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Title: 孫子兵法道家新註解 Author: Jingwu Tang Release date: January 1, 2005 [eBook #7349] Most recently updated: December 30, 2020 Language: Chinese Credits: Produced by Chingyi Chen *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 孫子兵法道家新註解 *** Produced by Chingyi Chen 孫子兵法 卷一 計篇 孫子曰： 兵者，國之大事也；死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。 故經之以五，校之以計，以索其情。一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四 曰將，五曰法。道者：令民與上同意者也；故可與之死，可與之生，民 弗詭也。天者：陰陽、寒暑，時制也；順逆，兵勝也。地者：高下、廣 狹、遠近、險易、死生也。將者：智、信、仁、勇、嚴也。法者：曲制 、官道、主用也。凡此五者，將莫不聞；知之者勝，不知者不勝。故校 之以計，以索其情。曰：主孰賢？將孰能？天地孰得？法令孰行？兵眾 孰強？士卒孰練？賞罰孰明？吾以此知勝負矣。 將聽吾計，用之必勝，留之；將不聽吾計，用之必敗，去之。計利 以聽，乃為之勢，以佐其外；勢者，因利而制權也。 兵者，詭道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用；近而示之遠，遠 而示之近。故利而誘之，亂而取之，實而備之，強而避之，怒而撓之； 攻其無備，出其不意。此兵家之勝，不可預傳也。夫未戰而廟算勝者， 得算多也；未戰而廟算不勝者，得算少也。多算勝，少算敗，況無算乎 ！吾以此觀之，勝負見矣。 卷二 作戰篇 　　孫子曰： 凡用兵之法：馳車千駟，革車千乘，帶甲十萬。千里而饋糧，則外 內之費，賓客之用，膠漆之財，車甲之奉：日費千金，然後十萬之師舉 矣。其用戰：勝久則鈍兵挫銳，攻城則屈力，久暴師則國用不足。夫鈍 兵挫銳、屈力、殫貨，則諸侯乘其弊而起，雖智者，不能善其後矣。故 兵聞拙速，未睹巧久。夫兵久而國利者，未之有也。故不盡知用兵之害 ，則不能得用兵之利矣。 故善用兵者，役不再籍，糧不再載；取用於國，因糧於敵：故軍食 可足也。 國之貧於師者：遠者遠輸，遠輸則百姓貧；近師者貴賣，貴賣則百 姓財竭，財竭則急於丘役。屈力中原，內虛於家，百姓之費，十去其六 。公家之用：破車疲馬，甲冑矢弩，戟楯蔽櫓，丘牛大車，十去其七。 故智將務食於敵，食敵一鍾，當吾二十鍾；　　一石，當吾二十石 。 故殺敵者，怒也；取敵者，貨也。車戰：得車十乘以上，賞其先得 者，而更其旌旗；車雜而乘之，卒共而養之，是謂勝敵而益強。 故兵貴速，不貴久。 故知兵之將，民之司命，而國安危之主也。 卷三 謀攻篇 　　孫子曰： 凡用兵之法：全國為上，破國次之。