The Project Gutenberg eBook of Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, Science, and Art, Fifth Series, No. 22, Vol. I, May 31, 1884
    
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online
at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States,
you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located
before using this eBook.

Title: Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, Science, and Art, Fifth Series, No. 22, Vol. I, May 31, 1884

Author: Various

Release date: June 29, 2021 [eBook #65723]

Language: English

Credits: Susan Skinner, Eric Hutton and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)


*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S JOURNAL OF POPULAR LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART, FIFTH SERIES, NO. 22, VOL. I, MAY 31, 1884 ***




[Illustration:

CHAMBERS’S JOURNAL

OF

POPULAR

LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART

Fifth Series

ESTABLISHED BY WILLIAM AND ROBERT CHAMBERS, 1832

CONDUCTED BY R. CHAMBERS (SECUNDUS)

NO. 22.—VOL. I.      SATURDAY, MAY 31, 1884.      PRICE 1½_d._]




OUR DETECTIVE POLICE.


The number of murders that have taken place, and the very few murderers
that have been brought to justice in and about London during the last
few months, must go far towards contradicting the assertion to the
effect that the metropolis of England is ‘the safest city in the world’
to live in. And if to the list of crimes against life which have not
been, and never are likely to be, brought home to the perpetrators,
we add the innumerable thefts, burglaries, and other offences against
property which go unpunished because the criminals are never found out,
it can hardly be denied that we require a new departure in the system
of our Detective Police, for the simple reason that, as at present
constituted, the practical results of the same are very much the
reverse of satisfactory.

It has been my lot, for reasons which need not be entered into here,
to see not a little of the French detective system, and of the plans
adopted by those employed in discovering crime in Paris. The two
systems, those of the London and Parisian detective, differ most
essentially. With us, it is as if the general commanding an army in the
field was to send spies into the enemy’s camp, taking care they were
dressed and behaved themselves in such a manner that every one would
know who they were. On the other hand, the French system of detection
is based on the principle that the enemy—namely, the criminals amongst
whom they have to make their inquiries—should never be able to discover
who the spies are. Now, with some fifty or sixty detectives trained
to perfection in the art of disguising themselves, must it not be far
more easy to discover the whereabouts of crime and the identity of the
criminals, than can possibly be done under our system? Our detectives
are as well known to a Londoner of any experience, and we may presume
they are also just as well known to the criminal classes, as if they
wore uniform. Nay, in a very useful volume called _The Police Code and
Manual of the Criminal Law_, compiled by Mr Howard Vincent, it is
clearly laid down that ‘the idea that a detective to be useful in a
district must be unknown is erroneous in the great mass of cases, as he
is then unable to distinguish between honest men who would help a known
officer and others.’

It seems to me, as it must do to all who study the question, that this
is the fundamental mistake we make, and that it is for this reason our
detection of crime is so defective. We have no spies in the enemy’s
camp. Our detective officers are merely policemen in shooting-jackets
and billycock hats. The great criminal army knows who they are as well
as if they wore their blue tunics. A French detective has nothing
whatever to do with arresting criminals. He is not the sportsman who
shoots the bird, but only the dog which points out where the game is
to be found. The French agents of police, or detectives—many of whom
have been over in England on business, and are well acquainted with
our system—say that our regular police who keep order in the streets
are the best guardians of peace and order in the world, but that our
detective system is the worst and, practically, the most useless in
Europe. Nor can any one acquainted with the subject say they are wrong.
Even the most casual readers of the papers must be struck with two
facts relating to crime in London. In the first place, the vigilance
of the ordinary police is so great, that, as a rule, they lay hands
upon a very great number of criminals, and cause a vast deal of crime
to be punished. But, on the other hand, if a murderer, burglar, or
other offender against society _does_ manage to get clean away, he is
rarely if ever caught. The police—that is, of course, the detective
police—invariably ‘get a clue’ to the affair; and there the matter
seems to end. The detection of crime is evidently not an art that has
been cultivated in England.

The French detective is a man who would never be thought, by any one
who did not know him personally, to be connected with the police. In
fact, he generally does his best to hide his real occupation from
even his most intimate friends. Like our Londoner who is ‘something
in the City,’ he assumes the indefinite appellation of _un employé
du gouvernement_; but in what office he is ‘employed,’ or what his
‘employment’ may be, he refrains from stating. He is generally a quiet,
unpretending individual, who neither courts nor avoids notice. The
facility with which he assumes all kinds of disguise, and the admirable
manner in which he acts the part he assumes, must be seen in order
to be realised. As a rule, he takes some time before bringing his
inquiries to a close; but he is rarely at fault in the long-run, and
generally manages to bring down the game he is hunting.

Our English detective is the exact contrary of his French _confrère_.
He does not wear uniform, but he might just as well do so, for his
appearance and dress proclaim him to be what he is quite as plainly
as if he was clad like X142 of the force. He is a well-meaning,
intelligent fellow; but both his want of training and the system under
which he has to work quite unfit him for the detection of any crime
which is hidden in mystery. I remember, some years ago, being on a
visit at a country-house, where the jewel-case of a lady visitor was
stolen. It was quite safe when the owner had finished dressing for
dinner; but a couple of hours later her maid missed it, and gave the
alarm. Search was made—it is needless to say, in vain. The house was
full of visitors, many of whom had brought with them their own valets
and ladies’ maids, besides which there was a large staff of servants
belonging to the house itself. A telegram was despatched to Scotland
Yard the next morning; and in due time two detective officers arrived
from London. They examined the room from which the jewel-box had been
taken; questioned, and, as a natural consequence, set by the ears, all
the servants of the house, as well as those of the different visitors;
made inquiries at the neighbouring railway station about the travellers
who had left the place during the last few days; and finally, took
their departure, leaving matters exactly where they were—where they
have remained to the present day, and where they are likely to remain
for all time.

As a comparison with the foregoing, I may mention a case of a very
similar kind which I once witnessed in Paris. A friend of mine, living
with his wife, daughter, and a male and female servant _au second_
of a large old-fashioned house, found one morning that all his plate
had been stolen. It was quite safe when the family went to bed the
previous night; but in the morning it had vanished. He communicated
with the police; and an elderly gentleman, who looked like the manager
or one of the head-clerks of a bank, was sent to the house. Neither the
_concierge_ nor any one else had the slightest idea who the individual
was. He came ostensibly to see my friend on some business, and only
told _him_ what this business really was. He came again the next day
and the following four or five days, making his visits purposely when
my friend and all his family were out, so as to have an excuse, whilst
awaiting their return, of talking to the servants, or of wasting a
quarter of an hour in the _concierge’s_ den. He managed to ingratiate
himself with this latter individual; and in the course of the next few
weeks, during which time he still paid occasional visits, ostensibly
to my friend, became quite intimate with the servant. It ended in the
_concierge_ being arrested one fine day on a charge of having stolen
the plate. This was brought about partly by something the detective had
seen in the _concierge’s_ room, but chiefly on account of what he had
heard at a place where a number of the agents or brokers for stolen
goods used to congregate for business, and to which the detective went
in the character of a thief. The crime was thus discovered, and the
thief was duly punished.

I mention these two cases, out of not a few with which I am acquainted,
as illustrating in some measure the very different systems on which
the detectives of England and France do their work. In the latter
country, as in every other country in Europe, London is regarded by the
dangerous classes as the happy hunting-ground of thieves and rogues
of all kinds. I am fully aware that many Englishmen would regard the
French detective mode of working as underhand and mean, and object to
what they would term any underhand work of the kind. But surely when
a question of such magnitude as the detection of crime is mooted,
the authorities ought not to be guided by what is merely a matter of
sentiment. Murderers, burglars, thieves, swindlers, and all other
evil-doers, do not hesitate to use the most effectual means at their
command in order to insure success to themselves. Why, then, should
we do so? Crime of every kind is getting daily more and more clever
and scientific in its working; why should we not avail ourselves of
every possible advantage which the perpetrators of crime can command?
One thing is very certain, that unless we take a new departure in the
manner we attempt to detect crime, the dangerous classes will very soon
have everything their own way. As a French police agent once told me,
every crime that is undiscovered serves as an incentive for a dozen
more of the same kind.

With respect to the very strong dislike which some persons have to
anything in the shape of a secret police—or rather to disguised
agents of the police acting as spies in the camp of the dangerous
classes—it ought not to be forgotten that the same prejudice existed
half a century ago against the ‘new police,’ or the ‘Peelers’ as they
were called, being substituted for the watchmen or ‘Charlies’ of our
grandfathers’ days. If the authorities are wise enough to constitute
and maintain a really efficient system of secret police agents in the
place of what we now call ‘plain-clothes officers,’ the result will
be much the same as was the substitution of a regular metropolitan
police in place of the old watchmen. But if this greatly called-for
change is delayed much longer, we shall see the criminal classes
gaining in strength every year, until it will become as difficult to
get the mastery over them as is the case in some of the Western States
in America. A secret police, or rather, a number of secret agents of
the police, organised on the French system, is what we must institute
ere long, and the sooner it is taken in hand the better. Those who
require their services do not hesitate to employ ‘Private Inquiry
Offices’ and other similar establishments; why should the government
decline to entertain the idea of such an agency as is here advocated?
If any man of influence and authority in the land could be present at a
‘business’ meeting of English, French, and a few German thieves in some
of the lowest haunts of ‘Foreign London,’ an efficient system of secret
detective police would very soon become established in what has been
foolishly called ‘the safest city in the world.’

In England, we have a curious but very erroneous idea that if a
policeman wears a suit of plain clothes instead of his regular uniform,
he is fully able to find out all about any crime that has ever been
committed. A greater mistake was never made. Not only to the ‘dangerous
classes,’ but to almost every Londoner who is anything of an observer
regarding his fellow-men, ‘plain-clothes’ officers, as our detectives
are called, are actually as well known as if they wore the helmet,
blue tunic, and black leather waist-belt of the regular policeman. It
is quite otherwise in France. A French detective, as we have remarked
before, has nothing whatever to do with serving summonses or warrants.
He never arrests a criminal, but he points out to the regular police
where criminals are to be found. It is only on very rare occasions that
he even appears as witness against a prisoner; and when he does so, he
assumes for the future a dress and general appearance quite unlike what
he has hitherto borne. A French detective who cannot disguise himself
in such a manner that his oldest friend would not be able to recognise
him, is not deemed worth his salary. He takes the greatest professional
pride in this art. In a word, the French detectives are the spies sent
by the army of law and order to find out all about the enemy that is
constantly waging war against life and property. In England, we have
no similar set of men, and what are the consequences? Why, that unless
a murderer, burglar, or other offender is either taken red-handed, or
leaves behind him some very plain marks as to who he is or where he is
to be found, crime with us is, as a rule, undetected. Sooner or later,
notwithstanding our national prejudices against all that is secret and
underhand, we must adopt a system for the detection of crime on the
plan that is found to work so well in France; and the sooner we do so
the better, unless we want to make England in general, and London in
particular, more than even it is now the happy hunting-ground of all
the scoundrels in Europe. All Frenchmen who have visited our country
say that our _ordinary_ police is the very best in the world; that the
manner in which they preserve order in the streets is above praise;
and they are right. Nor can a word be said against the character, the
integrity, or the intentions also of our detectives. But the system on
which they are trained is essentially bad. They are the wrong men in
the wrong place—the square pegs in the round holes.




