The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Wonderland of Trinidad This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: The Wonderland of Trinidad Creator: Barber Asphalt Paving Co. Release date: December 13, 2019 [eBook #60911] Most recently updated: October 17, 2024 Language: English Credits: Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WONDERLAND OF TRINIDAD *** The Wonderland _of_ Trinidad [Illustration: (uncaptioned)] ISSUED BY THE BARBER ASPHALT COMPANY PHILADELPHIA, PA. CHICAGO PITTSBURGH SAN FRANCISCO NEW YORK KANSAS CITY ST. LOUIS [Illustration: Trinidad Asphalt Lake, showing the loop of the narrow gauge railroad] [Illustration: (Illustrated capital)] In the name “Trinidad” is embodied all the romance and beauty and wonder of a tropical island. In the native language it is called Iere, “the land of the humming bird.” Quite in accordance with the luxurious abundance of life and color is the asphalt lake, the marvel of centuries. Its causation astonishing, its features gigantic, it lies in the heart of a romantic land—a subject of speculation among scientists, but a tropical enchantment to those of more fanciful mind. The Island of Trinidad lies about 700 miles north of the Equator and 2000 miles from New York. Its area of 1755 square miles is less than that of the State of Delaware. It belongs to Great Britain and is separated from its nearest neighbor, Venezuela, by the wonderful Gulf of Paria and its narrow straits or bocas which connect the gulf with the ocean. [Illustration: A private mansion, Port of Spain, B. W. I.] This majestic gateway has seen the coming and going of many famous mariners. Through it Columbus sailed north on his third voyage in midsummer of the year 1498. Sir Walter Raleigh and many buccaneers swept through the bocas in the days when English seamen performed deeds of valor against the Spaniards, and any galleon was their lawful prey. Here, too, cruised Nelson with his great English fleet, hunting for the French warships on that half world chase that ended at Trafalgar. To-day important trade centers in Trinidad, and the harbor of Port of Spain, the only city of size, is busy with the arrival and departure of steamships bearing to Europe and America the tropical riches of the Island. [Illustration: A country road just outside Port of Spain] In Trinidad the thermometer records 85 degrees almost every day and never changes more than twenty degrees. The only difference between one season of the year and another, is that for a few months it rains. Even in the rainy season, however, and nearly every day, there is an abundance of bright sunshine. There are fine shops, large warehouses filled with chocolate beans, sugar and other tropical products; and one can ride on trolley cars made in Philadelphia. The most popular hotel faces the great Savannah, a wide stretch of lawn bordered by trees. There are beautiful drives to the Reservoir; up the mountains to Maracas Waterfall with vista of the Caribbean a thousand feet below; through avenues of giant bamboos arching over the roadway, and through miles of plantations of cacao. [Illustration: Queen’s Park Hotel, the most popular in Port of Spain, facing the great Savannah] [Illustration: A street in Port of Spain, where one can ride up town on a trolley car built in Philadelphia] Railway lines run east from Port of Spain, and south for thirty-five miles, down the coast of the Gulf of Paria, to Prince’s Town and San Fernando, through sections crowded with East Indian coolies. From San Fernando, a little steamer leaves daily for trips along the coast. The land-locked waters of the Gulf are usually calm and the mountains of Venezuela are seen miles away in an exquisite blue haze. The steamer skirts along a shore bordered by mangrove swamps, to Brighton, and there it stops at the long pier of The Trinidad Lake Asphalt Operating Company, Ltd. Brighton is an active little industrial community, close upon the lake, and the traveler finds himself in the midst of the asphalt industry. Overhead the cable is singing away as it carries along the myriad of great buckets filled with asphalt. Dozens of pretty buildings are the homes of the Company’s employees. White paint and screens and cleanliness are everywhere. The asphalt refinery is at the hilltop, on the border of the lake, which has been described by some as an inferno, a place of heat and vapors. In reality it is a great level area of about 100 acres, with a surface of a dull blue-gray color, with here and there stray pools of water from the showers. [Illustration: The great Savannah, with its wide, tree-bordered lawn, rich in tropical beauty] [Illustration: Model of Trinidad Asphalt Lake, Brighton, Trinidad, British West Indies At the lower right-hand corner of the photograph of the model will be found the village of La Brea, while just above at the edge of the lake is the village of “New Jersey,” where the laborers and their families live. The asphalt refinery and barreling plant are to the left of the village. The office, bungalows of the employees, hotel and clubhouse are located between the refinery and the loading pier. At the extreme left-hand corner of the photograph is the jetty and end of aerial tramway, where vessels dock to be loaded with asphalt.] [Illustration: Part of the Company’s “Quarters” for employees at Trinidad Asphalt Lake] You