全軍為上，破軍次之。全旅為 上，破旅次之。全卒為上，破卒次之。全伍為上，破伍次之。是故，百 戰百勝，非善之善者也；不戰而勝，善之善者也。 故上兵伐謀，其次伐交，其次伐兵，其下攻城。攻城之法：修櫓、 轒轀，其器械，三月而止也；距、闉，又三月然後已。將不勝心之忿， 而蟻附之；殺士卒三分之一，而城不拔者，此攻之災也。 故善用兵者，屈人之兵而非戰也，拔人之城而非攻也，破人之國而 非久也，必以全爭於天下。故兵不鈍而利可全，此謀攻之法也。 用兵之法：十則圍之，五則攻之，倍則分之，敵則能戰之，少則能 守之，不若則能避之。故小敵之堅，大敵之擒也。 夫將者，國之輔也。輔周則國強，輔隙則國弱。 故君之所以患軍者三：不知軍之不可以進，而謂之進；不知軍之不 可以退，而謂之退，是謂縻軍。不知軍中之事，而同軍中之政，則軍士 惑矣。不知三軍之任，而同三軍之權，則軍士疑矣。軍士既惑既疑，則 諸侯之難至矣！是謂亂軍引勝。 故知勝有五：知可以戰與不可以戰，勝。知眾寡之用，勝。上下同 欲，勝。以虞待不虞，勝。將能而君不御，勝。此五者，勝之道也。 故兵知彼知己，百戰不殆；不知彼而知己，一勝一負；不知彼不知 己，每戰必殆。 卷四 形篇 　　孫子曰： 昔善者，先為不可勝，以待敵之可勝；不可勝在己，可勝在敵。故 善者，能為不可勝，不能使敵可勝。故曰：勝可知，而不可為也。 不可勝，守；可勝，攻也。守則有餘，攻則不足。昔善守者，藏於 九地之下，動於九天之上，故能自保全勝也。 見勝，不過眾人之所知，非善者也；戰勝，而天下曰善，非善者也 。故舉秋毫不為多力，視日月不為明目，聞雷霆不為聰耳。所謂善者， 勝易勝者也。故善者之戰，無奇勝，無智名，無勇功。故其勝不貸，不 貸者，其所措勝，勝敗者也。故善者，立於不敗之地，而不失敵之敗也 。是故，勝兵先勝，而後戰；敗兵先戰，而後求勝。故善者，修道而保 法，故能為勝敗正。 法：一曰度，二曰量，三曰數，四曰稱，五曰勝。地生度，度生量 ，量生數，數生稱，稱生勝。故勝兵如以鎰稱銖，敗兵如以銖稱鎰。稱 勝者戰民也，如決積水於千仞之谿，形也。 卷五 勢篇 　　孫子曰： 凡治眾如治寡，分數是也。鬥眾如鬥寡，形名是也。三軍之眾，可 使畢受敵而無敗，奇正是也。兵之所加，如以碫投卵，實虛是也。 凡戰者，以正合，以奇勝。故善出奇者，無窮如天地，無竭如河海 。終而復始，日月是也；死而復生，四時是也。聲不過五，五聲之變， 不可勝聽也；色不過五，五色之變，不可勝觀也；味不過五，五味之變 ，不可勝嘗也；戰勢不過奇正，奇正之變，不可勝窮也。奇正還相生， 如環之無端，孰能窮之？ 水之疾，至於漂石者，勢也；鷙鳥之擊，至於毀折者，節也。故善 戰者，其勢險，其節短：勢如 弩，節如發機。 紛紛紜紜，鬥亂而不可亂；渾渾沌沌，形圓而不可敗。亂生於治， 怯生於勇，弱生於強。治亂，數也；勇怯，勢也；強弱，形也。善動敵 者：形之，敵必從之；予之，敵必取之。以利動之，以卒待之。 故善戰者，求之於勢，弗責於民，故能釋民而任勢。任勢者，其戰 民也，如轉木石。木石之性：安則靜，危則動；方則止，圓則行。故善 戰者戰民也，如轉圓石於千仞之山，勢也。 卷六 實虛篇 　　孫子曰： 凡先處戰地而待戰者佚，後處戰地而趨戰者勞。故善戰者，致人而 不致於人。