The Project Gutenberg eBook of Society for Superseding the Necessity of Climbing Boys, by Encouraging a New Method of Sweeping Chimneys: Twenty-First Report, May 1, 1837 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: Society for Superseding the Necessity of Climbing Boys, by Encouraging a New Method of Sweeping Chimneys: Twenty-First Report, May 1, 1837 Author: Anonymous Release date: January 9, 2022 [eBook #67132] Language: English Original publication: United Kingdom: Society for Superseding the Necessity of Climbing Boys Credits: Thomas Frost and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from scans of public domain works at The National Library of Australia.) *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SOCIETY FOR SUPERSEDING THE NECESSITY OF CLIMBING BOYS, BY ENCOURAGING A NEW METHOD OF SWEEPING CHIMNEYS: TWENTY-FIRST REPORT, MAY 1, 1837 *** SOCIETY FOR SUPERSEDING THE NECESSITY OF CLIMBING BOYS, BY ENCOURAGING A NEW METHOD OF SWEEPING CHIMNEYS. INSTITUTED ON THE FOURTH OF FEBRUARY, 1803. “Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy.” LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, BY A. MACINTOSH, 20, GREAT NEW STREET, FETTER LANE: AND MAY BE HAD GRATIS OF THE HONORARY SECRETARY, 1, NEW BRIDGE STREET. 1837. PATRON. THE KING. PRESIDENT. The Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of Winchester. VICE-PRESIDENTS. His Grace the Duke of BEDFORD, His Grace the Duke of SUTHERLAND, Marquis of WESTMINSTER, Earl MORLEY, Earl HARROWBY, Earl SURREY, M.P., Lord AUCKLAND, Lord WILLOUGHBY DE ERESBY, Sir THOMAS BARING, Bart., MATTHEW WOOD, Esq., M.P., FREDERICK WEBB, Esq. TREASURER. WILLIAM TOOKE, Esq., M.P., F.R.S. COMMITTEE. BURGESS, W. H., Esq. CHIPPENDALE, JOHN, Esq., FRANCIS, CHARLES, Esq., GILLETT, GABRIEL, Esq., HEISCH, P. J., Esq., HUDSON, J. C., Esq., LABOUCHERE, JOHN, Esq., RICHARDSON, T., Esq., SMITH, R., Esq., SOPER, JAMES, Esq. HONORARY SECRETARY. ROBERT STEVEN, Esq., 1, New Bridge-street. COLLECTOR. Mr. HENRY CLEMSON, 7, Grange-road, Bermondsey. THE TWENTY-FIRST REPORT OF THE SOCIETY FOR SUPERSEDING CLIMBING BOYS. Your Committee has great pleasure in announcing that the present year has been characterized by a degree of success more than equal to the experience of any former years. The number of subscribers has fallen off, but Providence still continues to smile upon the efforts that are made, and the richest encouragement is afforded to those who feel for this branch of the miseries of human nature. Before the short detail of proceedings is entered upon, it may be well to give a brief outline of the Society’s origin and objects, together with the grounds which led to the establishment of the Association; many persons hearing of the subject for the first time, by means of the Annual Report. The following are the reasons which induced its supporters to unite in this work of mercy:-- 1st. They ascertained by the examination of the children employed in this trade, that unfair and dishonest means are always resorted to, to obtain a supply of boys. That the season of probation, or “liking,” as it is called, which precedes the binding of apprentices, is marked by all that duplicity and misrepresentation can invent, to mislead the children who are sent on trial; that little or no work is imposed on them during that time; that every indulgence is granted that can weigh with persons in that station of life; that they are petted in the sitting room of the master, and fed in a comparatively sumptuous way,--and hence arises the positive and unchangeable determination of the child, to be a chimney-sweeper, and nothing else, when brought before the magistrate to be bound. 2dly. That grievous pain and sorrow are found invariably to attend the after stages of this apprenticeship. 3dly. That it is a business to which children ought not to be put, as it affords no support after a boy has reached 15 or 16 years of age, at the latest. 4thly. That employing children in this trade, subjects them in after-life to the disease lectured upon separately in the hospitals as chimney-sweepers’ cancer, and which disease only befals those who are thus employed. These grounds led to the formation of the Society. It was at first supposed that it would only be necessary to offer a premium for the production of a machine capable of sweeping, and that it would be instantly adopted by the existing race of chimney-sweepers. With this impression, machines were given away on a large scale in all directions, and everything avoided that could seem to interfere with the members of the trade. This act of ill-directed liberality was met by the most virulent hostility, and every machine thus put into the hand of a common chimney-sweeper, was employed, as far as in him lay, to destroy the object of the bestower: these heartless men, having at once discovered that chimneys were so much better cleansed by this means, that the sweeping would be wanted less frequently than if boys were continued; and further, that if children were given up, men would be required to work the machines, and this would break in upon the masters’ profits. These assertions are proved by the fact of the chimney-sweepers having combined to resist every attempt that has been made to introduce the machines; and in the year 1834, when a Bill was sought for, they are said to have expended 1,200_l._ upon