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Title: Young's Demonstrative Translation of Scientific Secrets

Author: Daniel Young

Release date: May 1, 2004 [eBook #5763]
                Most recently updated: December 29, 2020

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Andrew Sly


*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK YOUNG'S DEMONSTRATIVE TRANSLATION OF SCIENTIFIC SECRETS ***




Produced by Andrew Sly.





Transcriber's Comments

This is an adaption of the electronic transcription made by Paul
Hubbs and Bob Gravonic. Using microfiche of the original (Canadian
Institute for Historical Microreproductions no. 42355) as a
copy-text, I've made corrections and added a considerable amount
of material. Irregular spellings in the original have been retained.
Explanatory remarks regarding numbering are enclosed in square brackets.




Young's Demonstrative Translation of Scientific Secrets;

or

A Collection of Above 500 Useful Receipts
on a Variety of Subjects.


Printed by Rowsell & Ellis, Toronto, 1861.



INTRODUCTION


The object of the present work is clearly announced in its title.
It is to collect within a small compass the instructions of
experimental knowledge upon a great variety of subjects which relate
to the present interests of man. It contains above five hundred
genuine and practical receipts, which have been compiled by the
publisher with extreme difficulty and expense. A reference to
the list of subjects which the work contains, will show that the
publisher's researches have been extensive, while a comparison of
the work with others of the same general character evinces patient
labour, and cannot fail to give it pre-eminence. While the track
pursued is not new, it is more thorough, and more easily followed
than that marked out by any previous compiler known to myself. The
work contains not merely the outlines on the subjects to which it
refers, but, what appears to my own mind one of its excellences, the
full and clear explanations of these subjects. To all classes of
people, without exception, the work is of great value. It is fit,
on every account, that the publisher should be encouraged in this
production. The work is worthy the acceptance of all, and one which
every man may prize.




1. ORIENTAL PAINTING

Any bunch of roses or flowers, or anything of the kind that you
admire, take the pattern of by placing them against a light of
window glass, then lay a piece of white paper over them, and through
the latter you will see the roses, &c. Now with a lead pencil take
the pattern of the roses, &c., on the paper; when you have them all
marked, cut then out with a scissors, so that you have a complete
pattern of them. Now take a piece of glass, whatever size your
pattern requires, stick the pattern on it with wafers, then paint
the glass all over, except where the pattern covers, with black
paint, composed of refined lampblack, black enamel, copel varnish
and turpentine, mixed. Now let this dry, then take off your patterns
and paint your roses, flowers, &c., with tube paints, mixed with
demar varnish, so that your roses, &c., may be, in a manner,
transparent. Paint your large roses red, some of the smaller ones
yellow, or any colour to suit your taste. Paint one side of the
leaves a darker shade of green than the other, which will make
the picture appear as though the sun was shining on it. When this
painting is dry, take silver or gold foil, (gold is best,) wrinkle
it up in your hand then nearly straighten it, and cover the back of
the glass all over with it; over the large roses let the wrinkles be
larger, over the small ones smaller, &c.; then lay a piece of stiff
paper, the size of the glass, over the foil, and a piece of very
thin board again over this; have it framed in this manner and it is
completed. You now have one of the richest of paintings, which is
commonly taught at a cost of $5. You may buy all you require for
this painting at the druggist's.


2. TRANSFER PAINTING ON GLASS

This is for transferring any picture plate you please to glass, to
be framed. First give the glass a coat of demar varnish; let it
remain for eight hours, or until dry; at this time have your picture
thoroughly soaked in warm water; then give the glass another coat of
demar varnish, and take the picture out of the water; then let it
and the glass remain for twenty minutes, by which time the water
will be struck in from the face of the picture, after which you will
place the front of the picture on the varnished glass, (avoiding
wrinkles and spots of water,) press it well on until every part is
stuck fast, then carefully rub the paper all away to a mere film;
give the glass then, over this film, another coat of demar varnish,
which will make the film transparent; let it dry; then place the
glass, with the varnished side towards you, between you and
the light, and you will see the outlines of the picture quite
distinctly; you may then paint on the back with tube paints, mixed
with a little demar varnish to assist in drying, to suit your taste.
For instance, if the picture is that of a lady, you may paint the
dress red, the shawl or cape, as it may be, blue, the face flesh
colour, (which colour may be made by mixing a little red with
white,) the bonnet scarlet, the shoes black; if trees, have them
green, &c. All you want for this painting you may also buy at the
druggist's. This painting is very simple and elegant, it is commonly
taught at a cost of $3. Try it, you cannot fail.


3. TRANSFER VARNISH

Take of Canada balsam 3 drachms; gum sandric 3 drachms; spirits of
wine 1/2 pint. Dissolve the balsam and gum in the spirits of wine
and it is ready for use.


4. WHITE SPIRIT VARNISH--THE VERY BEST.

Take of gum sandrack 4 ounces; mastic 1 ounce; Elmi rosin 1/2 ounce;
Venice turpentine 1 ounce; alcohol 15 ounces. Digest in a bottle,
frequently shaking, till the gums are dissolved, and it is ready
for use.


5. TRANSFER PAINTING ON WOOD

By this you may transfer any picture you please from paper to a
cutter back, or any other substance you please. Give the board three
coats of white spirit varnish, receipt No. 4; damp the back of the
print with strong vinegar; give the front a very heavy coat of the
transfer varnish, receipt No. 3; then press it on the board, avoiding
creases; when perfectly dry and fast, rub the paper away; the print
is indelibly fixed; then varnish it over as you would any other
painting. This receipt has been commonly sold for $5.


6. ELECTRO GOLD PLATING--NEW METHOD

Take 100 grams of laminated gold, mixed with 20 grams of
hydrochloric acid; 10 grams of nitric acid; the liquid thus composed
is placed over a moderate fire, and stirred constantly until the
gold passes into the state of chlorine; it is then allowed to cool.
A second liquid is formed by dissolving 60 grams of cyanide of
potassium in 80 grams of distilled waters; the two liquids are
mixed together in a decanter and stirred for 20 minutes, and then
filtered. Finally 100 grams of whiting, dry and sifted, are mixed
with 5 grams of pulverised supertartrate of potass; this new
powder is dissolved in a portion of the above described liquid,
in sufficient quantity to form a paste of the proper consistency
to be spread with a pencil on the article or part to be gilded.
The superabundant powder is then removed by washing and the article
is beautifully gilded with a heavy or light coat, according to the
quantity of paste used. Grams belong to French weights, four grams
are a little more than one drachm.


7. ELECTRO SILVERING--NEW METHOD

10 grams of nitrate of silver are dissolved in 50 grams of distilled
water; then 25 grams of cyanide of potassium in 50 grams of
distilled water; the two liquids are mixed in a decanter, and
stirred for 10 minutes; it is then filtered. Finally, 100 grams of
sifted whiting are mixed with 10 grams of pulverised supertartrate
of potass and one gram of mercury. This powder and dissolving liquid
are used in the same manner as in the above method of gold plating.
These excellent methods of silvering and gilding were discovered in
June 1860, by the great French chemist Baldooshong of Paris France.
It is far superior to any other method ever discovered, and will
eventually take the place of all.


8. ELECTRO GOLD PLATING--USUAL METHOD

Take a $2 50c. piece of gold, and put it into a mixture of 1 ounce
of nitric and 4 ounces of muriatic acids, (glass vessels only are to
be used in this work,) when it is all cut dissolve 1/2 an ounce of
sulphate of potash in one pint of pure rain water, and mix the gold
solution, stirring well; then let stand and the gold will be thrown
down; then pour off the acid fluid, and wash the gold in two or
three waters, or until no acid is tasted by touching the tongue to
the gold. Now dissolve one ounce of cyanuret of potassium in one
pint of pure rain water, to which add the gold, and it is ready to
use. Clear the article to be plated from all dirt and grease with
whiting and a good brush; if there are cracks it may be necessary
to put the article in a solution of caustic potash. At all events
every particle of dirt and grease must be removed; then suspend the
article in the cyanuret of gold solution, with a small strip of zinc
cut about the width of a common knitting needle, hooking the top
over a stick which will reach across the top of the vessel or bottle
holding the solution. If the zinc is too large the deposit will be
made so fast that it will scale off. The slower the plating goes on
the better, and this is arranged by the size if the zinc used. When
not using the plating fluid keep it well corked and it is always
ready to use, bearing in mind that it is poison as arsenic, and
must be put high out of the way of children, and labelled poison,
although you need have no fear using it; yet accidents might arise
if its nature were not known.


9. ELECTRO SILVERING--USUAL METHOD

This is done every way the same as gold plating (using coin) except
that rock salt is used instead of the cyanuret of potassium to
hold the silver in solution for use, and when it is of the proper
strength of salt it has a thick curdy appearance, or you can add
salt until the silver will deposit on the article to be plated,
which is all that is required. No hesitation need be felt in trying
these receipts, as they are obtained from a genuine source, and are
in every day use.


10. GOLD PLATING FLUID

Warm six ounces of pure rain water, and dissolve in it 2 ounces of
cyanide of potassium, then add a 1/4 ounce oxide of gold; the
solution will at first be yellowish, but will soon subside to white;
then half fill a bottle with whiting, fill it up with this solution
and shake it well; you may now take a piece of old cotton, wet it
with the solution, rub it well over brass, copper, &c., and it is
nicely washed with gold.


11. SILVER PLATING FLUID

Dissolve one ounce of nitrate of silver, in crystal, in 12 ounces
of soft water; then dissolve in the water two ounces of cyanuret of
potash; shake the whole together and let it stand until it becomes
clear. Have ready some 1/2 ounce vials, and fill them half full
of whiting, then fill up the bottles and it is ready for use. The
whiting does not increase the coating powder--it only helps to
clear the articles and save the silver fluid by half filling the
bottles. The above quantity of materials will cost about $1.62c.,
so that the fluid will be about 3 cents a bottle. It is used in
the same way as the gold plating fluid.


12. QUICKSILVER PLATING FLUID

Take of quicksilver one ounce, one ounce nitric acid, one ten
cent piece, rain water 1/2 pint to a pint, put the three first
articles into a tumbler together; let them stand until dissolved,
occasionally stirring, then add the water, and it is ready for use.
This is used in the same way as the silver and gold plating fluid.


13. TO GILD STEEL

Pour some of the ethereal solution of gold into a wine-glass,
and dip into it the blade of a new penknife, lancet, razor, &c.,
withdraw the instrument and allow the ether to evaporate, the blade
will then be found to be covered with a beautiful coat of gold; the
blade may be moistened with a clean rag or a small piece of very dry
sponge dipped into the ether, and the same effect will be produced.


14. TO GILD COPPER, BRASS, &c.--BY AN AMALGAM

The gilding of these inferior metals and alloys of them is effected
by the assistance of mercury with which the gold is amalgamated. The
mercury is evaporated while the gold is fixed by the application of
heat, the whole is then burnished of left mat in the whole or in
part, according as required.


15. GILDING GLASS AND PORCELAIN

Dissolve in boiling linseed oil an equal weight either of copal or
amber, and add as much oil of turpentine as will enable you to apply
the compound or size thus formed as thin as possible to the parts of
the glass intended to be gilt; the glass is to be placed in a stove
till it is so warm as almost to burn the fingers when handled. At
this temperature the size becomes adhesive, and a piece of leaf
gold applied in the usual way will immediately stick. Sweep off the
superfluous portions of the leaf, and when quite cold it may be
burnished, taking care to interpose a piece of india paper between
the gold and the burnisher. It sometimes happens when the varnish is
not very good that by repeated washing the gold wears off; on this
account the practice of burning it in is sometimes had recourse to;
for this purpose some gold powder is ground with borax, and in this
state applied to the clean surface of the glass by a camel hair
pencil; when quite dry the glass is put into a stove, heated to
about the temperature of an annealing oven, the gum burns off; and
the borax, by vitrifying, cements the gold with great firmness to
the glass, after which it may be burnished.

The gilding upon porcelain is in like manner fixed by heat and the
use of borax, and this kind of ware, being neither transparent nor
liable to soften, and thus to be injured in its form in a low red
heat, is free from the risk and injury which the finer and more
fusible kinds of glass are apt to sustain from such treatment.
Porcelain and other wares may be platinized, silvered, tinned,
or bronzed, in a similar manner.


16. GILDING THE EDGES OF PAPER

The edges of the leaves of books and letter paper are gilded
whilst in a horizontal position in the bookbinder's press or some
arrangement of the same nature, by first applying a composition
formed of four parts of Armenian-bole and one of candied sugar,
ground together with water to a proper consistence, and laid on by
a brush with the white of an egg. This coating, when nearly dry is
smoothed by the burnisher, it is then slightly moistened by a sponge
dipped in clean water and squeezed in the hand; the gold leaf is now
taken up on a piece of cotton from the leathern cushion and applied
on the moistened surface; when dry it is to be burnished by rubbing
the burnisher over it repeatedly from end to end, taking care not
to wound the surface by the point.


17. PROFESSOR WORTS' AMALGAM FOR SILVERING

This is the only means yet discovered for silvering iron directly,
yet it is not so lasting as some of the other processes. Take
quicksilver and the metal potassium, equal parts by volume, put them
together in a tumbler, and if both metals be good there will be a
brisk ebullition, which continues until an amalgam of the two is
formed, then add as much quicksilver as there is of the amalgam; let
it work till thoroughly mixed, and it is ready for use. This amalgam
you may apply with a cloth to any metal, even iron, though it be a
rusty bar, and you have it neatly silvered over.


18. FOR COPPERING IRON

This is the latest method, and that now in use. To a solution of
sulphate of copper, add a solution of ferrocyanide of pottasium, so
long as a precipitate continues to be formed. This is allowed to
settle, and the clear liquor being decanted the vessel is filled
with water, and when the precipitate settles the liquor is again
decanted, and continue to repeat these washings until the sulphate
of potash is washed quite out; this is known by adding a little
chloride of barium to a small quantity of the washings, and when
there is no white precipitate formed by the test, the precipitate is
sufficiently washed. A solution of cyanide of potassium is now added
to this precipitate until it is dissolved, during which process the
solution becomes warm by the chemical re-action which takes place.
The solution is filtered, and allowed to repose all night. If
the solution of cyanide of potassium that is used is strong, the
greater portion of the ferrocyanide of potassium crystalises in the
solution, and may be collected and preserved for use again. If the
solution of cyanide of potassium used to dissolve the precipitate is
dilute, it will be necessary to condense the liquor by evaporation
to obtain the yellow prussiate in crystals. The remaining solution
is the coppering solution; should it not be convenient to separate
the yellow prussiate by crystallization, the presence of that salt
in the solution does not deteriorate it nor interfere with its power
of depositing copper.


19. PECULIARITIES IN WORKING CYANIDE OF COPPER SOLUTION

The true composition of the salts thus formed by copper and cyanide
of potassium has not yet been determined, but their relations to
the battery and electrolyzation are peculiar. The solution must
be worked at a heat not less than from 150 to 200 degrees Farenheit
(that is not quite as hot a boiling water, which is 212 degrees
Farenheit.) All other solutions we have tried follow the laws, that
if the electricity is so strong as to cause gas to be evolved at
the electrode, the metal will be deposited in a sandy or powdered
state, but the solution of cyanide of copper and potassium is an
exception to these laws, as there is no reguline deposit obtained
unless gas is freely evolved from the surface of the article upon
which the deposit is taking place. As this solution is used hot, a
considerable evaporation takes place, which requires that additions
be made to the solution from time to time. If water alone be used
for this purpose it will precipitate a great quantity of the
copper as a white powder, but this is prevented by dissolving a
little cyanide of potassium in the water at the rate of 4 ounces
to the gallon. The vessels used in factories for this solution are
generally of copper, which are heated over a flue or in a sand-bath,
the vessel itself serving as the positive electrode of the battery;
but any vessel will suit if a copper electrode is employed when the
vessel is not of copper.


20. PREPARATION OF IRON FOR COATING WITH COPPER

When it is required to cover an iron article with copper, it is
first steeped in hot caustic potash or soda to remove any grease or
oil. Being washed from that it is placed for a short time in diluted
sulphuric acid, consisting of about one part acid to 16 parts of
water, which removes any oxide that may exist. It is then washed in
water and scoured with sand till the surface is perfectly clean,
and finally attached to the battery and immersed in the cyanide
solution. All this must be done with despatch so as to prevent the
iron combining with oxygen. An immersion of five minutes duration in
the cyanide solution is sufficient to deposit upon the iron a film
of copper, but it is necessary to the complete protection of the
iron that it should have a considerably thick coating, and as the
cyanide process is expensive, it is preferable when the iron has
received a film of copper by the cyanide solution, to take it out,
wash it in water, and attach to it a simple cell or weak battery,
and put it into a solution of sulphate of copper. If there is any
part not sufficiently covered with copper by the cyanide solution,
the sulphate will make these parts of a dark colour, which a touch
of the finger will remove. When such is the case, the article must
be taken out, scoured, and put again into the cyanide solution till
perfectly covered. A little practice will render this very easy. The
sulphate solution for covering iron should be prepared by adding
it by degrees a little caustic potash, so long as the precipitate
formed is re-dissolved. This neutralizes a great portion of the
sulphuric acid, and thus the iron is not so readily acted upon.
When the iron is thus coppered, proceed to silver it in the manner
recommended for silvering according to receipt No. 9; or if you want
to put a very heavy coating of silver on it, make use of a strong
battery.


21. SOLDERING FLUID

For mending articles of tin, iron, zinc, copper, and almost all
other metals. Take 2 fl. ounces of muriatic acid, add zinc till
bubbles cease to rise, add 1/2 a teaspoonful of sal-ammoniac and 2
ounces of water. Damp the part you wish to solder with this fluid,
lay on a small piece of lead, and with a piece of hot iron or
soldering iron solder the part.


22. SOLDER FOR TIN

Take of pewter 4 parts, tin 1 part, bismuth 1 part; melt them
together. Resin is used with this solder.


23. COLD METHOD OF SILVERING IRON WITH SILVER-PLATE

Polish the iron toy wish to silver, then damp it over with soldering
fluid (receipt No. 21) When this is done give it a coat of No. 22
solder. This is done by laying a piece of cold solder on the iron,
and spreading it over with a heated soldering iron, when by this
means you get the iron nicely plated with solder, then lay on
your silver-plate evenly, and gently rub it over with the heated
soldering iron, and it will become firmly united with the solder as
the solder is with the iron, so that you have the iron beautifully
plated with silver with very little cost or trouble.


24. HOT METHOD OF SILVERING IRON WITH SILVER-PLATE

First polish the iron you wish to silver, wet it well over
with No. 21 soldering fluid; then having procured that kind of
silver-plate which is tin on one side and silver on the other, place
it evenly on, with the tined side next to the iron, then place it
on the fire until the silver-plate melts down, then at once take it
from the fire, and it will be firmly attached to the iron, and will
be excellent plate; yet No. 23, the cold method, is to be preferred
in most cases.


25. SILVERING LOOKING-GLASSES WITH QUICKSILVER

Take a piece of marble or some other substance very smooth, true,
and level, lay on this the glass you wish to silver, then make a
ridge of putty on the marble against the edge of the glass all round
it, so that you can pour quicksilver on the glass until it is all
covered over, and will be prevented from running off by the ridge
of putty; an inch or two, or three outside this ridge make another
of putty; then cover the quicksilver on the glass all over with
tin-foil, and press it firmly but cautiously against the glass until
you have squeezed out all the quicksilver you can. While you press
this, you may remove part of the first ridge of putty to give the
quicksilver a chance of escape. When it is well pressed against
the glass there will be an amalgam formed of the tin-foil and the
quicksilver that is left, which will firmly adhere to the glass. By
this means you have a very beautiful and cheap looking-glass; the
quicksilver that escapes, being saved by the second ridge of putty,
may be used again.


26. SILVERING LOOKING-GLASSES WITH PURE SILVER

Prepare a mixture of 3 grains of ammonia, 60 grains of nitrate of
silver, 90 minims of spirits of wine, 90 minims of water; when the
nitrate of silver is dissolved, filter the liquid and add a small
quantity of sugar (15 grains) dissolved in 1-1/2 oz. of water, and 1
1/2 oz. of spirits of wine. Put the glass into this mixture, having
one side covered with varnish, gum, or some substance to prevent the
silver being attached to it. Let it remain for a few days and you
have a most elegant looking-glass, yet it is far more costly than
the quicksilver.


27. PATENT BURNING FLUID

To 1 gallon of 95 per cent. alcohol, add 1 quart of camphene oil;
mix and shake well, and if transparent it is fit for use, if not,
add sufficient alcohol, shaking it well, to bring it to the natural
colour of the alcohol. It may be coloured to suit the fancy by
adding a little tincture of golden seal, or any other colouring
drug. This receipt has been sold for $10.


28. BURNING FLUID

Take 4 quarts alcohol, and 1 quart spirits of turpentine; mix well
together, and it is ready for use.


29. NON-EXPLOSIVE BURNING FLUID

Take 1 gallon 44 proof alcohol, 1 quart camphene, 3 oz. of alum
pulverized, 1/2 oz. camphor gum, 65 drops cuicuma; mix all together
and let it stand 12 hours, and it is ready for use.


