The Project Gutenberg EBook of Chaoshi ruyan, by Shuo-chih Ch'ao This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Chaoshi ruyan Author: Shuo-chih Ch'ao Release Date: June 22, 2013 [EBook #43014] Language: Chinese Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAOSHI RUYAN *** Produced by Yian Liao Title: 晁氏儒言 一卷 (Chaoshi Ruyan (Song)) Author: 晁說之 (Chao Yuezhi) 晁氏儒言 宋晁說之撰。說之字以道，钜野人。少慕司馬光之為人。光晚號迂叟，說之因自號曰景迂。元豐五年進士，蘇軾以著述科薦之。元符中以上書入邪等。靖康 初，召為著作郎試中書舍人，兼太子詹事。建炎初，擢徽猷閣待制。高宗惡其作書非孟子，勒令致仕。是書已編入《景迂生集》。然晁公武《讀書志》已別著錄，蓋 當時亦集外別行也。公武以是書為辨王安石學術，違僻而作。今觀所論，大抵《新經義》及《字說》居多，而托始於安石之廢春秋，公武所言良信。然序稱作於元黓 執徐，實徽宗政和二年壬辰，在崇甯二年安石配享孔子後。故其中孔、孟一條，名聖一條，祀聖一條，皆直斥其事。則實與紹述之徒辨，非但與安石辨也。又不奪一 條，心跡一條，及流品以下凡數條，並兼斥安石之居心行事，亦非但為學術辨也。當紹述之說盛行，而侃侃不撓，誠不愧儒者之言。至於因安石附會周禮而詆周禮， 因安石尊崇孟子而抑孟子，則有激之談，務與相反。惟以恩怨為是非，殊不足為訓。蓋元祐諸人，實有負氣求勝，攻訐太甚，以釀黨錮之禍者。賢智之過，亦不必曲 為諱也，取其大旨之正可矣。 宋晁說之撰。說之字以道，鉅野人。少慕司馬光之為人。光晚號迂叟，說之因自號日景迂。元豐五年進士，蘇軾以著述科薦之。元符中以上書入邪等。靖康 初，召為著作郎試中書舍人，兼太子詹事。建炎初，擢徽猷閣待制。高宗惡其作書非孟子，勒令致仕。是書已編入《景迂生集》。然晁公武《讀書誌》已別著錄，蓋 當時亦集外別行也。公武以是書為辨王安石學術，違僻而作。今觀所論，大抵《新經義》及《字說》居多，而託始於安石之廢春秋，公武所言良信。然序稱作於元黓 執徐，實徽宗政和二年壬辰，在崇寧二年安石配享孔子後。故其中孔、孟一條，名聖一條，祀聖一條，皆直斥其事。則實與紹述之徒辨，非但與安石辨也。又不奪一 條，心跡一條，及流品以下凡數條，並兼斥安石之居心行事，亦非但為學術辨也。當紹述之說盛行，而侃侃不撓，誠不愧儒者之言。至於因安石附會周禮而詆周禮， 因安石尊崇孟子而抑孟子，則有激之談，務與相反。惟以恩怨為是非，殊不足為訓。蓋元祐諸人，實有負氣求勝，攻訐太甚，以釀黨錮之禍者。賢智之過，亦不必曲 為諱也，取其大旨之正可矣。 間色亦麗乎目，君子必惡焉者。不欲病乎正而失所傳也，作儒言。元黓執徐仲秋己醜。 春秋 儒者必本諸六藝而六藝之誌在春秋。