may walk where you please on the asphalt. It is solid enough to bear your weight. But if you stand in one place you will slowly sink in. The surface bears some resemblance to an asphalt street on a very hot day, though much of the time a fresh breeze blows. [Illustration: A gang of workmen on the lake, digging and loading asphalt. Observe the method of carrying to cars] [Illustration: Another view of the asphalt lake showing workmen at rest during lunch period] A narrow gauge railroad runs from the refinery out upon and halfway across the lake. Then it swings back in a great loop to the shore. Little cars run on the tracks drawn by a wire cable guided by rollers between the rails. Here and there, near the line, you may see workmen digging asphalt and loading trains of cars. When these are filled they are drawn around the loop to the refinery; or to the pier where asphalt in its crude form is shipped to the United States and to nearly every other civilized country in the world. The loaded cars are halted under a conveyor cable. Very rapidly the hooks which swing from the cable are thrown into place, and the big bucket is lifted from the truck and goes off down the hill. The carriers are clamped to the moving cable, all the buckets moving along at the same rate of speed. The weight of those going down helps to pull the empties back again, so that not very much power is needed to keep the cable moving. Most of the cars, however, are stopped at the refinery, which is at the edge of the lake, close to the power house and the shops. Refining Trinidad asphalt consists mainly of driving off twenty-nine per cent. of contained water. The crude asphalt is dumped into large tanks heated by coils of steam pipes. The asphalt softens and boils, evaporating the water completely. The melted asphalt is drawn into barrels, in which it is shipped away. This refined Trinidad Lake Asphalt contains all of the constituents of the crude asphalt that are valuable from the chemical or commercial viewpoint. [Illustration: Panoramic view of Trinidad Asphalt Lake. The lake occupies a bowl-like depression, in area about 114 acres. It is bordered by low hills. The surface is dotted with clumps of trees and bushes, and broken by irregular pools of surface water. In the background to the left is part of the asphalt refinery, which extends from the hilltop to the edge of the lake] Digging the asphalt is a simple operation. A mattock is the only tool required, and under its blows the asphalt breaks readily. The negroes employed in digging are skilled in the work, and break out lumps that would be far too heavy for an untrained laborer to carry. An astonishingly small amount of the material is broken into pieces. A laborer simply lifts one or two lumps, raises them up on his head, walks a few yards, and drops them in the car. The crude asphalt as broken out is brownish, usually quite wet with surface water, and filled with cavities made by gas up to an inch or more in diameter. The gangs of barefooted workmen in a place number thirty, of whom half a dozen do the digging on a space perhaps sixty feet long and forty wide, and in the course of a day dig to a depth of about three feet. That same spot the next morning may look a little rough but will be approximately level with the level of the lake. The hole fills up, and in the course of a week all traces of the digging are obliterated, which does not mean necessarily that fresh asphalt has come into the lake from below. On the contrary, the excavations are filled by a slow settling or leveling of the surface asphalt. Near the middle of the area the material is softer, and in a few places it may be seen in small irregular patches oozing up from below, and of the consistency of putty. The Lake is solid asphalt, perhaps two hundred feet deep at its lowest point. Borings show that in consistency the asphalt is practically the same throughout. There is evidence that the mass contained in the lake is in constant but very slow motion. The surface is a series of folds, between which rain water gathers in the creases. Sir Frederick Treves compared the surface of the asphalt to the skin of a huge elephant, and the irregular creases to the folds in his hide. Along the edges of the pools of water, grass and bushes find a footing, forming green islands of no great area. The railroad which carries the asphalt to the refinery is necessarily a light affair, for the reason that it is frequently moved from place to place, as mining work is shifted. It is remarkable, however, how the asphalt supports the ties and rails, especially when it is remembered that the loaded cars often passing in a continuous line over the rails, must weigh no less than 1000 pounds each. A solid lake may seem a misnomer, but no other phrase better describes the Trinidad deposit or the somewhat similar but much larger Bermudez asphalt lake in Venezuela. [Illustration: Surface of the lake, a series of great folds, where rain water gathers in the creases] Close to the Lake’s edge the asphalt is drier, and along the shore of the lake here and there are “pitch cones,” like miniature volcanoes, and composed of asphalt that does not flow, but which was evidently once semi-liquid. Similar “pitch cones” are to be found here and there about the neighborhood, and are in places along the edge of the Gulf of Paria. A quarter of a