能使敵自至者，利之也；能使敵不得至者，害之也。 故敵佚能勞之，飽能飢之者，出於其所必趨也；行千里而不畏，行 無人之地也。攻而必取，攻其所不守也；守而必固，守其所必攻也。故 善攻者，敵不知所守；善守者，敵不知所攻。微乎微乎，故能隱於常形 ；神乎神乎，故能為敵司命。進不可迎者，衝其虛也；退不可止者，遠 而不可及也。故我欲戰，敵雖高壘深溝，不得不與我戰者，攻其所必救 也；我不欲戰，畫地而守之，敵不得與我戰者，乖其所之也。 故善將者，形人而無形，則我專而敵分。我專而為一，敵分而為十 ，是以十擊一也。我寡而敵眾：能以寡擊眾，則吾所與戰之地不可知， 則敵之所備者多；所備者多，則所戰者寡矣。備前者後寡，備後者前寡 ；備左者右寡，備右者左寡；無不備者無不寡。寡者，備人者也；眾者 ，使人備己者也。 知戰之日，知戰之地，千里而戰；不知戰之日，不知戰之地，則前 不能救後，後不能救前，左不能救右，右不能救左；況遠者數十里，近 者數里乎？以吾度之，越人之兵雖多，亦奚益於勝哉！故曰：勝，可擅 也；敵雖眾，可無鬥也。 故積之而知動靜之理，形之而知死生之地，計之而知得失之策，角 之而知有餘不足之處。形兵之極，至於無形；則深間弗能窺也，智者弗 能謀也。因形而措勝於眾，眾不能知，人皆知我所以勝之形，而莫知吾 所以制勝之形。故其戰勝不復，而應形於無窮。 夫兵形象水：水行，避高而走下；兵勝，避實而擊虛。故水因地而 制行，兵因敵而制勝。兵無成勢，無琝峞A能與敵化，之謂神。五行無 痝荂A四時無常立；日有短長，月有死生。 卷七 軍爭篇 　　孫子曰： 凡用兵之法：將受命於君，合軍聚眾，交和而舍，莫難於軍爭。軍 爭之難者，以迂為直，以患為利。故迂其途，而誘之以利；後人發，先 人至者：知迂直之計者也。 軍爭為利，軍爭為危。舉軍而爭利，則不及；委軍而爭利，則輜重 捐。是故，絭甲而趨利，則日夜不處，倍道兼行。百里而爭利，則擒上 將；勁者先，疲者後，則十一以至。五十里而爭利，則蹶上將，法以半 至。三十里而爭利，則三分之二至。是故，軍無輜重則亡，無糧食則亡 ，無委積則亡。 是故，不知諸侯之謀者，不能豫交；不知山林、險阻、沮澤之形者 ，不能行軍；不用鄉導者，不能得地利。故兵以詐立，以利動，以分合 變者也。故其疾如風，其徐如林；侵掠如火，不動如山；難知如陰，動 如雷霆；掠鄉分眾，廓地分利；懸權而動，先知迂直之道者勝：此軍爭 之法也。 是故，《軍政》曰：「言不相聞，故為鼓金；視不相見，故為旌旗 。」是故，晝戰多旌旗，夜戰多鼓金。鼓金旌旗者，所以一民之耳目也 。民既已專，則勇者不得獨進，怯者不得獨退：此用眾之法也。 三軍可奪氣，將軍可奪心。是故，朝氣銳，晝氣惰，暮氣潰。故善 用兵者，避其銳氣，擊其惰潰，此治氣者也。以治待亂，以靜待譁，此 治心者也。以近待遠，以佚待勞，以飽待飢，此治力者也。無邀正正之 旗，無擊堂堂之陣，此治變者也。 故用兵：高陵勿向，餌兵勿食，窮寇勿迫，銳卒勿攻；背丘勿迎， 佯北勿從，圍師遺闕，歸師勿遏，此用眾之法也。 卷八 九變篇 　　孫子曰： 凡用兵之法：絕地無留，衢地合交，覆地無舍，圍地則謀，死地則 戰。途有所不由，軍有所不擊，城有所不攻，地有所不爭，君令有所不 行。故將通於九變之利，知用兵矣。