茍舍春秋以論六藝亦已末矣。紛然雜於釋老申韓而不知其弊者，實不學春秋之過也。 智仁理性 窮理乃能盡性至命，今學者未能窮理而必贅之，以仁智何邪。豈仁不能窮理而智扵盡性有不足邪。大凡析體而辨則失之鑿，習而為穿窬之小人；體而不析則不失，故常不害其為溫厚之君子。可不慎哉。 大神 易以大人聖人為一，位而不達；孟子荅問之言者，以大人未至於聖；書之聖神文武為一。已而為莊子荒唐之言所惑，則復自有神人。橫渠先生亦雲，聖人不可知，為神。莊生繆妄，又謂有神人焉。 皇道 皇道帝德，出於尚書。中候，緯書也，嘉祐學者未嘗道也。孔子定書，斷自二帝，尚復皇之貴哉。武陵先生曰六經無皇道。劉道原亦雲然。 勝物 克己之言嘗聞之矣，勝物之言昔未之聞也。茍誌以勝物，則枯木朽株皆吾之讐也，其為位之害則又大矣，君子懼焉。 忘 莊生，毀棄禮義，不知物我之所當然者，廼始語「忘」。儒者非所宜言也，禮安義適，賔主百拜，不知其勞，寧論忘不忘耶。 有無 橫渠先生曰，易不言有無；言有無，諸子之陋也。說者謂，以老氏有無論易者自王弼始。 詩 詩，不知禮義之所止，而區區稱法度之言，真失之愚也哉。言孰非法度，何獨在詩。 且 君子於患難猶不茍免，他復茍且雲乎哉。今喜以「且」為言是非，可否？不得所安，自墮於小人之偷，而愧夫君子之篤敬。 可 君子必可，所以修辭慎行，汲汲於敬也。小人僅可，而偷諛茍且無所不至焉。今學者說可，曰僅辭也。安知君子行止淹速，惟可之從耶。孔安國謂，子桑伯子能簡故可。 所 或曰有戶則斤之矣。是惡夫有所者，本諸莊老而雲爾也。吾儒者居其所而不遷，唯患無所，彼豈不戾哉。蓋放之四海而凖，孰非吾所尚，誰戕我也耶。彼以不善為善之類，皆學莊老之過雲。 言浮 儒者之言無難。易，斯可行也。著為事業，傳之後世，茍得吾言者，其行與吾均也。莊老之徒則不然，其言甚大而聽之溺人，而易恱如無為為之、不治治之之類若何而行也哉。君子慎諸。 天人言 天人之相與，莫如詩書。治亂興亡之際，若分其所立之道，則存乎易之隂陽仁義，而吉兇則一致也。或以某句為天道而人不預焉，復以某句為人道而不及乎天。天人始分矣。是出言雖可，若會之於心而自試焉，則誣矣哉。 高明中庸 吾儒之道所以異乎諸子者，為其極高明而道中庸為一物也。譬如日正中而萬物融和，未嘗槁物作沴也。或者既以一事極高明而又以一事道中庸，不亦戾乎。是剛柔緩急相濟之常理，何必是之雲哉。廣大精微之類亦然。 同風俗 一道德以同風俗，司徒之至教也。所謂一道德者，乃上之風而以之同下俗者也，如表影聲響之相從焉。或者既一道德矣，又思同風俗，將以刑戮勝姦而上勞下悴矣，弊將奈何。是齊八政以防滛者亦二術邪。 俗學 學者同尊孔氏，法詩書，躬仁義。不知俗學之目何自而得哉。建隆以來禮樂文明煥然大備，皆諸儒之力也，誰當其目也耶。如惡其衆而欲致獨，則比屋可封之，民為罪人歟。又或厭其乆而新之，則日月之出特乆矣。後漢治古學貴文章者以章句之徒為俗儒，則斥俗學者身自謂邪。 漢儒 典籍之存，詁訓之傳，皆漢儒於學者，何負而例貶之歟。後生殆不知漢儒姓名有書幾種，惡斥如讐，漢儒真不幸哉。昔人歎：廢興由於好惡，盛衰繫之辯訥。良有以也。 公議 凡變律亂常則不當乎人心，雖百人之譽不足以勝一人之毀也。