BY MEAD AND STREAM.


CHAPTER XXX.—CURIOUS.

‘I am going to the village, Ada, to see Mr Beecham, but I shall not be
long,’ said Wrentham to his wife.

She in her pale, delicate prettiness was as unlike the mate of such a
man as Wrentham as a gazelle linked to a Bengal tiger would appear. But
she was fond of him, believed in him, and was as happy in her married
state as most of her neighbours seemed to be. Indeed, she believed
herself to be a great deal happier than most of them. So far as the
household arrangements were concerned, he was a model husband: he
interfered with none of them. He seldom scolded: he accepted his chop
or steak with equanimity whether it was over or under done (of course
he did not think it necessary to mention the repasts he indulged in
at the _Gog and Magog_); and he had even put on a pair of unbrushed
boots without saying anything aloud. What woman is there who would not
appreciate such a husband?

Mrs Wrentham did appreciate him, and was devoted to him. She had
brought him a few hundreds, with which her father, a country tradesman,
had dowered her, and of that Wrentham declared he was able to make a
fortune. With that intent most of his time was occupied in the City;
and she often lamented that poor Martin was so eager to make ‘hay
whilst the sun shone’—as he called it—that he was working himself to
death.

‘Never mind, dear,’ he would say: ‘there is no time like the present
for laying by a store; and we shall have leisure to enjoy ourselves
when we have made a comfortable little fortune.’

‘But if you should kill yourself in the meanwhile, Martin!’

‘Nonsense, Ada; I am too tough a chap to be killed so easily.’

Then he would go off gaily to the City (or the betting-ring). She would
sigh, and sit down to wait for the happy time when that little fortune
should be made.

The man whilst he spoke to her was sincere enough; but in the feverish
excitement of his speculations he forgot all about wife and home.

At present he was at ease, for he did not mean to go farther than the
_King’s Head_. So he made the little woman quite happy by his effusive
tenderness, and still more by the information that she might wait up
for his return. What pleasanter intimation could a loving wife receive?

The village was in darkness, for gas had not yet found its way into
Kingshope. The feeble glint of a candle here and there looked like a
dull glowworm striving to keep up a semblance of life. The half-dozen
shops with their oil-lamps were a little brighter than the houses; but
their innermost corners were dark and mysterious. Even the _King’s
Head_ and _Cherry Tree_ wore such veils upon their faces that a
stranger would have passed by without suspecting that these were
hostelries within the gates of which was to be found good entertainment
for man and beast, and where on market-days and fair-days were held
high revels.

In one of the darkest parts of the street there was a little window
illuminated by a single ‘dip:’ that ‘dip’ revealed a jumble of
sweetmeats, cheap, gaudy toys, and penny picture-books. The eager eyes
of a group of children discovered there a palace of wonder and delight,
filled with objects of surpassing interest and ambition. There was
a wooden sword which young Hodge regarded as more powerful than his
father’s spade and pick-axe: there was a gilt gingerbread man with
a cocked-hat, which was looked upon with breathless admiration as a
correct model of the Prince of Wales in all the splendour of royal
attire. There was a brief discussion as to whether the cocked-hat
should not have been a gold crown, which was undoubtedly the proper
headgear for a prince. This, however, was settled by a mite of a girl,
who suggested that the cocked-hat was worn when the Prince went out for
a walk, and the crown when he was in the palace.

Next in attractive power was a greenish bottle full of brandy-balls;
and the children’s teeth watered as they gazed upon it. A Lord Mayor’s
dinner must be a small thing compared with that window with its jumble
of sweets and toys.

‘Wouldn’t you like to have some of these nice things? How happy we
would be if life could be all gilt gingerbread and brandy-balls!’

That was exactly what they had been thinking, and an appalled silence
fell upon the little group, as they turned to stare at the wizard
who had read their desire through the backs of their heads. But they
all knew the kindly face of the gentleman who was looking at them so
pleasantly. They did not note the shade of sadness and pity that was in
his eyes. The faces of the younger children broadened into smiles of
expectation: the elder ones hung their heads a little—shy, doubting,
hoping, and vaguely fearing that they had been caught doing something
wrong.

Mr Beecham patted one of them on the head—a child of about six years.

‘Suppose you had sixpence, Totty, what would you do?’

‘Buy all the shop.’

‘And what then?’

‘Eat um,’ was the prompt and emphatic answer.

‘What! would you not share with your friends?’

Totty looked round at her friends, who were anxious about her next
reply.

‘Such a lot of ’em,’ she said with a kind of sulky greediness.

‘Well, sixpence will not buy the whole shop; but I shall give it to
your brother, and he must spend it upon something which can be easily
divided into equal parts, so that you may all share alike.’

The gift was accepted in silence; but he had only moved a few paces
away when there arose a hubbub of young voices angrily disputing as
to what should be purchased with their fortune. He turned back and
settled the matter for them. Whilst thus occupied, he was visited with
the unpleasant reflection that what we want does not cause us so much
trouble as what we possess. These children had been happy gazing at
what they had no expectation of attaining. In imagination they could
pick and choose each what he or she most fancied. Then he had come
like an evil genius amongst them and by his trifling gift had produced
discord. Had he purchased all that was in the shop there would still
have been dissatisfaction.

‘Communism will never thrive,’ he muttered as he walked away, after
pacifying his little protégés as best he could; ‘the selfish individual
will always be too strong for it. Master Philip is making a mistake.’

‘He _is_ a rum chap,’ was the comment of Mr Wrentham, who had been
watching the incident from the outside of the small semicircle of light
cast from the window of the sweet-shop. ‘In his dotage?... No. I might
have said that, if we had not spent a few evenings together. A man who
can pick up Nap and play it as he did, is no fool, however much of
a knave he may be. He is not that either.... Wonder what can be the
reason of Hadleigh’s curiosity about him.’

His first movement from the darkness in which he stood suggested that
he purposed saluting Mr Beecham at once; but he altered his mind, lit
a cigar, and strolled leisurely after him. He had found a new interest
in the stranger: it sprung out of his profound respect for Mr Hadleigh,
for he was convinced that every word spoken by that gentleman, and
certainly every act performed by him, was the result of careful
reflection and shrewd foresight. He was not a man to do anything
without a distinct view to his own advantage. Wrentham intended to
share that advantage. But as he was at present unable to conceive
what it might be, and was working entirely in the dark, with the hope
merely that he should discover the meaning of it all as he proceeded,
he considered it wise to move with caution whilst he maintained the
bearing of a most willing servant.

He had been under the impression that he had sounded the depths of Mr
Beecham’s character pretty correctly; but Mr Hadleigh’s inquiries and
the incident with the children suggested two such opposite phases, that
Wrentham could only conclude one of them must be wrong. Mr Hadleigh
had started the suspicion that Beecham had some design in hand, the
discovery of which would be useful: the scene with the children brought
Wrentham back to his first impression—that he was a simple-minded but
clear-sighted gentleman who was willing to lose a few pounds at cards
occasionally without grumbling.

Mr Beecham had so few visitors in his village quarters, that he had
not yet found it necessary to give the attendants at the _King’s Head_
the unpalatable but frequently unavoidable instruction to say ‘Not at
home.’ So that, on Wrentham’s arrival, his name was at once conveyed to
him. The message brought back was that, if Mr Wrentham would be good
enough to wait for a few minutes, Mr Beecham would be ready to receive
him.

When at length he was shown into the room, Mr Beecham was closing a
large envelope, which he placed on his desk in order to shake hands
with his visitor. At each side of the desk was a bright lamp with a
white shade, reflecting the light full upon the document he had laid
down. Wrentham had no difficulty in reading the address.

‘Hope I am not disturbing you. Got home early, and took it into my head
to come down and have a cigar and a chat. If you’re busy, I’ll bolt.’

‘No necessity. I had only to address an envelope to a friend with some
inclosures, and that is done. You are very welcome to-night, although
we are not likely to have a chat, as I have invited some young people
to a conjuring entertainment.’

‘I am afraid you will find me an ungracious guest,’ said Wrentham,
laughing, ‘for I had made up my mind to have a quiet evening with you
alone, and I have no fancy for jugglers—their tricks are all so stale.’

‘You will find this man particularly amusing. He is clever with his
tongue as well as his hands, and is remarkably well-mannered, although
you will be astonished, perhaps, to learn that he is only a street
performer. I ought not to have told you that until after you had seen
him. However, my chief pleasure will be—and I am sure yours will be—in
seeing how the children enjoy the magician’s wonders. Mr Tuppit tells
me that he never has so much delight in his work as when he has an
audience of young people. We have got the large dining-room for the
performance, and it is likely to turn out a brilliant affair. You must
stay.’

At the mention of the conjurer’s name, Wrentham made a curious
movement, as if he had dropped something—it was only the ash of his
cigar which had fallen on his sleeve. He dusted it into the fender.

‘I wish I could go into things of this sort like you,’ he said, smiling
admiringly at Mr Beecham’s enthusiasm; ‘but I can’t. I don’t believe
you could do it either, if you had heavy and anxious work on hand.
But you belong to the lucky ones who have successfully passed the
Rubicon of life. You have made your hay, and can amuse yourself without
thinking about to-morrow. I am never allowed to get to-morrow out of my
head.’

‘Most people say that,’ was Mr Beecham’s response, with one of his
quiet smiles; ‘and I always think it is because we waste to-day in
thinking of to-morrow.’

‘Hit again,’ exclaimed Wrentham with a frank laugh. ‘I believe you are
right; but we cannot all be philosophers. Nature has most to do in
forming us, whatever share education may have in it. Where the dickens
did you pick up your philosophy? In the east, west, north, or south?
Have you been a traveller for pleasure or on business? Where have
you been? What have you done, that you should be able always to see
the sunny side of life? There’s a string of questions for you. Don’t
trouble to answer them, although I should like if possible to learn how
you became what you are—so calm, so happy.’