counsel, Parliamentary agent, and witnesses; and these witnesses evinced but little regard to truth. This outlay of money was severely felt, and it was an expense the trade would not have incurred to “protect their customers” alone. If their object had been a straightforward one, they would have protested against the adoption of the plan promoted by the Fire-offices; they would have declared that, in THEIR opinion, it was the abandonment of a safe method, and the adoption of a fanciful and dangerous substitute; but they would not have _taxed themselves_ for a headstrong public. People are beginning to see this in its right light, and having ascertained that the trade of the common chimney-sweeper is upheld by deceit, these men are now met at every point with distrust and suspicion. Necessity compelled your Committee to set up honest men to work the machine fairly, and by this means a way is opened for the total abolition of the revolting practice of employing children in this business. The determination of the common chimney-sweepers above alluded to, continues to the present hour in full force (see page 9); and no man, during the last twenty years, has ever been found to use the machine faithfully, if he retains a single child in his service for the purpose of sweeping chimneys. Your Committee would now enumerate some of the transactions of the year that is gone by. The first cheering result of their labours is the having obtained the work at the India-House for your Agents. Many attempts had been made to attain this object, but every previous application to the inferiors in the establishment, had been met with grave assurances of the utter impossibility of cleansing the majority of the Company’s chimneys with a machine; and a mock trial of it was got up. This year the subject was most favourably introduced to the notice of the Directors by a benevolent and influential man, and happily it was found in this, as in all other cases, that the defect had been in the mind, and not in the machine. Encouraged by this success, an application was made to Timothy Curtis, Esq., then the Deputy Governor of the Bank, begging him to appoint Glass, one of your Agents, as the chimney-sweeper to that establishment. In answer to this, the Deputy Governor directed, in the handsomest manner possible, and with a frankness which always characterizes his movements, that an experiment should be made of the comparative efficiency of the two systems, in the presence of the Clerk of the Works. The following is a copy of his Report:-- “Bank of England, Dec. 31, 1836. “I, the undersigned, do hereby certify, that I received the orders of the Deputy Governor of the Bank, to try the comparative efficiency of sweeping chimneys by boys, and by Glass’s Machine; that such experiment was made in the Bank, in my presence, by sweeping eleven chimneys; that out of this number, five were swept by boys, and six were swept by the machine; that the five swept by the boys were afterwards swept by the machine, and the six swept by the machine, were afterwards swept by the boys; and that the following is the result:-- “Soot brought down by the boys, after six chimneys were considered fairly swept by the machine, 19 quarts. Soot brought down by Glass’s Machine out of five chimneys, after the boys had finished their labours, 41 quarts and a half. (Signed,) “GEO. TOPPLE, “Clerk of the Works.” This, as may be supposed, led to the discharge of the then existing chimney-sweeper, and the appointment of your Agent. Your Committee has great pleasure in stating, that the same Agent is now employed at the Phœnix Fire-office, which is considered very important. Repeated attempts had been made to gain this point, and the success in this house neutralizes, in a great measure, the mischievous evidence before the Lords’ Committee, which was given by the Manager of that establishment. And your Committee has much satisfaction in stating, that the machine was regularly employed in this Fire-office, for some months before the lamented death of the gentleman alluded to. The following Fire-offices have promised to employ your different Agents, in addition to those who have already certified to the efficiency of the machine:-- Phœnix Fire-office,--Jenkin Jones, Esq., deceased. West of England Fire-office,--Jas. Anderton, Esq. York and North of England Fire-office,--Edmund Barlow, Esq. The Licensed Victuallers Fire-office,--J. T. Clement, Esq. The Scottish Union Fire-office,--F. G. Smith, Esq. Leaving “The Sun” as the only Fire-office in the city of London which resists the light, and the only Fire-office which turns a deaf ear to the cries of misery; and verily it is a proud and enviable distinction. Some years ago your machine was introduced into the Middlesex Hospital, and your Committee has heard, within these few weeks, that the Secretary of the Institution caused a quiet experiment to be made in that house, after the Board had ordered the adoption of the machine. It was so managed, that neither your Agent nor the old chimney-sweeper knew that the two systems were to be compared, and it is stated by the Secretary, that the chimneys were found so clean, that the boys were literally unable to bring down any soot, after Day, another of the Society’s Agents, had swept with the machine. Those who keep in mind the proceedings of the Society, will recollect that a similar