30. VINEGAR IN THREE DAYS WITHOUT DRUGS

Take 2 barrels and saw one of them in two in the centre, and put
one-half on the top, and the other at the bottom of the whole
barrel, (or you may use three whole barrels if you like.) The middle
barrel is to be filled with maple, beech, of baswood shavings, which
are to be planed from the edge of boards only two or three feet
long, which allows the shavings to roll, and prevents them from
packing tight, and also allows air to circulate through them, which
is admitted through a number of inch holes, which are to be made
near the bottom of the barrel and just above the faucet, which lets
the vinegar run into the tub below. The top tub has its bottom
pierced with small bit holes, having several threads of twine
hanging in them to conduct the vinegar evenly over the top of the
shavings in the middle of the barrel. Air must be permitted to pass
out between the top tub and barrel, which comes in at the holes in
the bottom. The shavings which fill the barrel must be soaked three
or four days in good vinegar before they are put in. When thus
arranged, for every gallon of water use 1/2 lb. of sugar; (that
you get from molasses barrels does vary well.) If you wish to make
vinegar from whiskey, put in 4 gallons of water to 1 gallon of
whiskey; and if from cider, put in one-third water, and fill the
top tub with this fluid, putting 1 pint good yeast to each barrel
making; and have the holes with threads or twine so arranged that
it will run through every twelve hours; and dip or pump up with a
wooden pump every night or morning, and three days will make good
substantial vinegar, which will keep and also improve by age. Some
use only 1 gallon of whiskey to 7 gallons of water. This accounts
for so much poor vinegar. Make good vinegar, it will pay you. If a
few gallons of water is made boiling hot so as to warm the whole of
a gentle warmth, it will make faster than if used cold. This must
be done in cool weather, and the room also should be kept warm. For
families, small kegs will do, but for manufacturers large casks are
best. Many make vinegar by just putting fluid into the barrels of
shavings, soaked as directed above, and do not let it run through,
but let it stand in the shavings till sour; but it does not work
fast enough for manufacturers. It will do where only a small amount
is needed, keeping the same strength of fluid as for the other plan,
which is best. Two or three years ago, this receipt was sold for
from $50 to $150. If vinegar is made from whiskey, it will have
a more beautiful colour if 5 or 6 lbs. of sugar is put into each
barrel, of course keeping the same proportions of water as though
only one kind was used. The shavings will last the whole season.


31. CUBA HONEY

Good brown sugar 11 lbs., water 1 quart, old bee honey in the comb
2 lbs., cream tartar 50 grains, gum arabic 1 oz., oil of peppermint
5 drops, oil of rose 2 drops, mix and boil two or three minutes and
remove from the fire, have ready strained one quart of water, in
which a table-spoonful of pulverized slippery elm bark has stood
sufficiently long to make it ropy and thick life honey, mix this
into the kettle with egg well beat up, skim well in a few minutes,
and when a little cool, add two pounds of nice strained bees' honey,
and then strain the whole, and you will have not only an article
which looks and tastes like honey, but which possesses all its
medicinal properties. It has been shipped in large quantities under
the name of Cuba honey. It will keep fresh and nice for any length
of time if properly covered.


32. EXCELLENT HONEY

Take 5 lbs. of good common sugar, two pounds of water, gradually
bring to a boil, skimming well, when cool, add 1 lb. bees' honey,
and 4 drops of peppermint. If you desire a better article use white
sugar and 1/2 lb. less water, and one half pound more honey.


33. GUNPOWDER

Take pulverized saltpetre, moisten it, and subject it to the action
of a slow fire until completely dried and granulated, of this take
75 parts, purified sugar 12 and a-half parts, moisten and grind
together till completely blended, which will require several hours,
pulverize on heaters till dried.


34. EXCELLENT MATCHES

The ends of the tapers or wood should be very dry, and then dipped
in hot melted sulphur and laid aside to dry; then take 4 parts of
glue, dissolve it and while hot add one part of phosphorus, and stir
in a few spoonsful of fine whiting to bring to the proper thickness.
This preparation should be kept hot by being suspended over a lamp,
while dipping the wood or tapers. Colour the mixture by adding a
little vermillion, lamp black or prussian blue; be careful not to
ignite the compound while dipping.


35. FIRE AND WATER-PROOF CEMENT

To half a pint of milk add half a pint of vinegar to curdle it; then
separate the curd from the whey, and mix the whey with 4 or 5 eggs;
beating the whole well together; when it is well mixed, add a little
quick-lime through a sieve, until it has acquired the consistence of
a thick paste. This is a prime article for cementing marble, in or
out of the weather. It is excellent for broken vessels, &c.


36. FRENCH CHEMICAL SOAP

Take 5 lbs. castile soap, cut fine, 1 pint alcohol, 1 pint soft
water, 2 ounces aquafortis (if for black cloth 1/2 ounce of
lampblack,) 2 ounces saltpetre, 3 ounces potash, 1 ounce camphor,
4 ounces cinnamon in powder. Fist dissolve the soap, potash, and
saltpetre by boiling, then add all the other articles, and continue
to stir until it cools, then pour it into a box, let it stand 24
hours, and cut it into cakes. It is used for taking grease, stains,
and paints from cloth, wood, &c. This receipt has frequently sold
for $10.


37. BLACK INK WITHOUT SEDIMENT

This ink is not injured by frost--is a beautiful article, and only
costs 5 cents. per gallon, and is sold for from $1 to $3. Take 1 lb.
logwood, 1 gallon soft water, simmer in an iron vessel for one hour,
then dissolve in a little hot water 24 grains bychromate of potash,
and 12 grains prussiate of potash, and stir into the liquid while
over the fire, then take it off and strain it through fine cloth.
This ink is a jet black flows freely from the pen and will stand the
test of oexylic acid.


38. INDELIBLE INK

1 inch of the stick of the nitrate of silver dissolved in a little
water, and stirred into each gallon of the above, makes first rate
indelible ink for cloth. Judge what indelible ink costs.


39. INDELIBLE INK

Nitrate of silver 1-1/2 oz., dissolved in liquor ammonia fortisine
5-1/2 oz., orchil for colouring 3/4 oz., gum mucilage 12 oz., mix
the two latter, then mix them with the two former, and it is ready
to use.


40. WRITING FLUID OR BLACK COPYING INK

Take two gallons of rain water and put into it gum arabic 1/4 lb.,
brown sugar 1/4 lb., clean copperas 1/4 lb., powdered nut galls 3/4
lb., mix and shake occasionally for ten days and strain. If needed
sooner, let it stand in an iron kettle until the strength is
obtained. This ink can be depended on for deeds or records, which
you may want someone to read hundreds of years to come. Oexylic acid
1/4 oz., was formerly put in, but as it destroys the steel pens, and
does just as well without it--it is now never used.


41. BEST INK POWDER

This is formed of the dry ingredients for ink, powdered and mixed.
Take powdered galls one pound, powdered green vitriol half a pound,
powdered gum 4 ounces, mix all together, put it up into 2 ounce
packages, each of which will make a pint if ink.


42. BEST RED INK

Take of best carmine (nakarot) 2 grains, rain water 1/2 ounce, water
of ammonia 20 drops, add a little gum arabic, and it is in a few
minutes ready for use.


43. YELLOW INK

Dissolve alum in saffron water to whatever shade of yellow you
please. It makes a beautiful ink.


44. BLUE INK

Take Prussian blue, and oexylic acid, in equal parts, powder finely,
and add soft water to bring it to a soft paste, and let it stand for
a few days, then add soft water to the desired shade of colour; add
a little gum arabic to prevent spreading.


45. GOLDEN INK

Take some white gum arabic, reduce it to an impalpable powder in a
brass mortar, dissolve it in strong brandy, and add a little common
water to render it more liquid, provide some gold in a shell, which
must be detached in order to reduce it to a powder, when this is
done moisten it with the gum solution, and stir the whole with a
small hair brush, or your finger, then leave it for a night that
the gold may be better dissolved. If the composition becomes dry
during the night, dilute it with more gum water in which a little
saffron has been infused, but take care that the gold solution be
sufficiently liquid to flow freely in a pen; when the writing is
dry polish it with a dry tooth.


46. WHITE INK FOR WRITING ON BLACK PAPER

Having carefully washed some egg shells remove the internal skin and
grind them on a piece of porphyry, then put the powder in a small
vessel of pure water, and when it has settled at the bottom, draw
off the water and dry the powder in the sun. This powder must be
preserved in a bottle; when you want to use it put a small quantity
of gum ammoniac into distilled vinegar, and leave it to dissolve
during the night, next morning the solution will appear exceedingly
white, and if you then strain it through a piece of linen cloth, and
add to it the powder of egg shells in sufficient quantity, you will
obtain a very white ink.


47. SECRET INK FOR YOUNG LADIES AND GENTS

Take a drachm of clean rain water, put into it, in a clean vial, 10
or 12 drops of pure, clean sulphuric acid, and it is ready for use;
write with this using a clean quill pen on letter paper, and when
dry you can see no mark at all, then hold it to a strong heat and
the writing becomes as black as jet. If you want to write to a young
lady or gentleman, as the case may be, and fearing that the letter
might be opened before she or he gets it, write with common black
ink something of no importance, then between the lines write what
you want to say with the secret ink. The person to whom you are
writing must understand the scheme so that she or he may hold it
to the heat and thereby make the writing visible.


48. CIDER WITHOUT APPLES

To each gallon of cold water put 1 lb. common sugar, 1/2 ounce of
tartaric acid, one tablespoonful of yeast, shake well, make in an
evening and it will be fit for use next day. I make in a keg a few
gallons at a time, leaving a few quarts to make into next time, not
using yeast again until the keg needs rinsing. If it gets a little
sour, make a little more into it or put as much water with it as
there is cider and put it with the vinegar. If it is desired to
bottle this cider by manufacturers of small drinks, you will proceed
as follows: put in a barrel 5 gallons of hot water, 30 lbs. of brown
sugar, 3/4 lb. of tartaric acid, 25 gallons of cold water, 3 pints
of hop or brewer's yeast, work into paste with 3/4 lb. of flower,
and one pint water will be required in making this paste; put all
together in a barrel which it will fill and let it work 24 hours,
the yeast running out at the bung all the time by putting in a
little occasionally to keep it full; then bottle, putting in two
or three broken raisins to each bottle, and it will nearly equal
champagne.


49. SPRUCE OR AROMATIC BEER

Take 3 gallons of water, 2-1/2 pints molasses, 3 eggs well beaten,
1 gill yeast, put into two quarts of the water boiling hot, put in
50 drops of any oil you wish the flavour of, or mix one ounce each,
oil sarsafras, spruce, and wintergreen; then use the 50 drops. For
ginger flavour take 2 ounces ginger root bruised and a few hops, and
boil for 30 minutes in one gallon of the water, strain and mix all;
let it stand 2 hours and bottle, using yeast, of course, as before.


50. LEMON BEER

To make 20 gallons, boil 6 ounces of ginger root bruised, 1/4 lb.
cream-tartar for 20 or 30 minutes in 2 or 3 gallons of water; this
will be strained into 13 lbs. of coffer sugar on which you have put
1 oz. oil of lemon and six good lemons all squeezed up together,
having warm water enough to make the whole 20 gallons, just so you
can hold your hand in it without burning, or some 70 degrees of
heat; put in 1-1/2 pint hops or brewer's yeast worked into paste as
for cider, with 5 or 6 oz. of flower; let it work over night, then
strain and bottle for use. This will keep a number of days.


51. PHILADELPHIA BEER

Take 30 gallons of water, brown sugar 20 lbs., ginger root bruised
1/4 lb., cream tartar 1-1/4 lb., carbonate of soda 3 ounces, oil of
lemon 1 teaspoonful, put in a little alcohol, the white of 10 eggs
well beaten, hops 2 ounces, yeast one quart. The ginger root and
hops should be boiled for 20 or 30 minutes in enough of the water to
make all milk warm; then strain into the rest, and the yeast added
and allowed to work itself clear as the cider and bottled.


52. SILVER TOP DRINK

Take of water 3 quarts, white sugar 4 lbs., oil of lemons one
teaspoonful, white of 5 eggs, beaten with one teaspoonful of flour;
boil to form syrum, then divide into equal parts, and to one add 3
ounces of tartaric acid, and to the other part 4 oz. of carbonate
of soda, then take two thirds of a glass of water, and put in a
spoonful of each of the syrups, more or less, according to the size
of the glass.


53. DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING SODA DRINKS

In getting up any of the soda drinks which are spoken of hereafter
it will be preferable to put about 4 oz. of carbonate (sometimes
called supercarbonate) of soda into one pint of water, and shake
when you wish to make a glass of soda, and pour from this into the
glass until if foams well instead of using dry soda as directed.


54. IMPERIAL CREAM NECTAR

Part 1st.--Take 1 gallon water, 6 lbs. loaf sugar, 6 ounces tartaric
acid, gum arabic 1 oz.

Part 2nd.--Take 4 teaspoonsful of flour, the whites of four eggs beat
finely together, then add 1/2 pint of water. Heat the first part until it
is blood warm, then put in the second, boil 3 minutes and it is done.

Directions.--To 3 tablespoonfuls of the syrup in a glass half or two
thirds full of water add one third of a teaspoonful of carbonate of soda
made fine, stir well, and drink at your leisure.


55. A SUPERIOR GINGER BEER

Take of sugar 10 lbs., lemon juice 9 oz., honey 1/2 lb., bruised
ginger root 11 oz., water 9 galls., yeast 3 pints, boil the ginger
in the water until the strength is all extracted, which you may tell
be tasting the root, then pour it into a tub, throwing the roots
away, let it stand until nearly luke warm, then put in all the rest
of the ingredients, stir well until all dissolved, cover it over
with a cloth, and if it be in the evening, let it remain until next
morning, then strain through cloth, and bottle it, and in a short
time it will be fit for use. Some use less sugar, and some less
lemon juice, to make it with less expense; but it is not so elegant
a drink as this.


56. GINGER POP No. 1

Take of water 5-1/2 galls., ginger root bruised 3/4 lb., tartaric
acid 1/2 oz., white sugar 2-1/4 lbs., the whites of 3 eggs well
beat, a small teaspoonful of oil of lemon, yeast 1 gill; boil the
root for 30 minutes in 1 gallon of the water, strain off, and put
the oil in while hot, mix all well, make over night, in the morning
skim, and bottle, keeping out sediment.


57. GINGER POP No. 2

Take best white Jamaica ginger root bruised 2 oz., water 6 quarts,
boil 20 minutes and strain, then add cream tartar 1 oz., white sugar
1 lb.; put on the fire, then stir until all the sugar is dissolved;
then put into an earthen jar, now put in tartaric acid 1/4 oz., and
the rind of 1 lemon, let it stand until 70 degrees of Fahrenheit,
or until you can bear your hand in it with comfort, then add two
tablespoonsful of yeast, stir well, bottle for use, and tie the
corks; make a few days before it is wanted for use.


58. YEAST

Take a good single handful of hops, and boil for 20 minutes in 3
pints of water, then strain, and stir in a teacupful of flour, a
tablespoonful of sugar, and a teaspoonful of salt; when a little
cool put in 1 gill of brewer's yeast, and after four or five hours
cover up, and stand in a cool place for use; make again from this
unless you let it get sour.


59. SODA SYRUPS

Take of loaf or crushed sugar 8 lbs., pure water 1 gall., gum arabic
1 oz., mix in a brass or copper kettle, boil until the gum is
dissolved, then skim and strain through white flannel, after which
add tartaric acid 5-1/2 oz., dissolved in hot water. To flavour use
extract of lemon, orange, rose, sarsaparilla, strawberry, &c., 1/2
oz., or to your taste. If you use the juice of lemon, add 1-1/2
lbs., of sugar to a pint; you do not need any tartaric acid with it;
now use 2 or 3 tablespoonsful of syrup to 3/4 of a tumbler of water,
and 1/3 teaspoonsful of supercarbonate of soda made fine, stir well
and be ready to drink; the gum arabic, however, holds the carbonic
acid so it will not fly off so readily as common soda. For soda
fountains, 1 oz., of supercarbonate of soda is used to 1 gallon of
water. for charged fountains no acids are needed in the syrups.


60. MINERAL WATER

Epsom salts 1 oz., cream tartar 1/2 oz., tartaric acid 1/4 oz., loaf
sugar 1 lb., oil of birch 20 drops; put 1 quart boiling water on all
these articles, and add 3 quarts of cold water to 2 tablespoonsful
of yeast; let it work 2 hours and then bottle.


61. IMPROVED ENGLISH STRONG BEER

If you have malt use it, if not, take 1 peck of barley, and put it
into a stove oven, and steam the moisture from them, grind coarsely,
and pour into them 3-1/2 gallons of water, at 170 or 172 degrees.
(If you use malt it does not need quite so much water, as it does
not absorb so much as the other. The tub should have a false bottom
with many gimblet holes to keep back the grain.) Stir them well and
let stand 3 hours and draw off, put on 7 gallons more water at 180
or 182 degrees, stir well, let stand 2 hours and draw off, then put
1 gallon or 2 of cold water, stir well and draw off; you should have
about 5 or 6 gallons; mix 6 lbs., coarse brown sugar in equal amount
of water, add 4 oz. of good hops, boil for 1-1/2 hour; you should
have from 8 to 10 gallons when boiled; when cooled to 80 degrees,
put in a teacupful of good yeast and let it work 18 hours covered
with a sack. Use sound iron-hooped kegs, or porter bottles, bung or
cork tight, and in two weeks it will be good sound beer, nearly
equal in strength to London porter, or good ale, and will keep a
long time.


62. SANGAREE

Take wine, ale, or porter, 1/3, and 2/3 water, hot, or cold,
according to the season of the year, loaf sugar to the taste with
nutmeg.


63. GINGER WINE

Put 1 oz. good ginger root bruised in 1 quart of 95 per cent.
alcohol, let it stand 9 days, and strain, add 4 quarts of water, and
1 lb. of white sugar, dissolved in hot water, 1 pint port wine to
this quantity, for what you retail at your own bar makes it far
better; colour with tincture of saunders to suit; drink freely of
this hot on going to bed, when you have a bad cold, and in the
morning you will bless ginger wine.


64. HOP BEER

Take of hops 6 oz., molasses 5 quarts, boil the hops in water till
the strength is out, strain them into a 30 gallon barrel, add the
molasses and a teacupful of yeast, and fill up with water, shake it
well and leave the bung out until fermented, which will be in about
24 hours; bung up, and it will be fit for use in about 3 days. A
most excellent summer drink, smaller quantities in proportion.


65. USQUEBAUGH OR IRISH WHISKEY

Best brandy 1 gallon, stoned raisins 1 lb., cinnamon, cloves,
nutmeg, and cardamom, each 1 oz., crushed in a mortar, saffron 1/2
oz., or the rind of 1 Seville orange, and a little sugar candy;
shake these well, and it is ready for use in 14 days.


66. ICE CREAM

Add a little rich sweet cream, and 1/2 lb. of loaf sugar to each
quart of cream or milk; if you cannot get cream the best imitation
is to boil a soft custard; 6 eggs to each quart of milk, (eggs well
beaten); or another way, boil a quart of milk, and stir into it,
while boiling, a tablespoonful of arrow-root, wet with cold milk,
then cool stir in the yolk of one egg, to give a rich colour; five
minutes boiling is enough for either plan; put the sugar in after
they cool, keep the same proportions for any amount desired. The
juice of strawberries, or raspberries, give a beautiful colour and
flavour to ice creams; or about 1/2 oz. of the essence or extracts
to a gallon, or to suit the taste. Have your ice well broken, add
1 quart of salt to a bucket of ice, then place in this the vessel
containing your cream, and about one half hour's constant stirring
and occasional scraping down and beating together will freeze it.


67. CHICAGO ICE CREAM

Irish moss soaked in warm water about an hour, and rinsed well to
clear it of a certain foreign taste, then steep it in milk, keeping
it just at the point of boiling or simmering for an hour, or until a
rich yellow colour is given to the milk, without cream or eggs; 1 or
1-1/2 oz. of moss is enough for a gallon of cream, and this will do
to steep twice. Sweeten and flavour as other cream.

68. CREAM SODA

Loaf sugar 10 lb., water 3 gills, mix, and warm gradually, so as
not to burn, good rich cream 2 quarts, extract vanilla 1-1/2 oz.,
extract nutmeg 1/4 oz., and tartaric acid 4 oz.; just bring to
a boiling heat; for if you cook it any length of time it will
crystallize. Use 4 or 5 spoonsful of this syrup instead of 3, as
in other syrups; put 1/3 teaspoonful of soda to a glass, if used
without fountain. For charged fountains no acid is used.

69. LEMON SYRUP

Take of the juice of lemons one pint, white sugar one and a half
pound, and a little of the peel. Mix and boil a few minutes, strain,
and when a little cool, bottle, and cork, for use.


70. ORANGE AND RASPBERRY SYRUPS

Take of the juice of either, as the case may be, one pint; white
sugar one and a half pound. If it be orange a little of the peel;
tartaric acid 4 oz. Mix and boil a few minutes; strain, and when a
little cool, bottle and cork for use. When to be drank, mix three
or four tablespoonsful of syrup with three quarters of a glass of
water, and add a teaspoonful of soda. If water be added to the syrup
it will not keep well.