All this was spoken so good-humouredly—as if it were the outcome of
nothing more than jesting curiosity—that Wrentham fancied he had very
cleverly turned to useful account a passing observation. His host could
not avoid giving him some direct information about his career now.

Mr Beecham appeared to be amused—nothing more.

‘I have travelled in many directions of the compass, partly on
business, partly on pleasure. Everywhere I have found that although
the scenes are different, men are the same. Those who have had a
fortune made for them spend it, wisely or unwisely as may be; those who
have not, strive or wish to strive to make one for themselves. Some
succeed, some fail: but the conditions of happiness are the same in
either case—those who are the most easily content are the most happy.’

‘Beaten,’ thought Wrentham. ‘What a clever beggar he is in answering
the most direct questions with vague generalities.’ What he said was
this:

‘I suppose that you had a fortune made for you, and so could take
things easy?’

‘A little was left to me, but I am glad to say not enough to permit me
to be idle. I cannot say that I have worked hard, but I worked in the
right direction, and the result has been satisfactory—that is, so far
as money is concerned.’

‘Wish you would give me a leaf out of your book: it might start me in
the right direction too.’

‘Some day you shall have the whole book to read, Mr Wrentham, and I
shall be delighted if you find it of service.’

‘But what line were you in? I should like to know.’

‘So you shall, so you shall—by-and-by.—You have allowed your cigar to
go out. Try one of these Larranagas; and excuse me for a minute—I want
to send this away.’

He took up the packet which Wrentham had observed lying on the desk,
and quitted the room.

‘Wish I could make him out,’ was Wrentham’s reflection, as, after
lighting his cigar, he stood on the hearth with his back to the fire
and glared round the room in search of something that might help to
satisfy his curiosity. ‘Maybe there is nothing to make out.... But
what does he want sending off letters to Madge Heathcote at this time
of evening? I saw the address plainly enough, and that letter was for
her.... There _is_ something to find out.’

(_To be continued._)




THE ASHBURNHAM COLLECTIONS.


In 1763, Mr Grenville, then First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor
of the Exchequer, had occasion to enlist the services of a gentleman
familiar with ancient handwriting, in the arrangement of papers
and other business. So well did Mr Thomas Astle do his work, that,
two years later, he was made Receiver-general on the Civil List;
subsequently becoming, in succession, chief clerk in the Record Office,
and keeper of the records in the Tower. Astle was a diligent and
discreet collector of manuscripts; and mindful of his obligations to
the Grenvilles, directed by his will that his valuable library should
pass into the possession of the Marquis of Buckingham for the sum of
five hundred pounds. That nobleman gladly accepted the conditional
bequest, and housed the sometime keeper’s treasures honourably at
Stowe. As opportunities offered, he and his successor added books and
documents to Astle’s store, until they had brought together a mass of
original materials for the history of the three kingdoms unrivalled by
any other private collection.

The middle of the present century saw Stowe shorn of its glories;
and in 1849, its famous manuscripts were advertised for public sale;
but their threatened dispersion was fortunately averted by the Earl
of Ashburnham purchasing the entire collection, and adding it to his
own extensive library, rich in works of early European and English
literature. At the time of the earl’s death he was the possessor
of four distinct collections, known as the Stowe, the Barrois, the
Libri, and the Appendix. The last-named, representing his occasional
purchases, consisted of two hundred and fifty volumes, including richly
illuminated missals and Books of Hours, choice copies of the works
of Chaucer, Wickliffe, Gower, Dante; English chronicles, monastic
registers, and individual manuscripts of great rarity and value. The
Barrois collection of seven hundred and two manuscripts was notable
for its specimens of ancient bindings, its illuminated manuscripts,
and its examples of early French literature; while the Libri section
was remarkable for its very ancient manuscripts, its copies of Dante’s
Commedia, its works of early Italian literature, its rare autographs,
and its letters of distinguished French men of science.

In 1879, all these treasures were offered by the present Earl of
Ashburnham to the trustees of the British Museum for the sum of one
hundred and sixty thousand pounds; but upon their requesting him to
separate the manuscripts from the printed books, the earl intimated
that, finding he had underpriced his library in the first instance,
he should require the hundred and sixty thousand pounds for the
manuscripts alone; or fifty thousand for the Stowe collection, and
fifty thousand for the Appendix collection, if the trustees elected to
buy them only; and with that intimation the negotiation ended. In the
autumn of 1882 the Museum authorities sought Lord Ashburnham again, to
learn that he would only sell the collection as a whole at the price he
had originally named. The keeper of the department of Manuscripts went
down to Ashburnham Place, examined the collection volume by volume, and
returned with above nine hundred of the choicest volumes and portfolios
of papers, for the inspection of the trustees themselves; and they came
to the conclusion that, all things considered, the collection was worth
the money demanded for it; and recommended the Treasury to purchase it,
and give the trustees power to make over certain portions of the Libri
and Barrois collections—said to have been abstracted from the public
libraries of France—to the French government on payment of twenty-four
thousand pounds. To this proposition the Treasury would not agree, not
being prepared to purchase the collection _en bloc_.

Then Lord Ashburnham agreed to sell the Museum the Stowe and Appendix
divisions for ninety thousand pounds. The Treasury offered seventy
thousand pounds; whereupon the earl requested that the manuscripts
in the possession of the Museum trustees should be returned to their
proper home. Determined, if possible, to avert what they regarded
as an irreparable national calamity, the trustees proposed to make
good the twenty thousand pounds by allowing a reduction on the annual
vote for the Museum to the amount of four thousand pounds for the
next five years. ‘My Lords’ were obdurate, the earl was firm; and the
disappointed Museum trustees had nothing left to them but to retire
with an expression of their regret at the untoward result of their
efforts to save the precious manuscripts from probable expatriation. A
week or two later, however, they were gladdened by receiving a verbal
intimation from the guardian of the public purse that the government
were ready to purchase the Stowe collection provided it could be
obtained for forty thousand pounds. Lord Ashburnham would not lower
his demand to that extent, but consented to accept forty-five thousand
pounds. So the bargain was struck, the House of Commons voted the
money, and the much-talked-of manuscripts became the property of the
nation.

Whatever the pecuniary value of the Stowe collection may be, the
custodians of our great library may well rejoice upon acquiring its
nine hundred and ninety-six volumes of charters and cartularies;
ancient missals and rituals; old English chronicles; old statutes;
reports of famous trials; household books; royal wardrobe accounts;
papal bulls and indulgences; historical, legal, and ecclesiastical
documents; diplomatic, political, and private correspondence; and
papers of more or less value to the antiquary, genealogist, and general
student. In truth, the subject-matter of this mass of manuscripts is of
so varied a nature that it would almost be easier to say what is not,
than what is to be found therein. We shall not attempt to do either,
but content ourselves with enumerating some of the curiosities of the
collection.

First among these comes a volume of Anglo-Saxon charters, the cover
of which is adorned with figures of saints and martyrs, and a
representation of the crucifixion, worked with the needle, in coloured
silks and gold-thread. The first charter in the volume is one of six
lines, by which Withred, king of Kent, granted certain lands to the
nuns of Liming; His Majesty, ‘being illiterate,’ making the sign of
the cross against his name. Another relic of Anglo-Saxon times is
the register of Hyde Abbey, Winchester, the greater part of which is
supposed to have been written in the reign of Canute. On the first
page are portraits of that monarch and his queen ‘Ailgythu’ in their
robes of state. On the fourth leaf are memoranda of the Conqueror’s
building a palace at Winchester, and of the burning of the city
in 1140 by Robert, Earl of Gloucester. A copy of Alfred’s will is
followed by an account of the burying-places of the Anglo-Saxon kings
and saints, various forms of benedictions, a list of relics preserved
at Hyde, and a calendar of saints. On one page is a fragment of the
_exultat_ as chanted on Holy Saturday in the monastery, with the
musical notes—consisting of lines and points placed over the syllables,
and indicating by their forms the high and low tones in which these
syllables were to be sung.

Of historical interest are—the original report of the trial of ‘Johanne
d’Arc,’ dated the 7th of July 1456, and duly signed and attested by the
notaries; the original declaration of eight of the bishops in favour
of Henry VIII.’s assumption of power in church matters, in which they
pronounce that Christian princes may make ecclesiastical laws; and
two little volumes—one about three inches square, containing sundry
calendars and tables, written on leaves of vellum, and bearing on the
fly-leaf, in the handwriting of the Duke of Somerset: ‘Fere of the lord
is the begenning of wisdume: put thi trust in the lord w^h all thine
heart; be not wise in thyne own conseyte but fere the lord and fle from
evele frome the toware the day before deth, 1551. E. SOMERSET.’ The
other booklet is about an inch square, and bound in gold, enamelled in
black, and furnished with two small gold rings, by which it could be
suspended to its owner’s waist. It consists of a hundred and ninety-six
pages of vellum, on which are written the seven penitential psalms.
This was one of Henry VIII.’s gifts to Anne Boleyn, and was given by
her—Horace Walpole says—to her maid of honour Mrs Wyatt, when the
beautiful queen bade farewell to the world on Tower Hill.

Among other originals of political importance may be noted the
return concerning the levy of ship-money, made to Sir Peter Temple,
High-sheriff of Bucks, from the parish of Great Kimble, bearing the
names of those who tendered their refusal to the constables and
assessors; the said constables’ and assessors’ names appearing in
the list of protesters, at the head of which stands the name of John
Hampden. Of a little later date is the secret article of the treaty
made in 1654 between Louis XIV. and the Protector of England for the
expulsion from France of Charles II., the Duke of York, and eighteen
royalists; Cromwell undertaking in return to expel certain Frenchmen
from England. This document is signed by De Bordeaux on the part of
the French king; by Fiennes, Lisle, and Strickland on the part of the
Commonwealth. The Grand Monarch’s own signature appears to an order
addressed to the governor of the Bastile—an order for him to permit the
Countess de Bussy to sleep with her husband.

There are two literary curiosities in the shape of a five-act tragedy
by Bale, Bishop of Ossory, who died in 1563; and a comedy, author
unknown, intended to be played for the amusement of Elizabeth and her
court; the latter ending with the following lines, addressed to Queen
Bess:

    May you have all the joys of innocence,
    Injoyinge too all the delights of sense.
    May you live long, and knowe till ye are told,
    T’ endeare your beauty, and wonder you are old;
    And when heaven’s heate shall draw you to the skye,
    May you transfigured, not transfigured dye!