蓋彼不待高識博達之士乃知其非，雖塗人故自有白黒矣。前譽之者一時之偽而此毀 之者實天下之公也。昔公孫祿斥王莽國師秀：顛倒五經、毀師法、令學士疑，宜誅以慰天下。侯景陳梁武帝十失，之一曰敷演六經，排擯前儒，王莽之法也。當彼時 猶有是言，則公議不可泯矣。彼乘勢怙力以肆說者果誰欺哉。 的 溫公曰經猶的也。一人射之不若衆人射之，其中者多也。嗚呼，此公天下之言待天下忠且敬也，顧肯伸己而屈人，必人之同己哉。彼排擯前儒，顛倒五經者，亦宜愧諸。 旨 公羊曰美惡不嫌同辭。董仲舒曰，辭不能及皆在於旨，非精心達思，其孰能知之。見旨者不任辭，不任辭然後適道矣。蓋古之學者見旨，今之學者任辭，君子小人之儒自是而分也。毛公桃夭傳曰家室猶室家也，任辭者笑之，其如見旨者何。 同異 董仲舒曰，詩無達詁，易無達言，春秋無達辭。範寗曰，經同而傳異者甚衆，此吾徒所以不及古人也。嗚呼古之人善學如此。今一字詁訓，嚴不可易；一說所及，詩書無辨，若五經同意，三代同時。何其固邪。 朱張 朱學士寀，為張安道陳《三傳》是非，甚辯。安道曰，彼自三家，何與君事。君子謂朱之力學不及樂全之達識，後生復有如樂全之才器者，顧肯疲於文字之細而憒眊以排擯前儒哉。 三弊 先儒謂，近代有芟角、反對、互從等翻競之說。馳騁煩言，以紊彜敘，譊譊成俗而不知變，此學者之弊也。蓋此三弊尤驗於今日。不顧其本而特 出一句，以濟私慾而困衆論者謂之芟角；以此所言責彼所不言，睹馬以童牛，想龍以足虵，謂之反對；駢贅四齣，自聲傳谷，因谷發響，從響求應，謂之互從。說平 頒其興積，不問欲否而槩與之，以尊其政事者，芟角也；以箕子之五事同堯之聰明文思。聰明文思乃復異乎。欽明文思，反對也。窮理盡性必待乎智仁，鳶飛魚躍有 假於風氣，互從也。彼方自謂繼聖絶俗之獨智作新一代，不知古人乆已斥其弊雲。 三諭 德義之士如聖人，其視章句之徒如僕役，自章句之徒而視文字之學則如乞丐，終日號哀岐路間，而腹不一飽，可悲也夫。 精思 董仲舒、揚子雲之材何如哉。其苦學精思之久，又復絶人逺甚，故能成人如此。今之士，才品復何如而學茍且多可愧矣。往往脫略不肯致思，徒敬所聞於勢位而誇有功於利祿，以聾瞽自置，勇於斥先儒而力毀古訓，亦可惜哉。 不奪 學者如守匹夫不可奪之誌而不以死易，學則日有功矣，於是乎白刃不足以為吾威，爵祿不足以為吾榮，而吾之所能者中庸也。不然滑稽骩骳亦何 所不可。祝欽明、郭山惲，當時號為大儒，乃一日迎韋後意，以助郊祀見上帝，援禮陳義甚悉；周宣帝立四後則有言曰，帝降二女，後德所以儷君；天列四星，妃象 於焉垂耀。又立五後則曰，坤儀比德，土數唯五。實太學博士何妥稱帝嚳四妃以發之也。王莽謂，地有動有震，震者有害，動者不害。春秋記地震，易繫坤動，動靜 闢翕，萬物生焉。嗟夫。至治之世，政令醇而民風質。寧覩是邪。 躬行 誦詩三百而不能事父事君，亦非興於詩也；知禮樂之節文而不知其意，知其服勞而不知敬於玉帛之表，和於金石之餘，則亦非成立也。彼雖盡善無疵，而興於文字之詩，立於祝史之禮，成於瞽瞍之樂，亦何足尚哉。 害教 害辭未至於害意，害意未至於害教，害教則三綱五常絶矣。謂天不足畏、或欲天之明，以出其君、兇德不足忌，百姓或可咈之類，其害教奈何。 