71. PURE WINE

Take three pounds of nice raisins free of stems, cut each one in two
or three pieces, put them into a stone jug with one gallon pure soft
water, let them stand two weeks uncovered, shaking occasionally (put
in a warm place in winter,) strain through three or four thicknesses
of woollen, or filter; colour with burned sugar; bottle and cork for
use. For saloon purposes, add one pint of good brandy. The more
raisins the better the wine, not exceeding 5 lbs.


72. PURE WINE VINEGAR

This is made by putting the same quantity of water on the above
raisins, after the wine is poured off, as at first for making wine,
and standing the same length of time, in the same way.


73. PORT WINE

Take 42 gallons of worked cider, 12 gallons of good port wine,
3 gallons good brandy, 6 gallons pure spirits. Mix together.
Elder-berries and sloes, or fruit of the black hawes, make a fine
purple colour for wines.


74. CHAMPAGNE WINE

Take of good cider (crab-apple cider is best) seven gallons, best
fourth proof brandy one quart, genuine champagne wine five quarts,
milk one gill, bitartrate of potash 2 oz. Mix and let it stand a
short time; bottle while fermenting. This makes an excellent
imitation of champagne with age.


75. CURRANT AND OTHER FRUIT WINES

For currant, cherry, raspberry, elderberry, strawberry, whortleberry,
and wild grape wines, any one can be used alone, or in combination
of several of the different kinds; to make a variety of flavours, or
suit persons who have some and not the other kinds of fruits, to
every gallon of expressed juice, add 2 galls. of soft water, put in
6 or 8 lbs. of brown sugar, and 1-1/2 oz. of cream of tartar, have
them dissolved; put 1 quart of brandy to every 6 galls. Some prefer
it without brandy. After fermentation, take 4 oz. isinglass,
dissolved in a pint of the wine, put to each barrel, and it will
refine and clear it; then it must be drawn off into clear casks, or
bottled, which is far the best. Give these wines age and they are
most delicious.


76. DINNER WINE OR ENGLISH PATENT WINE

From garden rhubarb, which will not lend to intemperance. An
agreeable and healthy wine is very frequently made from the
expressed juice of the garden rhubarb. To each gallon of juice add
1 gallon of soft water, in which 7 lbs. of brown sugar have been
dissolved; fill a keg or barrel with this proportion, leaving the
bung out, and keep it filled with sweetened water as it works off
until clear. Any other vegetable extract may be added, if this
flavour is not liked. Then bung down, or bottle, as you desire.
These stalks will furnish about 3/4 their weight in juice; fine and
settle with isinglass, as in the fruit wines. This has been patented
in England.


77. VARIOUS WINES

Take 28 gallons of clarified cider; 1 gallon good brandy, 1 lb.
crude tartar, (this is what is deposited by grape wines) 5 gallons
of any wine you wish to represent, 1 pint of sweet milk to settle
it; draw off in 24 or 36 hours after thoroughly mixing.


78. BLACKBERRY AND STRAWBERRY WINES

These are made by taking the above wine when made with port wine;
and for every 10 gallons, form 4 to 6 quarts of the fresh fruit,
bruised and strained, are added, and let it stand till the flavour
is extracted; more or less may be used to suit the tastes of
different persons. In bottling any of those wines 3 or four broken
raisins put into each bottle will add to their richness and flavour.


79. FRENCH BRANDY

Take of pure spirit 1 gallon, best French brandy, or any kind you
wish to imitate, even Otard, 1 quart; loaf sugar 2 oz., sweet
spirits of nitre 1/2 oz., a few drops of tincture of catechu, or oak
bark, to roughen the taste if desired; colour to suit your taste,
and bottle.


80. BRANDY FROM OIL COGNAC

Take of pure spirits 10 gallons, New England rum 2 quarts, or
Jamaica rum 1 quart, and oil cognac from 30 to 40 drops, put in half
a pint of alcohol, colour with tincture of kino, or burned sugar,
which is generally preferred. Mix well and bottle.


81. PALE BRANDY

This is made as the French brandy, using pale instead of the French,
and using 1 oz. of tincture of kino for colour, only for 5 gallons.


82. CHERRY BRANDY

To every 10 gallons of brandy add 3 quarts of wild black cherries,
stones and all bruised, and crushed sugar 2 lbs. Let it stand until
the strength and flavour is obtained, and draw from it as wanted for
use. Never attempt to use oil of bitter almonds for this purpose,
instead of the cherries, for it is a most deadly poison.


83. BLACKBERRY BRANDY

Take of brandy 10 gallons, nice rich blackberries mashed from 4 to 6
quarts, according to the degree of flavour you wish. Mix and add a
little sugar to overcome the acidity of the berries, according to
their ripeness will the amount vary from one to 4 oz. to each
gallon.


84. STRAWBERRY BRANDY

This is made as the above, using very nice ripe strawberries, and
only about half the quantity of sugar.


[There are no entries for receipts 85, 86 and 87 in the original.]


88. HOLLAND GIN

Take of pure spirits 1 gallon, best Holland gin, schnapps, or any
kind desired, 1 quart, oil of juniper 2 scruples, oil of anise 1/4
oz.; mix all well together.


89. COLOURING

Take of white sugar 1 lb., put it into an earthen kettle, moisten
a little, let boil, and burn red, black and thick, remove from the
fire and put in a little hot water to keep it from hardening as
it cools. Use this to colour any liquors, needing colour, to your
taste, or as near the colour of the liquor you imitate as you can.
Tincture of kino is a good colour, and is made by dissolving 1 oz.
of kino in a pint of alcohol. For a cherry red use tincture of
saffron; for light amber to deep brown use sugar colouring; for
brandy colour, sugar; for red use beet root or saunders; for port
wine colour use extract of rhatany.


90. TO KEEP SWEET AND SWEETEN SOUR CIDER

To keep cider sweet take a keg, put several holes in the bottom of
it, and a piece of woollen cloth at the bottom, then fill with pure
sand closely packed, then pass your cider through this, and put up
in clean barrels that have had a piece of cotton or linen cloth 2 by
6 inches, dipped in sulphur, and burned in them, then keep in a cool
place and add 1/2 lb. of white mustard seed to each barrel. If cider
is souring, about 1 quart of hickory ashes, (or a little more of
other hard wood ashes), stirred into each barrel, will sweeten and
clarify it, nearly equal to rectifying; but if it is not rectified
it must be racked off to get clear of pomace, for while this is in
it, it will remain sour. Oil or whiskey barrels are best to put up
cider in, or 1/2 pint of sweet oil, or a gallon of whiskey, or both
may be added to a barrel with decidedly good effects. Isinglass 4
oz. to each barrel helps to clarify and settle cider that is not
going to be rectified.


91. SCHRUB

Take of lemon juice 1 pint, white sugar 2 pints, rum 3 pints, water
4 pints; mix and colour ready for use.


92. STOUGHTON BITTERS

Take of gentian 4 oz., orange peel 4 oz., columbo 4 oz., chamomile
flowers 4 oz., quassia 4 oz., burned sugar 1 lb., whiskey 2-1/2
galls., water 2-1/2 galls,; mix and let stand one week, then bottle
the clear liquor.


93. TO IMPROVE THE FLAVOUR OF NEW WHISKEY

Take of whiskey 1 gall., add tea 4 oz., allspice 4 oz., caraway seed
4 oz., cinnamon 2 oz., shake occasionally for a week and use one
pint to a barrel. Keep this mixture in a jug.

94. CHERRY BOUNCE OR BRANDY

Take 10 galls. of good whiskey, put into it from 4 to 6 quarts of
wild black cherries with the stones broken, common almonds shelled
1 lb., white sugar 1-1/2 lb., cinnamon 1/2 oz., nutmeg 1/2 oz., all
bruised. Let stand 12 or 13 days and draw off; this, with the
addition of 2 galls. of brandy, make very nice cherry brandy.


95. MONONGAHALE

Take of good common whiskey 36 gall., dried peaches 2 quarts,
rye, burned and ground as coffee, 1 quart, cinnamon, cloves, and
allspice, bruised, of each 1 oz., loaf sugar 5 lbs., sweet spirits
of nitre 2 oz., put all these articles into 4 galls. of pure
spirits, and shake every day for a week, then draw off through a
woollen cloth, and add the whole to the 36 galls. of whiskey.


96. RYE WHISKEY

Take of dried peaches 1/2 a peck, put them into a pan in a stove,
scorch a little, not to burn however, then bruise, and place in
a woollen (pointed) bag, and leach good common whiskey over them
twice, having the barrel up so as to hang the bag under the faucet
and draw slowly over them; this is for a barrel. Add 10 or 12 drops
of aqua ammonia to each barrel, after leaching through the peaches;
with age this is nearly, if not quite, equal to whiskey made from
rye.


97. STOMACH BITTERS

Take of gentian root 6 oz., orange peel 10 oz., cinnamon 1 oz.,
anise seed 2 oz., coriander seed 2 oz., cardamom seed 1/2 oz.,
Peruvian bark, unground, 2 oz., bruise all the articles and add
of gum kino 1 oz., and put them into 2 quarts of alcohol, and two
quarts of pure spirits or good whiskey; shake occasionally for 10
or 12 days, and strain or filter through several thicknesses of
woollen. Half a pint of this may be added to a gallon of whiskey,
more or less, as desired, and you have an article as good, or
better, and more healthy than that for which you will pay three
times as much; or you may use it the same as stoughton, to which
it is preferred.


98. PEPPERMINT CORDIAL

Take of good whiskey 10 galls., water 10 galls., white sugar 10
lbs., oil of peppermint 1 oz., flour 1 oz., burned sugar 1/2 lb. to
colour, alcohol 1 pint; put the oil of peppermint in the alcohol,
then with this work the flour well, add the burned sugar, work
again, and mix all the ingredients together; let them stand a week
and they are ready for use. If you wish a different flavour from
that of oil of peppermint use any other oil of which you desire
the flavour.


99. ST. CROIX RUM

Take of pure spirits 28 galls., of pure St. Croix run 3 galls.,
sal-ammonia (cut in alcohol) 1 OZ., sweet spirits of nitre 6 ozs.,
mix all together and let stand for 24 hours, occasionally shaking,
and it is ready for use.


100. LEMONADE

Take of fresh lemon juice 4 oz., fresh lemon peel 1/2 oz., white
sugar 4 oz., boiling water 3 pints; mix all together; let them stand
till cool, and then strain off for use; if you wish you can cool at
once with ice. Where this is used as a cooling drink in fevers a
little sweet spirits of nitre may be added.


101. A BRILLIANT WHITEWASH

This bears a gloss like ivory, and will not rub off. Take of clean
unslacked lime 5 or 6 quarts, slack with hot water in a tub, cover
to keep in the steam; when ready, pass it through a fine sieve, and
add 1/4 lb. of whiting, 1 lb. of good sugar pulverized, and 3 pints
of rice flour, first made into a thin paste; boil this mixture
well, then dissolve 1 lb. of clean glue in water, and add it to the
mixture, and apply while warm with a whitewash brush, except when
particular neatness is required you may then use a paint brush; in
both cases put it on warm. You may add colouring matter to give it
any shade you please.


102. CHANGING VARNISHES

Varnishes of this description are call changing because, when
applied to metals such as copper, brass, or tin or silver foil, they
give them a more agreeable colour; indeed, the common metals, when
coated with them acquired a lustre approaching to that of the
precious metals, and hence these varnishes are much employed in
manufacturing imitations of gold and silver. Put four ounces of the
best gum gamboge into 32 ozs. of spirits of turpentine, 4 ozs. of
dragon's blood into the same quantity of spirits of turpentine as
the gamboge, and 1 oz. of anatto into 8 ozs. of the same spirits.
The three mixtures being made in different vessels, they should then
be kept for about a fortnight in a warm place, and as much exposed
to the sun a possible; at the end of that time they will be fit for
use; and you can procure any tints you wish by making a composition
from them, with such proportions of each liquor as practice and the
nature of the colour you are desirous of obtaining will point out.
Changing varnishes may likewise be employed, with very good effect,
for furniture, such as picture frames, &c.--See Lackers.


103. GOLD LACKER OR VARNISH

In using the changing varnish or any of these lackers, for picture
frames for instance, lay them over with tin or silver leaf, by means
of plaster of Paris glue, or cement of some kind, that the foil may
be perfectly adherent to the wood, then apply your varnish; apply as
many coats as may suit your taste, and if it be the gold lacker you
use it has the appearance of being laid with gold leaf, and if the
pale brass lacker, of being laid with brass, &c., and if you use
the changing varnish you may make it just what colour you wish, by
mixing the three materials in different proportions. For making gold
lacker, put into a clean 4 gallon tin 1 lb. ground turmeric, 1-1/2
oz. powdered gamboge, 3-1/2 lbs. powdered gum sandrack, 3/4 lb.
shellac, and 2 galls. spirits of wine; after being dissolved and
strained add 1 pint of turpentine varnish, receipt No. 112, well
mixed, and it is ready for use.


104. RED SPIRIT LACKER

Take 2 galls. spirits of wine, 1 lb. dragon's blood, 3 lbs. Spanish
annatto, 3-1/2 lbs. gum sandrack, 2 pints turpentine. Made exactly
as the gold lacker.


105. PALE BRASS LACKER

Take 2 galls. spirits of wine, 3 ozs. cape aloes, cut small, 1 lb.
fine pale shellac, 1 oz. gamboge, cut small, no turpentine. Varnish
made exactly as before, but observe, that those who make lackers
frequently want some paler and some darker and sometimes inclining
more to the particular tint of certain of the component ingredients;
therefore if a 4 oz. vial of a strong solution of each ingredient be
prepared, a lacker of any tint can be prepared at any time as by
changing varnish.


106. DEMAR VARNISH

This is a fine clear varnish, being harder and less coloured than
mastic, while it is as soluble, and may be had at one-tenth the
price. Put 6 oz. of gum demar in a bottle with 10 ozs. of spirits of
turpentine, and put into another bottle 6 ozs. of gum demar, with
16 ozs. alcohol, when they are dissolved put them together, and you
have an excellent cheap varnish which dries quickly and is very
clear.


107. COPAL VARNISH

Take 1 oz. of copal, and 1/2 oz. of shellac, powder them well and
put them into a bottle or jar containing 1 quart of spirits of wine;
place the mixture in a warm place and shake it occasionally, till
you see that the gums are completely dissolved, and when strained
the varnish is fit for use.


108. WHITE HARD VARNISH

Take 1 lb. of mastic, 4 oz. of gum anima; and 5 lbs. of gum
sandrack, put them all together to dissolve, into a vessel
containing 2 oz. of rectified spirits of wine, which should be kept
in a warm place and frequently shaken till all the gums are quite
dissolved; then strain the mixture through a lawn sieve, and it will
be fit for use.


109. CRYSTAL VARNISH

Procure a bottle of Canada balsam, which can be had at any
druggist's; draw out he cork and set the bottle of balsam at a
little distance from the fire, turning it round several times, until
the heat has thinned it; then have something that will hold as much
as double the quantity of balsam; carry the balsam from the fire,
and, while fluid mix it with the same quantity of good turpentine,
and shake them together until they are well incorporated. In a few
days the varnish is fit for use, particularly if it is poured into a
half gallon glass or stone bottle, and kept in a gentle warmth. This
varnish is used for maps, prints, charts, drawings, paper,
ornaments, &c.


110. BLACK VARNISH FOR OLD STRAW OR CHIP HATS

Take a 1/2 oz. of the best black sealing wax, pound it well, and put
it into a 4 oz. vial, containing 2 ozs. of rectified spirits of
wine; place it in a sand-bath or near a moderate fire till the wax
is dissolved, then lay it on warm, with a fine soft hairbrush,
before a fire or in the sun. It gives a good stiffness to old straw
hats, and a beautiful gloss equal to new. It likewise resists wet.


111. VARNISH FOR VIOLINS &c.

Take 1 gallon of rectified spirits of wine, 12 ozs. of mastic, and
1 pint of turpentine varnish; put them altogether in a tin can, and
keep it in a very warm place, shaking it occasionally till it is
perfectly dissolved; then strain it, and it is fit for use. If you
find it necessary, you may dilute it with turpentine varnish. This
varnish is also very useful for furniture of plumtree, mahogany, or
rosewood.


112. TURPENTINE VARNISH

Take 5 lbs. of clear good resin, pound it well, and put it into 1
gallon of oil of turpentine; boil the mixture over a stove till the
resin is perfectly dissolved, and when cool, it will be fit for use.


113. IRON WORK BLACK OR BLACK VARNISH FOR IRON

Put 48 lbs. asphaltum into an iron pot, and boil for four hours;
during the first two hours, introduce 7 lbs. litharge, 3 lbs. dried
copperas, and 10 gallons boiled oil; add 1/8 lb. run of dark gum,
with 2 gallons hot oil; after pouring the oil and gum, continue the
boiling two hours, or until it will roll into hard pills like Japan;
when cool, thin it off with three gallons of turpentine, or until it
is of proper consistence. This varnish is intended principally for
the iron work of coaches and other carriages.

114. VARNISH FOR HARNESS

Take 1/2 lb. of india rubber, 1 gallon of spirits of turpentine;
dissolve enough to make it into a jelly by keeping it almost new
milk warm; then take equal quantities of good linseed oil, (in a hot
state,) and the above mixture, incorporate them well on a slow fire,
and it is fit for use.


115. QUICK DRYING HARNESS BLACKING VARNISH

Break 1/2 cake (which is about 1 ounce) of white wax into an earthen
pan, and just cover it with oil of turpentine; place a board over
the pan to keep out the air; let it stand for 24 hours or until
formed into a paste; then in another pan, mix 1 lb. of best ivory
black with neatsfoot oil, until it assumes a thick consistency; then
mix the contents of both pans together. It may be reduced with
spirits of turpentine. Bottle, and it is fit for use.


116. OIL PASTE BLACKING

Take oil vitriol, 2 ozs., tanners oil, 5 ozs., ivory black, 2 lbs.,
molasses, 5 ozs; mix the oil and vitriol together, let it stand a
day, then add the ivory black, the molasses, and the white of an
egg; mix well, and it is ready for use.


117. WATER PROOF OIL OR PASTE BLACKING

Take 1 pint of camphene, and put into it all the india rubber it
will dissolve, 1 pint currier's oil, 7 lbs. tallow, and 2 ozs. of
lampblack; mix thoroughly by heat. This is a nice thing for old
harness and carriage tops, as well as for boots and shoes.


118. BEST VARNISH BLACKING EXTANT

Take of alcohol, 1 gallon; white turpentine, 1-1/2 lbs.; gum shellac
1-1/2 lbs.; venice turpentine, 1 gill; let these stand in a jug in
the sun, or by a stove, until the gums are dissolved; then add sweet
oil, 1 gill; lampblack, 2 oz., and you have a varnish that will not
crack when the harness is twisted like the old shellac varnish. It
is good also for boots and shoes, looking well, and turns water.


119. ASPHALTUM OR WALNUT STAIN

Take of asphaltum, 2 lbs.; boiled linseed oil, 1/2 pint; spirits of
turpentine, 1 gallon; mix the two first in an iron pot, boil slowly
until the asphaltum is melted, then take it some distance from the
fire, cool a little, and add the turpentine (avoiding ignition)
before it cools too much, and it is finished.


120. POLISH FOR OLD FURNITURE

Take 1 pint best spirits of wine, 1 pint raw linseed oil, 1 pint
spirits of turpentine; mix all three together, and shake well
before use. Apply with a rubber of cotton wool covered with a piece
of clean old white cotton cloth. Apply slightly and you will be
astonished at the effect. Old furniture that is scratched, soiled,
or stained, if the wood is not torn up, being polished with this,
has the appearance of new.


121. OIL TO MAKE THE HAIR GROW AND CURL

Take of olive oil 1/2 a pint, oils of rosemary and origanum, of each
1/8 of an oz. Mix well and apply rather freely.


122. BEST SHAVING SOAP

Take 4-1/2 lbs. white bar soap, 1 quart rain water, 1 gill of beef's
gall, and 1 gill spirits of turpentine; cut the soap thin, and boil
five minutes, stir while boiling, and colour with 1/2 oz. of
vermillion; scent with oil of rose or almonds. 10 cents worth will
positively make $6 worth of soap.


123. NEW YORK BARBERS' STAR HAIR OIL

Take of castor oil, 6-1/2 pints; alcohol, 1-1/2 pint; citronella and
lavender oils, of each 2 ozs.; mix and shake well, and it is ready
for use.


124. ROWLAND'S MACASSAR HAIR OIL

Take of sweet oil, 8 ozs.; cantharides and oil of lemon, of each 60
drops; alkanet sufficient to colour it.


125. ROSE HAIR OIL

Take 1 quart olive oil, 2-1/2 ozs. alcohol, 1-1/2 ozs. rose oil;
after this tie 1 oz. of chipped alkanet root in 3 or 4 little muslin
bags, and let them lie in the oil until a pretty red is manifested,
then change them to other oil. do not press them.


126. BEAR'S OIL

Take of good sweet lard oil, 1 quart; bergamot, 1 ounce; mix well
together.


127. OX MARROW FOR THE HAIR

Take of ox marrow, 4 ozs.; white wax, 1 oz.; nice fresh lard, 6 ozs;
mix and melt; when cool, add 1-1/2 ozs. oil of bergamot, and mix well.