In the original draft of a dedication to be prefixed to some operas by
Purcell, Dryden says: ‘Musick and poetry have ever been acknowledged
sisters, which walking hand-in-hand support each other. As poetry is
the harmony of words, so musick is that of notes; and as poetry is a
rise above prose and oratory, so is musick the exaltation of poetry.
Both of them may excel apart; but sure they are most excellent when
they are joined, because nothing is then wanting to either of their
perfections, for thus they appear like wit and beauty in the same
person.’ At the end of a copy of Bacon’s _Essays_, presented to Mrs
Newsham, in 1725, by ‘her servant, A. Pope,’ is a sonnet in the poet’s
handwriting, entitled _A Wish to Mrs M. B. on her Birthday, June 15_.
It is to be found in his works, expanded into a twenty-line _Epistle
to Miss Martha Blount, on her Birthday_.

‘The Emperor of Morocco’s curses against his two eldest sons, taken
from the original in his own writing in the register of the principal
church at Morocco,’ is a curiosity, if scarcely a literary one; and
the same may be said of a specimen of French penmanship—a series of
portraits of the time of Louis XIV., executed with such freedom that
they seem to have been done with one uninterrupted flourish of the pen.
Each portrait has a song with music appended to it, the volume ending
with a piece of music in Rousseau’s own hand, composed by him at Paris
in 1776.

The letters, original and transcribed, in the collection are so
multitudinous, that it is impossible to enter into detail about
them; they cover every reign from Edward III. to George III., and
unrepresented Englishmen of any note are few indeed; while epistles
written by such illustrious foreigners as Doge Andrea Contarini,
Francis I., Cardinal Mazarin, Louis XIV., Madame de Maintenon,
Voltaire, Frederick the Great, Mirabeau, Lafayette, and Napoleon the
Great, figure in the catalogue of contents.

We must mention that among the treasures acquired by the nation are
a number of manuscripts in the Irish language, and of manuscripts
relating to the history and antiquities of Ireland; besides the
correspondence of Arthur Capel, Earl of Essex, Lord-lieutenant
of Ireland under Charles II. The government having decided that
manuscripts in the Irish language, and those bearing more or less
directly upon Irish history and literature, should be lent indefinitely
to the Royal Irish Academy, for the use of students and the public,
the greater portion of the above will be lost to Bloomsbury—how large
a portion will not be known, until the representatives of the British
Museum and the Irish Academy have settled the matter between them.




A SKETCH FROM MY STUDY WINDOW.


There were three of them, little pale-faced, grave-eyed girl-children,
unmistakable Londoners in their lack of the healthy colouring and
sturdy limbs which would have marked country-bred children of their
age. The eldest was perhaps eleven; the younger ones, eight and six
years old respectively; and it was pretty, as well as pathetic, to see
the prematurely motherly care which the eldest sister—whom the little
ones called ‘Gertie’—bestowed upon the tiny mite whose responsible
protector she seemed to be.

When first I noticed them, they were walking demurely round the
gravel-path of the square upon which my study window looks out. Each
had a skipping-rope dangling loosely from her hands; and the younger
ones were evidently intent upon some grave story from the lips of
their sister. Presently, they came along the upper side of the garden,
towards my window, and I had my first glimpse of their faces. Each
was pretty in her childish way. The eldest, tall for her age, slight
and dark, had regular features and soft brown eyes, whose naturally
pathetic expression was heightened by the deep mourning-frock and
crape-trimmed hat which each alike was wearing. The two younger
children were less noticeable in appearance, the second being, I
fancied, ordinarily a merry, dimpled little maiden, whom, but for some
temporary cloud on her spirits, I could more easily have pictured
enjoying a good game of romps with some of the other small frequenters
of our garden; and the youngest, like Gertrude, a pensive-faced baby,
with sadly transparent colouring and fragile figure, betokening
constitutional delicacy. It was summer-time; and as they passed beneath
my widely opened window, I caught the word ‘Mother’ two or three times
repeated, gravely pronounced by Gertie; and I judged, from the reverent
expression of the three little faces and from their deep mourning,
that she was recalling to the memory of her charges some childish
reminiscences of a recently lost parent.

I had certainly never seen them before, or, child-worshipper that I
was, I could not have failed to recognise them. All the other young
people in the garden—from Tommy, surname unknown, aged two, with a
penchant for sticky sweetmeats, and an aversion to nurses, to Miss
Mildred Holford, verging upon sweet seventeen, and alternating between
spasmodic propriety and innate tomboyism—were intimately known to me—by
sight, at all events; and in my idle speculations upon the little
strangers, I jumped to the conclusion—subsequently verified—that they
were new-comers to one of the large empty houses facing mine on the
further side of our square.

From that day forward I saw them frequently, generally, as on the first
occasion, alone, the eldest in charge of the younger ones, sometimes
accompanied by a tall lady, also in deep mourning, whom they addressed
as ‘auntie;’ sometimes with a sober, matronly looking nurse, who
carried in her arms a bundle of white drapery, enveloping what I opined
to be a baby of tender weeks. This baby was the favourite toy of the
three little sisters. Nothing else possessed the slightest attraction
for them when their tiny brother was present; and it was a pretty study
to watch the pride and delight of the two elder girls, when their nurse
allowed each in turn to carry the white-robed atom a few steps away
from her side and back again. Nor was little Ethel, the youngest of the
trio, debarred from the privilege of playing nurse sometimes. Too weak
and frail to be safely trusted to carry the precious burden, it was her
chief delight to sit, still as a mouse, on the corner of one of the
garden-seats, crooning and talking baby-talk to the unconscious morsel
on her lap, while the nurse and elder girls kept guard at a few yards’
distance, their absence being clearly a highly valued condition of this
innocent ‘confidence-trick.’

Morning after morning, throughout the first week of their residence
in our square, was the same routine carried out; the younger ones
sometimes indulging in a run with their hoops, from Gertie’s side;
sometimes amusing themselves with dolls or skipping-ropes; or again
listening while their aunt or Gertrude read aloud to them. But on
Saturday morning they did not appear as usual, and I found myself quite
missing their company, and puzzling myself with vague speculations to
account for their absence. Even in this short time my heart had gone
out towards the little motherless girls, and I had begun unconsciously
to weave fanciful theories of their past and present life, to account
for the sweet seriousness and precocious womanly airs of the eldest
girl, and the influence of love—for her manner was untinged by any
assumption of elder-sisterly prerogative—which she clearly possessed
and exercised over the younger ones. Rightly or wrongly, I never
knew, but I pictured them the children of parents separated by a long
interval of years in age, but united by strong bonds of confidence and
affection. Gertrude’s sedate air suggested that she had been rather
the companion than the plaything of her mother; and that the mother’s
influence had been tender, without caprice, was apparent from her
child’s gentle gravity, and from the unquestioning attention paid to
her lightest hint or remonstrance by the younger sisters. The words,
‘Mother would not have wished it,’ or, ‘Father would not like to
see it,’ from her lips were sufficient in a moment to quell Edith’s
occasional fractiousness, or to dry Ethel’s ready tears; while the
confidence existing between all three was enough to show that no undue
favouritism had ever wakened jealousy of one another. Unselfish to
a fault, Gertrude was the one to give way in every question of mere
personal preference; but she never swerved from her adherence to what
she believed would be ‘mother’s’ wish or course of action, and an
appeal from her opinion to aunt or nurse was rare indeed.

Such were some of my dreams of these little ones that Saturday morning.
Luncheon-time came, and passed, without a sign; and so restless and
idle had I been all morning, owing to the absurd interest I had taken
in the non-appearance of my little friends, that, contrary to my usual
custom, I was obliged to forego my half-holiday and settle to work
again. Suddenly, glancing from my book for the thousandth time that
day, I spied the little trio approaching. They looked less grave than
usual, and were manifestly preoccupied, as I judged from the frequent
glances cast by one and all towards the entrance-gate, at the far
corner of the square. At last the cause became evident. The gate swung
open, and an elderly gentleman in deep mourning came hastily into the
garden. He was quickly perceived; and with a glad cry of ‘Father!’ all
three children scampered off to meet him. ‘Father’s’ half-holiday was
clearly the event of the week for his little motherless girls; and for
the first time since I had seen her, the sad cloud passed from Gertie’s
eyes, and for a few hours was lost in the light of unalloyed happiness.
Under ‘father’s’ generalship they played merry childish games, laughing
and romping as I had never yet deemed it possible they could laugh or
romp; and when the delicate little Ethel grew weary and could play
no longer, there was a knee for each of the younger pets, and a seat
at her father’s side for Gertrude, while it was evident that he was
spinning yarns and racking his brains for fairy tales, each of which
was rewarded with unanimous applause, and reiterated calls upon the
narrator’s memory or invention. So passed the happy holiday afternoon,
a peaceful idyll in the great prose volume of London life; and when at
length the father rose from his seat, and, with a tiny hand in each of
his, moved slowly homewards, I felt as if the colour had faded out of
the summer evening, and the workaday clouds had begun to close in upon
me again.

So the July days glided by, bringing no greater change into the lives
of my three little maidens than the regular alternations of grave
morning walks and gay Saturday afternoon romps. They seemed shy of
making friends among their light-hearted young neighbours; and the
other children appeared to be awed and checked in their advances by the
sombre crape and sedate looks of the new-comers. Now and then, a timid
overture was made, generally to Edith, the second of the trio, whose
dimpled cheeks looked more suggestive of successful negotiation than
her sisters’ demure faces; but such attempts were rare, and as a rule,
my own unsuspected interest was the only notice taken of their doings,
and they were left unmolested in the pursuit of their quiet routine.

By-and-by my vacation-time arrived, and I left the heat and bustle
of London for a country rest. On my return, the days had shortened
perceptibly, the sun was shorn of half his brightness, the garden
trees were shedding their leaves, and autumn fogs and winter frosts
were approaching apace. There, as usual, on the first morning after
my return to work, were the little ladies. But there were no longer
quiet hours of basking in sunshine on the seats, and much of the sober
confabulation seemed to have taken wing with the flight of their summer
surroundings. Time was acting its usual part as the disperser of clouds
and lightener of hearts. ‘Mother’ had become less a recent reality than
a sweet occasional memory, and the young blood of the younger sisters
called for more active exercise than the grave promenade that had
sufficed previously.

But as autumn faded into winter, and the London sky donned its
accustomed leaden-hued uniform, the fireside usurped the attractions of
the window-seat, and but for an occasional glimpse, accidentally caught
as I passed the window, I lost sight of my little triad of maidens.