巧慧 漢儒林趙賔始稱持論巧慧，蓋先儒詁訓而意有餘，闕疑而言，不鑿適中而無亢絶之弊，明辨而不以仁者之見斥智者之見，寧質而無嫌也。關關， 和聲也。或曰和而有通意。不知孰為和而不通者，如指關關為言則詎止於通也。雎鳩摯而有別，後妃之德盡矣。或又曰入水而善捕魚，是乃摯之一事。何足多哉，巧 慧之弊如此。 殽亂 古人謂，讀詩如未嘗有書，讀書如未嘗有易。蓋知六經之意廣大無不備而曲成無所待也。在昔漢時六經各有名家之博士並行而不相排斥，其得人為已多矣。今六經紛然為一說，曰是一道也。不知道則一而經已六矣。如何以一泯六哉。王莽講合六經之說，恐不足尚也。 滋蔓 桓譚謂，秦近君能說堯典，篇目兩字之說至千餘言，但說若稽古，三萬言。班固歎後世經傳既已垂離，博學者又不思多聞闕疑之義，而務碎義逃 難，便辭巧說，破壞形體，說五字之文至於二三萬言。是今日滋蔓傷本之弊，古人已深斥之矣。又隨而踵之喜循覆車之轍何邪。彼方自詫，曰前之文人才慳而不能宏 闡有愧，今日之富亦難與言矣。 碎義 同燕於一堂之上而賔主莫分吾無恨焉。兄弟築室而不相為隣則吾恨且慚矣。經本二意者紛紊紏射之說敢彼之責邪。其本一言，如和順道德，而謂「和道順德：挑達往來之貎」，猗儺柔順之辭，亦析而辨之，則破壞形體甚矣。 盜悖 孔子作春秋多微辭，於是乎起問數百，應問數千，未之厭也。至於詩書，本非一時一人之言，聖人取其可為後世訓者存之，初不以一字為美惡 也，故曰誌之所至，詩亦至焉；詩之所至，禮亦至焉。簡易較直如此，或取春秋之治，具以詰難為功何邪。昔之師儒未之有也，及於春秋則反無與焉。盜憎主人邪。 蓋非其有而取之，盜也。不敬其君而敬他人者悖德禮也。彼何為盜且悖邪。 鹿馬 因一鹿指以為一馬者一時跋扈之言也。如因先王之格言而顛倒破壞者以天下為鹿而縱指之也，不亦甚乎。九州之中各誌其行道。或以徐州之浮於淮泗，達於河，為揚州之首，盡變亂九州之疆裏，他尚有不誣者邪。 遏舍 遏人之善而揚其惡，不仁也。舍此之善而取彼之不善，不智也。先儒於經寧無所失，或者詆毀不少，恕若其善則未之或稱也。毛公傳不聞亦式，不諫亦入，曰性與天合也。鄭君謂用不聞達者，而不諫爭者亦得入。或乃取鄭而舍毛何邪。 茍異 好茍異者必無忌憚而愎上侮下將流毒海內而不可禦矣。且夫天生有形之物尚敢變異，則至理隠微誰其正之。先儒說《淇澳》緑竹曰緑：王芻；竹：萹竹。今廼以為一物，不知緑竹青青何等語邪。先儒說《正月》虺蜴：蜴也、《巷伯》貝錦：貝也。今以為虺為蜴為貝為錦。 一經之士 五綵具而作繪，五蔵完而成人。學者於五經可舍一哉，何獨並用五材也邪。昔人斥談經者為鄙野之士，良以此歟。漢武帝命司馬相如等造為 詩賦，多爾雅之文，通一經之士不能獨知其辭，必會五經家，相與共講習讀之，乃能通其意。今日一經之士又如何哉。蓋為師者專一經以授弟子，為弟子者各學群經 於其師，古之道也，故曰古之學者耕且飬三年而通一藝，三十而五經立。 虐獨 虐煢獨者害皇極，其於經則喜通論而斥獨訓，亦未為得也。薄言觀者，先儒曰觀，多也。玄王桓撥，曰桓，大、撥，治也。今皆變異之矣。春秋有特書亦可例之邪。 驥駑 騏驥所以異乎駑駘者為其行千裏而有餘力也。如行百裏而與駑駘同敝則其異者雲何也。嫌疑不吾別，猶豫不吾明，則所謂智者亦愚也。 采蘋，或以為禮女之祭，或以為教成之祭。