將不通於九變之利，雖知地形，不 能得地之利矣。治兵不知九變之術，雖知五利，不能得人之用矣。 是故，智者之慮，必雜於利害。雜於利，故務可信；雜於害，故患 可解也。 是故，屈諸侯以害，役諸侯以業，趨諸侯以利。 故用兵之法：無恃其不來，恃吾有以待之；無恃其不攻，恃吾不可 攻也。 故將有五危：必死可殺，必生可虜，忿速可侮，潔廉可辱，愛民可 煩。凡此五者，將之過也，用兵之災也。覆軍殺將，必以五危，不可不 察也。 卷九 行軍篇 　　孫子曰： 凡處軍相敵：絕山依谷，視生處高，戰降無登：此處山之軍也。敵 若絕水，必遠水；客絕水而來，勿迎之於水汭，令半渡而擊之，利。欲 戰，無附水而迎客；視生處高，無迎水流：此處水上之軍也。絕斥澤， 唯亟去無留；交軍斥澤之中，依水草而背眾樹：此處斥澤之軍也。平陸 處易，而右背高，前死後生：此處陸上之軍也。凡四軍之利，黃帝之所 以勝四帝也。 凡軍好高而惡下，貴陽而賤陰。養生處實，是謂必勝，軍無百疾。 陵丘隄防，處其陽，而右背之：此兵之利，地之助也。上雨水，水流至 ；止涉，待其定也。絕澗遇：天井、天牢、天羅、天陷、天隙，必亟去 之，勿近也。吾遠之，敵近之；吾迎之，敵背之。軍旁有險阻、潢井、 葭葦、小林、蘙薈，可伏匿者，謹復索之，奸之所處也。 敵近而靜者，恃其險也；敵遠而挑戰，欲人之進者，其所居者易、 利也。眾樹動者，來也；眾草多障者，疑也。鳥起者，伏也；獸駭者， 覆也。塵高而銳者，車來也；卑而廣者，徒來也；散而條達者，採樵者 也；少而往來者，營軍者也。辭卑而備益者，進也；辭強而進驅者，退 也。輕車先出居側者，陣也；無約而請和者，謀也。奔走陣兵者，期也 ；半進者，誘也。杖而立者，飢也；汲役先飲者，渴也；見利而不進者 ，勞也；鳥集者，虛也。夜呼者，恐也；軍擾者，將不重也；旗動者， 亂也；吏怒者，倦也。殺馬肉食者，軍無糧也；軍無懸甀者、不返其舍 者，窮寇也。諄諄翕翕，徐言人者，失其眾者也；數賞者，窘也；數罰 者，困也。先暴而後畏其眾者，不精之至也。來委謝者，欲休息也。兵 怒而相近，久而不合，又不相去，必謹察之。 兵非多益，無武進，足以并力、料敵、取人而已。夫唯無慮而易敵 者，必擒於人。 卒未專親而罰之，則不服，不服則難用也；卒已專親而罰不行，則 不可用也。故合之以文，齊之以武，是謂必取。令素行以教其民，則民 服；素不行以教其民，則民不服。令素行者，與眾相得也。 卷十 地形篇 　　孫子曰： 地形：有通者，有挂者，有支者，有隘者，有險者，有遠者。我可 以往，彼可以來，曰通；通形曰：先居高陽，利糧道，以戰則利。可以 往，難以返，曰挂；挂形曰：敵無備，出而勝之；敵有備，出而不勝， 難以返，不利。我出而不利，彼出而不利，曰支；支形曰：敵雖利我， 我無出也；引而去之，令敵半出而擊之，利。隘形曰：我先居之，必盈 之以待敵；若敵先居之，盈而勿從，不盈而從之。險形曰：我先居之， 必居高陽以待敵；若敵先居之，勿從也，引而去之。遠形曰：勢均，難 以挑戰，戰而不利。凡此六者，地之道也；將之至任，不可不察也。 故兵：有走者，有弛者，有陷者，有崩者，有亂者，有北者。凡此 六者，非天之所災，將之過也。夫勢均：以一擊十，曰走。卒強吏弱， 曰弛。吏強卒弱，曰陷。大吏怒而不服，遇敵懟而自戰，將不知其能， 曰崩。