       *       *       *       *       *

The spring of 187- was unusually late in making its appearance. The
sun sullenly refused to pierce the shroud of fog and mist; the buds
seemed reluctant to shed their outer coats, and unfold their tender
greenery to the dangers of frost and blighting east wind. The grass
was still discoloured and sodden in our garden, and the costermonger
appeared to have forgotten his customers in our square, so tardy was
he in making the welkin ring with his hoarse vindication of his wares,
‘All a-blowin’ and a-growin’.’ Though the almanac stoutly averred that
we had entered upon the ‘merrie month of May,’ a fire was still an
absolute essential for comfort, and I hesitated long before wheeling
my writing-table to the window and taking up my fine-weather quarters.
However, the move was at length made; and the first group that met
my eyes, as they wandered from my work to the outer world, was the
now familiar one of the ‘serious family.’ But they were no longer
alone; with them walked a middle-aged lady, of precise and dignified
aspect, whom it required but slight knowledge of female human nature to
identify as a governess. The little ones too were changed. Gertie and
Edith had grown apace. The former, prettier and even more demure than
of yore, had shot up into a tall slip of a girl, giving promise of
graceful figure and carriage, though as yet showing the angularity and
awkwardness of too rapid growth. Edith was more roguish-looking, and
a trifle less roundabout than before, and had clearly a fine fund of
animal spirits, longing for a chance of making their escape. But Ethel!
Alas! more plainly than ever were the sure signs of delicacy noticeable
in the sweet wee face and unnaturally deep-set eyes. She had lost
rather than gained ground during the long severe winter. The effort
to take part even in her sisters’ quiet sports was clearly beyond
her strength, and it was sad indeed to catch the patient, hopeless
expression with which she urged her weariness, as a plea for resisting
Edith’s thoughtless, childish allurements.

Before long, I noticed that she had given up the attempt to join the
play; and Edith herself was forced to recognise her plea, and to find
allies in her romps among the other small-fry in the gardens, with many
of whom she had now struck up acquaintance. Presently, even the daily
walk grew to be too much for the feeble little frame, and a miniature
carriage was devised, in which, tended constantly and lovingly by
her eldest sister, she spent her outdoor hours. Many a long silent
morning did she while away under the trees, the baby on her lap, and
the sweet child-voice of her devoted sister reading to her, or telling
her stories, with unwearying patience. Many a time have I paused in my
work to watch the sad drama of pure unselfish love. Many a Saturday
afternoon have I spent at my window, unable to turn away from the
simple yet solemn scene, enacted in that commonplace London square, to
seek pleasure and distraction among the busy haunts of river-side or
park.

Those Saturday half-holidays were no longer joyous festivals for the
father and children. His coming was as regular, and as eagerly looked
for, as ever; but now there was no glad rush to meet him at the gate,
no merry romps, in which he was the youngest child among the group.
He saw, all too clearly, and Gertrude too had long since recognised,
the inevitable parting that was slowly but surely approaching, and
the tender devotion of both parent and sister was touching indeed to
witness. Again a little while, and the bright summer sun, falling on
the garden and its merry groups of children, kissed the little pale
cheek no more. I could see the sudden pause in game and romp, when the
two sisters appeared as usual for their morning walk. I could see the
players hasten to their side, and could imagine the eager inquiries for
the little invalid, the looks and words of childish sympathy offered
with heartfelt though transient earnestness, before they turned away
to resume their games, claiming Edith as a playmate, and leaving poor
Gertie alone with her sad thoughts. Till at length the day came when
inquiry was vain. The blinds were drawn close in the house across the
square; the accustomed walk in the garden was omitted; for the little
sister’s pure innocent spirit had passed away into eternal peace; and
ere yet the mourning-frocks worn for their mother were laid aside, baby
Ethel had gone to join her in the better home, and Gertrude had another
sweet memory to treasure up in her young heart, another heavy grief to
add intensity to the pathos of her soft brown eyes.

Many months passed without my catching more than a passing glimpse of
the young mourners. The garden had too many associations with the past
to be any longer the scene of Edith’s romps or Gertrude’s daily walks;
and it was only when I happened by accident to meet the children in the
street, or to get a distant peep at them in the gardens of the Temple,
now their chosen resort, that I could judge of my favourite’s recovery
of her spirits, or admire the delicate beauty which grew with her
growth. She was fulfilling the promise of her childhood, and ripening
into a quiet pensive style of beauty, forming a more marked contrast
than ever to the vivacious younger sister, whose chatter and merry
laugh rippled through the cloistered precincts of the Temple, and drew
many a backward glance from the blue-bag laden lads passing through
these quiet courts. Then came a long break in my connection with our
square. Duty called me from England for a spell of some years, and on
my return to the familiar scenes, I found it impossible to take up the
old threads of association, and to recognise, in the grown youths and
maidens who played lawn-tennis in the well-known garden, the little
ones whom I had seen playing under care of nurses and governesses on
those grass plots in my student days. I was forced to form a new circle
of acquaintances-by-sight, among another generation of children, and I
looked in vain for any among the gay tennis-players to remind me of the
sombre-clad sisters, in whose childish joys and sorrows I had learned
to feel so deep an interest.

Not long after my return to England, I was present, one summer night,
at a large party given by a neighbour of ours in the square. It was
a sultry evening, and the gas-lighted drawing-room, stripped of its
furniture, and given up to such indefatigable dancers as will not be
daunted by a thermometer standing at fabulous figures in the shade,
had no attraction for a lazy non-dancer like myself. I therefore
strayed, shortly after midnight, into the cooler atmosphere of an
anteroom, where card-tables were set out, and a few of the quieter
sort were enjoying a rubber within hearing-distance of the music. One
of the players rose from his seat as I entered, and moved towards the
folding-doors which opened into the drawing-room. There he stood for a
moment or two watching the waltz, and then beckoned to some one among
the dancers. From my quiet corner I saw a young couple approach in
answer to his sign, and a happy, ringing voice entreated for one more
dance.

‘I have promised it to Gerald, father, and he will be so disappointed
if I go before he has had it. Just this one more, and I will come.’

‘Very well, dear,’ he replied. ‘But then we must really be going.
Remember, you will have a tiring day to-morrow.’

‘It is because of to-morrow that I don’t want to disappoint Gerald
to-night,’ she answered, smiling to her partner. ‘He won’t care to
waltz with me after to-morrow.’ Gerald did not look as if he indorsed
this statement, which was made with a pretty affectation of despair;
and the couple were just turning to the dancing-room again, when the
gentleman she had addressed as ‘father’ asked: ‘Where is Gertrude?’

‘She was with Mrs Gaythorn a few minutes ago,’ replied the girl.—‘Oh!
here she comes.’

I glanced at the approaching figure, and instantly recognised my
favourite of days gone by. She had fully realised all my expectations
of her. Tall, graceful, beautifully moulded in face and figure,
there was all the old pensiveness and the sweet half-melancholy of
expression; and as she met my gaze, standing in her white cloud-like
draperies in the shadow of the doorway, I could see at once that
she was utterly unconscious of her loveliness, and unspoiled by the
admiration it must win. I could not, even at the risk of appearing
impertinent, resist the pleasure of studying her beauty and noting the
grace of every movement and gesture. Fortunately, the corner in which
I had ensconced myself was shaded, and my admiration passed unnoticed
and unrebuked. I watched her as she courteously but decidedly declined
the invitations of two or three eager candidates for the dance; and
when at last the waltz was over, and the pretty girl I had before
noticed came back, leaning on her partner’s arm, and showing me in her
_riante_ features a dim resemblance to the merry little Edith of my
earlier recollections, I followed the party down-stairs. Then having
seen them don their wraps and start two and two, Gertrude with her
father, and Edith with the happy Gerald, to walk round to their own
side of the square, I took my hat and strolled home, my mind full of
the sad memories of the old days when I used to watch the little trio
of serious faces from my study window.

The following morning broke with a cloudless sky and brilliant
sunshine, even in our gloomy old-fashioned quarter of London. I was
taking a half-holiday that day; but feeling disinclined for exertion,
I contented myself with a volume of Thackeray and a seat under the
plane-trees in the square garden, where the sparrows were twittering
with a specious make-believe of being in the country. My book lay
neglected at my side, and my thoughts were wandering again to the past,
prompted by my _rencontre_ of the previous night. Half curiously, I
turned from the contemplation of the groups of youngsters playing on
the grass, to look up at the windows of the house in which my little
friends had lived. A carriage and a cab stood at the door; and even
as I looked, the door itself was opened, and a procession of trunks
and bonnet-boxes was carried down the steps and deposited on the roof
of the cab. Among the luggage was an unquestionably male portmanteau;
and it needed not the white rosettes worn by the servants to suggest
to me the meaning of these preparations. The despairing glance and
mock-mournful suggestion that ‘Gerald will not care to waltz with
me after to-morrow,’ recurred to my mind, confirming my conclusion.
Five minutes more and the doorway was filled with a group of host and
guests bidding farewell to the happy couple. Edith—the brightness of
her eyes slightly dimmed as she clung to her father and sister in a
last embrace—forced a glad smile through her tears as she turned to
her young husband. Together they passed down the steps and entered the
waiting carriage. A parting cheer, a shower of rice and satin shoes, a
rattle of wheels upon the stony street, and in a moment the carriage
turned the corner of the square and disappeared from sight. Gertrude,
who with her father and one or two of their guests had remained at the
foot of the steps, to see the last glimpse of her sister, now turned
to re-enter the house. But before they passed out of earshot, I heard
one of the elder gentlemen exclaim, in a tone of banter: ‘Well, Miss
Gertrude, I suppose it won’t be long before we see some fine young
fellow coming to carry you off; and then, what will your poor father do
without his housekeeper?’

Gertrude turned at the words, and met her father’s eyes with an
expression of true, lasting, unselfish affection, which disposed of
any need for answering this question. There was no misconstruing its
meaning, no room to doubt its changeless truth. Her father took the
hand she had slipped into his own, and pressed it closely, without
speaking a word. So they moved slowly up the steps and into the house.
The door closed; and the picture of sweet unspoken confidence passed
from my eyes, to be engraved indelibly on my memory, the closing scene
of the simple drama of everyday life, of which I had so long been an
unknown and unsuspected witness.




AN INTERESTING ISLAND.