128. COLOGNE

Take oils of rosemary and lemon, of each, 1/4 oz.; oils of bergamot
and lavender, of each, 1/8 oz.; oil of cinnamon, 8 drops; oils of
cloves and rose, of each 15 drops; best alcohol, 2 quarts; mix and
shake 2 or 3 times a day for a week. This will be better if
deoderized, or cologne alcohol is used.


129. HARD SOAP

Take of soft soap, 12 lbs.; (that made of olive oil is best,) common
salt, 9 lbs.; mix and boil for 2 hours, run it into bars, or as you
want it, and you will have 7-1/2 lbs. of soap. Add a little resin
when you melt it over. Scent with fragrant oil if you wish to do so.


130. BAR SOAP

Take of lime water 1 teacupful, spirits of turpentine 2
teaspoonsful, resin 1/2 lb., sal. soda 1-1/2 lbs., of bar shop soap
4 lbs.; melt and boil all together to a proper consistency, then
pour into moulds.


131. CARVER'S POLISH

In a pint of spirits of wine dissolve 2 oz. of seed lac, and 2 oz.
of resin. The principal use of this polish is for the carved parts
of cabinet work, such as standards, pillars, claws, &c. It should be
laid on warm, and it will be still better; but all moisture and
dampness should be carefully avoided.


132. FRENCH POLISH

Take 1 oz. of shellac, 1/4 oz. of gum-arabic, and 1/4 oz. of gum
copal; bruise them well, and sift them through a piece of muslin,
then put them along with a pint of spirits of win into a closely
corked vessel, place it in a very warm situation, and shake it
frequently every day till the gums are dissolved, then strain
through a piece of muslin, and keep it corked for use.


133. WATER-PROOF POLISH

Put 2 ozs. of gum benjamin, 1/4 oz. of gum sandrac, and 1/4 oz. of
gum anima, into a pint of spirits of wine, in a closely stopped
bottle, place the bottle either in a sand bath, or in hot water,
till the gums are dissolved, then strain off the mixture, shake it
up with a 1/4 of a gill of the best clear poppy oil, and put by for
use.

134. FINISHING POLISH

Put 2 drachms of shellac, and 2 drachms of gum benjamin, into 1/2
pint of the very best rectified spirits of wine, in a bottle
closely corked; keep the bottle in a warm place, and shake it
frequently till the gums are dissolved, when cold shake up with it
2 teaspoonsful of the best clear poppy oil, and it will be fit for
use. This polish may be applied with great advantage after any
of those mentioned in the foregoing receipts have been used. It
removes the defects existing in them, increasing their lustre and
durability, and gives the surface a most brilliant appearance.


135. COMPOSITION USED IN WELDING CAST STEEL

Take of borax, 10 parts; sal-ammoniac, 1 part; grind or pound them
roughly together, then fuse them in a metal pot over a close fire,
taking care to continue the heat until all spume has disappeared
from the surface, when the liquid appears clear, the composition is
ready to be poured out to cool and concrete; afterward being ground
to a fine powder. To use this composition, the steel to be welded is
raised to a heat, which may be expressed by bright yellow, it is
then dipped among the welding powder, and again placed in the fire
until it attains the same degree of heat as before, it is then ready
to be placed under the hammer.


136. COMPOSITION USED IN WELDING CAST IRON

Take good clear white course sand, 3 parts; refined solton, 1 part;
fosterine, 1 part; rock salt 1 part; borax, 1 part; mix all
together. Take 2 pieces of cast iron, heat them in a moderate
charcoal fire, occasionally taking them out while heating, and
dipping them into the composition, until they are of a proper heat
to weld, then at once lay them on the anvil, and gently hammer them
together, and if done carefully by one who understands welding iron,
you will have them nicely welded together. One man prefers heating
the metal, then cooling it in the water of common beans, and heating
it again for welding.


137. CAST IRON CEMENT

Take of clean borings or turning of cast iron, 16 parts; of
sal-ammoniac, 2 parts; and flour of sulphur, 1 part; mix them well
together on a mortar, and keep them dry. When required for use,
take 1 part of the mixture, and 20 parts of clean borings, mix
thoroughly, and add a sufficient quantity of water. Note.--A little
grindstone added improves the cement.

138. CASE HARDENING

This is the conversion of the surface of wrought iron into steel,
for the purpose of adapting it to receive a polish, or to bear
friction, &c. The best method in the world of effecting this is by
heating the iron to cherry red in a close vessel, in contact with
carbonacious material, and then plunging it into cold water. Bones,
leather, hoofs, and horns of animals, are best for this purpose,
after having been burnt or roasted, so that they can be pulverized.
Soot is very frequently used; it answers, but not so well.


139. TO SOFTEN IRON OR STEEL

Either of the following simple methods will make iron or steel as
soft as lead: 1. Anoint it all over with tallow, temper it in a
gentle charcoal fire, and let it cool of itself. 2. Take a little
clay, cover your iron with it, temper in a charcoal fire. 3. When
the iron or steel is red hot, strew hellebore on it. 4. Quench the
iron or steel in the juice, or water, of common beans.


140. SOLDER FOR LEAD

Melt 1 part of block tin, and when in a state of fusion, add 2 parts
of lead; if a small quantity of this, when melted, is poured upon
the table, there will, if it be good, arise little bright stars upon
it. Resin should be used with this solder.


141. SOLDER FOR TIN

Take 4 parts of pewter, 1 of tin, and 1 of bismuth, melt them
together, and run them into thin slips. Resin is also employed in
using this solder.

142. SOLDER FOR IRON

The best solder for iron is good tough brass, with a little borax.


143. SOLDER FOR COPPER

Take of brass, 6 parts; zinc, 1 part; tin, 1 part; melt all
together, mix well, and pour out to cool.


144. SOLDER FOR STEEL JOINTS

Silver, 19 parts; copper, 1 part; brass, 2 parts; melt all together.


145. HARD SOLDER

Fuse together 2 parts of copper, and 1 of zinc.


146. SOLDER FOR SILVER

Fuse together 5 parts of silver, and 1 part of brass.


147. GOLD SOLDER No. 1

Take of gold, 4 parts; silver, 3 parts; copper 1 part; and zinc,
1 part.


148. GOLD SOLDER No. 2

Take of gold, 3 parts; silver, 3 parts; copper, 1 part; zinc,
1/2 part.


149. GOLD SOLDER No. 3

Take of gold, 2 parts; silver, 3 parts; copper, 1 part; and zinc 1/2
a part.

The gold, silver, and copper must be fused in a crucible before the
zinc is added, or else you cannot keep them in the vessel while
heating. When all are completely fused, they must be well stirred,
and run into bars. Solder No. 1 is for gold 16 carats and upwards;
No. 2 is for that 14 carats fine; and No. 3 for lower qualities. If
more zinc is added, it will fuse at a lower heat, but the colour is
not so good.


150. MOCK GOLD

Fuse together 16 parts of copper, 7 of platinum, and 1 of zinc. When
steel is alloyed with 1/500 part of platinum, or with 1/500 part of
silver, it is rendered much harder, more malleable, and better
adapted for all kinds of cutting instruments. Note.--In making
alloys, care must be taken to have the more infusible metals melted
first, and afterwards add the others.


151. BRITANNIA METAL

Take 4 parts of brass, and 4 parts of tin; when fused add 4 parts of
metallic bismuth, and 4 parts of metallic antimony. This composition
is added at discretion to metallic tin, according to the quality you
wish to make.


152. BLANCHED COPPER

Melt together 8 parts of copper and a half part of arsenic.


153. COMMON PEWTER

Melt together 4 parts of tin and 1 part of lead.


154. BEST PEWTER

Melt together 100 parts of tin and 17 of antimony.


155. A METAL THAT EXPANDS IN COOLING

Melt together 9 parts of lead, 2 of antimony and one of bismuth. This
metal is very useful in filling small defects in iron castings, &c.


156. QUEEN'S METAL

Melt together 9 parts of tin, 1 of antimony, 1 of bismuth, and 1
of lead.


157. IMITATION PLATINUM

This metal, or alloy, very closely resembles platinum. Melt together
8 parts of brass and 5 parts of zinc.


158. CHINESE WHITE COPPER

Melt together 40.4 parts of copper, 31.6 parts of nickel, 25.4 of
zinc, and 2.6 of iron.


159. MANHEIM GOLD

Melt together 3 parts copper, 1 of zinc, and a little tin.


160. TOMBACK, OR RED BRASS

Melt together 8 parts of copper, and 1 part of zinc.


161. IMITATION GOLD

Take of platina 8 parts, of silver 4 parts, copper 12 parts, melt
all together.


162. IMITATION SILVER

Take of block tin 100 parts, metallic antimony 8 parts, bismuth 1
part, and 4 parts of copper; melt all together.


163. TRUE IMITATION OF GOLD

Dr. Harmsteadt's imitation of gold, which is stated not only to
resemble gold in colour, but also in specific gravity and ductility,
consists of 16 parts of platinum, 7 parts of copper, and 1 of zinc,
put in a crucible, covered with charcoal powder, and melted into a
mass.


164. TRUE IMITATION OF SILVER

Imitation of pure silver, so perfect in its resemblance that no
chemist living can tell it from pure virgin silver. It was obtained
from a German chemist now dead; he used it for unlawful purposes to
the amount of thousands, and yet the metal is so perfect that he was
never discovered. It is all melted together in a crucible, here it
is: 1/4 oz. of copper, 2 oz. of brass, 3 oz. of pure silver, 1 oz.
of bismuth, 2 ozs. of saltpetre, 2 ozs. of common salt, 1 oz. of
arsenic, and 1 oz. of potash.


165. MOULDS AND DIES

Take copper, zinc, and silver, in equal proportions, and melt them
together, and mould into the forms you desire, and bring the same
to a nearly white heat; now lay on the thing that you would take the
impression of, and press it with sufficient force, and you will find
that you have a perfect and beautiful impression. All of the above
metals should be melted under a coat of powdered charcoal.


166. TO SOFTEN HORN

To 1 lb. of wood ashes, add 2 lbs. of quicklime; put them into a
quart of water, let the whole boil till reduced to one third, then
dip a feather in, and if, on drawing it out, the plume should come
off, it is a proof that it is boiled enough, if not, let it boil a
little longer; when it is settled filter it off, and in the liquor
thus strained put in shavings of horn; let them soak for three days,
and, first anointing your hands with oil, work the horn into a mass,
and print or mould it into any shape you please.


167. TO MAKE MOULDS OF HORN

If you wish to take the impression of any coin, medal, &c.,
previously anoint it with oil, then lay the horn shavings over it in
its softened state; when dry the impression will be sunk into the
horn, and this will serve as a mould to reproduce, either by plaster
of Paris, putty and glue, or isinglass and ground egg shells, the
exact resemblance of the coin or medal.


168. TO CASE FIGURES IN IMITATION OF IVORY

Make isinglass and strong brandy into a paste, with powder of egg
shells, very finely ground; you may give it what colour you please,
but cast it warm into your mould, which you previously oil over;
leave the figure in the mould till dry, and you will find, on taking
it out, that it bears a very strong resemblance to ivory.


169. TRUE GOLD POWDER

Put some gold leaf, with a little honey or thick gum water,
(whenever I speak of gum I mean gum arabic,) into an earthen mortar,
and pound the mixture till the gold is reduced to very small
particles; then wash out the honey or gum repeatedly with warm
water, and the gold will be left behind in a state of powder, which,
when dried, is fit for use.


170. TRUE GOLD POWDER

Another, and perhaps better method of preparing gold powder is to
heat a prepared amalgam of gold in a clean open crucible, (an
amalgam of any metal is formed by a mixture of quicksilver with
that metal) continuing a very strong heat till all the mercury has
evaporated, stirring the amalgam all the while with a glass rod;
when the mercury has entirely left the gold, grind the remainder in
a Wedgewood's mortar, with a little water, and when dried it will be
fit for use. The subliming the mercury is, however, a process
injurious to the health.


171. COLOUR HEIGHTENING COMPOSITIONS

For yellow gold, dissolve in water 6 ozs. of saltpetre, 2 ozs. of
copperas, 1 oz. of white vitriol, and 1 oz. of alum. If wanted
redder, add a small portion of blue vitriol.


172. FOR GREEN GOLD

Dissolve in water a mixture consisting of 1-1/2 oz. of saltpetre;
vitriol and sal-ammoniac, 1-1/4 oz. of each, and 1 oz. verdigris.


173. FOR RED GOLD

Take 1-1/2 oz. of red ochre in fine powder, the same quantity of
calcined verdigris, 1/2 oz. of calcined borax, and 4 oz. of melted
yellow wax; the verdigris must be calcined, or else, by the heat
applied in melting the wax, the vinegar becomes so concentrated as
to corrode the surface, and make it appear speckled. These last
three are colours for heightening compositions.


174. MOSAIC GOLD

Mosaic gold, or aurum mosaicum, is used for inferior articles. It
is prepared in the following manner: 1 lb. of tin is melted in a
crucible, and 1/2 lb. of purified quicksilver added to it; when this
mixture is cold, it is reduced to powder, and ground with 1/2 lb.
of sal-ammoniac, and 7 ozs. of flower of sulphur, till the whole
is thoroughly mixed; they are then calcined in a mattrass, and the
sublimation of the other ingredients leaves the tin converted into
the aurum mosaicum, which is found at the bottom of the glass, like
a mass of bright flakey gold powder. Should any black or discoloured
particles appear, they must be removed. The sal-ammoniac used
here must be very white and clear, and the mercury quite pure and
unadulterated. When a shade of deeper red is required, it can easily
be obtained by grinding a very small quantity of red lead along with
the above materials.


175. DUTCH OR GERMAN GOLD

A gilding powder is sometimes made from Dutch gold, which is sold in
books at a very low price. This is treated in the same way as the
real gold leaf in making the true gold powder. It is necessary, when
this inferior powder is used, to cover the gilding with a coat of
clear varnish, otherwise it soon loses its metallic appearance. The
same remark applies, though to a less degree, to Mosaic gilding.


176. COPPER POWDER

This is prepared by dissolving filings or slips of copper with
nitrous acid in a receiver. When the acid is saturated, the slips
are to be removed; or, if filings be employed, the solution is to be
poured off from what remains undissolved; small bars are then put
in, which will precipitate the copper from the saturated acid, in
a powder of the peculiar appearance and colour of copper, and the
liquid being poured from the powder, this is to be washed clean of
the crystals by repeated levigations.


177. COMMON SIZE

The size used by painters for most sorts of common work is prepared
by boiling in water pieces of parchment, and of the skins of
animals and fins of fish, and evaporating the solution to a proper
consistency. It only differs, however, from a solution of glue
containing fewer foreign ingredients, and in not being so strong.


178. DR. JOHN'S VARNISH FOR PLASTER OF PARIS CASTS

Take of white soap and white wax, each half an ounce, of water two
pints; boil them together for a short time in a clean vessel. This
varnish is to be applied when cold, by means of a soft brush. It
does not sink in, it readily dries, and its effect may be heightened
by lightly using a silk pocket handkerchief.


179. GENERAL DIRECTIONS FOR BRONZING

This art is nothing but a species of painting, but far from being of
the most delicate kind. The principal ingredients made use of in it
are the true gold powder, the German gold, the aurum mosaicum, and
copper powder, (all above described.) The choice of these powders
is, of course, to be determined by the degree of brilliancy you wish
to obtain. The powder is mixed with strong gum water or isinglass,
and laid on with a brush or pencil; and when not so dry as to have
still a certain clamminess, a piece of soft leather wrapped round
the finger, is dipped in the powder and rubbed over the work; when
the work has been all covered with the bronze, it must be left to
dry, and any loose powder then cleared away by a hair pencil.


180. BRONZING IN WOOD

This may be effected by a process somewhat differing from the above,
Prussian blue, patent yellow, raw amber, lamp-black, and pipe clay
are ground separately with water on a stone, and as much of them as
will make a good colour put into a small vessel three-fourths full
of size. This mixture is found to succeed best on using about half
as much more pipe clay as of any of the other ingredients. The wood
being previously cleaned and smoothed, and coated with a mixture of
clean size and lamp-black, receives a new coating with the above
compound twice successively, having allowed the first to dry.
Afterwards the bronze powder is to be laid on with a pencil, and the
whole burnished or cleaned anew, observing to repair the parts which
may be injured by this operation; next, the work must be coated over
with a thin lather of castile soap, which will take off the glare of
the burnishing, and afterwards be carefully rubbed with a woollen
cloth. The superfluous powder may be rubbed off when dry.


181. IN BRONZING IRON

The subject should be heated to a greater degree than the hand can
bear; and German gold, mixed with a small quantity of spirit of wine
varnish, spread over it with a pencil; should the iron be already
polished, you must heat it well and moisten it with a linen rag
dipped in vinegar.


182. BRONZING CASTS OF PLASTER OF PARIS

There is a method of bronzing casts of plaster of Paris analogous to
that which we have above given for bronzing wood, but it is not in
much repute. Such figures may be beautifully varnished by means of
Dr. John's varnish, receipt No. 178. Casts of plaster of Paris may be
made by receipt No. 167.


183. SHELL-LAC VARNISH

Dissolve in an iron kettle, one part of pearl-ash in about 8 parts
of water; add one part of shell-lac, and heat the whole to
ebullition. When the lac is dissolved, cool the solution, and
impregnate it with chlorine, till the lac is all precipitated.
The precipitate is white, but its colour deepens by washing and
consolidation; dissolved in alcohol, lac bleached by the above
process yields a varnish which is as free from colour as any copal
varnish.


184. CHLORINE FOR SHELL-LAC VARNISH

This may be formed by mixing intimately eight parts of common salt,
and three parts of the black oxide of manganese in powder; put this
mixture into a retort, then pour four parts of sulphuric acid,
diluted with an equal weight of water, and afterwards allowed to
cool upon the salt and manganese; the gas will then be immediately
liberated, and the operation may be quickened by a moderate heat. A
tube leading from the mouth of the retort must be passed into the
resinous solution, where the gas will be absorbed, and the lac
precipitated.


185. SHELL-LAC VARNISHES OF VARIOUS COLOURS

These may be made by using ant colour in fine powder with the
varnish, in the following manner: rub up the colour with a little
alcohol or spirits of turpentine till it becomes perfectly smooth,
then put it into the cup with the varnish. Shell-lac varnish is the
best spirit varnish we have, and may be made any colour by the above
process.


186. GOLD OIL-COLOUR, OR SIZE

The English method of preparing the colour in size, which serves as
the ground on which the gold is laid, is, to grind together some red
oxide of lead with the thickest drying oil that can be procured, the
older the better. To make it work freely, it is mixed, before being
used, with a little oil of turpentine, till it is brought to a
proper consistence. The above four receipts are used in japanning.


187. JAPANNING

If it be woodwork you are about to japan, it must be prepared with
size, and some coarse material mixed with it to fill up and harden
the grain of the wood, (such as may best suit the colour to be laid
on,) which must be rubbed smooth with glass paper when dry. In cases
of accident, it is seldom necessary to resize the damaged places,
unless they are considerable.


188. GRINDING COLOURS IN JAPANNING

Be very careful in japanning, to grind your colours smooth in
spirits of turpentine, then add a small quantity of turpentine and
spirit varnish, lay it carefully on with a camel hair brush, and
varnish it with brown or white varnish, according to the colour.


189. COLOURS REQUIRED IN JAPANNING

Flake white, red lead, vermillion, lake, Prussian blue, patent
yellow, orpiment, orchres, verditers, vandyke brown, umber,
lamp-black, and siennas raw and burnt. With these you may match
almost any colour in general use in japanning. For a black japan, it
will be found sufficient to mix a little gold-size with lamp-black;
this will bear a good gloss, without requiring to be varnished
afterwards.


190. TO PREPARE A FINE TORTOISE-SHELL JAPAN

Take 1 gallon of good linseed oil, and 1/2 lb. of umber; boil them
together till the oil becomes very brown and thick, then strain it
through a coarse cloth, and set it again to boil; in which state it
must be continued till it acquires a consistence resembling that of
pitch; it will then be fit for use.


191. DIRECTIONS FOR USING TORTOISE-SHELL JAPAN

Having thus prepared the varnish or japan, clean well the substance
which is to be japanned; then lay vermillion, tempered with
shell-lac varnish, or with drying oil, very thinly diluted with
oil of turpentine, on the places intended to imitate the more
transparent parts of the tortoise-shell; when the vermillion is
dry, brush the whole over with black varnish, tempered to a due
consistence with the oil of turpentine. When set and firm, put the
work into a stove, where it may undergo a very strong heat, which
must be continued a considerable time; if even three weeks or a
month it will be the better. This tortoise-shell ground it not less
valuable for its great hardness, and enduring to be made hotter
than boiling water without damage, than for the superior beauty and
brilliancy of its appearance.


192. TO MAKE CLOTH, SILK &c., WATER-PROOF

Mix equal quantities of alum and acetate of lead, and dissolve the
mixture in 1-1/2 gallons of boiling water. When the solution has
cooled, remove the supernatent liquid from the sediment, which
consists of sulphate of lead, and is ready for use. Any article
of dress, when well saturated in this liquid, and allowed to dry
slowly, bears the action of boiling water, and does not permit it
to pass through, although steam and air penetrate if freely.