鳬鷖，或以為祭，或以為繹。今之師儒忽焉，未嘗辨也。賔之初筵，或以為燕射，或以為大射，今之首章為大射，二章為燕射，學者何頼焉。（案此條原本標題脫落） 大言 袁紹與曹操論天下形勢。操知袁氏世有河北，未易可圗，欲舍而佗之，則徒示弱，乃出大言曰，任天下之智力以道禦之，無所不可。是豈操之誠心哉。今談經者不覈其實，喜為高論，大言一切取勝，皆曹公之下塵歟。 知本 言書者不取正於古文，言詩者既恥言毛氏而又不知齊魯韓氏之辨，果以詩為何詩邪。言周禮者真以為周公太平之書而不知有六國之隂謀。地不足 於封，民不足於役，農不足於賦，有司不足於祭，將誰欺邪。言易者不知王弼之前師儒尚衆，而古法之變自弼始，雖以短弼，實不能出其藩籬，何以語古邪。春秋孝 經則絶而不言，未為知本者。 慕古 善哉鄭康成之言，曰既知今亦當知古。蓋古今交相為質則取道不逺，或為髙絶不可跂及之論。曰在古當然不知古之道亦何利於今，而必尚之邪。王莽好空言慕古法今，猶有遺風邪。 學難 虞翻曰悲哉學之難也。蓋欲人用心切而言之，所感者深也。古之人亦莫不然，皆篤誌竭力而求之難，又講習疏數朋友之難，又服勞就正以師氏攻其難之難。今或適市，售一帙書而取名利，如拾芥夫何難之有。 南北之學 南方之學異乎北方之學，古人辨之屢矣，大抵出於晉魏分據之後。其在隋唐間猶雲爾者，不惟其地而惟其人也。蓋南方北方之強與夫商人齊人之音其來逺矣。今亦不可誣也。師先儒者北方之學也。主新說者南方之學也。 燕書 郢人有遺燕相書者，夜書火不明，因謂持燭者曰舉燭而過書舉燭。舉燭非書意也。燕相受書而說之曰舉燭者尚明也，尚明者舉賢而任之。燕相白王。大悅，國以治。治則治矣，非書意也。古文尚書，泰誓作大，開元間學士衞苞受詔成今文尚書，乃始作泰。或以交泰為說，真燕書哉。 躐等 學不躐等也尚矣。自一年至七年皆有所視。九年乃大成。今童子嬉戲未除而為易，髙談天人之際，至老不知周世宗之功，王樸之謀，乃謂三代可立致而平視堯舜，其躐等多矣，以故民風日澆而盜賊興，未易圖其救之之術也 體用 經，言體而不及用，其言用而不及乎體。是今人之所急者古人之所緩也。究其所自，乃本乎釋氏體用事理之學。今儒者迷於釋氏而不自知者，豈一端哉。 殘經 墜簡殘經衆矣，可勝數哉。唯是劉原甫、王深甫每以為恨。近世師儒以謂，昔之言無不善，今日之説無不可通，不復聞有闕疑者，非所以尊經而慎思也。其勉之哉。 闕疑 杜征南有言曰，古人戒以闕疑，茍不廣聞乃亦不知所疑也。是知闕疑非淺學之事。唯是博學老成者以是成其敬慎之德。如博學而不闕疑則誣先哲而疑後生，卒無所得，可不戒哉。 知弊 三代之政各有所弊，而其所謂弊者可指以言而救之之術，易為功也。齊魯之治亦各有弊而紛然多，故善其後者難也。先儒之學傳數百年之乆而其弊如何，今之師說十數年之間弊復如何，學者宜亦知所從矣。 知時 智之所難適者我所遭之時也。學之所難明者在昔數千年之異制異時也。三代之禮既不可同日而用，或以周禮之五玉為虞書之五玊，可不可邪？ 君子 君子者成德之名也。德豈一端哉。或必以仁智為君子，是何量君子之固邪。 先王 姜至之先生謂，商周之所稱先王者近自其祖宗而逺及異代之君也。如舍祖宗而必在昔之法則亦悖矣。 