experiment was ordered publicly at St. George’s Hospital, in 1830, the triumphant success of which, determined that Board of Governors also to employ one of your Agents. This has of course been a constant mortification to Bentley, the chimney-sweeper, who lost the work, and many stratagems have been resorted to, to recover it again; and on the 15th of February last, he induced an influential member of the Board to bring the subject forward; when the following division took place among the Governors; For reinstating Bentley and his boys, with the clear understanding that the machine is to be used when _practicable_ 8 For Shepherd, your Agent, who had swept every chimney in the house for years, without the help of boys 7 Before this disastrous Resolution was confirmed in the next week, the subject was rather better understood, and the division was-- For Shepherd, your Agent 12 For Bentley, his boys, and his practicabilities 0 The only argument urged in the above case was, that Bentley took his boys to church. This is a very stale argument of the Bentleys, both father and son, and it would be difficult to prove what the fact has to do with the matter in hand, or to reconcile it with the evidence which was given by the elder Bentley upon oath before the Lords’ Committee in 1834. (Examined by his own Counsel.) “Were you present at any experiment that was tried at St. George’s Hospital?” (in 1830.) “I certainly was.” “Have the goodness to state the result of that experiment?” “There were some machines appointed to be there, and I was appointed to be there with some boys; they had, I believe, used machinery; but there were not fair means resorted to.” “Will you tell the whole story?” “The very man who worked the machine for Mr. Glass has come forward and stated his willingness to prove, that by order of Mr. Day he carried some soot unfairly in his cloth: I was not aware that it did not come down the chimney.” “Were you not sharp enough to see that?” “No; I had no such idea as that they would be guilty of such a thing.” “One-fifth more soot was brought down by the machine than by the boys?” “Yes; so they said.” “Do you mean to say, that the man who worked the machine acted unfairly?” “Yes.” “Do you know where he got the soot?” “He brought it from one fire-place to another, that was not to be swept after the machine.” “Have not your boys a desire to win, when they are brought for experiments of that kind?” “Yes; but there were unfair means; which was quite a sufficient excuse for them.” This is a most extraordinary testimony, and, if true, would show a total abandonment of principle on the part of your Agents, and the servants of the Hospital, and brings to mind the vulgar adage, “Surely if the old woman had not hidden in the oven herself, she would never have looked there for her daughter.” Probably Mr. Bentley is not at church when that beautiful characteristic of Christianity is insisted on in these words, “Charity thinketh no evil; and charity hopeth all things.” By this allusion to the church, Mr. Bentley appears willing to work upon the sympathies of the public, to a certain extent, so that it does not interfere with his own purpose. It is deeply to be regretted that the energies of good people are directed to “bettering the condition of these poor children,” as it is called, when, by a little Christian co-operation, the employment which gives them their singularity, and which is said to prevent their mingling with other children, might be done away. The value of religious instruction, and the imperative duty of all constantly to attend the services of religion, are too self-evident to require an enforcement here. But why those who are so kindly disposed, should prefer ministering to these children in their wretchedness, to freeing them from the wretchedness itself, is a mystery hard to be understood. Your Committee would state that the Agents of the Society are exclusively employed in the houses of Fifteen Noblemen, and that the Society is gaining most exceedingly upon the good opinion of the community in general. A Resolution has passed the Town Council of Bath, ordaining that the chimneys in all the houses belonging to that Corporation shall in future be swept by machinery. The Mayor’s Lady writes:--“Finding upon inquiry that here, as in Bristol, the machine keepers, though professing to forego the use of boys, keep them, and most generally use them, it occurred to me that we might have one of Glass’s Machines, and establish it on our own terms. I am enabled to inform you, that the machine has arrived, and answers very well. Not wishing to have one of the chimney-sweeping fraternity, we have selected a respectable man, who appears to manage the undertaking very well. He is already feeling some of the trials of the business, in the persecuting spirit of the chimney-sweepers; but having the Mayor of the city as his patron, we hope we may proceed without much opposition.” Your Agents are constantly employed in One Hundred and Ten Government and other Public Buildings, and in Eleven Banking Houses. Twenty-two Thousand One Hundred and Ninety-three chimneys have been swept by your Agents in London and its immediate neighbourhood during the past year. Machines have been purchased since the last Report by His Grace the Duke of Leinster; the Earl of Cawdor; Lord Skelmersdale; Lord Lynedoch; the Right Hon. B. Bathurst, Lydney Park. And by persons at the following places--Bath, 2; Belfast, 1; Brighton, 4; Deptford, 1; Gloucester, 1; Greenwich, 1; Hounslow, 1; Ipswich, 1; London, 6; Liverpool, 1; Margate, 1; March, 1; Northampton, 1; Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1; Stone, 1; Wellington, 1; Wisbeach, 1.