將弱不嚴，教導不明；吏卒無常，陣兵縱橫，曰亂。將不能料敵 ，以少合眾，以弱擊強，兵無選鋒，曰北。凡此六者，敗之道也：將之 至任，不可不察也。 夫地形者，兵之助也。料敵制勝，計險阨遠近，上將之道也。知此 而用戰者，必勝；不知此而用戰者，必敗。故戰道必勝，主曰無戰，必 戰可也；戰道不勝，主曰必戰，無戰可也。故進不求名，退不避罪，唯 民是保，利合於主，國之寶也。 視卒如嬰兒，故可與之赴深谿；視卒如愛子，故可與之居死地。愛 而不能令，厚而不能使，亂而不能治；譬如驕子，不可用也。知吾卒之 可以擊，而不知敵之不可擊，勝之半也。知敵之可擊，而不知吾卒之不 可以擊，勝之半也。知敵之可擊，知吾卒之可以擊，而不知地形之不可 以戰，勝之半也。故知兵者，動而不困，舉而不窮。故兵知彼知己，勝 乃不殆；知天知地，勝乃可全。 卷十一 九地篇 　　孫子曰： 地形者，兵之助。故用兵：有散地，有輕地，有爭地，有交地，有 衢地，有重地，有覆地，有圍地，有死地。諸侯戰其地者，為散。入人 之地而不深者，為輕。我得則利，彼得亦利者，為爭。我可以往，彼可 以來者，為交。諸侯之地三屬，先至而得天下之眾者，為衢。入人之地 深，背城邑多者，為重。行山林、險阻、沮澤，凡難行之道者，為覆。 所由入者隘，所從歸者迂，彼寡可以擊吾眾者，為圍。疾則存，不疾則 亡者，為死。是故，散地則無戰，輕地則無止，爭地則無攻，交地則無 絕，衢地則合交，重地則掠，覆地則行，圍地則謀，死地則戰。 所謂古善戰者，能使敵人前後不相及，眾寡不相待，貴賤不相救， 上下不相收；卒離而不集，兵合而不齊。合乎利而用，不合而止。敢問 ：敵眾以整，將來，待之若何？曰：先奪其所愛，則聽矣。兵之情主速 ，乘人之不給，由不虞之道，攻其所不戒也。 凡為客之道：深入則專，主人不克；掠於饒野，三軍足食。謹養而 勿勞，并氣積力，運兵計謀，為不可測。投之無所往，死且不北，死焉 不得，士人盡力。兵士甚陷則不懼，無所往則固；深入則拘，無所往則 鬥。是故，其兵不修而戒，不求而得，不約而親，不令而信；禁祥去疑 ，至死無所之。吾士無餘財，非惡貨也；無餘死，非惡壽也。令發之日 ，士坐者涕沾襟，臥者涕交頤。投之無所往者，諸、劌之勇也。 故善用軍者，譬如衛然。衛然者，琱s之蛇也。擊其首則尾至，擊 其尾則首至，擊其中身則首尾俱至。敢問：賊可使若衛然乎？曰：可。 夫越人與吳人相惡也，當其同舟而濟也，相救若左右手。是故，覆馬埋 輪，未足恃也；齊勇若一，整之道也；剛柔皆得，地之理也。故善用兵 者，攜手若使一人，不得已也。 將軍之事，靜以幽，正以治。能愚士卒之耳目，使無知；易其事， 革其謀，使民無識；易其居，迂其途，使民不得慮。帥與之登高，去其 梯；帥與之深入諸侯之地，發其機。若驅群羊，驅而往，驅而來，莫知 所之。聚三軍之眾，投之於險，此謂將軍之事也。九地之變，屈伸之利 ，人情之理，不可不察也。 凡為客：深則專，淺則散。去國越境而師者，絕地也。四徹者，衢 地也。入深者，重地也；入淺者，輕地也。背固前隘者，圍地也；背固 前敵者，死地也。無所往者，窮地也。是故，散地，吾將一其志。輕地 ，吾將使之僂。爭地，吾將使不留。交地，吾將固其結。衢地，吾將謹 其恃。重地，吾將趨其後。覆地，吾將進其途。