193. CROCKERY CEMENT

Dissolve 1 oz. of common salt in 1 quart of water, bring to a boil,
and put in 1-1/4 lbs. gum shell-lac; when it shall have dissolved,
pour into cold water, and work like wax; make into small sticks.
This will make crockery as firm as a rock. Directions: Warm the
stick, apply it to the broken edges, then heat the edges, place them
together and hold for a minute, and they are firm.


194. A CEMENT FOR CHINA, GLASS-WARE, &c.

Take a thick mucilage of gum arabic, and stir into it plaster of
Paris to form a thick paste, apply to the edges with a brush, and
press firmly together and confine them two or three days, and you
will be astonished at their firmness.


195. ANGLER'S SECRET

The juice of loveage or smellage mixed with any kind of bait, or a
few drops of the oil of rhodium; India cockle, also, is sometimes
mixed with flour dough, and sprinkled on the surface of still water.
This intoxicates the fish, and makes him turn up on the top of the
water, when he is taken and put in a tub of fresh water until he
revives, when all is right; he may be eaten without fear; but this
will destroy many fish.


196. MORELLA WINE

Take the juice of morella or tame cherries, and to each quart put 3
quarts of water, and 4 lbs. of coarse brown sugar; let them ferment,
and skim until worked clear; then draw off, avoiding the sediment at
the bottom, bung up, or bottle, which is best for all wines, letting
the bottles lie always on the side, either for wines or beers.


197. HAIR DYE

No. 1 Crystalised nitrate of silver, 1 drachm; soft water, 1 oz.
No. 2 Sulphide (sulphuret is the same) of potassium, 1 drachm; soft
water, 1 oz.; wash the beard or hair with soap to remove oil, dry
with a towel a little then apply No. 1, and directly after it No. 2,
for a few minutes, alternately, using different tooth brushes for
each No. Clear days are best on which to apply it. As soon as
dry, wash out well with soap. Keep it from shirt bosoms and face,
especially No. 1, as it will make the face sore as well as colour
it. If you do get it on the skin, cyanide (cyanuret is the same) of
potassium, 1 drachm, to 2 ozs. of water, will take it off. This last
is poison, however, and should not touch sore places, nor be left
where children may get at it.


198. TALLOW CANDLES IN IMITATION OF WAX

Purify melted mutton tallow by throwing in powdered quicklime, then
add 2 parts of wax to 1 of tallow. A most beautiful article of
candle, resembling wax, will be produced by the mixture. Dip the
wicks in lime-water and saltpetre on making.


199. TO STAIN MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS A CRIMSON STAIN

Take of ground Brazil, 1 lb.; water, 3 quarts; cochineal, 1/2 oz.;
boil the Brazil in the water for an hour; then strain, and add the
cochineal; then boil it gently for half-an-hour, when it will be
fit for use. If you wish a scarlet tint, boil an ounce of saffron in
a quart of water, and pass over the work before you stain it. The
article must be very clean, and of firwood, or the best sycamore.
When varnished over this stain it is most elegant.


200. A PURPLE STAIN FOR VIOLINS, &c.

Take of chipped logwood, 1 lb.; of water, 3 quarts; of pearl-ash,
4 ozs.; of indigo, pounded, 2 ozs.; put the logwood in the water,
boil well for an hour, then add the pearl-ash and indigo, and when
dissolved, you will have a beautiful purple.


201. A BLUE STAIN FOR VIOLINS, &c.

Take of oil of vitriol in a glass bottle, 1 lb.; put into it 4 ozs.
of indigo, and precede as directed in dyeing.


202. GREEN STAIN FOR VIOLINS, &c.

Take of strong vinegar, 3 pints; of best verdigris, 4 ozs., ground
fine; of sap green, 1/2 oz.; of indigo, 1/2 oz.; mix all together.


203. GENERAL DIRECTIONS FOR DYEING

The materials should be perfectly clean; soap should be rinsed out
in soft water; the article should be entirely wetted, or it will
spot; light colours should be steeped in brass, tin or earthen;
and, if set at all, should be set with alum. Dark colours should be
boiled in iron, and set with copperas; too much copperas rots the
thread.


204. FOR COLOURING SKY BLUE

Get the blue composition; it may be had at the druggist's, or
clothier's, for a shilling an ounce. If the articles are not white,
the old colours should all be discharged by soap or a strong
solution of tartaric acid, then rinsed; 12 or 16 drops of the
composition, stirred into a quart-bowl of warm water, and strained
if settlings are seen, will dye a great many articles. If you want
a deeper colour, add a few drops more of the composition. If you
wish to colour cotton goods, put in pounded chalk to destroy the
acid, which is very destructive to all cotton; let it stand until
the effervescence subsides, and then it may be safely used for
cotton or silk.


205. FOR LILAC COLOUR

Take a little pinch of archil, and put some boiling-hot water upon
it, add to it a very little lump of pear-lash. Shades may be altered
by pear-lash, common slat, or wine.


206. TO COLOUR BLACK

Logwood and cider, boiled together in iron, water being added for
the evaporation, makes a good durable black. Rusty nails or any bits
of rusty iron, boiled in vinegar, with a small piece of copperas,
will also dye black; so will ink powder, if boiled with vinegar. In
all cases, black must be set with copperas.


207. TO DYE LEMON COLOUR

Peach leaves, bark scraped from the barberry bush, or saffron,
steeped in water, and set with alum, will colour a bright lemon,
drop in a little gum-arabic to make the articles stiff.


208. TO DYE ROYAL PURPLE

Soak logwood chips in soft water until the strength is out, then add
a teaspoonful of alum to a quart of the liquid; if this is not
bright enough, add more alum, rinse and dry. When the dye is
exhausted, it will colour a fine lilac.


209. TO DYE SLATE COLOUR

Tea grounds, boiled in iron vessels, set with copperas, makes a good
slate colour. To produce a light slate colour, boil white maple bark
in clear water, with a little alum. The bark should be boiled in
brass utensils. The goods should be boiled in it, and then hung
where they will drain and dry.


210. TO DYE SCARLET

Dip the cloth in a solution of alkaline or metallic salt, then in
a cochineal dye, and let it remain some time, and it will come out
permanently coloured. Another method: 1/2 lb. of madder, 1/2 oz. of
cream tartar, and 1 oz. of marine acid to 1 lb. of cloth; put it
all together, and bring the dye to a scalding heat; put in your
materials, and they will be coloured in ten minutes. The dye must be
only scalding hot. Rinse your goods in cold water as soon as they
come from the dye.


211. TO COLOUR A BRIGHT MADDER

For 1 lb. of yard or cloth, take 3 ozs. of madder; 3 ozs. of alum;
1 oz. of cream tartar; prepare a brass kettle with two gallons of
water, and bring the liquor to a steady heat, then add your alum and
tartar, and bring it to a boil; put in your cloth, and boil it two
hours; take it out, and rinse it in cold water; empty your kettle,
and fill it with as much water as before; then add your madder; rub
it in fine in the water before your cloth is in. When your dye is
as warm as you can bear your hand in, then put in your cloth, and
let it lie one hour, and keep a steady heat; keep it in motion
constantly, then bring it to a boil fifteen minutes, then air and
rinse it. If your goods are new, use 4 ozs. of madder to a lb.


212. TO COLOUR GREEN

If you wish to colour green, have your cloth as free as possible
from the old colour, clean, and rinsed; and, in the first place,
colour it deep yellow. Fustic, boiled in soft water, makes the
strongest and brightest yellow dye; but saffron, barberry-bush,
peach-leaves, or onion-skins, will answer pretty well. Next take a
bowlful of strong yellow dye, and pour in a great spoonful or more
of the blue composition, stir it up well with a clean stick, and dip
the articles you have already coloured yellow into it, and they
will take a lively grass-green. This is a good plan for old
bombazet-curtains, dessert-cloths, old flannel for desk coverings, &c.


213. TO DYE STRAW COLOUR AND YELLOW

Saffron, steeped in earthen and strained, colours a fine straw
colour. It makes a delicate or deep shade, according to the strength
of the tea. Colouring yellow is described in receipt No. 212. In all
these cases a little bit of alum does no harm, and may help to fix
the colour. Ribbons, gauze handkerchiefs, &c., are coloured well in
this way, especially if they be stiffened by a bit of gum-arabic,
dropped in while the stuff is steeping.


214. TO DYE A DRAB COLOUR

Take plum tree sprouts, and boil them an hour or more; add copperas,
according to the shade you wish your articles to be. White ribbons
take very pretty in this dye.


215. TO DYE PURPLE

Boil an ounce of cochineal in a quart of vinegar. This will afford a
beautiful purple.


216. TO DYE BROWN

Use a teaspoonful of soda to an ounce of cochineal, and a quart of
soft water.


217. TO COLOUR PINK

Boil 1 lb. of cloth an hour in alum water, pound 3/4 of an oz. of
cochineal and mix 1 oz. of cream of tartar; put in a brass kettle,
with water, enough to cover the cloth; when about blood hot, put in
your cloth, stir constantly, and boil about fifteen minutes.


218. TO DYE A COFFEE COLOUR

Use copperas in a madder-dye, instead of madder compound.


219. TO DYE NANKIN COLOUR

The simplest way is to take a pailful of lye, to which put a piece
of copperas half as big as a hen's egg; boil in a copper or tin
kettle.


220. TO MAKE ROSE COLOUR

Balm blossoms, steeped in water, colour a pretty rose colour. This
answers very well for the linings of children's bonnets, for
ribbons, &c.


221. TO DYE STRAW AND CHIP BONNETS BLACK

Boil them in strong logwood liquor 3 or 4 hours, occasionally adding
green copperas, and taking the bonnets out to cool in the air, and
this must be continued for some hours. Let the bonnets remain in the
liquor all night, and the next morning take them out, dry them in
the air, and brush them with a soft brush. Lastly, rub them inside
and out with a sponge moistened with oil, and then send them to be
blocked. Hats are done in the same way.


222. TO DYE WHITE GLOVES A BEAUTIFUL PURPLE

Boil 4 oz. of logwood, and 2 oz. of roche-alum, in 3 pints of soft
water, till half wasted; let it stand to be cold after straining.
If they be old gloves let them be mended; then do them over with a
brush, and when dry repeat it. Twice is sufficient unless the colour
is to be very dark; when dry, rub off the loose dye with a coarse
cloth; beat up the white of an egg, and with a sponge, rub it over
the leather. The dye will stain the hands, but wetting them with
vinegar before they are washed will take it off.



223. TO BLEACH STRAW HATS, &c.

Straw hats and bonnets are bleached by putting them, previously
washed in pure water, in a box with burning sulphur; the fumes which
arise unite with the water on the bonnets, and the sulphurous acid,
thus formed, bleaches them.


224. TO DYE SILKS BLACK

To 8 gallons of water add 4 ozs. of copperas; immerse for 1 hour
and take out and rinse; boil 2 lbs. logwood chips, or 1/2 lb. of
extract; 1/2 lb. of fustic; and for white silks, 1/2 lb. of nicwood;
dissolve 2 lbs. of good bar-soap in a gallon of water; mix all the
liquids together, and then add the soap, having just enough to cover
the silk; stir briskly until a good lather is formed, then immerse
the silk and handle it lively. The dye should be as warm as the hand
will bear; dry quickly and without rinsing. The above is enough for
10 yards or one dress.



225. TO COLOUR YELLOW ON COTTON

Wet 6 lbs. of goods thoroughly; and to the same quantity of water
add 9 oz. of sugar of lead; and to the same quantity of water in
another vessel, add 6 oz. of bichromate of potash; dip the goods
first into the solution of sugar of lead, and next into that of the
potash, and then again into the first; wring out, dry, and
afterwards rinse in cold water.


226. FOR STAINING GLASS--No. 1 FLUX

Minimum, or red lead, 3 parts; white sand, washed, 1 part. This
mixture is melted, by which it is converted into a greenish-yellow
glass.


227. No. 2 FLUX

Of No. 1, 8 parts; fused borax, in powder, 1 part. This mixture
is melted.


228. No. 3 FLUX

Fused borax, 5 parts; calcined flint, 3 parts; pure minium, 1 part.
This mixture is also melted. The above fluxes are used in procuring
the different colours for staining glass.


229. INDIGO BLUE

Oxide of cobalt, 1 part; flux No. 3, 2 parts.


230. TURQUOISE BLUE

Oxide of cobalt, 1 part; oxide of zinc, 3 or 4 parts; flux No. 3, 6
parts; melt and pour out. If it is not sufficiently green, increase
the zinc and flux.


231. AZURE BLUE

Oxide of cobalt, 1 part; oxide of zinc, 2 parts; flux No. 2, 8 parts;
melt them together.


232. DEEP AZURE BLUE

Oxide of cobalt, 1 part; oxide of zinc, 2 parts; flux No. 2, 5 parts.
The beauty of this colour depends on the proportion of flux. As
little as possible is to be used; it must, however, be brilliant.
Sometimes less is used than the proportion indicated.


233. SKY BLUE

Oxide of cobalt, 1 part; oxide of zinc, 2 parts; flux No. 2, 12
parts; pound up, melt, and pour out.


234. EMERALD GREEN

Oxide of copper, 1 part; antimonic acid, 10 parts; flux No. 1, 30
parts; pulverize together, and melt.


235. BLUEISH GREEN

Green oxide of chromium, 1 part; oxide of cobalt, 2 parts;
triturate, and melt at a high heat. The product is a button slightly
melted, from which is removed the portion in contact with the
crucible. This button is pounded up, and three parts of flux No. 3,
for one of the button, are added to it.


236. GRASS GREEN

Green oxide of chromium 1 part, flux No. 3, 3 parts, triturate and
melt.


237. DEEP YELLOW

Antimonic acid 2 parts, subsulphate of iron 1 part, flux No. 1, 10
parts; melt and pour out. The subsulphate of iron may be increased a
little, the proportions of flux vary.


238. JONQUILLE YELLOW FOR FLOWERS

Litharge 18 parts, sand 6 parts. The product of the calcination of
equal parts of lead and tin 2 parts, carbonate of soda 1 part,
antimonic acid 1 part, rub together, or triturate, and melt.


239. WAX YELLOW

Litharge 18 parts, sand 4 parts, oxide of antimony 2 parts, sienna
earth 2 parts; melt. If it is too deep the proportion of sienna
earth may be decreased.


240. ORANGE YELLOW

Chromate of lead 1 part, minium 3 parts.


241. BRICK RED

Yellow No. 240, 12 parts; red oxide of iron, 1 part.


242. DEEP BLOOD RED

Subsulphate of iron, calcined in a muffle until it becomes a
beautiful capucine red, 1 part; flux No. 2, 3 parts; mix without
melting.


243. BROWN YELLOW OCHRE

Yellow ochre No. 244, 10 parts; sienna earth, 1 part; triturate
without melting.


244. DEEP YELLOW OCHRE--CALLED YELLOW BROWN

Subsulphate of iron, 1 part; oxide of zinc, 1 part; flux No. 2, 5
parts; triturate without melting.


245. PURE PURPLE

The purple powder of Cassius mixed while moist with flux No. 3, and
sometimes a little chloride of silver previously melted with flux
No. 3. If the purple, when prepared, does not melt sufficiently easy,
some flux may be added when it is dry.


246. DEEP VIOLET

The purple of Cassius, in place of flux No. 3, flux No. 1 is mixed
with it. Sometimes a little of blue No. 233 is added.


247. FLESH RED

The sulphate of iron, put in a small crucible, and lightly calcined,
produces a suitable red oxide. Those which have the desired tone are
selected. All the flesh reds are made in this way, and vary only in
the degree of heat which they receive.


248. HAIR BROWN

Yellow ochre, No. 244, 15 parts; oxide of cobalt, 1 part; well
triturated and calcined, in order to give the tone to it.


249. LIVER BROWN

Oxide of iron made of a red brown, and mixed with three times its
weight of flux No. 2. A tenth of sienna earth is added to it if it is
not sufficiently deep.


250. WHITE

The white enamel of commerce in cakes.


251. YELLOWISH GREY

Yellow No. 252, 1 part; blue No. 233, 1 part; oxide of zinc, 2 or 3
parts; flux No. 2, 5 parts; sometimes a little black is added,
according to the tone which the mixture produces. The proportions of
the blue and yellow vary.


252. YELLOW FOR BROWNS & GREENS

Antimonic acid, 2 parts; sulphate of iron 1 part; flux No. 1, 9
parts. This colour is melted and sometimes a little Naples Yellow is
added if it is too soft, i.e., melts too easily.


253. BLUEISH GREY FOR MIXTURES

Blue previously made by melting together three parts of flux No. 1,
and one part of the mixture of oxide of cobalt, 8 parts; oxide of
zinc, 1 part; sulphate of iron calcined at a forge heat, 1 part;
flux No. 2, 3 parts; triturate and add a little manganese in order
to render it more grey.


254. GRAYISH BLACK FOR MIXTURES

Yellow ochre, No. 244, 15 parts; oxide of cobalt, 1 part; triturate
and calcine in a crucible until it has the desired tone. A little
oxide of manganese is added in order to make it blacker; sometimes a
little more of oxide of cobalt.


255. DEEP BLACK

Oxide of cobalt, 2 parts; oxide of copper, 2 parts; oxide of
manganese, 1 part; flux No. 1, 6 parts; fused borax, 1/2 part; melt
and add oxide of manganese, 1 part; oxide of copper, 2 parts;
triturate without melting.


256. GENERAL DIRECTIONS

The colours thus prepared after having been rubbed up on a plate of
ground glass with the spirits of turpentine or lavender, thickened
in the air are applied with a hair pencil. Before using them,
however, it is necessary to try them on small pieces of glass, and
expose them to the fire, to ascertain if the desired tone of colour
is produced. The artist must be guided by these proof pieces in
using his colours. The proper glass for receiving these colours
should be uniform, colourless, and difficult of fusion. For this
reason crown glass made with a little alkali or kelp is preferred.
A design must be drawn upon paper and placed beneath the plate of
glass. The upper side of the glass being sponged over with gum-water
affords, when dry, a surface proper for receiving the colours,
without the risk of their running irregularly, as they would be apt
to do on the slippery glass. The artist draws on the plate, with a
fine pencil all the traces which mark the great outlines and shades
of the figures. This is usually done in black, and afterwards, when
it is dry, the vitrifying colours are laid on by means of larger
hair pencils. The yellow formed with chloride of silver is generally
laid on the back of the glass, for it is apt to run with the other
colours while heating.

The pigments used in painting on glass are principally matallic
oxides and chlorides, and as, in most of these, the colour is not
brought out until after the painting is submitted to heat, it is
necessary to ascertain beforehand if the colours are properly mixed
by painting on slips of glass, and exposing them to heat in a
muffle. The painter is guided by these trial pieces in laying on his
colours. To fire the paintings a furnace with a muffle is used. The
muffles are made of refractory clay.


257. WHITE COATING FOR GOLD VARNISHES

A quart of strong parchment size and half a pint of water are to be
made quite hot, and to these are to be added, (in small portions
from time to time,) two good handsful of common whiting, passed
through a fine sieve; this mixture is to be left to infuse for half
an hour, when it is to be stirred carefully so that the amalgamation
may be perfect. This coating is preferable to any glue or cement for
coating picture frames, &c., on which is to be laid the tin or
silver leaf, to be varnished with gold varnishes or lackers.



258. LEAD COLOURING PAINT

  Whiting, 112 lbs...................... $1.12
  Blue-black, 5 lbs.....................  0.25
  White lead ground in oil, 28 lbs......  2.24
  Road-dirt, 56 lbs.....................  0.10
  Lime-water, 5 galls...................  0.05
  Residue of the oil, 2-1/4 galls.......  1.25
                                       --------
                 Weights, 256 lbs....... $5.01

To the above add two galls. of the incorporated oil, and 2 galls. of
the linseed oil to thin it for use, and it will not exceed two cents
and a quarter. The lime-water, whiting, road-dirt, and blue-black,
must be first mixed together, then add the ground lead, first
blending it with 2-1/2 galls. of the prepared fish oil; after
which, thin the whole with 2 galls. of linseed oil and 2 galls.
of incorporated oil, and it will be fit for use. For garden doors,
and other work liable to be in constant use, a little spirits of
turpentine may be added to the paint whilst laying on, which will
have the desired effect.


259. BRIGHT GREEN PAINT

  112 lbs. yellow ochre in powder at 5 cts. per lb.... $5.50
  168 lbs. road-dust..................................  0.25
  112 lbs. wet blue, at 20 cts. per lb................ 22.40
   10 lbs. blue-black, at 5 cts. per lb...............  0.50
    6 galls. of lime-water............................  0.06
    4 galls. fish oil, prepared.......................  2.40
    7-1/2 galls. incorporated oil.....................  4.28
    7-1/2 galls. linseed oil, at 90 cts. per gal......  6.75
                                                     --------
                       Weights, 592 lbs.............. $42.24

It will be seen that the bright green paint costs but about 7 cts.
per lb., ready to lay on; and the inventor challenges any colour-man
or painter to produce a green equal to it for five times the price.
After painting, the colour left in the pot may be covered with water
to prevent it from sinking, and the brushes, as usual, should be
cleaned with the painting-knife, and kept under water. A brighter
green may be formed by omitting the blue-black. A lighter green may
be had by the addition of 10 lbs. of ground white lead. Observe that
the wet blue must be ground with the incorporated oil, preparatory
to its being mixed with the mass.