--Total, 31. Thirteen soot doors have been put into Thirteen chimneys during the past year, at an average expense of 14s. 7½d. each, to adapt these ill-built chimneys to the use of the machine: this is all that is required, and this alteration is the real amount of what is described by the enemies of the cause as a most serious destruction of house property, and involving an outlay of money, not for one moment to be conceded. The foregoing has been selected from among the agreeable transactions of the year. Your Committee would now draw your attention to a part of the painful evidence which is forced upon them, of the utter impossibility of regulating the trade aright, if children are to be at all employed in it. The following details are selected from what has occurred since the last Report:-- Peter Mollby of Kilkenny, stood charged with the murder of James Shea, his apprentice, a child of ten years old. It appeared in evidence that the little creature had been treated with such habitual cruelty and indifference as to cause his death, but no one instance could be fixed upon as establishing the crime of actual murder. The sentence was, therefore, “Manslaughter,” and Mollby was transported for life. A case of revolting cruelty has been brought home to Needes, a chimney-sweeper at Bath, who was convicted before the Mayor of such grievous ill-treatment, as that wretched race of beings is alone exposed to. The child was discovered lying in the street, with his head so cut as to require surgical assistance, and he was proved by the surgeon’s certificate to be too ill to leave the Hospital, when his master was brought up. The next case is from Gloucester:-- On Thursday, the 27th of Oct., a chimney-sweeper, a diminutive child, about ten years of age, was sent up a chimney at the Talbot Inn, at nine o’clock in the morning, and for the purpose of lessening his size to suit the dimensions of the flue, he was stripped entirely naked. Having remained up the chimney for a very long time, it was thought that he was continuing there unnecessarily, and from stubbornness, and another lad was sent up to him; but he failed in bringing him down. After a lapse of some hours, a cord was attached to the child’s legs, and several vain attempts were made to drag him down by force. In this experiment the cord was broken, and a stronger one was substituted, with no better success. The humane party then obtained a large quantity of brimstone matches--it is said three pennyworth, which were ignited, and held burning up the flue. A ladder was next procured, reaching to the top of the chimney, from whence several buckets of water were poured down upon the poor little prisoner; and a pole was thrust down to discover his position, with such force, that several lumps were afterwards found upon the poor child’s head. These mild and gentle efforts were continued at intervals through the day, till nine o’clock in the evening. By this time a large crowd had assembled in the neighbourhood, and among the number were some more sensible and humane people than those before alluded to, and they insisted that by opening the chimney an attempt should be made to liberate the child, who it was feared might be dead, as he had not been heard to speak for some time. Masons were accordingly sent for, and about ten o’clock at night, the poor little creature was found firmly jammed by the head and shoulders in the brickwork of the chimney. Having been in such a situation, and subjected to such treatment as this, and perfectly naked, for thirteen hours, it is needless to say that he was in a most pitiable condition. He was washed in warm water, when several excoriations were discovered on his back and shoulders, and the skin rubbed off his ears; his head was also sadly bruised. After being taken home, a surgeon was sent for, and, it is stated with surprise, that though very ill, his life was not considered in danger. A vain attempt to rebut this account was made by the son of the proprietor of the Talbot Inn, in a letter to Wm. Bulphin, a chimney-sweeper of Bristol, which letter is only worthy of notice as containing an unintentional comment on the oft-told tale, that children are required for examining and repairing defects in chimneys, and which was so pertinaciously insisted on in the evidence before the Committee of the House of Lords in 1834: it is as follows:--“The foreman says, had he gone up as he ought to have done, with one arm up and the other down, no accident could have happened; instead of which both arms were DOWN.” Every one must see the utter impossibility of a boy doing any thing in a chimney in the way of examination or repairs, in a space 9 inches square, or 9 by 14, and when the utmost skill is required to enable him to slide up and to slide down again. This accident has led to the benevolent formation of an Auxiliary Society in Gloucester, that city having been anxious to wipe away the disgrace occasioned by such a painful occurrence. In March last, a poor little chimney-sweeper had the following