seasoned with tomato sauce[10] and butter. _Signorina Irene Merlani._ [10] See page 5. PIGEONS IN CORNMEAL _Piccioni con Polenta_ Pigeons Butter Chopped onion Stock, or boiling water and bouillon cubes Sage Yellow cornmeal Salt, pepper Make a stiff cornmeal mush, thoroughly cooked. Cut the pigeons in quarters or even smaller pieces. Brown them in butter with salt, pepper and a little chopped onion. Cover with stock, add a bit of sage and stew slowly for an hour and a half. If the birds are young less time will do. Line a round dish with the mush, hollowed out. Lay the pigeons with their sauce inside of this and serve hot. SMOTHERED CHICKEN _Stufato di Pollo_ A chicken (this is an excellent way to cook a tough fowl) 4 oz. fat, half butter and half lard, or any substitute 1 cup tomatoes stewed down and put through a sieve 1 carrot 1 onion Boiling water 1 stalk celery Cut up the chicken, rub it with the lard and brown it in the other half of the fat. Add the strained tomato, then the finely chopped onion, finally the carrot and celery cut into small pieces, and season with salt and pepper. Let it simmer slowly until perfectly tender, adding hot water enough to keep it moist, from time to time, as the strained tomato cooks away. _Signorina Irene Merlani._ CHICKEN ALLA CACCIATORA _Pollo alla Cacciatora_ A chicken 1 pint fresh or canned tomatoes 1/4 lb. fat salt pork or bacon Flour 6 sweet green peppers 2 or 3 medium sized onions Grind or chop the salt pork and put in a large frying pan with the onions sliced thin. Fry the onions slowly and carefully until they are golden brown. Skim them out. Cut up the chicken, sprinkle the pieces with flour, salt and pepper, and saute in the fat which remains in the frying pan. When the chicken is brown add the tomatoes and green peppers and put back the onions. When the vegetables have cooked down to a thick gravy keep adding enough hot water to prevent their burning. Cover the pan tightly and simmer until the chicken is very tender. This an excellent way to cook tough chickens. Fowls which have been boiled may be cooked in this way, but of course young and tender chickens will have the finer flavor. BOILED FOWL WITH RICE _Lesso di Pollo col Riso_ 1/2 lb. rice A fowl suitable for boiling Salt and pepper 1 egg Butter Grated cheese Cut up the fowl and boil until it is tender. Wash the rice and blanch it by letting it come to a boil and cook a few minutes in salted water. Finish cooking it in the broth from the boiled fowl. Do not cook it too long or it will be mushy. Add the broth a little at a time to be sure the rice is not too wet when it is done. Season with cheese and butter and add the egg yolk to bind it just as it is taken from the fire. Serve as a border around the fowl. STUFFING FOR ROAST CHICKEN OR TURKEY _Ripieno_ 2 small link sausages Giblets of the fowl 1 cup dry breadcrumbs 1 tablespoon drippings 1 egg A few dried mushrooms[11] Nutmeg Very little salt and pepper 8 or 10 large roasted chestnuts Brown the sausages and giblets in drippings. Add a cup of boiling water and simmer until cooked. Skim them from their broth and put the bread crumbs to soak in it. Skin the sausages and chop or grind them together with the giblets, chestnuts and the mushrooms which have been washed and soaked in warm water. Mix thoroughly with the bread crumbs. Add more bread crumbs or hot water if it is not the right consistency. Double the quantity for a turkey. This dressing is very nice sliced cold. [11] See Suggestions, page 5. [Sidenote: _Sweets_] CHOCOLATE PUDDING _Budino di Cioccolata_ 2 cups milk 3 eggs 1-1/2 squares unsweetened chocolate 1/4 cup sugar 3 oz. ground macaroons Make a custard of the eggs, milk, sugar and chocolate. Cook it in a double boiler until it thickens. Take from the fire and add the finely ground macaroons, stirring and beating the mixture until it is smooth. Pour into a buttered mould and chill thoroughly on the ice. _Signorina Irene Merlani._ ZABAIONE 1 wineglass Marsala or Madeira wine (1/4 cup) 1 tablespoon sugar 2 eggs Beat the eggs, beat in the sugar, add the wine. Cook over a slow fire, beating constantly until the mixture begins to thicken. Take from the fire and continue to beat a moment so the mixture will not cook to the side of the hot vessel. It should be a smooth, frothy cream. It is eaten hot, poured over sponge cake or served in tall glasses. A scant teaspoon of cinnamon may be added by way of variety. It is best to cook Zabaione in a double boiler or in a dish set into a larger one of boiling water, to prevent its curdling. Orange or other fruit juice may be substituted for the wine, but Marsala is the original and authentic ingredient. Made with fruit juice it becomes an acceptable pudding sauce. _Pensione Santa Caterina, Siena._ MONT BLANC _Monte Bianco, Dolce di Castagne_ 1 lb French or Italian chestnuts Milk, sugar, whipped cream, cinnamon Boil the chestnuts for two hours and then peel off the shells and inner skins. Put them over the fire with a little milk, and mash them to a paste, adding more milk if necessary, to make them of about the consistency of mashed potatoes. Flavor with sugar and cinnamon. Pass them through a sieve or potato ricer to form a mound on the plate on which the Mont Blanc is to be served. Decorate with a generous quantity of whipped cream just before serving. Vanilla or a little wine may be used for flavoring instead of cinnamon. _Marietta Ieri_ NUT CAKE 1/4 lb. rice flour 6 oz. sugar 4 oz. butter 4 eggs Vanilla 4 oz. almonds and filberts Blanch the almonds and filberts and dry them thoroughly. Grind them very fine and mix with the rice flour and two tablespoons of the sugar. Beat the eggs light and beat in the rest of the sugar. Pour the eggs into the other mixture and beat all very light. Add the melted butter and continue to beat. Pour into a buttered loaf-cake tin and bake in a moderate oven. PASTA MARGUERITA 1/4 lb. potato flour 1/4 lb. powdered sugar 4 eggs Lemon juice Beat the egg yolks thoroughly and beat in the sugar. Then add the flour and lemon juice and beat in all 1/2 hour. Beat the whites of the eggs dry and fold them into the rest. Butter a mould and sprinkle with powdered sugar. Pour into the mould and bake. When it is cool turn out of the mould and sprinkle with powdered sugar. BIGNE 1 cup flour 1 cup water 1/2 cup butter 3 eggs A little salt Boil the water and melt the butter in it. Salt it, add the flour and let it cook a little while. Cool and add the beaten eggs. Form this into 12 _Bigne_, (little cakes or cookies) and bake them in the oven. When they are baked split them open and fill with a custard flavored with vanilla and sprinkle them with powdered sugar. _Signorina Irene Merlani._ End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Practical Italian Recipes for American Kitchens, by Julia Lovejoy Cuniberti *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRACTICAL ITALIAN RECIPES *** ***** This file should be named 43912.txt or 43912.zip ***** This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/9/1/43912/ Produced by Ann Jury and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. *** START: FULL LICENSE *** THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg-tm License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided that - You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. - You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact For additional contact information: Dr. Gregory B. Newby Chief Executive and Director gbnewby@pglaf.org Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.