圍地，吾將塞其闕。死 地，吾將示之以不活。故諸侯之情，殆則禦，不得已則鬥，過則從。 是故，不知諸侯之謀者，不能預交；不知山林、險阻、沮澤之形者 ，不能行軍；不用鄉導者，不能得地利。四五者，一不知，非王霸之兵 也。彼王霸之兵：伐大國，則其眾不得聚；威加於敵，則其交不得合。 是故，不養天下之交，不事天下之權；伸己之私，威加於敵：故國可拔 也，城可隳也。無法之賞，無政之令。犯三軍之眾，若使一人：犯之以 事，勿告以言；犯之以害，勿告以利。投之亡地然後存，陷之死地然後 生。夫眾陷於害，然後能為敗為勝。故為兵之事，在順詳敵之意，并力 一向，千里殺將，此謂巧事。 是故，政舉之日，無通其使；勵於廊上，以誅其事。敵人開闠，必 亟入之，先其所愛，微與之期，踐墨隨敵，以決戰事。是故，始如處女 ，敵人開戶；後如脫兔，敵不及拒。 卷十二 火攻篇 　　孫子曰： 凡攻火有五：一曰火人，二曰火積，三曰火輜，四曰火庫，五曰火 隧。行火有因，因必素具。發火有時，起火有日。時者，天之燥也；日 者，月在箕、壁、翼、軫也；凡四者，風之起日也。火發於內，則軍應 之於外。火發，其兵靜而勿攻，極其火央，可從而從之，不可從而止之 。火可發於外，無待於內，以時發之。火發上風，無攻下風。晝風久， 夜風止。凡軍必知五火之變，以數守之。 故以火佐攻者明，以水佐攻者強。水可以絕，不可以奪。 夫戰勝攻取，不修其政者，凶！命之曰弗留。故曰：明主慮之，良 將修之。非利不動，非得不用，非危不戰。主不可以怒興軍，將不可以 慍用戰；合乎利而用，不合而止。怒可復喜也，慍可復悅也；亡國不可 復存也，死者不可復生也。故明主慎之，良將警之，此安國之道也。 卷十三 用間篇 　　孫子曰： 凡興師十萬，出征千里，百姓之費，公家之奉，費日千金。外內騷 動，怠於道路，不得操事者，七十萬家。相守數年，以爭一日之勝，而 愛爵祿百金，不知敵之情者，不仁之至也。非民之將也，非主之佐也， 非勝之主也。故明主賢將，所以動而勝人，成功出於眾者：先知也。先 知者，不可取於鬼神，不可象於事，不可驗於度，必取於人知者。 故用間有五：有鄉間，有內間，有反間，有死間，有生間。五間俱 起，莫知其道，是謂神紀，人君之寶也。鄉間者，因其鄉人而用者也。 內間者，因其官人而用者也。反間者，因其敵間而用者也。死間者，為 誑事於外，令吾間知之，而得於敵者也。生間者，返報者也。 故三軍之親莫親於間，賞莫厚於間，事莫密於間。非聖不能用間， 非仁不能使間。非微不能得間之實，非密不能得間之寶。密哉密哉，無 所不用間也。間事未發，聞間事者與所告者皆死。 凡軍之所欲擊，城之所欲攻，人之所欲殺：必先知其守將、左右、 謁者、門者、舍人之姓名。令吾間必索敵間之來間我者，因而利之，導 而舍之，故反間可得而用也。因是而知之，故鄉間、內間可得而使也。 因是而知之，故死間為誑事，可使告敵。因是而知之，故生間可使如期 。五間之事，必知之，知之必在於反間，故反間不可不厚也。 殷之興也，伊摯在夏；周之興也，呂牙在殷。唯明主賢將，能以上 智為間者，必成大功。此兵之要，三軍所恃而動也。 End of Project 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