周公 謂周公用天子之禮樂者誣也，不然春秋譏魯之郊禘何邪，且漢景帝賜江都王以天子之旌旗，君子貶之矣。或者既誣周公而又蔑乎禮樂，其與曹馬為媒乎。 孔子 或以潛龍勿用為孔子，是不知乾之為君而初九之潛者不復可飛也。或因孟子所謂孔子不有天下之說而不思之歟，豈孔子之志哉，不可以為後世訓也。 孔孟 孔孟之稱誰倡之者，漢儒猶未之有也。既不知尊孔子，是亦豈孟子之志歟。其學卒雜於異端而以為孔子之儷者，亦不一人也，豈特孟子不可哉。如知春秋一王之制者亦必不使其教有二上也。世有荀孟之稱。荀卿詆孟子僻違而無類，幽隠而無説，閉約而無解。未免為諸子之徒，尚何配聖哉。 澄定 唐李石謂，人君學問不勞專意經義，然亦不可不讀，知其大意以澄定意氣。善乎其言也。所謂識其大者何以加此。蓋自天子至於庶人，孝既不同而學乃一等邪。不然高貴鄉公、節閔帝講辨扵朝夕亡滅之際，與博士爭一日之長，乃賢於文景歟。 傅勢 張禹專帝與太后之寵，所謂張侯論者廼盛於天下。崔浩威福振宇內，其五經之注，學者尚之，至於勒為石經。逮夫禹死浩誅之後，無一人稱道其說者，則前之所傳者非經也，勢也。 名聖 荀卿之弟子與叔孫通之弟子皆以其師為聖人，至於何曽之孫，又以其祖為聖人，聖人之名亦可私得歟。蓋卿之弟子學無所成，通之弟子因賜金之利，曽之孫歎世事之驗，於是乎雲爾，使其成學而不外慕，則俊造之名尚未易許人矣。 祀聖 尒朱榮，晉公護，無君大惡，既死，廟而祀之，以配聖人。范陽間祀安史為二聖。嗟夫人文悖而不已則鬼享僭而不法，可不戒哉。 [聖賢之言 聖賢之所以得名者成德之辨也，非謂其言有天地之殊絶也。蓋聖人之言不特無以異乎賢人，而其是是非非亦無以異乎衆人，不苟訾不苟毀，天下之達道也。果如賢人之言近如地，則衆人之言將在九泉之下乎；雖然聖賢之言無辨邪，曰均是言也。聖人之言為聖言，賢人之言為賢言。 賢 夫所謂賢者能為，理之所宜而非為人之所難也。如舍所宜而論所難，則君子愷悌不及小人之竒險矣。或難或易在彼而吾之誠心一也。豈以彼之難，奪吾簡易平康之操哉。揚子雲自以事莽為難而有是言乎。 心跡 脩辭立其誠，君子於是乎居業。辭與誠為一物也。聖人之情為難見矣。吾之所以能見者存乎其辭也。天地之情吾亦因其所感而得以見之矣。或者 因孟子以心卻之，無以辭卻之，判心跡為二端。是教天下之偽也。如曰好生者吾心也、殺人者吾跡也、利彼者吾言也、為吾之利者吾行也。人亦何以頼夫賢哲歟。 何王 何晏王弼，倡為虛談，范寗罪之甚於桀紂。弼以其言言易，猶近似矣。晏之談論語則又何邪。顔子屢空先儒，皆說空乏，晏始斥之，自為說曰虛心知道。不知言之愈逺而愈非顔子之事也。或以無相無空則又晏之罪人也。是言本出於釋學，而釋學譏其失已之傳。果誰之學邪。 新 聖人之意具載於經，而天地萬物之理管於是矣。後世復有聖人，尚不能加毫髪為輕重，況他人乎。譬如日月光明莫知其終始，寧辨其新故。彼一已 之所謂新者，廼六經之所故有也，尚何矜哉。是以昔之人遑遑然，惟恐其不得於故焉。卜子夏首作喪服傳。說者曰傳者傳也，傳其師說雲爾。唐陸淳於春秋每一義必 稱淳聞於師曰。詩則有魯故，有韓故，有齊后氏故、齊孫氏故、毛詩故訓傳。書則有大小夏侯解故。前人惟故之尚如此。 棄舊 貞觀中詔修五經正義成書以取士，而兩漢以來諸儒之說存而傳者十二三，逮今新義之行於有司而所謂二三之傳者亦不知何在矣。