providential escape, at the Luke’s Head, Mercer-street, Long Acre:--It appears that the child had got into the chimney-pot to clean it, and that his weight loosened the mortar by which it had been secured; and the boy and the chimney-pot rolled down the roof of the house together. Happily there was a sufficient height of parapet to save the child, and he was taken up from the gutter, without any harm having befallen him. The most appalling feature connected with the subject of chimney-sweeping is the frequency of the chimney-sweeper’s cancer. Immense pains are taken by the trade to conceal this grievous fact. No chimney-sweeper has even seen a single instance of it. The idea of such a calamity originates and ends in the clouded imaginations of your Committee. It may be well, however, to say, that four cases occurred in one ward of one hospital within eight months of the past year, and that three of the cases were fatal. About this time another chimney-sweeper died of the same disease at St. George’s Hospital. This was succeeded by the death of Price, a chimney-sweeper, in Stafford’s-ward, at the Middlesex Hospital. A fresh case is now under the observation of one of your Committee, which cancer has been upon the poor sufferer for thirteen years. He was asked several questions, and particularly whether he had been kept very dirty as a child. His answers were as follow:--“No children could be kept cleaner.” “I believe it to arise from drawing in the soot with the breath in foul chimneys, for no cap will keep it out.” “I have been in great pain for years, but now it has quite mastered me.” “The surgeons talk of the cutting business.” Another victim has also been seen this year by the same person in a fifth hospital. This poor fellow has been afflicted three years. Conversing with him on the unwillingness of the trade to work the machine, it was said, “I believe the secret of the opposition arises from its being so much easier to sit down and gossip with the servants while the child is doing the work;” the poor fellow raised himself a little from his bed, and exclaimed with great emphasis, “You have just hit it, sir.” Since these men were seen, another poor creature has been visited at his own house by one of your Society. He is a man of thirty years of age, and has had this affliction upon him for five years, and it has made such ravages upon his frame, as to prevent his ever obtaining an easy position for a single moment, and he may be seen for hours in an afternoon, walking up and down the miserable court in which he lives, in perfect agony. He was urged to go into the hospital, and a ticket was offered him, but the dread of the surgeon’s knife has hitherto deterred him. About the middle of April inst., a poor chimney-sweeper came up twelve miles from town to the Middlesex Hospital. He had suffered great pain for two years, and it was feared that the disorder had too deep a hold upon him to be ever removed, even if he had submitted to the awful operation. The matter was fully explained to him. He was told that he might remain as long as he pleased in the house; that the operation would not be performed without his full consent; but the dread of what he thought might possibly be done, induced him to leave all the comforts by which he was surrounded, to die in all the wretchedness of abject poverty. Making ten instances of this frightful disease that have come to the knowledge of one member of your Committee in the year ending with the 30th April, notwithstanding the incessant efforts of the trade to conceal them. Sir Astley Cooper, in his evidence before the Committee of the House of Lords, in 1834, declares--“I believe the disease is entirely the result of the specific irritation of the soot;” and again, “I must have seen, I think, more than 100 cases of it in my experience. I have seen three or four cases in a year, and having been thirty-four years surgeon to one of the hospitals, the calculation is easy, and I think I am not exceeding the truth, in saying, a hundred examples of it.” A very large proportion of the comparatively few persons engaged in this wretched trade. Would that those who are so much amused with the Society’s efforts, and who smile with so much self-satisfaction at the Society’s “busy trifling,” could have gone the round of the cases above selected. It was, no doubt, highly amusing to see the poor creatures lying on the bed of languishing. One was a young man of weak intellects, who had probably been an easy prey to the vain promises held out to him in childhood, if he would be a chimney-sweeper. It was an awful spectacle to see them motionless in their beds, as the frightful disease was eating away their flesh, because a British public cannot be induced to disturb themselves in a matter “of such trifling importance.” Men say, “Am I to be vexed and harassed, as though the guilt of upholding the old system rested wholly upon me, because I, individually, refuse to be a convert?” How are the following words to be understood?