260. STONE-COLOURED PAINT

  Lime-water, 4 galls.................  $0.04
  Whiting, 112 lbs....................   1.12
  White lead, ground, 28 lbs..........   2.24
  Road-dust, 56 lbs...................   0.10
  Prepared fish oil, 2 galls..........   1.20
  Incorporated oil, 3-1/2 galls.......   2.00
  Linseed oil, 3-1/2 galls............   3.15
                                      --------
               Weights, 293 lbs.......  $9.85

The above stone-colour fit for use, is not three and a half cents
per pound.


261. BROWN-RED COLOURED PAINT

  Lime-water, 8 galls.................  $0.08
  Spanish brown, 112 lbs..............   3.36
  Road-dust, 224 lbs..................   0.40
  4 galls. of fish oil................   2.40
  4 galls. incorporated oil...........   2.28
  4 galls. linseed oil................   3.60
                                      --------
               Weights, 501 lbs....... $12.12

This paint is scarcely two and a half cents per pound. The Spanish
brown must be in powder.


262. A GOOD CHOCOLATE COLOURED PAINT

This is made by the addition of blue black in powder, or lamp-black
to receipt No. 261, till the colour is to the painter's mind; and a
lighter brown may be formed by adding ground white lead. By ground
lead is meant white lead ground in oil.


263. YELLOW PAINT

This is prepared with yellow ochre in powder, to receipt No. 261, in
the same proportion as Spanish brown.


264. BLACK PAINT

This is also prepared in the same proportion, as in receipt No. 261,
using lamp-black or blue-black, instead of Spanish brown.


265. WHITE PAINT

Slack a peck of nice, clean, fresh lime in a covered vessel, with
water which is boiling hot; when well slacked, strain it well, then
add to it 1-1/2 lbs. of finely ground rice; let the rice be boiled
to a thin paste, and stirred in while very hot; 1/2 peck of common
salt, well dissolved in warm water; 1/2 lb. of clean glue, dissolved
in water; and 1/4 lb. of whiting; when well mixed, add 5 gallons
of very hot water, then stir well, and let stand a few days well
covered. Pit it on hot, and it will stand the weather as well as
a good deal of white lead. You may colour this paint to suit your
taste, using and stirring in well Spanish brown for a red pink
colour. Take common clay finely powdered, and mixed well with
Spanish brown for a reddish stone-colour. For yellow colour use
yellow ochre if you please, but chrome yellow makes a richer colour
and less does. You may make the colours dark or light according to
the quantity of colouring matter used.


266. COMPOUND COLOURED PAINTS

The various colours that may be obtained by the mixture of other
colours, are innumerable. I only propose here to give the best
and simplest modes of preparing those which are required for use.
Compound colours, formed by the union of only two colours, are
called by painters virgin tints. The smaller the number of colours
of which any compound colour is composed, the purer and the richer
it will be. They are prepared as follows:


267. LIGHT GREY

This is made by mixing white lead with lamp-black, using more or
less of each material, as you wish to obtain a darker or lighter
colour.


268. BUFF COLOUR

This is made from yellow ochre and white lead.


269. SILVER OR PEARL GREY

Mix white lead, indigo, and a very light portion of black,
regulating the quantities by the shade you wish to obtain.


270. FLAXEN GREY

This is obtained by a mixture of white lead and Prussian blue, with
a small quantity of lake.


271. BRICK COLOUR

This is prepared by mixing yellow ochre, and red lead, with a little
white lead.


272. OAK WOOD COLOUR

Mix together three-fourths white lead, and one-fourth part umber and
yellow ochre; the proportions of the last two ingredients being
determined by the required tints.


273. WALNUT TREE COLOUR

Two-thirds white lead, and one-third red ochre, yellow ochre, and
umber, mixed according to the shade sought. If veining is required,
use different shades of the same mixture, and for the deepest
places, black.


274. JONQUIL

Mix together yellow, pink, and white lead. This colour is only
proper for distemper.


275. LEMON YELLOW

Mix together realgar and orpiment; some object to this mixture on
account of the poisonous nature of the ingredients. The same colour
can be obtained by mixing yellow-pink with Naples yellow; but it is
then only fit for distemper.


276. ORANGE COLOUR

For this colour mix red lead and yellow ochre.


277. VIOLET COLOUR

Make, by mixing vermillion, or red lead, with black or blue, and a
small portion of white: vermillion is far preferable to red lead,
in mixing this colour.


278. PURPLE

Made by mixing dark-red with violet-colour.


279. CARNATION

Mix together lake colour and white.


280. GOLD COLOUR

This is procured by mixing massicot, or Naples yellow, with a small
quantity of realgar, and a very little Spanish white.


281. OLIVE COLOUR

This may be obtained by various mixtures: black and a little
blue, mixed with yellow; yellow-pink, with a little verdigris
and lamp-black; or ochre and a small quantity of white, will
also produce a kind of olive colour. For distemper, indigo and
yellow-pink, mixed with white lead or Spanish white, must be
used. If veined, it should be done with umber.


282. LEAD COLOUR

Mix together indigo and white lead or whiting.


283. CHESTNUT COLOUR

Mix red-ochre and black, for a dark-chestnut. To make it lighter,
employ a mixture of yellow-ochre.


284. LIGHT TIMBER COLOUR

For this colour mix together spruce-ochre, white and a little umber.


285. FLESH COLOUR

Mix lake, white-lead, and a little vermilion.


286. LIGHT WILLOW GREEN

This is made by mixing white with verdigris.


287. STONE COLOUR

Mix white with a little spruce-ochre.


288. DARK LEAD COLOUR

Mix black and white with a little indigo.


289. FAWN COLOUR

Mix white lead, stone-ochre, and a little vermilion.


290. CHOCOLATE COLOUR

Mix lamp-black and Spanish brown. On account of the fatness of the
lamp-black, mix some litharge and red lead.


291. PORTLAND STONE COLOUR

Mix umber, yellow ochre, and white lead. The variety of shades of
brown that may be obtained, are nearly as numerous as those of
green.


292. TO IMITATE MAHOGANY

Let the first coat of painting be white lead, the second orange, and
the last burned umber or sienna; imitating the veins according to
your taste and practice.


293. TO IMITATE WAINSCOAT

Let the first coat be white, the second half white and half
yellow-ochre, and the third yellow-ochre only. Shadow with umber or
sienna.


294. TO IMITATE SATIN WOOD

Take white for your first coating, light blue for the second, and
dark blue or dark green for the third.


295. TURNER'S PATENT YELLOW PAINT

When sea-salt is made into a paste with litharge, it is decomposed,
its acid unites with the litharge, and the soda is set free. Hence
Turner's patent process for decomposing sea-salt, which consists in
mixing two parts of the former with one of the latter, moistening
and leaving them together for about twenty-four hours. The product
is then washed, filtered, and evaporated, by which soda is obtained.
A white substance is now left undissolved; it is a compound of
muriatic acid and lead, which, when heated, changes its colour, and
forms Turner's yellow; a very beautiful colour, much in use among
coach-painters.


296. TO PAINT IN IMITATION OF BLACK WALNUT

Wash the surface of the wood with weak alum-water, after being well
sand-papered; then go over it with linseed oil, coloured with murat
amber and red lead. It is better to have this colour rather light,
and renew the application; when this has sufficiently dried, go over
the surface with a strong sizing of transparent glue, and then use
two castors of copal varnish. Any good grained pine will bear a very
close resemblance to walnut, and the surface will be nearly as hard.


NOTE

For mixing the foregoing paints it is impossible to lay down any
particular rule as to quantity, as each person mixes them of a
shade to suit his own taste. They are mixed with oil and a little
turpentine, and sometimes a little japan is added to assist in
drying. When they are not mixed in this way the particular mode
is mentioned.


297. RULES FOR MAKING PICKLES

Select the best vinegar, for on this will depend the quality of your
pickles; use glass bottles or stone jars for your pickles, never use
earthenware glazed; use wooden knives and forks in making; leave the
jars three-fourths full of the articles to be pickled; then fill the
jar or bottle with vinegar. If you add alum at all let it be very
little; look your pickles over occasionally and remove any that may
not be doing well. Small cucumbers, beans, green plums, tomatoes,
onions, and radish pods, may be used for assorted pickles; one red
pepper for forty or fifty cucumbers is sufficient; if the vinegar on
pickles becomes white or weak, take it out and scald and skim it,
then return it to the pickles.


298. ASPARAGUS PICKLED

Cut and wash the heads of the largest asparagus; place them in cold
water for two hours; scald carefully in salt and water, then lay on
a cloth until cool; make a pickle of salt and vinegar and boil it;
to one gallon of pickles put a quarter of an ounce of mace, two
nutmegs, a quarter of an ounce of whole pepper, and pour your pickle
hot over them, cover tight with a cloth, and let stand a week, then
boil the pickle, and let stand a week again, and boil again, when
cold, cover closely.


299. BEANS AND FRENCH BEANS PICKLED

Lay them in salt and water for nine days; then add a little vinegar
and boil them in the liquor; when they become green strain them,
wipe them dry, and put the beans into the jar; boil some vinegar,
ginger, mace, pepper, cloves, and mustard seed, all bruised, and
while hot pour it on the beans; cover them close when cold.


300. TO PICKLE RED CABBAGE

Take the quarter of a purple head of cabbage, cut out the stalk,
then slice it down endways, put them on a drying sieve, sprinkle
each layer of cabbage with salt, which let lay and drain for two or
three days, then put into a jar, boil some vinegar with spice tied
up in a muslin bag, cut a beet root of good colour into slices; the
branches of cauliflower cut off after it has lain in salt will look
and be of a beautiful red; put it into a stone jar and pour boiling
vinegar over it.


301. TO PICKLE CUCUMBERS

Lay them upon dishes, sprinkle salt over them, let them lie a week,
drain then off, and put them into stone jars, pour boiling vinegar
over them, place them near fire, cover them well with vine leaves,
and if not a good green pour off the vinegar and boil it again;
cover them with fresh vine leaves and continue doing so until they
are a good colour; as, to make a better green, you must use a mettle
stew pan or brass kettles, which are very poisonous; use wooden
spoons with holes to dish all pickles, keeping them always well
covered and free from air.


302. TO PICKLE ONIONS

Peel the onions till they look white, boil some strong salt and
water and pour it over them; let them stand in this twenty-four
hours; keep the vessel closely covered to retain the steam; after
this wipe the onions quite dry, and when they are cold pour boiling
vinegar, with ginger and white pepper over them; the vinegar must
cover the onions.


303. TO PICKLE MUSHROOMS

These are pickled in salt water and brandy, but they are of little
advantage.


304. RAILROAD SYSTEM OF HORSE TRAINING

This excellent and very simple method of horse training is nearly
all accomplished by what is called the persuader or bit; which is
made as follows: take a piece of strong rope eight or ten feet long
and a quarter of an inch thick, then part the horse's mane in the
centre, turning one half towards the ears, and the other towards the
back of the horse; next tie the rope by one end in a hard knot that
will not slip--not too tightly--round the horse's neck in the place
at which the mane is divided, having the knot on the right side of
the neck; then pass the loose end of the rope forwards, along the
right side of the neck, into the horse's mouth and back along the
left side of the neck to that part of the rope which surrounds the
horse's neck, and underneath which it is passed; than take the loose
end of the rope in your hand, and you have the persuader or bit
completed. By pulling on the end which you now hold, you draw his
mouth up towards his throat, and can thereby inflict the most
excruciating torture that is possible for a horse to undergo, and
the beauty of it is, without the least injury to the animal. One
pull on this persuader is more dreaded by the horse than a whole
day's flogging with raw-hide. In fact he cannot stand it; no matter
how ugly his tricks may be, such as kicking, balking or anything
else, if you use the persuader on him at the time, you can conquer
him at once; make him as meek as a lamb, and glad to do anything to
escape the torture inflicted by the persuader. A few times is all
you will have to use it, even on the most sulky animal, until you
will see no more of his tricks, and he is completely conquered.


305. TO HALTER WILD COLTS

How to approach and halter the wildest colt of any age without
danger, and lead him quietly, is as follows: choose a large floor,
that of a wagonhouse answers well, strew it over with straw two or
three inches deep, turn your colt into it, follow him in with a
good whip, shut the door, and he will clear to the furthest corner,
follow him, and whip him well on the hips, he will clear to another
corner, follow him, treat him in the same manner, and he will soon
begin to turn his head towards you, then stop and bid him come
to you, if he does not come, lay on the whip again, being always
careful not to touch him about the head or shoulders, but always
about the hips, in a short time he will come to you when you bid
him, then rub his ears, nose, neck, chest, &c., and pet him all you
can; halter and lead him about the floor; it at any time he clears
from you, pay the whip well on his hips until he comes to you again;
after a little use him the same way in a small yard, and after this
you can do as you like with him in any place.


306. HORSES WITH TENDER EARS

How to make a horse, that is afraid of his head or ears, easy to
bridle or halter, is as follows: if your horse is very fractious and
wild, you will need to treat him according to receipt No. 305, first:
at all events you will want the floor well covered with straw, then
raise the left fore leg and strap it so that your horse will stand
on three legs, then tie a strap just above his right fore foot, and
standing on the left side of the horse, holding the strap in your
hand, chirp to him, and the moment he attempts to move forwards, he
is on his knees; you may then fasten the strap to that on the left
leg, or hold it in your hand, as you please; then after the horse
gets done struggling and working, rub his nose and ears gently, and
put the halter on and take it off repeatedly, to show him that it
may be done without hurting him, and in a short time he will not
mind the halter or bridle.


307. HOW TO CONTROL A VICIOUS HORSE

How to acquire the most perfect control over the most vicious and
wildest horse, in a short time, without the use of drugs or charms,
is by going according to receipts No. 305 and No. 306, and sometimes
you may have to use the persuader.


308. TO BREAK A WILD COLT

How to break the wildest colt in a short time, so that a boy of 14
years old can ride or handle him in perfect safety. This is done by
means of the persuader receipts No. 305 and No. 306, and if the boy
is to ride him, after the horse is on his knees, as directed in
receipt No. 306, and the horse is tired out by struggling, then let
somebody get on his back, sit there for a while, then move on to his
shoulders, and back unto his hips, and so work round the horse until
he does not mind it, and has no fear from it. When he has a few
lessons like this, any lad may ride him in safety.


309. TO MAKE A STALLION LIE DOWN

How to make the worst stallion lie down and allow you to perform
any surgical operation on him that you wish, without the assistance
of any one. If the horse is very ugly, you may need to follow,
first, receipt No. 305, and perhaps, use the persuader, but it is
principally done by receipt No. 306, with this addition: when you
have the horse on his knees, you standing on his left side, and
holding the strap which is attached to his right fore foot in your
hand, as taught in receipt No. 306, then put a headstall on him, and
to its ring on the left side of his mouth, tie firmly a stick about
an inch and a half thick, which, let run up on the left side of
his neck, to the top of his shoulders, then tie the strap, which is
attached to the right foot, to this pole; now pull the horse over
on his left side, and you have him powerless, his fore feet are
drawn up, and on account of the pole he cannot raise his head, so
that you have perfect control over him to do as you please.


310. PULLING AT THE HALTER

To break a horse from pulling at the halter. This is done by means
of the persuader; if he pulls once on this, he will never try it
again.


311. WILD STALLIONS

How to break the wildest stallion in a short time, so that a boy
can lead him in perfect safety. This is done by putting the horse
through a regular course of training, according to receipts No. 305
and No. 306, and the use of the persuader.


312. BALKY HORSES

How to make the worst of balky horses pull true. Whenever your horse
balks, if you there and then, openly and publicly make use of the
persuader, and jerk him well with it, he will be glad to go, and in
a short time you will have to use it no more; but as long as this
system is kept secret, and when a horse balks, you do not then use
the persuader, you will never break the horse from balking.


313. SHOEING HORSES

How to make a horse stand to be shod. This is accomplished by having
the persuader fitted on, and whenever the horse makes an attempt to
be ugly, pull on the persuader, and he will very soon be glad to
stand as quiet as a lamb.


314. "WHOA"

How to make a horse understand the word "whoa" so perfectly, that
he will always stop when spoken to, no matter what may occur to
frighten him. This is done by having the persuader fitted on, and
whenever you sat "whoa", in a loud and stern tone of voice, pull on
the persuader, and it is impossible for a horse to fear or dread
anything else as much as this, he will stop instantly, no matter
what may occur to frighten him.


315. THROWING

How to break a horse off the habit of throwing his rider. This is
accomplished by means of the persuader, and receipt No. 308.


316. SCARING

How to break a horse off scaring at umbrellas or buffalo robes, so
that you may toss them at him without disturbing him. To accomplish
this you want to get the horse on his knees, according to receipt
No. 306; then bring your robes and umbrellas near him, let him smell
them, toss them at him, and throw them over his head carefully, and
so continue to work, showing him that they do not harm him, until
all fear of them is lost.


317. KICKING HORSES

How to break the worst class of kicking horses. To accomplish this,
you will want to put the horse through a regular course of training,
according to this system, until you have him well conquered; then
keep the persuader on, and if he should ever attempt to kick,
at that moment jerk well on the persuader, and he will think of
everything but kicking; when he attempts it a few times, and you
check him in this manner, he will quit it altogether.


318. TO BIT A HORSE

How to bit a horse more perfectly, in ten minutes, at a cost of ten
cents, that can be done with any other bit and rig, at a cost of
five to ten dollars. This bit is what is called the persuader, and
it is the best bit that ever was used for bitting colts. It puts a
most beautiful curve in the neck, and leaves the colt at ease while
wearing it. When it is used for this purpose, the end that you hold
in your hand in other cases, is now to be tied to that part of the
persuader which surrounds the neck of the horse or colt.


319. JOCKEY TRICKS--TO PRODUCE FOUNDER

How to make a horse appear as if he was badly foundered in one
night's time. Take a fine wire, or any substitute, and fasten it
tightly round the castor tit, the back side of the pasture joint
at night; smooth the hair down nicely over it, and by morning he
will walk as stiff as any foundered horse.


320. FOOD AND STARVATION

How to make a horse stand by his food and starve to death. Grease
the front teeth and roof of the mouth with common beef-tallow, and
he will not eat until you wash it out; this, in conjunction with
the above, will consummate a complete founder.


321. GLANDERS

How to make a horse appear as if he had the glanders, in one night's
time. This is done by melting fresh butter and pouring it into his
ears, not too hot.


322. BALKING

How to make a true pulling horse balk. Take tincture of cantharides
1 oz., and corrosive sublimate 1 drachm; mix and bathe his shoulders
at night.


323. TO COVER UP HEAVES

How to cover up the heaves so effectually, that you may work, ride,
or run him, and they cannot be detected. This will last from twelve
to twenty-four hours, long enough to trade off. Drench the horse
with one-fourth pound of common bird shot, and he will not heave
until they pass through him.


324. THE COUNTENANCE

How to put a young countenance on a horse. Make a small incision
near the sunk place over the eye, insert the point of a blow-pipe or
goose-quill, and blow it up; close the external wound with thread,
and it is done.


325. THE CRIB

How to cure a horse of the crib, or sucking wind; saw between the
upper front teeth.


326. QUESTIONS

To teach a horse to answer questions. This is done by pricking him
with a pin; for instance, you may say to the horse, is your name
Tom? and at that moment prick him with a pin so that he will squeal;
then ask him is your name Sam? don't prick him and he will not
squeal. Then say again is your name Tom, prick him again, and he
will squeal; so continue, and after a time he will squeal without
being pricked when you ask him the first question, &c.


327. TO NERVE A HORSE

How to nerve a horse that is lame. Make a small incision about half
way from the knee to the joint on the outside of the leg, and at the
back part of the shin bone; you will find a small white tendon or
cord; cut it off and close the external wound with a stick, and he
will walk off on the hardest pavement, and not lame a particle.


328. A HORSE'S AGE

The following rules will enable any man to ascertain with tolerable
certainty the age of any horse. Every horse has six teeth above and
six below; before he arrives at the age of three he sheds his two
middle teeth by the young teeth rising and shoving the old ones out
of their place. When he arrives at the age of three, he sheds one
more on each side of the middle teeth; when four years old he sheds
two corner and the last of his fore teeth; between four and five he
cuts his under tusks, and when five will cut his upper tusks, and
have a mouth full and complete, and the teeth will have hollows of a
very dark brown colour. At six years old the grooves and hollows in
a horse's mouth will begin to fill up a little and their tusks have
their full growth, with their points sharp, and a little concave. At
seven years old the grooves and hollows will be pretty well filled
below. At eight the whole of the hollows and groves are filled up,
and you see the appearance of what is termed smooth below. At nine
years old, the point of the tusk is worn off, and the part that was
concave begins to fill up and become rounded. Between nine and ten
years of age a horse generally looses the marks of the mouth. After
nine years old a wrinkle comes on the eyelid at the upper corner of
the lower lid, and every year thereafter he has one well defined
wrinkle for each year over nine. If, for instance, a horse has
three wrinkles, he is twelve; if four, he is thirteen, &c.