There are few subjects of more general interest to the inhabitants of
this country than agriculture, in one form or another. To those who
earn their bread by tilling the soil, it is of the first importance;
to those who do not, it is of importance as indirectly affecting
their material prosperity. But apart from the question of pecuniary
interest, there is an inborn love of agricultural pursuits, which is
a national characteristic. In some few privileged persons the taste
shows itself so strongly as to lead them to indulge in farming for
pleasure. Others, whose time and means will not allow of this, it leads
to employ much of their leisure time in gardening. Many are obliged to
confine its indulgence to tending a few flowers in pots. They are very
few indeed who feel no interest whatever in the subject. The trait has
shown itself more or less in all the greatest races that have swayed
the destiny of the world. The haughty Roman dictator who yesterday
was omnipotent, is content to-day to return humbly to his farm, and
exercise his authority not over a nation, but over a team of oxen.

A peculiarly interesting example of the splendid results which have
been brought about by this national taste is presented by the island
of Ascension, which has been transformed from a comparatively barren
rock, exposed to the most terrific and damaging winds, producing scarce
enough of the coarsest vegetation to afford a meagre sustenance to a
few wild goats, into a pleasant and fertile island, amply supporting in
comfort and luxury a very considerable population. This change it took
some time and considerable trouble to effect; but before indicating how
it was brought about, a short history and description of the island
itself may not be out of place.

The island owes its name to having been discovered on Ascension Day in
the year 1501, by the Portuguese navigator Juan de Nova Gallego. Two
years later it was visited by Alfonzo d’Albuquerque; and from time to
time other navigators landed, among them Captain Cook. Such was its
dreary aspect, however, that no one was induced to settle on it. But
‘Jack’ has always been famous for his ingenuity, and even here it did
not fail him. In the north-west part of the island, which affords the
best anchorage for ships, there is a small inlet called Sandy Bay. One
of the rocks near the landing-place contains a very curious crevice.
This was soon christened ‘The Sailors’ Post-office;’ and it became an
established custom to leave letters there, well corked up in a bottle,
which were always taken to their respective destinations by the first
ship bound thither which happened to call. This seems to have been
the sole use made of the island till the year 1815, when it was taken
possession of by the English, who erected a fort and placed a garrison
on it soon after the banishment of Napoleon to St Helena.

Ascension is situated far out in the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of
Africa, and eight hundred miles north-west of St Helena. It is of a
triangular shape, eight miles long, and six broad at its widest part,
with an area of thirty-four square miles. It is one of the peaks of the
submarine ridge which separates the northern and southern basins of the
Atlantic. Its volcanic origin is clearly shown by the numerous crevices
and ravines into which its surface is broken, and which are filled
with scoria, pumice-stone, and other igneous products. The highest
peak, called the Green Mountain, rises to a height of two thousand
eight hundred and seventy feet. From this the land, on the north, sinks
gradually towards the shore; but on the south it terminates in bold
lofty precipices. Communication with the shore is frequently rendered
dangerous by the setting in of heavy seas or rollers, which rise
suddenly in the most perfect calm, and break with tremendous force on
the beach. The cause of this phenomenon is unknown. Only such plants
as required very little water were to be found. Of these, the tomato,
castor-oil plant, pepper, and Cape gooseberry were the chief. It was
always famed for its turtles, which abound to such an extent that as
many as two thousand five hundred have been captured in one year.
They are now usually collected into two ponds or crawls, the water of
which is occasionally changed. They can be obtained only by purchase,
any one taking them on the beach or near the island being liable to a
heavy penalty. Fish abound, of which the conger-eel is the most prized.
Another indigenous delicacy is the egg of the tropical swallow, or
‘wide-awake’ as it is called on the island. They are largely used as
an article of food, ten thousand dozen being frequently gathered in a
week. In addition to the goats referred to above, the only other useful
product was the wild guinea-fowl, which were found in considerable
numbers.

Napoleon’s presence, even as a prisoner, in the island of St Helena
determined the English government to place a garrison on Ascension.
This was in 1815; and for years that garrison was entirely supported on
food and water brought there at great expense by ships. The death of
the illustrious prisoner in 1821 did away with the immediate necessity
for keeping a garrison there; but the Admiralty were anxious if
possible to turn the island into a victualling station for the African
squadron. To ascertain the practicability of this plan, they appointed
Captain Brandreth, in 1829, to make a thorough survey, and use every
effort to discover water. We can imagine him diligently examining every
portion of the barren and uninviting rock, long discouraged by want of
success. With indefatigable zeal, he and his willing workers sank shaft
after shaft in the hope of discovering a spring, however far down. His
strong belief that one did exist was at length justified. In the Green
Mountain, at a great level from the sea, he found one at a depth of
twenty-five feet which proved to be capable of supplying all the wants
of the island. Large tanks were at once made and piping laid to the
garrison.

Having now an abundance of water, the most vigorous efforts were put
forth to bring some of the land under cultivation. The most promising
parts of the Green Mountain were first planted; and sheltered spots
in other parts of the island were chosen, and the ground broken up
and irrigated. Recourse was even had to excavating in the side of the
mountain, in order to gain the desired shelter. The government did
all in their power to insure the success of these attempts. They sent
out a trained head-gardener from the Kew Gardens, who took the utmost
interest in his work. Great progress was made with the planting of
young trees, shrubs, furze, grasses, and hardy plants. The Australian
wattle was perhaps the most successful. Holes four feet wide and three
deep were prepared, in which it was planted in layers. The hardiness
and rapid growth of these may be seen from the fact, that in twelve
months they reached an average of between six and seven feet in
height. Among the grasses early tried was one kind known by the name
of ‘Para,’ a case of which was sent out by Sir William Hooker, of the
Royal Gardens, Kew, who always took great interest in the cultivation
of Ascension. This grass succeeded admirably, increasing in the most
astounding manner, and growing down all weeds and inferior grasses.
In 1861, Captain Bernard was appointed governor of the island, and by
that time the most thankless part of the task of bringing Ascension
into cultivation had been accomplished. He displayed, however, the full
zeal of his predecessors; and with the able assistance of Mr Bell, the
head-gardener, accomplished wonders in the next few years. A scarcity
of manure was one great drawback. This was supplied by using the guano
which was found in large quantities on Boatswain Bird Island, a small
rock that lies off the west coast of Ascension. This is now largely
supplemented by the manure supplied by the cattle, the island being
able to support a large number without any imported food. The rapidity
with which sheep fatten on the grass is very satisfactory, nearly
doubling their weight in three months after importation.

The island is by no means free from vermin. The horses and cattle
suffer greatly from a fly, in appearance like the house-fly, but
which bites venomously, and causes intense irritation. The ‘black
grub,’ as it is called there, effects great devastation at times among
the plants, and as yet no practical remedy has been found for its
ravages. The next destructive enemy is the field-rat, which attacks
the root-crops, and feeds principally on the sweet-potato. Land-crabs,
too, exist in very large numbers, and add to the destruction. Another
animal, the wild-cat, proves itself an enemy, as it lives on the
rabbits, and is useless as a vermin destroyer. A determined war is
being waged against all these tormentors, a regular system of trapping
having been set on foot. In one year, fifty-three cats, seven thousand
four hundred rats, and eighty-five thousand one hundred and fifty
land-crabs, were destroyed. The thorough cultivation of the ground is
also being furthered by the introduction of rooks, minhas, and other
birds that help the farmer. With all these drawbacks, the island has
been brought step by step from its original barrenness to such a
pleasing condition, that we now have over thirty-one acres under actual
cultivation, producing among other things, sweet and English potatoes,
cabbage, carrots, pumpkins, and turnips; pine-apples, bananas, endive,
French beans, leeks, herbs, seedling date-palm, and coffee; sugar-cane,
guavas, oranges, shaddocks, fig bushes, mulberries, and cuttings of
shrubs. There is good pasturage one thousand acres in extent for
cattle, and five thousand acres for sheep, supporting easily over forty
head of cattle and between seven and eight hundred sheep. Parts of
the island are now well wooded, and about forty acres are laid out in
fruit-trees and shrubbery. Few brighter monuments could be pointed out
of the success sure to attend the enterprise and unyielding zeal of a
nation when well and wisely directed.




THE MONTH:

SCIENCE AND ARTS.


Mr Petrie’s excavations in Upper Egypt, to which we briefly alluded
last month, have already made considerable progress, and no fewer than
one hundred and forty labourers are busily at work upon them. To some
extent, the discoveries made possess that peculiar interest which
attaches to the excavations at Pompeii, for they bear witness to the
home-life of a people that lived many centuries ago. Thus, the walls
of the now exhumed temple have had built upon them at a remote period
various private dwellings. In one of these, apparently lived an artist,
who possibly was engaged upon the decoration of the temple itself;
his sketch-book and eraser—represented by a slab of fine limestone
and a piece of black emery—have been found. The limestone is ruled
in squares, just in the same way that a modern artist will rule his
paper preparatory to making a drawing ‘to scale.’ Other houses seem to
have been used as workshops for a Company of jewellers, for chips of
carnelian, lapis-lazuli, and other valued stones have been found there,
together with waste metal from copper working. A box filled with rolls
of burned papyri, upon which, however, the writing is still legible,
is considered one of the most important finds. Mr Petrie is careful to
examine every block of stone and every brick in search of inscriptions.
Every inscription so found is carefully copied, and every other object
of interest is photographed. The work is evidently being carried on
with both energy and skill.

Another important archæological discovery has been made also in Upper
Egypt by Professor Maspero, who has found between Assiout and Thebes
the hitherto unsuspected site of a vast necropolis. Five catacombs have
been already opened, and have yielded one hundred and twenty mummies;
and Professor Maspero in a cursory manner has fixed the positions of
more than one hundred of such sepulchres. We may therefore conclude
that some thousands of embalmed bodies lie in this old cemetery, many
of them probably of historical interest. In addition to the mummies,
there will also be many treasures, in the shape of papyri, &c., which
experience has taught us to look for. It seems to be something more
than a fortunate accident that so many ancient peoples were moved to
bury with their dead, relics connected with the arts or pursuits of the
deceased.

A Canadian correspondent of _Nature_ gives a curious and interesting
account of a phenomenon often to be seen on Lake Ontario during the
prevalence of cold and stormy weather, such as the past season has
afforded. ‘Ice volcanoes,’ as they are aptly named, are formed by an
uneven strip of ice accumulating along the shore, on which appear
mounds twenty or thirty feet in height. Many of these mounds are
conical in form, and often have a crater-like opening, communicating
with the water beneath. In stormy weather, every wave dashes spray and
fragments of ice through this opening, which congeal upon the sides of
the cone and add to its height; just in the same way that the fragments
of pumice and other material ejected from a fiery volcano gradually
build it up into a mountain. But the ice volcano soon becomes extinct,
for the crater is gradually clogged up with ice, and the irruption can
no longer find a vent.