--“If any man see his brother have need, and shutteth up his bowels of compassion from him, how dwelleth the love of God in him?” This sketch of the unavoidable misery connected with the trade is calculated to awaken the attention of the public, and it is hoped that it may call forth such contributions as are required to do away the evil. If one surgeon, in one district, has had 100 of the cases under his care, what would the experience of this city alone amount to? In asking for pecuniary aid, your Committee would be far from pressing the subject upon those whose means are small; from such they only ask, that the Society’s Agents may be employed exclusively in their houses, for by this the cause of humanity will be materially served, without any additional cost to themselves; and they are earnestly entreated to recommend the same course to their friends. But an appeal of a very different kind is made to those who have ample funds at their disposal, who are known to put aside large sums every year for the purposes of Christian charity, but who have never made this Society glad by their benevolence. There is no eclat connected with this subject--but it is the ministering to the very humblest class, who are visited in their filthy wretchedness and obscurity, with a desire to free them from sorrows which are unknown to any other class of the community. Too much cannot be said of the liberality of this country, and yet no effort is made to support an Association which labours to free helpless infancy from broken-hearted sorrow, and to protect mature age from a disease generally fatal. The Society is literally dying for want of support; notwithstanding the urgency of its claims, and the frequent appeals that have been made to the public. LIST OF CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SOCIETY. _Don._ _Subscrip._ £. _s._ _d._ £. _s._ _d._ Ashley, Right Honourable Lord (1837) 3 0 0 Allen, William, Esq. 1 1 0 Angerstein, Miss (1828) 10 0 0 3 0 0 Ditto (1829) 10 0 0 Ditto (1830) 10 0 0 Ditto (1835) 30 0 0 Ashby, ----, Esq. (1835) 2 0 0 Bedford, Duke of (1829) 21 0 0 Bexley, Lord (1828) 5 0 0 Backhouse, John (1835) 5 7 6 Baker, Rev. Mr. 0 10 0 Bagster and Thoms, Messrs. (1828) 4 0 0 Barnes, ----, Esq. 1 1 0 Barrett, Jeremiah, Esq. 1 1 0 Barrett, Richard, Esq. 1 1 0 Batson, Robert, Esq. 1 0 0 Bristol Association (1829) 5 0 0 Brixton and Stockwell Association (1831) 2 2 0 Ditto (1833) 2 2 0 Ditto (1834) 2 2 0 Ditto (1835) 3 3 0 Budworth, Rev. P. 5 5 0 Burlingham, Mrs. (1835) 3 0 0 Ditto (1837) 2 0 0 Butt, Wm. Esq. (1830) 2 0 0 Butlin, ----, Esq. (1835) 0 10 0 Butlin, Mrs. (1835) 0 10 0 Cambridge, C. O. Esq. (1827) 2 0 0 Ditto (1828) 10 10 0 Ditto (1835) 5 0 0 Ditto (1836) 5 0 0 Capper, Jasper, Esq. 1 1 0 Cator, John, Esq. (1828) 5 0 0 Ditto (1831) 2 0 0 Chippendale, J. Esq. 1 1 0 Christian, H. C. Esq. 0 10 0 Clapham Association (1829) 2 0 0 Ditto (1830) 2 0 0 Ditto (1832) 2 0 0 Ditto (1835) 3 0 0 Clarke, T. T. Esq. (1829) 10 10 0 1 1 0 Cockle, Richard, Esq. (1834) 1 1 0 1 1 0 Colfield, Rev. E. W. (1836) 0 10 0 Conquest, Dr. 1 1 0 Cropper, J. and E. (1834) 5 0 0 Dennington, ----, Esq. (1835) 0 10 0 Dewer, D. A. B. Esq. (1829) 5 0 0 Dickenson, John, Esq. (before 1832) 15 0 0 Domville, Wm. Esq. (1828) 5 0 0 Earl, Rev. J. H. (1832) 1 0 0 Evesham Association (1829) 2 10 0 Farmer, Thomas, Esq. 1 1 0 Fisher, J. S. (1835) 0 10 0 Foster, E. Esq. 1 1 0 Francis, Charles, Esq. 1 1 0 Friends at Uxbridge (1829) 3 0 0 Gillett, G. Esq. 1 1 0 Gillett, W. S. Esq. 1 1 0 Gilpin, Rev. B. (1833) 1 0 0 Goldsmid, J. L. Esq. 1 1 0 Gurney, Samuel, Esq. 2 2 0 Hamilton, Lady Anne (1828) 5 0 0 Hackney Association (1829) 3 3 0 Ditto (1830) 3 3 0 Hancock, Rev. Wm. (1828) 5 5 0 Harris, Mrs. Lydia 1 1 0 Heisch, P. J. Esq. 1 1 0 Henderson, Rev. J. Rawlins (1830) 10 10 0 Hereford Association (1829) 5 0 0 Hiort, J. W. Esq. (1828) 10 0 0 Holland, Mrs. (1830) 5 0 0 Ditto (1833) 5 0 0 Ditto (1834) 20 0 0 1 0 0 Horton, E. Esq. (1830) 1 1 0 Howard, Robert, Esq. 1 1 0 Howard, Mrs. 1 1 0 Kent, Her Royal Highness the Duchess of (1832) 20 0 0 Kenah, Col. (1836) 1 1 0 Lyttelton, Lord 2 2 0 Labouchere, John, Esq. (1830) 10 10 0 Legg, Hon. Henry 1 1 0 Lister, J. J. Esq. 1 1 0 Lyon, James, Esq. 1 1 0 Liverpool Association (1835) 5 0 0 Morpeth, Lord (1831) 10 10 0 Mayfield, ----, Esq. (1834) 1 0 0 Marten, Frederick, Esq. 1 0 0 Martin, John, Esq. M.P. (1828) 5 0 0 Minchin, Samuel, Esq. (1829) 10 10 0 Morland, Miss 1 1 0 Monro, Rev. R. 0 10 0 Newport Association (1830) 5 0 0 P. A. (before 1828) 10 0 0 John Parkinson, Esq. 0 10 6 Mrs. John Parkinson 0 10 6 Pascal, Miss 0 10 0 Pentonville Association (1834) 2 2 0 Preston, Miss (1835) 5 0 0 P. E. (1834-35) 2 0 0 Phillips, Miss 1 1 0 Phipps, Mrs. 2 2 0 Platt, Rev. George (1837) 1 0 0 Pownall, Henry, Esq. 1 1 0 Quilter, Rev. Mr. (1835) 5 2 6 Ramsden, R. Esq. (1835) 1 0 0 Richardson, Thomas, Esq. (1827) 5 0 0 R. H. (1829) 10 0 0 Romilly, Rev. J. 1 1 0 Romilly, Miss 1 1 0 Romilly, Miss Lucy 1 1 0 Sutherland, Duke of (1834) 50 0 0 Surrey, Earl of 1 1 0 Scott, John, Esq. (1829) 10 10 0 Smith, R. Esq. 1 1 0 Southampton Association (1829) 3 12 6 Stacy, George, Esq. 1 1 0 Steven, Robert, Esq. (1837) 10 10 0 1 1 0 Sutton, Lady (1836) 5 0 0 Tomkins, S. Esq. 1 1 0 Tooke, W. Esq. (1830) 100 0 0 Ditto (1836) 2 0 0 Ditto (1837) 2 0 0 Tottenham Association (1829) 8 0 0 Tritton, E. M. Executors of (1834) 5 0 0 Westminster, Marquis of 1 1 0 Willoughby de Eresby, Lord (1828) 5 0 0 Ditto (1829) 50 0 0 Ditto (1830) 40 0 0 Ditto (1831) 40 0 0 Ditto (1834) 20 0 0 Winchester, Lord Bishop of (1830) 10 0 0 1 1 0 Wager, Tayler, Esq. 1 1 0 Wareham Associatn. (1829) 2 0 0 Wedgewood, Miss (1828) 10 0 0 Ditto 10 0 0 Ditto (1829) 9 2 0 Ditto (1833) 5 5 0 Wedgewood, Josh. Esq. (1834) 