329. HEAD, NECK OR LUNGS

How to tell by looking at a horse whether there is anything the
matter with his head, neck or lungs. A knowledge of this is as
useful as it is simple. If there is nothing the matter with the
head, neck or lungs of a horse, the nostrils will have a clean,
healthy, and bright appearance, but if there is, they have always
a dirty, muddy, or in some way an unhealthy appearance.


330. PROF. MANDIE'S HORSE TAMING

Take finely grated horse caster, or the warty excrescence from the
horse's leg, oils of rhodium, and cumin, keep these in separate
bottles well corked; put some of the oil of cumin on your hand and
approach the horse on the windy side that he may smell it; he will
then move towards you, then rub some of the cumin on his nose; give
him a little of the castor on sugar, salt, or anything he likes,
and get 8 or 10 drops of the oil of rhodium on the point of his
tongue; you can then get him to do anything you please. Follow up
your advantage by all the kindness and attention possible towards
the animal, and your control is certain. This is only fit for
nervous horses; but the railroad system is certain. In all kinds
of ugly horses it is the best of methods.


331. BOTTS IN HORSES

This may be relied on as a certain and safe remedy for botts in
horses. When the horse is attacked, pound some common glass very
fine, sift it through a fine piece of muslin, take a tablespoonful,
put it inside a ball of dough, (not mixed with the dough,) then put
it down the horse's throat, and in from two to five minutes the
horse will get up and feel and will be well. The moment the glass
touches the botts though they may have eaten their way into the
coats of the stomach, so that but a small portion is exposed, they
will let go their hold, will pucker up and be driven off by the
bowels. This remedy is perfectly safe, and is the only certain
cure for botts under the sun. Try it.


332. RING BONE AND SPAVIN

Take of sweet oil, 4 oz.; spirits of turpentine, 2 ozs.; oil if
stone, 1/2 oz. Mix and apply three times a day. If the horse is over
four years old, or in any case where there is not sufficient, in
addition to it, you will fit a bar of lead just above it, wiring the
ends together, so it constantly wears upon the enlargement, and the
two together, will cure nine cases out of every ten in six weeks.


333. POLL EVIL AND FISTULA

Take 1 lb. common potash dissolved in 1/2 pint of water. Add 1/2 oz.
extract of belladona and 1 oz. gum-arabic dissolved in a little
water; work all into a paste with wheat flour, and box or bottle up
tight. In applying this, the place should be well cleansed with
soap-suds, (castile soap is best) then tallow should be applied all
around by the paste dissolving and running over it. Now this paste
must be pressed to the bottom of all the orifices; if very deep
it must be made sufficiently thin to inject by means of a small
syringe, and repeated once in two days, until the callous pipes, and
hard fibrous base around the poll evil, or fistula, is completely
destroyed. Sometimes one application has cured cases of this kind,
but it will generally require two or three. If the horse cannot be
kept up, you will put a piece of oiled cloth over the place. The
advantage of this caustic over all others is that less pain and
inflammation is induced. The sores may be cured by the following
or Sloan's ointment: ceder oil is to be applied to the tendons,
to prevent them stiffening, in pole evil, or other cases.


334. DeGRAY, OR SLOAN'S HORSE OINTMENT

Take of rosin 4 oz., lard 8 oz., honey 2 oz., mix and melt slowly,
gently bring it to a boil, and as it begins to boil slowly, add a
little less than a pint of spirits of turpentine, stirring all the
time it is being added, then remove from the stove, and stir till
cool. This is an extraordinary ointment for bruses in flesh or hoof,
broken knees, galled backs, bites, cracked heels, &c. or when a
horse is gelded, to heal and keep away flies.


335. NERVE AND BONE LINIMENT

Take of beef's gall 1 quart, alcohol 1 pint, volatile liniment
1 lb., spirits of turpentine 1 lb., oil of origanum 4 oz., aqua
ammonia 4 oz., tincture of cayenne 1/2 pint, oil of amber 3 oz.,
tincture of spanish fly 6 oz., mix and shake well. Uses too well
known to need description.


336. TO CURE FOUNDERS IN 24 HOURS

Boil or steam oat straw for half an hour, then wrap it round the
horses legs while quite hot, cover up with wet woollen rags to keep
in the steam: in six hours renew the application. Take 1 gallon of
blood from the neck vein, and give a quart of linseed oil. He may
be worked next day.


337. TO CURE COLIC IN TEN MINUTES

Bleed freely at the horse's mouth, and take 1 oz. of oil of juniper,
1 oz. of laudanum, and 2 ozs. of sweet spirits of nitre. Mix in a
pint of gruel, and drench him with it.


338. GARGLING OIL

Take of tanner's oil 1 quart, oil of vitriol 2 oz., spirits of
turpentine 1 oz. Mix all together, leave the bottles open till it
stops working, then it is ready for use.


339. MERCHANT'S GARGLING OIL

Take of linseed oil 2-1/2 galls., spirits of turpentine 2-1/2
galls., western petroleum 1 gall., liquor potass 8 oz., sap green
1 oz., mix all together, and it is ready for use.


340. PURGING BALLS

Take of aloes, 3 oz.; anise seed, 3 oz.; pulverise and mix with
castile soap. This makes one ball for a horse.


341. URINE BALLS

Take of white resin, 1/2 lb.; castile soap, 1/2 lb.; venice
turpentine, 1/2 pint; mix well together; make the balls the size of
butternuts. Give the horse three the first day, two the second day,
and one the third day.


342. FOR THE HEAVES

Give the horse 1/2 drachm of nitric acid, in a pint of sweet milk.
Repeat once in two days, once in three days, and once in four days.
This receipt is highly prized, and is good; but the best remedy for
heaves is so simple that scarcely any one will try it; it is to take
fresh sumack tops, break two or three bunches of them up in the
horse's feed, three times a day. This will actually cure the heaves
unless, they are very bad.


343. INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS

The symptoms of inflammation of the lungs in the horse is as
follows: it is usually ushered in by a shivering fit, the horse is
cold all over, reaction soon takes place, the body becomes warmer,
and the extremities extremely cold. The breathing is quick, he
refuses to lie down. If when wearied out, he lies down, it is but
for a moment.

Treatment--This may be commenced by a good bleeding, which is to be
followed by a drachm of emetic tartar, and three drachms of nitre,
every eight hours, rubbing the extremities, and giving bran-mashes;
throw warm blankets over the animal, hanging down to the floor, and
place vessels of hot water in which put hot stones or bricks, and
sweat freely, also, give one scruple of opium, and two of calomel,
twice a day. The sides of the chest may be thoroughly blistered.
This is the proper treatment.


344. STOMACH AND BOWELS

Inflammation of the stomach and bowels in the horse, resembles colic
in its symptoms, except in colic the pains pass off at times, and
return again, whereas in inflammation, the pain is constant, and the
animal is never easy; after a time the eye acquires a wild haggard,
unnatural stare, and the pupil, or dark spot in the eye, dilates.

Treatment--Take away, at once, six or eight quarts of blood, and
repeat the bleeding if the pain returns. Follow the bleeding by one
scruple of opium, and two of calomel, twice a day; also blister the
sides of the chest; give him bran mash and purging balls, (Receipt
No. 340).


345. INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS

The principal symptoms of inflammation of the kidneys in the horse,
is, pressure on the loins elicit symptoms of pain, the breathing is
hurried, there is a constant desire to void urine, although passed
in small quantities, highly coloured, and sometimes tinged with
blood.

Treatment--This is blood letting, active purging, mustard poultices
as near the kidneys as possible, and the horse warmly clothed, &c.,
as in other inflammations.


346. CONDITION POWDERS

Take of flax-seed meal 2 lbs., finygreek meal 2 lbs., liver antimony
1/2 lb., and nitre 1/2 lb., mix well; give a tablespoon for three
days and omit three days, &c.


347. FOR BONE SPAVIN

Take of cantharides 2 oz., strong mercurial ointment 4 oz., oil of
turpentine 4 oz., iodine 3 oz., mix all with a sufficiency of lard
to make a thin ointment; apply to the spavin only once a day until
it bursts; then oil it with sweet oil until healed. If the bunch is
not then removed, apply it again, and again if necessary, which is
seldom the case.


348. TO MAKE A HORSE FOLLOW YOU

The horse is treated in the same manner as mentioned in the receipt
No. 305, always being careful to whip him on the hips. When he will
follow you round the barn floor, then treat him in the same manner
in a yard, and when he follows you here, he will any place.


349. COLTS CHEWING HALTERS

Take scab from the wart on the inside of the leg, rub the halter
thoroughly with it, and they will not be found chewing their halters
very soon.


[There are two consecutive receipts numbered 350 in the original.]


350. HORSES JUMPING FENCES

Pass a small and strong cord around his body just behind his
shoulders, and tie the halter to this cord between his forelegs, so
as to leave the distance about two feet from the cord to his head;
if then he attempts to jump, he is compelled to throw his head
forward, which draws hard on the cord, and causes it to cut into his
back, and he instantly desists. The cord should not be more than a
quarter of an inch in diameter.


350. BLAZE OR STAR

When we have a pair of horses that match well in every respect,
except that one has a blaze or star on the face, it becomes very
interesting and important to know how to make their faces match.
Take a piece of oznaburgs the size you want the star or blaze;
spread it with warm pitch and apply it to the horses face; let it
remain two or three days, by which time it will bring off the hair
clean, and make the part a little tender; then take of elixor
vitriol a small quantity, anoint the part two or three times; or,
take of a very common weed called asmart, a small handful, bruise
it, and add to it about a gill of water, use it as a wash until
the face gets well, when the hair will grow out entirely white.


351. BLACK SPOTS

To spot a white horse with black spots, take litharge 3 oz., quick
lime 6 oz., beat fine and mix together; put it into a pan and pour
a sharp ley over it; then boil it and you will have a fat substance
swim on top, with which anoint the horse in such places as you
design to have black, and it will turn to the colour immediately.


352. INFLUENZA OR HORSE-AIL

The first symptom is debility. The horse appears dumpish, refuses to
eat, mouth hot, in six or twelve hours the appetite diminishes, legs
and eyelids swell. This disease may end in chronic cough, a bad
discharge from the nose, and in inveterate cases in glanders.

Treatment--Keep the horse on light food, as mashes, scalded shorts,
green grass, &c., and if he is very plethoric, he should be half
starved and bled from the mouth. If the throat is sore, rub it with
warm vinegar and salt, or blister; walk him a little for exercise,
administer the following: oil of croton, 5 drops; nitrate of potassa
4 to 6 drachms; potassio-tartrate of antimony, 1 drachm; spirit of
nitric ether, 4 drachms to 1 oz; solution of acetate of ammonia 2 to
4 ozs.; and warm water sufficient to make a draught; and when the
head is much affected, add a drachm of camphor. This draught may be
administered once and sometimes twice a day, the croton oil being
omitted after the first dose; after the first day, 2 drachms of
powdered gentian may be added.


353. STRANGLES OR HORSE DISTEMPER

Symptoms--A discharge from the nostrils, with a swelling under the
throat, a disinclination to eat. Thirst, but after a gulp or two the
horse ceases to drink. In attempting to swallow, a convulsive cough
comes on; mouth hot and tongue coated with a white fur. The tumor
under the jaw soon fills the whole space, and is evidently one
uniform body, and may thus be distinguished from glanders or the
enlarged glands of catarrh.

Treatment--Blister over the tumor at once; when the glands remain
hard and do not suppurate, it may lead to glanders, in which case
rub it with iodine ointment, and give internally, hydriodate of
potash in daily doses of 10 to 40 grains, combined with gentian and
ginger. As soon as the swelling is fit, lance it freely and apply a
linseed poultice; give bran mashes, fresh grass, &c.


354. STAGGERS

Symptoms--Giddiness, he may fall down, or suddenly turn several
times round first; he may be quiet, or struggle violently.

Treatment--If the horse be full and well fed, take 3 or 4 quarts
of blood at once; cease using him for a time, and give him an
occasional physic ball or powdered aloes 6 drachms and a little
in honey.


355. GREEN OINTMENT

Take of lard, 6 lbs., put into a ten gallon kettle; add 2 gallons
of water; cut jimpson seeds and fill them in, and cook from 4 to 6
hours slowly, till all the water is gone; then put into jars, and
add to each pound of ointment one ounce of turpentine. Good for
galls, cuts, scratches, &c.


356. HOOF EVIL OR THRUSH GREASE HEELS

Bleed and physic, and poultice the feet with boiled turnips and some
finely ground charcoal at night, for two or three nights; then wash
the feet clean with castile soap and soft water, and apply the blue
ointment every day; keep the horse on a floor and he will be well in
12 days.


357. BLUE OINTMENT

Take the ointment of rosin, 4 ozs; finely ground verdigris, 1/2 oz;
turpentine, 2 oz; mutton tallow, 2 lbs; oil of origanum, 1/2 oz;
tincture of iodine, 1/2 oz. Mix all together. This is one of the
best medicines that can be made for scratches, hoof-evil, and cuts,
and is good to apply on fistula after the rowels have been taken
out. It is as good for human as horse flesh.


358. HOOF BOUND OR TENDER FEET

Never have the feet spread at the heels, nor rasped about the nail
holes; use the liquid, and apply it according to directions. For
hoof bound or tender feet, apply it all around the top of the hoof
down one inch every day. First have a stiff shoe on the foot, and
cleanse the cut or cork. Never cut or burn for it.


359. HOOF LIQUID

Take of linseed or neatsfoot oil, 1/2 a pint; turpentine, 4 oz; oil
of tar, 6 oz; origanum, 3 oz; mix and shake well together.


360. HOOF AIL

Apply blue vitriol, and put on a tarred rag to keep out the dirt.


361. BIG, OR MILK LEG

Apply the liquid blister every there hours until it blisters; then
in six hours grease with soft oil of any kind; then in eight days
wash the part clean, and apply it again. Repeat it there or four
times, then use the iodine ointment. If this does not remove it all,
apply the ringbone and spavin medicine, this will remove it all.


362. IODINE OINTMENT

Get 1 oz. of the grease iodine, put in 1 pint of alcohol; let this
stand in the sun two days, and you have the tincture of iodine. Take
2 oz. of the tincture and 1/2 lb. of lard; mix well, and you have
the iodine ointment.


363. SPRAIN IN THE STIFLE

Symptoms--The horse holds up his foot, moans when moved, swells in
the stifle. This is what is called stifling; there is no such thing
as this joint getting out of place.

Treatment--Bleed two gallons, foment the stifle with hot water, rub
it dry, then bathe it well with the general liniment every morning
and night, give him mash, and he will soon be well. Never allow any
stifle-shoe or cord on the foot or leg.


364. GENERAL LINIMENT

Take of turpentine, 1/2 pint; linseed oil, 1/2 pint; aqua-ammonia,
4 oz.; tincture of iodine, 1 oz.; shake all well together. This is
used for different things spoken of in the different receipts, sores
or swellings, sprains, &c.


365. LIQUID BLISTER

Take of alcohol, 1 pint; turpentine, 1/2 pint; aqua-ammonia, 4 oz.;
oil of origanum, 1 oz.; mix, apply this as spoken of, every three
hours until it blisters.


366. TO CURE CORNS

Take of the shoe, cut out the corns, and drop in a few drops of
muriatic acid, then make the shoes so they will not bear on the part
affected. Apply the hoof liquid to the hoof to remove the fever.
This is a sure cure for corns in horses.


367. WATER FARCY, OR DROPSY

This is a swelling along under the chest, and forward to the breast;
bleed, rowel in the breast and along the swelling, six inches apart,
apply the general liniment to the swelling, move the rowels every
day, let them stay in until the swelling goes down. Give soft food,
mashes, with the cleansing powder in them.


368. CLEANSING POWDER

This is to be used when the blood is out of order. It is good to
restore lost appetite, good for yellow water, whenever it is to be
used it is spoken of in the receipts. Take of good ginger 1 lb.,
powdered gentian 4 oz., crude antimony 1/2 oz., mix well together.
Give one large spoonful every day in wet food. This is perfectly
safe.


369. POLL EVIL

Cure before it breaks, run a rowel or seaton from the lower part
of the top through the centre of the enlargement, then make the
following lotion. Take of sal-ammoniac 2 oz., spirts of turpentine
1/2 a pint, linseed oil 4 oz., and spirits of tar 4 oz., shake well,
and apply it all over the swelling every other day. Let the seaton
stay in until all the swelling is gone down, move it every day, and
when all is gone throw it out. Bleed when you first open it, and
keep the part clean.


370. GLANDERS

Bleed copiously, put a rowel or seaton of polk root between the jaw
and breast, put tar thoroughly up the nostrils twice a day. This is
the best remedy ever in use.


371. FRESH WOUNDS

If there is an artery cut, tie it if possible; if not possible, or
if there is much bleeding without the separation of an artery, apply
the following wash: nitrate of silver 4 grains, soft water 1 oz.,
wet the wound with this, then draw the edges together by stitches
one inch apart, then wash clean, and if any swelling in twenty-four
hours, bleed and apply the blue ointment, or any of the liniments
spoken of, Keep the bowels open.


372. THE LIVER

In disease of the liver or yellow water, give the following ball
every morning until it operates upon the bowels. Take of aloes 7
drachms, calomel 1 drachm, ginger 4 drachms, and molassas enough to
make it into a ball, wrap it in a paper and give it; give scalded
bran and oats, grass if it can be got; when his bowels have moved,
stop the physic, and give 1 oz. spirits of camphor in half a pint of
water, every morning, for twelve days, rowel in the breast, and give
a few doses of cleansing powder. Turn him out.


373. BALLS FOR WORMS IN HORSES

Take of barbadose aloes 6 drachms, powdered ginger 1-1/2 oz., oil of
wormwood 20 drops, powdered natron 2 drachms, and molassas to form a
ball.


374. BALLS FOR HIDE BOUND

Take of barbadose aloes 1 oz., castile soap 9 drachms, and ginger 6
drachms. Make into a ball.


375. HEALING OINTMENT

Take of lard 5 parts, rosin 1 part, melt them together; when they
begin to get cool add two parts of calamine powder, stirring well
till cool. If the wound is unhealthy add a little turpentine.


376. GALLS ON HORSES

Bathe the parts affected with spirits saturated with alum.


377. GRUBS IN HORSES

Take of red precipitate a teaspoonful, form into a ball, repeat if
necessary in 30 minutes.


378. STIFF SHOULDERS OR SWEENEY

Rowel from the top of the shoulder blade down as far as there is no
pealing. First cut through the skin, and then two thin fibres or
strippings, use the blunt needle, move it back and forwards five or
six inches, draw in a tape or seaton, and the next morning wet it
with tincture of cantharides, do this every other day, move them
every day, wash the part clean, let the tape stay in until the
matter changes to blood, this is for both diseases. Let him run out
if possible. He will be well in six or eight weeks. If for sweeney
you may work him all the time.


379. SICK STOMACH IN HORSES

Bleed half a gallon, then if he will eat a mash give him one, give
no hay, then give him 1/2 oz. of rhubarb every night until it moves
his bowels, then take of gentian root 4 oz., fenu-greek 2 oz., nitre
1/2 oz., mix and give a large spoonful every day. Do not give him
too much to eat when his appetite returns.


380. LUNG FEVER

Bleed four gallons from the neck vein, and take 1 oz. of aquanite,
add to it half a gallon of cold water, drench him with a gill of it
every three hours, drench him over the lungs, then give him water to
drink that hay has been boiled in, and to each gallon of it add 1
oz. of gum-arabic, and 1/2 oz. of spirits of nitre; give this every
four hours; foment and rub the legs with alcohol and camphor, until
they get warm; do not move the horse. Keep him in open stall if hot
weather.


381. EYE WASH FOR HORSES

Take of sugar of lead, 2 drachms; white vitriol, 1 drachm; and soft
water, 1 quart; mix and dissolve; wash the eyes out well every
morning, having first washed then well with cold water, continue
this for three or four weeks; and then, if the eyes are not much
better, bleed and give a mild physic. The horse should be kept on
low diet, and not over heated or worked too hard. Scalded shorts
or oats are good.


382. MANGE AND SURFEIT

Bleed and physic, then take sulphur, 1/2 lb.; and lard, 2 lbs.; mix
well; grease the part affected every three or four days; stand the
horse in the sun until it dries in; give him a few doses of the
cleansing powder.


383. CONTRACTION OF THE NECK

If it is taken in the first stages, bleed from the neck 2 galls.;
then ferment or bathe the part well with hot water; rub it dry, and
apply the general lineament every day, two or three times; this will
cure if it is of long standing. Then blister all along the part
affected with the liquid blister. Do this every three weeks until
he is well, and rub with the white ointment. Do not work the horse
till well.


384. WHITE OINTMENT

For rheumatism, sprains, burns, swelling, bruises, or any
inflammation on man or beast, chapped hands or lips, black eyes,
or any kind of bruises. Take of fresh butter 2 lbs.; tincture of
iodine, 1/2 oz.; oil of origanum, 2 ozs.; mix well for fifteen
minutes, and it is fit for use; apply it every night; rub it in
well with your hand.


385. OLD HORSES YOUNG

Drops to make old horses as lively as young. Take the tincture of
assafoetida, 1 oz.; tincture of cantharides, 1 oz.; antimony, 2 oz.;
fenugreek, 1 oz.; and fourth proof brandy, 1/2 gal.; mix all and let
stand ten or twelve days; then give ten drops in a pail, or one
gallon, of water.