M. Trouvelet, who for the last nine years has been engaged in studying
and mapping the configuration of the planet Mars, which, although not
our nearest neighbour in the solar system, is that most conveniently
situated for telescopic observation, has just presented a Report of
his labours to the French Academy of Sciences. Sir W. Herschel long
ago discovered that the polar patches of white on Mars increased and
decreased in size in the winter and summer seasons of the planet, in
the same manner as is experienced in the like regions of our own earth.
Other observers have also mapped out the distant orb into regions of
supposed land and sea, sometimes obscured by belts of cloud; moreover,
the spectroscope has revealed to us, in its own wonderful way, the
undoubted presence of water upon the planet. What are believed to
be the continents of Mars are covered with faint grayish spots; and
as these spots change their form and volume with the changes of the
Martial seasons, M. Trouvelet supposes them to represent masses of
vegetation which grow and die under the same solar influences which
affect our own globe. Every contribution towards our knowledge of
distant worlds—many of them proved to be so much greater than our own
globe—must always have a fascinating interest for us.

The ingenious individual who lately accounted for the possession of
a suspicious amount of dynamite by the statement that he used it as
a remedy for chapped hands, may be congratulated upon pointing out a
legitimate use for that commodity, although we trust that the majority
of sufferers from injured cuticle will be content with glycerine in an
uncombined form. Hitherto, almost the only legally recognised use for
the explosive has been for mining operations, and without doubt it has
in this connection been of immense service. Attempts to use dynamite
for firearms or artillery have hitherto failed because the explosive
action is so rapid that the strongest barrel is shattered. Indeed,
dynamite was employed by our naval brigade at the late bombardment
of Alexandria for destroying the guns of a deserted fort. For such
purposes, and for torpedo warfare, dynamite is invaluable; but hitherto
it has been found impossible to use it in gunnery. An entirely new form
of weapon has, however, recently been tried with success in the United
States, in which dynamite, although not representing the propelling
force, plays an important part. The new form of gun consists of a tube
forty feet in length, made rigid by being fixed to a steel girder. By
means of compressed air, a dart-like projectile charged with dynamite
is propelled with great force from the tube. The weapon already tried
has only a two-inch bore; but with an air-pressure of four hundred
and twenty pounds on the square inch, a range of a mile and a quarter
is attained. With the four and six inch weapons now in course of
construction, it is believed that, with increased pressure, a range of
three miles will be possible. The guns can be cheaply made, and are
free from smoke or noise; while their destructive power must be far
greater than those heavy guns whose shells can only be charged with
gunpowder.

In our own navy, a new form of machine-gun will be probably supplied
to the various ships, more especially for boat-service. For some time
the Nordenfelt gun has been a service-fitting; but it is now proposed
to introduce a Nordenfelt of larger calibre, which will fire explosive
shells instead of solid bullets. From recent experiments at Portsmouth,
the new weapon seems to be wonderfully efficient. For instance, a
gun firing a shell weighing only two pounds was able to send its
projectile through a solid steel plate two inches thick at a range of
three hundred yards. It was shown, too, that a far larger Nordenfelt,
a six-pounder, could be fired from a boat without straining it. These
destructive weapons can be fired so rapidly as to deliver from eighteen
to twenty-five shots per minute.

The _Telegraphist_ newspaper publishes an account of what must be
regarded as a truly marvellous triumph of electrical communication,
before which Puck’s proposal to ‘put a girdle round the earth in forty
minutes’ seems to be quite a second-rate achievement. A correspondent
of the paper in question visited the office of the Indo-European
Telegraph Company by invitation, in order to note how good signalling
could be maintained over thousands of miles of wire. First, a few words
of conversation were exchanged with the telegraphist of a German town.
The wire was next connected with Odessa, and next with the Persian
capital (Teheran). In a few more minutes the experimenters in London
were talking with the clerk in charge at Kurrachee; next they had a
chat with a gentleman at Agra; and as a final triumph of science, the
line was made direct between London and Calcutta, a distance of seven
thousand miles. It is said that the signals were excellent, and the
speed attained about thirteen words per minute.

In a recent lecture upon gas-lighting, Mr Thomas Fletcher pointed out
that blackened ceilings and darkened picture-frames are not due to
smoke from the gas-burners, but are caused by floating particles of
dust being caught in the flame and thrown against the ceiling. It is
easily proved, by holding a glass tumbler for a few seconds over a
flame, that water is one of the products of combustion of gas. This
water condenses upon a cold ceiling when the gas in a room is first
lighted, so that the burnt particles of dust readily adhere to the flat
surface. The servant who lights the gas on a dark morning before she
proceeds to sweep and dust the room does practically all the smoking of
the ceiling that takes place.

That unfortunate commercial experiment, but marvellous triumph of
engineering skill, the _Great Eastern_ steamship, will shortly proceed
to Gibraltar to take up her position in the harbour as a coal-hulk.
The gigantic paddles with their engines will be removed, leaving the
screw propeller only to carry the ship to her last berth. The Admiralty
authorities look with much favour upon the scheme, for the immense ship
will supersede a number of small coal-hulks which now encumber the
harbour, and are a source of much inconvenience to other vessels. We
are glad that a use has been found for the unwieldy vessel, whose only
serviceable work has been as the layer of the first Atlantic cables.
She was far too big to be profitably worked, and has for many years
been lying idle. Her new vocation, although of a lowly kind, is at
anyrate better than pauperism.

A new motor, called a ‘Triple Thermic Motor,’ has, it is said,
been in use in New York for the past seven months driving a sixty
horse-power engine. Heat is generated by a fifteen horse-power boiler,
and the steam thus raised is carried to a receptacle containing
carbon disulphide, which passes into vapour at one hundred and
eighteen degrees Fahrenheit. An engineer, in reporting upon this
new contrivance, says that the fifteen horse-power boiler with very
little fire under it generates steam, which operates the motor, which
in turn runs the sixty horse-power engine. These seem to be all the
particulars published; and it would be interesting to have details of
the motor, if it be really as successful as reported. There are one or
two difficulties to surmount in the employment of carbon disulphide.
It has a most disagreeable and penetrating odour; its vapour is highly
inflammable; and lastly, it is by no means cheap.

Some interesting particulars of the American lead-pencil trade have
recently been published. With the improved machinery now in use, it
is possible for ten men to turn out four thousand pencils a day. The
cedar comes from Florida in slabs cut to pencil-length. Four parallel
grooves are sawn in each little slab, each groove being destined to
hold the lead, or rather graphite. The so-called leads are kept in hot
glue, and after being inserted in the grooves, are covered over with
a thin slab of cedar, also glued; then the whole is passed through a
moulding-machine, and comes out at the other side in the form of four
finished pencils. The graphite is mixed with a variable amount of white
clay—the greater the proportion of clay the harder the pencil—and is
ground with moisture into a paste. The paste is pressed into dies, and
is baked at a high temperature.

The recent outbreak of smallpox in London reminds us that we have
not yet succeeded in stamping out this loathsome disease, although
the practice of vaccination has checked it to a wonderful extent.
Anti-vaccination agitators are very fond of pointing to the
circumstance that many persons who have been apparently successfully
vaccinated in childhood are in after-years attacked with smallpox.
This is perfectly true; and statistics are available which show that
in the years between 1871 and 1881 nearly eighteen thousand such
cases were treated in the London hospitals. But the popular agitator
abstains from pointing out that in ninety per cent. of these cases the
sufferers were above ten years of age. These figures prove, in fact,
what has been long ago acknowledged, that vaccination does not afford
permanent protection. When a child reaches adult age, revaccination
should take place. In our smallpox hospitals, the nurses and attendants
enjoy complete immunity from infection by taking care to adopt this
precaution; and all persons, for the general good of the community at
large, would do well to submit to the trifling inconvenience which the
operation entails.

The Isthmus of Corinth Canal, a scheme which was promoted originally so
far back as the time of the emperor Nero, is now almost an accomplished
fact. The dredging operations at the approaches to the canal proceed
very rapidly, for about five thousand cubic metres of soil and sand are
removed every twenty-four hours. There are large numbers of workmen
employed also on the central portions of the channel, and they have the
help of railway and plant for the conveyance of material. A new town,
called Isthmia, has sprung into being, and it contains some two hundred
houses and stores.

‘The Rivers Congo and Niger viewed as Entrances for the Introduction
of Civilisation into Mid-Africa,’ was the title of a paper lately read
before the Society of Arts by Mr R. Capper, Lloyd’s agent for the
district of the Congo. The lecturer stated that within the past five
years, the western African trade has quadrupled in value. Twelve years
ago there were but four English houses, one French, and one Dutch,
trading up the Congo. There are now upon the river’s banks forty-nine
European factories, and the imports and exports are valued at two
millions sterling. Mr Capper pointed out that the great value of these
rivers lies in the possibility of connecting them with future railways.
Such railways could be easily laid, for the interior of Africa is one
vast tableland. A railway across the Desert of Sahara would turn a
perilous journey of four months into one of twenty-four hours. By such
means the interior slave-trade would be annihilated.

Boring in the earth for water is an operation often attended by great
uncertainty. Some few years ago in the heart of London a firm of
brewers bored to a depth of several hundred yards without tapping the
precious fluid, and the expensive well had to be abandoned. Quite
recently, at Burton-on-Trent a similar failure occurred upon a far
smaller scale. When the operators had pierced to a depth of one hundred
and seventy-six feet without finding water, they called in the advice
of some experienced artesian-well engineers, who recommended the
abandonment of the works, and the commencement of a fresh bore upon a
site which they selected two hundred yards away. At a depth of only
one hundred and fourteen feet, a copious supply of water was found,
yielding, in fact, between five and six thousand gallons per hour. It
is remarkable that the sites of both bores were at the same level.




OCCASIONAL NOTES.


THE RECENT EARTHQUAKE IN ENGLAND.