可不惜哉。 益沙 歐陽公曰，凡今治經者莫不患聖人之意不明而為諸儒自出之說汩之也。今於經外又自為說，則是患沙渾水而投土益之也。不若沙土盡去水清而明矣。夫學者苟知乎此，則不勞而有功，博而知要，是之謂務本。 不得已 柳子厚曰，君子之學將有以異也，必先究窮其書；究窮而不得焉，乃可以立而正也，謹之勿遽。歐陽公曰，先儒之論苟非詳其終始而牴牾，質諸聖人而悖理害經之甚。有不得已而後改易者，何必徒為異論以相訾也。如其不得已於經，則古今學者之弊悉以亡矣。惜乎遽而得巳者多也。 黨 國家因黨與而傾亡，經術因黨與而不明。春秋以傳而分為三，董仲舒，江公，劉歆，於三家始倡其所異而隄防之。杜預，何休，范寗又闢土宇而興 干戈焉。毛詩初異於鄭氏，王肅申毛，孫毓理鄭，皆相待如冦讎，愈出而愈怨矣。元行沖歎其父康成，兄子慎，寧言孔聖誤，不道服鄭非，良有以也。 業 四民各有業，一業者富，二業者貧，三四焉者流離死亡矣。童子於經，輕就而易叛，既已可恥；若其白首而﨑嶇岐路者不亦可慚哉。杜預不以公羊穀梁雜乎左氏，范寗亦惡左氏公羊之轢穀梁，其志終可尚也。 字 先民之經皆科斗文字，如顔閔不死游，夏更生則不復識今之文字矣。或以李斯之六書為一說，自謂得聖人之意，且有言曰，殊方異音，譯而通之，其義一也。君子謂是義之說也，非字之義也。武陵先生患漢以降學士互相增添字倍於古，其所感深矣。 訓 古人訓詁緩而簡，故其意全，雖數十字而同一訓，雖一字而兼數用。後進好華務異訓，巧而逼，使其意散，兩字兩訓而不得通，或字專一訓而不可變，或累數十言而不能訓一字。嘉祐學者猶未覩此也。揚子雲作方言，其辨已悉猶有通訓，何不覽諸。 音 陸德明因古諸儒音韻之學，著為釋文，惠乎學者深矣，今乃忽而不顧，多從其本音而讀之，真野人也。溫公曰，凡觀書者當先正其文，辨其音，然後可以求其義。 流品 或謂先王用人無流品之別，不知臯陶陳九德而俊乂在官，則流品已著矣。彼欲擅天下之權，倒置名噐，不為此論，則無以濟其術雲。 地無遺利 子曰君子不盡利以遺民。自天子至於庶人用財各有等差，孰得而侵哉。或為地無遺利之說，何其與聖人之言乖戾邪，為其下者不亦難哉。 善術 秦焚詩書坑學士欲愚其民，自謂其術善矣。蓋後世又有善焉者，其於詩書則自為一說以授學者，觀其向背而寵辱之因，以尊其所能而增其氣熖， 固其黨與而世其名位，使才者顓而拙，智者固而愚矣。學士之衆則豐飲食以侈其朝夕，峻爵祿以利其身世，濟其欲而奪其志，嚴其法而禁其言，使之不擇禍福而靡然 趨已，又豈不愚彼哉。是君子所懼焉者也。 善美 或問孟子「可欲」「充實」之差。以善不及美。不顧孔子嘆武之盡美而未盡善；乾元為善而利以美稱邪。夫不明乎用字之意而謹乎訓字之名，學者之大患也。 觀過 觀過斯知仁矣。為其心志外見而不可掩也。先儒之過，卑且近，不害乎名教。後進之過，高而逺，其甚至於無君無父。學者果孰宜從邪。 孝 武王周公其達孝矣乎。夫孝者善繼人之志，善述人之事者也。得非文王當商之末，志在斯民，欲仁之之為事乎。武王周公一天下，郊祀宗廟之禮行 而辨賢逮賤，是迺善繼善述歟。苟非蒙大難之志救塗炭之事，則重規疊矩，舊章率循，國家之常，何必是之雲哉。如孑然逞其私志，則志無取捨，事無時制乎。 