10 10 0 Whieldon, Rev. E. (1830) 2 0 0 Wilde, Mrs. 1 1 0 Wilde, E. A. Esq. (1828) 10 10 0 Wolferston, Mrs. 1 1 0 Woods, S. Jun. Esq. (1837) 1 0 0 Young, G. A. Esq. (1834) 3 3 0 Young, Mrs. G. F. (1834) 5 10 0 0 10 0 SOCIETY FOR SUPERSEDING CLIMBING BOYS. CASH ACCOUNT. May 1st, 1837. _Received._ £. _s._ _d._ Balance in favour of the Society, May 1, 1836 71 16 4 Donations and Subscriptions since received 102 18 0 One year’s Dividend on Mrs. Denyer’s Legacy 6 0 0 ------------- £180 14 4 ============= _Paid._ £. _s._ _d._ Advertising, Circulars, Stationery, Postages, Porterage, &c. 26 2 5 Allowance to Agents 26 0 0 Machinery to ditto 32 15 0 For Printing last Report, &c. 21 17 0 Collector’s Poundage 4 5 5 Expenses at the West-end of the Town 18 17 6 Expenses attending the different Experiments to prove the superior efficiency of the Machine 21 0 0 Balance 29 17 0 ------------- £180 14 4 ============= Balance in favour of the Society 29 17 0 PROPOSED RULES FOR LOCAL ASSOCIATIONS. I. That an Association be now formed for the __________ and its vicinity, for Superseding the Use of Climbing Boys in Cleansing Chimneys. II. That the Association be managed by a Committee of Ladies, assisted by a few Gentlemen: and that all persons subscribing Five Shillings and upwards, be members of the Association. III. That the first object of the Association be, to divide the __________ into Districts, and to circulate as much information on the subject as possible, in such a manner as the Committee may deem most expedient; and that Sub-Committees be formed, to carry the measures better into effect. IV. That the Committee endeavour to obtain the consent and signatures of Housekeepers to have Machines only used in cleansing their Chimneys. V. That __________ be appointed the Agent of the Association, and supplied with the necessary Apparatus; and that employment be sought for the boys, whose services may be no longer required by their masters. VI. That application be made to the London Society, for purchasing such Machines and other Apparatus as may be deemed requisite by the Committee, and for any information on the subject. VII. That the Committee meet once a month, or oftener, if necessary, and that Five Members be empowered to act. And that a General Meeting of the Subscribers be held once annually, on a day to be fixed by the Committee. CHIMNEY SWEEPING DESCRIBED. [Illustration] A number of flues concentrated, forms a stack of chimneys, as represented in the engraving. Flues, at a distance from the stack, are conveyed to it either in a horizontal or sloping form, as at A and G. The size of flues generally is nine inches by fourteen inches; a space sufficiently large to convey the smoke, but not large enough to be ascended, except by little children, for the purpose of cleansing them. The plan adopted by the climbing-boy to ascend chimneys is, by pressing his feet, back, and knees against the sides of the flue, by which means he propels or hitches himself up by degrees, having one arm above his head, holding a brush, and the other arm by his side, as described in B. At C the boy is represented as putting his brush out of the top of the chimney-pot, but generally he rattles it with his brush, to satisfy the parties below that he has been to the top. This accomplished, he gradually slides down to the stove or grate. It has frequently occurred, that boys have, either through fear or inattention, got into the form of nose and knees together, as described at E; sometimes they remain in this cramped and painful position for hours before they are liberated, being totally unable to extricate themselves. Climbing-boys are exposed to considerable danger in horizontal or angular flues, as at A. The reason is obvious; after passing through the chimney and descending to the second angle from the fire place, the boy finds it completely filled up with soot, which he has dislodged from the sides of the upright part. He endeavours to pass by it, and after much struggling, he succeeds till stopped by his shoulders; but the soot is compressed so hard all around him, by his exertions, that he cannot go back; he then endeavours to move forward, but his attempts in this respect are often useless, for the covering of the horizontal part of the flue being stone, the sharp angle of it bears hard on his shoulders, as at H, and prevents him from moving in the least either one way or the other. His face being covered with a climbing-cap, and being completely enclosed in the soot beneath, his breath is stopped. In this dreadful condition he struggles violently to extricate himself, but his strength fails him, and in a few minutes he is gone for ever. Many instances have occurred of boys being thus suffocated in chimneys, or burnt, or smothered in the rubbish, while attempting to core a chimney; others have been killed by falling from the tops of chimneys. Such accidents have happened in London, Edinburgh, Dublin, Waterford, Wakefield, Newport Isle of Wight, Hereford, Preston, Dumfries, Dudley, Deal, Keighley, Clapham, and Belfast; and many other cases may have occurred without having come to the knowledge of the public. [Illustration] Some persons have an idea that a round brush will not sweep a square flue, but in the annexed diagram, the diameter of the brush B B is compared with the chimney A, which clearly shows that the whalebone