During the past few years, there have been recorded, unhappily, an
unusual number of earthquakes in various parts of the world; and many
thousands of lives have been lost by those terrible convulsions of
nature. Inhabitants of Britain, although constant in their complaints
of fog, inclement seasons, and other meteorological inconveniences,
have hitherto congratulated themselves upon living in a country which
is exempt from volcanic phenomena, and in which earthquakes seemed to
be things of a past era. These comfortable reflections were suddenly
dispelled on the morning of the 22d of April, when over a large tract
of country in Southern England a shock of great severity occurred.
In the town of Colchester, and many villages eastward of it, the
destruction of houses was very great. Many were entirely unroofed; and
in some villages, as the writer can testify from personal observation,
it was the exception to note a dwelling in which the chimney-stacks
had not been demolished. Providentially, no lives were lost, although
several narrow escapes have been recorded. The damage is estimated to
amount to several thousand pounds, and unfortunately the sufferers are
as a rule very poor cottagers, who are unable to bear the expense of
the necessary repairs. For their relief, a subscription has been set on
foot under the auspices of the Lord Mayor, and there is little doubt
that sufficient money will be readily forthcoming for their needs.

The occurrence of such a rare phenomenon in the British Isles—not
quite so rare, by the way, as some people imagine, for nearly three
hundred shocks have been actually recorded—has caused an immense
amount of earthquake lore to be unearthed and published in the various
newspapers. From _Iron_ we have an interesting account of the way in
which luminous paint is utilised in connection with earthquake alarms
in countries where such visitations are prevalent. We are informed that
large consignments of the paint are sent to such places, and that the
material is employed in the following manner. Small metallic plates
covered with the paint are fixed on the doorposts of the different
rooms, so that at the first alarm—and happily there is often a
premonitory warning of something more serious to follow—the inmates of
the houses can readily find their way outside. In Manila, the paint is
laid in patches about the staircases, door-handles, and various points
of egress. A light which gives off neither fire nor heat is of the
greatest value in such situations, where any other form of light would
be apt to add its quota of disaster to the dangers to life, already too
prominent.


IMPROVED ELECTRIC LIGHTING FOR SHIPS.

Mr J. D. F. Andrews, Woodside Electric Works, Glasgow, has lighted with
electricity, after a new fashion, the North German Lloyd S.S. _Ems_.
The system, which includes over three hundred and twenty incandescent
lamps and a masthead arc lamp, presents some features of a novel and
important character. In the case of the small lights, Swan’s lamps and
Siemen’s machines are employed. The wires are all completely hidden,
but they are nevertheless arranged in such a way that they can be
easily reached when necessary. For these lamps there is provided a
new style of holder, which is at once simple and efficient. Each lamp
has its own switch, which is entirely of metal; and it is provided
with a lead-wire, which fuses in the event of the current being too
strong. In the case of every set of about twenty lamps there is another
switch, so that the lights can be turned on and off in groups as well
as individually; and another lead-wire, so that the leading wires may
be protected from too strong a current. The whole system is such as
to preclude the possibility of fire. Duplicate machines are fitted
up to guard against any breakdown, and either of them can be started
or stopped without interfering with the engine which drives them.
The masthead arc lamp, of which Mr Andrews is the inventor, is here
brought into requisition for the first time. It has about five thousand
candle-power concentrated in a single beam of light, that can be moved
in any direction forward of the ship. In construction it is extremely
simple, consisting merely of a cylinder and piston, the former being
an electrical coil of wire. The illuminating power of the lamp is so
great that by means of it an object half a mile away can be clearly
distinguished by the naked eye on a dark night.


DUTCH RUSH.

‘Many years ago,’ says Mr W. Mathieu Williams, in the _Gentleman’s
Magazine_ for March, ‘when the electrotype process was a novelty, I
devoted a considerable amount of time and attention to the reproduction
of medallions and other plaster-casts in copper by electro deposition.
This brought me in contact with many of those worthy and industrious
immigrants from Bagni di Lucca (between Lucca and Pisa), who form
a large section of the Italian colony of Leather Lane and its
surroundings. These Lucchesi are the image-makers and image-sellers,
and general workers in plaster of Paris. Among other useful lessons I
learned from them was the use of the so-called Dutch rushes, which are
the dried stems of one of the most abundant species of the equisetum
(_Equisetum hyemale_) or “horse-tail,” which grows on wet ground in
this country and Holland. It is well known to practical agriculturists
as a tell-tale, indicating want of drainage.

‘Plaster-casts are made by pouring plaster of Paris, mixed to a creamy
consistence with water, into a mould made of many pieces, which pieces
are again held together in an outer or “case-mould” of two or three
pieces. When the mould is removed piece by piece, fine ridges stand up
on the cast where the plaster has flowed between these pieces. These
ridges are removed by rubbing them obliquely with the surface of the
stem of the dried equisetum. It cuts away the plaster as rapidly as a
file, but without leaving any visible file-marks. The surface left is
much smoother than from fine emery or glass-paper, and the rush does
not clog nearly so fast as the paper.

‘In order to find the explanation of this, I carefully burned some
small pieces of the equisetum stem, mounted the unbroken ash on
microscope slides with Canada balsam, and examined its structure. This
displayed a flinty cuticle, a scale-armour made up of plates of silica,
each plate interlocking with its neighbours by means of beautifully
regular angular teeth, forming myriads of microscopic saw-blades, which
become loosened from each other and crumpled up in drying, and thus
present their teeth obliquely to the surface. These teeth supply the
image-maker with a file of exquisite fineness, and harder than the
best Sheffield steel. Their comparative freedom from clogging I think
must be due to their loose aggregation while held by the dried and
shrivelled woody tissue of the sub-cuticle.

‘This natural file is used for other purposes, such as the polishing of
ivory, hard woods, and metal, but is only understood in certain obscure
industrial corners. I here commend it to the attention of my readers,
because I have just discovered a new use for it. Like many others,
I have been occasionally troubled by minute irregularities of the
teeth, lacerating the tongue, and producing small ulcerations, which,
I am told, are dangerous to those who have passed middle age, being
provocative of cancer. A friendly dentist has ground down the offending
projections with his emery-wheel, and thus supplied relief. But in
course of time other sharp angles have stood forth, but so trivial that
I felt ashamed of visiting the torture-chamber for their removal. I
tried emery paper; but it was ineffectual and unpleasant, as the emery
rubbed off. Then I tried the Dutch rush, rubbing its surface crosswise
and obliquely against the offending angles. The success was complete,
both grinding down and smoothing being effected by one and the same
operation.’


LIGHTNING-STROKES IN FRANCE.

M. Cochery, the French Minister of Posts and Telegraphs, has presented
to the French Academy of Sciences a Report on the lightning-strokes in
France during the last half of 1883. During the month of July there
were no fewer than one hundred and forty-three strokes in France,
thirty of these occurring on the 10th, and thirty-two on the 3d.
Seven men, four women, a young girl, and a child were killed by these
strokes, and over forty persons were injured, including ten men who
were affected by the same flash, which struck a plane-tree in their
neighbourhood. Nine horses were also injured by the flash in question,
which happened at Castres, in the department of Tarn, at 9.15 A.M. on
July 4. The same storm also killed a woman at Castres, three-quarters
of an hour earlier. The total number of animals killed during July was
fifty-seven, including a calf, two horses, three sheep, one goat, one
dog, and one chicken; while fourteen cows, eleven horses, one dog,
and a goose were injured. In general, the strokes were attracted by
poplar-trees, or masts, chimneys, and steeples, as well as elm, oak,
and fir trees. The stems and points of lightning-rods have also been
struck, the latter being fused, and the former heated red-hot. The wire
used to support vines has also drawn the stroke. In the majority of
cases, rain, often abundant, attended the discharge. In August there
were only nine strokes, as compared with one hundred and forty-three in
July; six persons were killed, and two bulls were injured. In September
there were fourteen strokes, killing four persons and six animals, and
injuring ten persons in all. In October there was only one stroke, on
the 16th (4 P.M.), at Castellane, in the Basses-Alpes. In November and
December there are no strokes recorded.




‘ONLY COUSINS, DON’T YOU SEE?’


    Charming cousin, tell me where
    Shall I find one half so fair?
    Let me, as I taste thy lip,
    Swear how sweet is cousinship.
    Like a sister? Yes, no doubt;
    Still, not sister out and out.
    Who that ever had a sister,
    Felt his heart beat when he kissed her?
    Who by looking ever knew
    That his sister’s eyes were blue?
    Who in name of all the loves
    Bets his sister pairs of gloves?

    Charming cousin, still are you
    Sister in a measure too.
    We can act as pleases us,
    No one thinks it dangerous;
    Talk of love or of the weather,
    Row or ride or read together,
    Wander where we will alone,
    Careless of a chaperon.
    You may dance with none but me—
    ‘Only cousins, don’t you see?’
    Cousins safely may forget
    All the laws of etiquette.

    Charming cousin, in your eyes
    I can read a faint surprise;
    Most bewitchingly they glisten
    To my nonsense as they listen;
    ‘What can Harry mean to say?’
    You may come to know some day.
    Just one word, sweet cousin mine,
    Ere we go to dress and dine:
    If I ever chance to woo,
    Cousin, she must be like you,
    And the one who comes the nearest
    To yourself will be the dearest;
    Type of what my love must be,
    Cousin, what if you are she?

            J. WILLIAMS.

       *       *       *       *       *

The Conductor of CHAMBERS’S JOURNAL begs to direct the attention of
CONTRIBUTORS to the following notice:

_1st._ All communications should be addressed to the ‘Editor, 339
    High Street, Edinburgh.’

_2d._ For its return in case of ineligibility, postage-stamps
    should accompany every manuscript.

_3d._ MANUSCRIPTS should bear the author’s full _Christian_ name,
    Surname, and Address, legibly written; and should be written on
    white (not blue) paper, and on one side of the leaf only.

_4th._ Offerings of Verse should invariably be accompanied by a
    stamped and directed envelope.

_If the above rules are complied with, the Editor will do his best to
insure the safe return of ineligible papers._

       *       *       *       *       *

Printed and Published by W. & R. CHAMBERS, 47 Paternoster Row, LONDON,
and 339 High Street, EDINBURGH.

       *       *       *       *       *

_All Rights Reserved._



*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S JOURNAL OF POPULAR LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART, FIFTH SERIES, NO. 22, VOL. I, MAY 31, 1884 ***


    

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may
do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
license, especially commercial redistribution.


START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person
or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when
you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work
on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

    This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
    other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
    whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
    of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
    at www.gutenberg.org. If you
    are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws
    of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
  
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format
other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

    • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
        the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method
        you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
        to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has
        agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
        within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
        legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
        payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
        Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
        Literary Archive Foundation.”
    
    • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
        you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
        does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
        License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
        copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
        all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™
        works.
    
    • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
        any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
        electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
        receipt of the work.
    
    • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
        distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.
    

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right
of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread
public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state
visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.