享 或多為享上之言，不知何所據，有自於洛誥「敬識百辟享……不享」邪。洛誥因五服諸侯來朝宜以為新邑之戒，至於周之百官則惇大成裕雲爾。寧 論其享不享邪。禮，諸侯有不享者，王誅所加，亦非百官事也。成湯莫敢不來享者，豈不逺自氐羌乎，且天下文明何疑，何慮而於百官享不享之責邪。無迺導之諛 乎。傳曰，主所言皆曰善，主所為皆曰可，隠而求主之所好，即進之以快耳目，偷合苟容，與主為樂，不顧其後害者，諛臣也。是蓋有可懼者。衞侯言計非是而群臣 和者如出一口。子思以謂，君闇臣諛，以居百姓之上，民不與也。若此不已，國無類矣。 義 甚哉義之於人大也，君子德行大備而或毫髪之愆者亦不足以為義焉，故君子以是為質，和順道德之後乃可與言。先儒之訓曰，宜以視鑿枘之不相為用而須臾必守也。或曰，義者制也，以忍為義德，是申不害鼻大可小之論，將流而入於刑，近於利矣。 忍 必有忍其乃有濟，有容德乃大。忍之異乎容者幾希。忍扵須臾，而大或不能容者有矣；大無不容，而小不忍者亦有矣。故君子必並用也。或以殘忍曰是義德也。既不知義，抑又酷而不忍。非周公所以誥君陳者。 事道 百姓日用而不知，雖有至道而無非事也。若夫君子則知之矣，孰非其道哉，今於聖人曰此事之序也，此道之序也。果知道乎 End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Chaoshi ruyan, by Shuo-chih Ch'ao *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAOSHI RUYAN *** ***** This file should be named 43014-0.txt or 43014-0.zip ***** This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/0/1/43014/ Produced by Yian Liao Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. *** START: FULL LICENSE *** THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg-tm License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided that - You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. - You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact For additional contact information: Dr. Gregory B. Newby Chief Executive and Director gbnewby@pglaf.org Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.