of which the brush is composed, is forced into every part of the flue, and being repeatedly thrust up and down, must sweep it effectually. A bricklayer might here observe, “Admitting you can sweep chimneys with the machine, how would you core them?” More effectually and with greater facility than boys can possibly do it. Chimneys that are straight, or nearly so, do not require coring, and the rubbish that falls on the diagonal part of the flue, where the angles are obtuse, can easily be dislodged by a stiff brush attached to the machine, and introduced into the top of the chimney. At right angles, or when they are nearly so, an opening should be left six or nine inches square at the angle: and when the chimneys are finished, the core can be extracted in five minutes, which a boy would not be able to accomplish in several hours or days. It has frequently occurred, that a boy could not succeed in clearing the chimney of the core, and an opening has been made for that purpose at last. This plan was adopted with success at Buckingham Palace, the London University, Post Office, St. Martin’s-le-grand, and Fishmonger’s Hall. It is altogether unreasonable to employ boys to core chimneys at the imminent danger of their lives, when it can be so easily done as described, and at so much less expense. A builder might remark, “You have explained how you can core chimneys without a climbing-boy, but how would you place a brick or stop a crevice in any part of a flue, if required, without a climbing-boy?” On the first appearance of smoke, I would advise that a carpenter should remove the board that forms the plinth, and one or two flooring boards, when the defect would at once be discovered. A bricklayer would soon make it sound and secure; the boards and plinth might then be replaced, and all would be safe, and no further annoyance experienced. A good machine, in the hands of a person who well understands the use of it, will not meet with one chimney in a thousand that it cannot effectually sweep. Several persons of this description, who have served their time as chimney-sweepers, are employed in the use of the machine, by the Agents of the Society for Superseding Climbing-boys. N.B. The provisions of the late “Chimney-sweepers Regulation Act” were entirely against the opinion and advice of the above Society, and the obnoxious clause, prohibiting chimney-sweepers from calling in the streets, was inserted at the suggestion of the principal master chimney-sweepers themselves. The Society will never be satisfied till the use of climbing-boys is done away with altogether, being a cruel and unnecessary method. PRICES OF MACHINERY, _Manufactured by Joseph Glass, No. 2, Moor-lane, Fore-street_. Cane Machines, with chimney cloth complete:-- 40 feet in length £3 10 0 50 ditto ditto 4 0 0 60 ditto ditto 4 10 0 70 ditto ditto 5 0 0 80 ditto ditto 5 10 0 Ash or Crab Machines, on the same principles, with chimney cloth complete:-- 40 feet in length £2 5 0 50 ditto ditto 2 11 0 60 ditto ditto 2 17 0 70 ditto ditto 3 3 0 80 ditto ditto 3 8 0 If a Machine is required partly of Ash, and partly of Cane, the cost will be in proportion to the number of joints of each used. N.B. The screws of all the joints of Glass’s Machine are stamped with his name, to distinguish them from spurious ones. AGENTS OF THE SOCIETY. Joseph Glass, 2, Moor-lane, Fore-street, Cripplegate. Robert Day, 21, Newton-street, High Holborn. Edward Raven, 64, Lant-street, Borough. John Shepherd, 19, Kinnerton-street, Wilton-place, Knightsbridge. The following form is recommended to those who may be disposed to become Benefactors to this Society by Will:-- “_I give and bequeath unto_ A. B. _and_ C. D. _the sum of __________ to be raised and paid out of my Personal Estate and Effects upon trust, to the intent that they, or either of them, do pay the same to the Treasurer for the time being of a Benevolent Society, which is now called or commonly known by the name of ‘The Society for Superseding the necessity of Climbing Boys,’ which sum I desire may be applied to the purposes of that Society._” Ten Guineas constitutes a perpetual, and one Guinea an Annual Member. Subscriptions and Donations are received by the Treasurer, W. Tooke, Esq., 39, Bedford-row; the Honorary Secretary; Messrs. Hoare, Fleet-street; Messrs. Williams and Co., Birchin-lane; and by the Collector, Mr. H. Clemson, No. 7, Grange-road, Bermondsey. Macintosh, Printer, 20, Great New-street, London. Transcriber’s Note In this file, text in _italics_ is indicated by underscores. Minor printer’s errors have been corrected by the transcriber; otherwise, as far as possible, original spelling and punctuation have been retained. *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SOCIETY FOR SUPERSEDING THE NECESSITY OF CLIMBING BOYS, BY ENCOURAGING A NEW METHOD OF SWEEPING CHIMNEYS: TWENTY-FIRST REPORT, MAY 1, 1837 *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. START: FULL LICENSE THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that: • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.” • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works. • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate. While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate. Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org. This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.