mile from shore a steamship lies at the end of the pier, loading crude asphalt. Go out on the narrow boardwalk, climb up the winding stairway, and you come on a platform forty feet above the water. The conveyor cable is guided by pulleys around the end of the pier. As each bucket comes along a clutch is thrown off, the bucket is tipped and the asphalt falls down a chute into the hold of the ship. [Illustration: Breaking the asphalt with a mattock. The porous condition of the lumps can be seen] [Illustration: “Pitch cones” of hard asphalt at the edge of the lake] [Illustration: A near view of the surface of the lake. Gas emerging through surface water, as shown by ripples and bubbles] [Illustration: Uncovering land asphalt. The difference between lake and land asphalts can be seen readily] [Illustration: The narrow boardwalk, forty feet above the water, and the conveyor cable with loaded buckets of asphalt. Men throwing off the clutch.] [Illustration: The next step—Men releasing the pawl preparatory to emptying the large bucket.] [Illustration: The bucket is tipped up and the asphalt goes tumbling through a hole in the platform, down a chute into the hold of the ship.] The origin of asphalt has been a subject of much discussion in the past, and recent developments in the region of the lake enable one at last to make a definite statement on the subject. Strata of clays and shales that extend from east to west in southern Trinidad, carry asphaltic oil in liquid form. Many wells have been drilled in recent years and quantities of this maltha won. The asphalt lake fills a natural depression into which asphaltic petroleum from one of these strata found its way ages ago. A geologist might say that the origin of the deposit of asphalt is recent, but in saying that he might mean that not more than a few thousand years had gone since its occurrence. The asphaltic petroleum came from the depths, after which such parts of the substance as were light and gaseous volatilized, the heavy base remaining. For practical purposes the asphalt is a perfect commodity for the uses to which it is applied. The amount in the lake has not been calculated with any certainty, but there is unquestionably enough to supply the needs of the whole world for a very long time. The first modern Trinidad Lake asphalt pavement was laid in the United States. Since then it has been used on show streets of the world, including Fifth Avenue, New York; Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D. C.; Michigan Avenue Boulevard, Chicago; Broad Street, Philadelphia; Victoria-Thames Embankment, London, England, and countless other streets in the United States, South America, Australia, Egypt, India and Japan. One very frequently now sees motor trucks hauling mixtures of this black material. Almost everybody has seen it dumped smoking hot on the street, paused to watch the men raking it out carefully and the rollers compressing it into a smooth pavement. As laid it contains 10% of asphalt and the rest is sand and stone-dust. [Illustration: Upper Illustration—Wells, derricks, and partial view of Oil Refinery Lower Illustration—A well in operation, with oil running into “sump” shown in foreground] Nevertheless, the asphalt has such cementitious qualities that it solidifies the materials into a sheet as hard as rock. After asphalt was first used for street paving, other uses were discovered for it. For example, it is now used in the manufacture of asphalt shingles and roll roofings. Asphalt is waterproof and at the same time so tough and durable that it is peculiarly suited for that purpose. These qualities combined with its low price have no doubt been mainly responsible for its phenomenal success and popularity among builders and home owners. The earlier forms of roll roofing were supplemented very soon by more elaborate styles coated with granulated slate in different colors and cut into shingles in a wide variety of sizes and patterns. Hundreds of tons of native lake asphalt are used annually in the construction of built-up roofs and asphalt mastic floors for large office buildings and industrial plants. A large amount of asphalt is also used in the waterproofing of large engineering projects, such as tunnels, bridge structures, dams and reservoirs. [Illustration: A grove of cocoanut trees and tropical undergrowth at edge of Trinidad Asphalt Lake] Duplicate copies of this Booklet may be obtained free of charge from The Barber Asphalt Company, Philadelphia, Pa. Cable Address— Baspaco, Philadelphia ELEVENTH EDITION 3-27 50M 3-27 Lasher Printing Company Philadelphia, U. S. A. [Illustration: Back cover] Transcriber’s Notes —Silently corrected a few typos. —Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication. —In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_. *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WONDERLAND OF TRINIDAD *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. START: FULL LICENSE THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that: • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.” • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works. • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate. While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate. Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org. This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.