386. RHEUMATIC LINEAMENT

Take of alcohol, 1/2 pint; oil of origanum, 1/2 oz.; cayenne pepper,
1/2 oz.; gum myrrh, 1/2 oz.; and lobelia, 1 teaspoonful; mix and let
stand one day; then bathe the part affected.


387. TO KILL LICE ON CATTLE

Take of buttermilk, 1 quart; salt, 1/3 pint; mix and dissolve; pour
this along the back, letting it run down each side; if this should
ever fail use the water in which potatoes have been boiled, in the
same way, it will be effectual.


388. HORSES FROM FIRE

The difficulty of getting horses from burning stables is well known.
The remedy is to blindfold them perfectly, and by gentle usage, they
may be easily led out. If you like you may also throw the harness
upon them.


389. SNOW BALLS

To prevent snow balls on horses' feet clean their hoofs well, and
rub with soft soap before going out in the snow.


390. ROT IN SHEEP

To prevent and cure this keep them from exposure in bad weather, and
above all from wet pasture; pair their hoofs into the quick, and
put them to stand occasionally in quick lime for a few hours. This
cauterizes the disease and generally affects a cure. To destroy the
flukes and worms, give the following: take of common salt 8 oz.,
spirits of turpentine 2 oz.; put in a quart bottle and add water
till filled; give one teaspoonful morning and night for eight days.


391. DISTEMPER IN HOGS

To cure this take equal parts of sulphur and copperas; pulverise
them well together, and give one teaspoonful every three days in
the slop.


392. CURE FOR SWELLED CATTLE

If the beast affected is full grown, administer one English pint of
train oil, and smaller doses in proportion to the age. The cure is
certain. The above medicines from receipt No. 331 are for horses,
cattle, &c.


393. A TURKISH PREPARATION FOR LADIES

Take of best white wine vinegar 1 quart; of best brazil wood 1/2 lb.
Infuse together for four days; then boil for half an hour, strain
through a linen cloth, and place the liquid again over the fire.
Having dissolved 1/4 lb. of alum in a pint of white wine vinegar,
mix both liquids together and stir them well. Take the scum that
arises on the surface, gradually dry and powder it, and it is ready
for use.


394. MINCE PIE

This is the manner in which mince pie was prepared for the Prince
of Wales in New York. The articles of three following receipts were
also prepared for him in that city; take of moist sugar 1 lb.,
currants 1 lb., suet well mashed 1 lb., apples cut very fine 1 lb.,
best raisins, stoned and cut very small 1/4 lb., the juice of five
Seville oranges, the juice of two lemons, the rind of one mashed
fine, a glass of brandy, and mace and nutmeg to suit your taste.
Put all together in a pan and tie up closely.


395. HONEY CAKE

Take of loaf sugar 1/2 lb., honey 3/4 lb., of orange peel cut very
fine 1/2 oz., of cinnamon 1/2 oz., ginger 1/2 oz., one quarter of a
citron, four eggs well beaten, and a pound of sifted flour. First
melt the honey and sugar together, then mix all. Make into any shape
you please.


396. SODA BISCUITS

Take of butter 2 oz., sugar 4 oz., cream tartar 1/4 oz., two eggs;
one teaspoonful of soda, and a half pint of sweet milk. Stir quite
still, &c.


397. BEEF STEAK

Put two large onions, peeled and sliced, into a stew-pan, put in
a little water, cover closely, set on a slow fire until the water
is all gone, then add 1/2 a pint of good broth, and boil till the
onions are tender, now strain off the broth, chop the onions fine,
and season to your taste with mushroom catsup, salt and pepper, let
it boil for five minutes, with the onion in it, then pour it into
the dish, and lay a broiled steak over it. Good beef gravy is far
superior to broth. In broiling your steak use a strong fire.


398. WEDDING CAKE

Take of flour, 18lbs.; fine sugar, 10 lbs.; butter, 9 lbs.; 11
nutmegs; 18 eggs; milk, 5 quarts; yeast, 1 quart; fruit, 10 lbs.;
mace, 1 oz.; wine 1 quart; and brandy, 1 pint. Roll the butter and
sugar together, then mix all the rest with them, putting the fruit
in last, just before it is put in the oven.


399. DOMESTIC YEAST

Take of good flour, 1 lb.; brown sugar, 1/4 lb.; water, 2 galls.;
and a little salt. Boil all together for one hour. When milk warm,
bottle and cork it tightly. It will be fit for use in 24 hours.
One pint of this is sufficient for 18 lbs. of bread.


400. TO PRODUCE MUSHROOMS

If the water wherein mushrooms have been steeped be poured upon an
old bed, or if the broken parts of mushrooms be strewed thereon,
there will speedily arise great numbers.


401. HOW TO MAKE CIDER INTO WINE

Take of good cider, 25 galls.; brandy, 1gall.; crude tartar, 1 lb.;
of the wine you wish to resemble, 5 galls.; of milk to settle it, 1
pint. Mix all together, and let it stand for 24 hours, and then draw
off, being careful not to draw any of the sediment.


402. SUBSTITUTE FOR CREAM

Take two or there whole eggs, beat them well up in a basin; then
pour boiling hot tea over them; pour it gradually to prevent
curdling. It is difficult from the taste to distinguish it from
rich cream.


403. TO PRESERVE FRESH MEATS

Meat may be kept for several days in the height of summer sweet and
good by lightly covering it with bran, and hanging it in some high,
or windy room, or in a passage where there is a current of air.


404. GRAFTING WAX

Take of tallow one part, beeswax two parts, and resin four parts;
melt them together and dip strips of rags in the mixture while hot,
and use them for grafting.


405. FOR THE TEETH

Cuvileer's grand preparation for beautifying the teeth. Take of
chloride of lime one part, prepared chalk 15 parts, pulverised
peruvian bark 1/2 a part and a little otto of roses; mix all well
together and it is ready for use.


406. TO MAKE HAIR CURL

Take of common soap 2 lbs., spirits of wine 3 pints, and potash 3
oz.; cut the soap small and melt all together, stirring it with a
clean piece of wood; then add a quarter of an ounce each of essence
of amber, vanilla and nevoli, to render the fluid agreeable. Never
use curling irons, for they destroy the hair, rendering it crisp and
harsh. The above may be depended on as being genuine and harmless.


407. TO PRESERVE PORK

Take 1 lb. of black pepper and grind it fine for one barrel of pork,
and sprinkle on each layer until is quite brown, then put on the
salt. It helps to preserve the meat and adds greatly to the smell
and flavour of it.


408. TO RESTORE TAINTED PORK

In warm weather the brine on pork frequently becomes sour, and the
pork tainted; pour off the brine, boil it, skim it well, then pour
it back again upon the meat boiling hot. This will restore it even
where it was much injured.


409. FIRE-PROOF CEMENT

Fire and water proof cement for roofs of houses. Slack stone lime
with boiling water in a covered barrel; when slacked pass six quarts
through a fine sieve; to this add one quart of rock salt, and a
gallon of water, boil the mixture and skim it clean; to every 5
gallons of this add 1 lb. of alum, and 1/2 lb. copperas, and add
by degrees, potash 3/4 lb., and fine sand or wood ashes sifted 4
quarts; colour to suit your taste and apply. It will be as durable
as stone.


410. BUG POISON

Take of spirits of wine 1/2 pint, turpentine 1/2 pint, crude
sal-ammoniac 1 oz; mix all together and let it saturate for seven
days, and it is ready for use.


411. DISINFECTING AGENT

Take of green vitriol 3 lbs., hot water one pailful; dissolve the
vitriol in the water; place this wherever there is any offensive
odours, as that of a corpse, cesspool, privies, &c., and in a short
time all smell will be removed. Try it.


412. BOOTH PATENT

Booth's patent grease for railway axles, waggons, machinery, &c.
Take of water 1 gallon, clean tallow 3 lbs.; palm oil 6 lbs., and
common soda 1/2 lbs.; or tallow 8 lbs., and palm oil 10 lbs. The
mixture is to be heated to about 210 degrees, and well stirred till
it cools down to about 70 degrees, when it is ready for use.


413. GUM-ARABIC STARCH

Take 2 oz. of white gum-arabic powdered finely; put it into a
pitcher and pour on it a pint of boiling water; then cover it and
let stand all night; in the morning pour it carefully from the dregs
into a clean bottle; cork and keep it for use. A tablespoonful of
this gum water stirred into a pint of starch that has been made in
the usual manner will give to launs either black, white, or printed,
the appearance of new, to which nothing else can restore them after
washing. It is a good article for collars and shirt bosoms; also,
when much diluted, for thin white muslin and bobbinet.


414. ROMAN OR MASTIC CEMENT

Take of pulverised sand stone sifted fine, 20 lbs., litharge 2 lbs.,
mix both well with linseed oil to the consistency of paste; brush
both broken parts over; press them snugly together, and let them
dry, this forms an excellent cement.


415. PORTABLE BALLS

For taking stains out of cloths, &c.--Dry fullers' earth so as to
crumble it into powder, and moisten it well with lemon juice; add a
quantity of pure pulverised pearl-ash, and work the whole up into a
thick paste with a little water; roll it into small balls; let them
completely dry in the sun, and they will be fit for use. The manner
of using them is to moisten, with water, the spots on the cloth,
rubbing the ball over, and leaving it to dry in the sun. On washing
the spots in the water they will immediately disappear.


416. CLOTH, RAIN PROOF, &c.

To render cloth wind and rain proof. Boil together 2 lbs. of
turpentine, 1 lb. of litharge in powder, and 2 or 3 pints of linseed
oil. The article is then to be brushed over with this varnish, and
dried in the sun.


417. CHOICE CEMENT

A choice cement for china, crockery, and glass. Take of white glue
1/2 lb., dry white lead 1/2 lb., alcohol 1/4 pint, and rain water 1
quart; put the glue, alcohol, and water into a tin pan together; let
stand until the glue is soft; then set the pan into a kettle of hot
water, occasionally stirring it until the glue is about dissolved;
then add the lead, being previously powdered, and stir until it is
about dissolved. Bottle while warm, and it is ready for use. If cold
when about to be used, set the bottle in warm water until soft; then
apply while soft to both edges, set together and let then dry.


418. MAHOGANY STAIN

Take of chip logwood 1 lb., sal-soda two pence worth, water 1
gallon, boil all together, apply it while hot, to every kind of
white wood, using a brush or sponge, and it will produce a most
beautiful mahogany colour.


419. MAHOGANY COLOUR

Method of darkening every sort of wood. Take soap suds, wash your
wood with it; every coat you put on will make it a shade darker.


420. SATIN WOOD STAIN

Take of water 1 quart, fustic 2 oz., and the size of a small nut of
alum; boil all together, apply it while hot, and it will produce
a most beautiful yellow. When the article to which this has been
applied has got perfectly dry, rub it over with lime water, and it
will make a beautiful red.


421. RED STAIN

Take of water 1 quart, brazil dust 2 oz., and the size of a nut of
alum; boil together, apply while hot and the stain is red; when dry,
wash it over with lime water, and it will be a beautiful purple.


422. BROWN STAIN

Take of water 1 quart, logwood 2 oz., and one penny worth of soft
soap, (such as is kept in bladders, by druggists), boil them
together, apply while hot, and it will be brown; let it dry, and
apply lime water, and you will have a beautiful black.


423. SCARLET STAIN

Take a solution of aqua-fortis in water, apply it to the black, and
it will produce a beautiful scarlet.


424. BRUSH VARNISH

Take of spirits of wine 1 pint, gum benzion half a pound; dissolve
the gum in the spirits. It may be laid on with a camel hair brush,
or a small piece of wool rolled in old cotton.


425. TO BORE GLASS

Fill a vial with turpentine spirits, dissolve in it as much camphor
as it will take, insert then into this liquid the point of a common
diamond pointed drill, and with it you can bore glass as fast as
you please.


426. GERMAN SILVER

Take of nickle 25 parts, zinc 25 parts, copper 50 parts, melt all
together, and you have good german silver.


427. BRASS

Brass is made by melting together a little less than two parts of
copper, and one part of zinc.


428. CHEMICAL SOAP

This is for washing cloths with one-half the labour of that with
common bar soap. Take 16 lbs. English bar white soap, 3-1/2 lbs.
sal-soda, 1 lb. pulverized rosin, 8 oz. salt; put these into 5
gallons soft water over a fire until dissolved; then put the same
into a barrel, and fill it with cold water, after which add 2 oz.
spirits of turpentine, and stir while cooling.


429. ENGLISH BAR SOAP

Take of water 6 gallons, good stone lime 3 lbs., sal-soda 20 lbs.,
borax 4 oz., fat 15 lbs., (tallow is best,) pulverized rosin 10
lbs., and 4 oz. of beeswax; put the water in a kettle on the fire,
and when nearly boiling, add the lime and sal-soda; when these are
dissolved, add the borax, boil gently and stir until this is also
dissolved, then add the fat, rosin and beeswax, and boil all very
gently until it shows flaky on the stick, then pour into moulds.


430. BROWN WINDSOR SOAP

This is made by colouring the English bar soap with the precipitate
of iron, Venetian red, or vandyke brown, and scenting while not too
hot with any of the essential oils, or a mixture of them according
to fancy.


431. YELLOW SOAP

This is made in the same way as the English bar soap, except that
you add three percent of palm oil, deducting the same amount of fat.


432. SOLID LARD CANDLES

Dissolve 1/4 lb. of alum, and 1/4 lb. of saltpetre in 1/2 a pint
of water on a slow fire; then take 3 lbs. of lard cut into small
pieces, and put into the pot with this solution, stirring it
constantly over a very moderate fire until the lard is all
dissolved; then let it simmer until all steam ceases to rise, and
then at once remove it from the fire. If you leave it too long
it will become discoloured. These candles are harder and better
than tallow.


433. MEDICINES

The following medicines are for man, while those commencing at
receipt No. 331, and ending at No. 392 are for horses, cattle, &c.,
unless when stated to the contrary.


434. FOR DROPSY

Take of powdered jalap 5 gr., powdered rhubarb 5 gr., powdered
scammony 5 gr., powdered elaterium 1/2 gr., bitartrate of potash 1/2
drm., sulphate of potash 1/2 drm., and syrup of ginger sufficient to
make into pills; mix and divide into five pills. These five pills
given at once form an excellent hydragogue cathartic to clear the
chest, relieve breathing and diminish the dropsical effusion.


435. ANTIBILIOUS PILLS

Take of camomel 20 grs., jalap powder 20 grs., tartar-emetic 2 grs.,
and syrup sufficient to form into pills; divide into eight pills.
The dose is tow at bed time; repeated in the morning if necessary.
This forms an excellent antibilious pill.


436. JAUNDICE

Take of rhubarb powder 1 scruple, castile soap half a drachm,
calomel 12 grs., mix and divide into pills; two or three to be taken
at bed time; emetrics, purges, fomentations about the stomach and
liver, and exercise will seldom fail to cure jaundice when it is a
simple disease; and when complicated with dropsy, a scirrous liver,
or other chronic complaints, it is hardly to be cured by any means.
Castile soap has been looked upon as a kind of specific.


437. ASTHMA

Take of powdered squills 2 drms., powdered assafoetida 1 drachm, mix
and divide into 30 pills, two to be taken twice or thrice a day.
Useful in chronic asthma.


438. DR. DEWEES' ANTI-COLIC MIXTURE

Take of carbonate of magnesia 1/2 drm., tincture of assafoetida 60
drops, tincture of opium 20 drops, white sugar 1 drm., and distilled
water 1 oz.; mix and shake; twenty-five drops to be given to an
infant of two to four weeks old, in flatulent colic, diarrhoea, &c.


439. DR. HUN'S ANTI-DIARRHOEAL MIXTURE

Take of oil of cajeput 1 oz., oil of cloves 1 oz., oil of peppermint
1 oz., oil of anise 1 oz., alcohol 4 oz.; mix and shake; dose, from
one to two drachms in hot brandy and water or syrup. This will
afford the most speedy relief in diarrhoea accompanied with pain.


440. HOPE'S MIXTURE

Take of camphor water 4 oz., nitric acid 4 drops, tincture of opium
40 to 60 drops; mix cork, and shake; dose, a tablespoonful every two
hours in diarrhoea and dysentery.


441. ANTI-CHOLERA MIXTURE

Take of tincture of opium 1 drm., liquor ammonia 1/2 drm., tincture
of the oil of peppermint 1/2 drm., ether 25 drops, tincture of
camphor 1 drm., tincture of capsicum, 1 drachm; mix, cork and shake.
In real cholera give this all immediately; if the patient throws it
up, repeat at once. This is an excellent prescription in extreme
cases when the patient is cramped.


442. FOR HYSTERIC FITS

Take of tincture assafoetida 2 drms., aromatic spirits of ammonia
2 drms., camphor water 7 ozs., mix and cork; give two tablespoonsful
every three or four hours.


443. ANTI-ASTHMATIC MIXTURE

Take of mixture of ammoniacum 4 oz., syrup of squill 3 drms.,
antimonial wine 60 drops, wine 1/2 oz., mix and cork. Give two
tablespoonsful often, or when either the cough or shortness of
breath is troublesome.


444. ANTI-RHEUMATIC MIXTURE

Take of ammoniated tinc. of quack 1/2 oz., honey 1/2 oz., camphor
water 6 oz., mix and cork. Take two tablespoonsful three or four
times a day in chronic rheumatism; rub well the affected part with
anti-rheumatic liniment.


445. ANTI-RHEUMATIC LINIMENT

Take of tinc. of opium 2 oz., tinc. of belladonna 2 oz., powdered
camphor 2 oz., oil of turpentine 2 oz., oil of sassafras 2 oz., oil
of origanum 2 oz., and tinc. of capsicum 1 pint; mix all together.


446. DIURETIC MIXTURE

Take of peppermint water 5 oz., wine 6 drachms, sweet spirits of
nitre 1/2 oz.; mix. Two tablespoonsful to be taken three times a-day
in obstruction of urinary passages.


447. SWEATING MIXTURE

Take of acetated liquor of ammonia 3 oz., ipecacuanha 10 gr.,
tincture of oil of peppermint 15 drops, distilled water 5 oz.; mix.
Three tablespoonsful to be taken every two hours, until it produces
the desired effects.


448. FOR CRAMP IN THE STOMACH

Take of ether 2 drms, white sugar 1-1/2 drms., tinc. of opium 60
drops, cinnamon water 2 oz.; mix. Give a teaspoonful every hour in
cramp of the stomach.


449. FOR HOOPING COUGH

Take of tinc. of assafoetida 1 drm, ipecacuanha 10 gr., tinc. of
opium 10 drops, distilled water 2 ozs.; mix. Give to a child two
years old a teaspoonful every four hours, increasing ten drops for
every additional year.


450. FOR WINTER COUGH, &c.

Take of powered extract of liquorice 2 drms, gum acacia 2 drms, hot
water 4 oz.; mix. Let all dissolve, and add tinc. of opium 40 drops,
spirits of nitric ether 1 drm., wine of antimony 2 drms. Dose, one
tablespoonful in catarrh and common winter cough.


451. TONIC MIXTURE

Take of calomba 2 ozs., tinc. of muriate of iron 1-1/2 oz., sulphate
of quinine 20 grs., brandy 6 ozs., water 1-1/2 pint, bruise the
calumba and pour the water on it boiling hot, cover tightly for
two hours, then strain, bottle, and add all the other ingredients,
when the quinine is dissolved it is ready for use. This forms an
excellent tonic in cases of debility. Dose, one tablespoonful
three times a-day half an hour before meals.


452. ANTI-PERIODIC MIXTURE

Take of sulphate of quinine 20 grs., sulphuric acid 1 drop, white
sugar 1 drm., cinnamon water 2-1/2 oz.; put the quinine, acid and
water into a vial together, when dissolved add the sugar. Dose,
a teaspoonful every hour, between the paroxysms of intermittent
fevers, fever and ague, &c.


453. EMMENAGOGUE MIXTURE

Take of tinc. of aloes 1/2 oz., tinc. of chloride of iron 1/2 drm.,
tinc. of valerian 1/2 oz.; mix. Take a teaspoonful in chamomile tea
two or three times a-day in cases of amenorrhoea.


454. ANTI-GOUT MIXTURE

Take of ammoniated tinc. of guaiac 6 drms., camphor water 6 ozs.,
tinc. of rhubarb 1/2 oz., and honey 1/2 oz.; mix, by rubbing the
honey and the guaiac up in a glass mortar, and then add the other
articles by degrees. Give two tablespoonsful every four or six
hours, and rub with the anti-rheumatic liniment.


455. ANTI-GONORRHOEAL MIXTURE

Take of copaibe 1/2 oz., spirts of nitric ether 1/2 oz., powdered
acacia 1 drm., powered white sugar 1 drm., compound spts. of
lavender 2 drms., tinc. of opium 1 drm., distilled water 4 oz.;
mix. Dose, a tablespoonful three times a-day. Shake before using.


456. ANOTHER

Take of copaibe 1 oz., sweet spirits of nitre 1 oz., gum acacia
powdered white sugar 1 drm., peppermint water 4 oz.; mix, and let
all dissolve. Dose, a tablespoonful three times a-day. Shake
before using.


457. ASTRINGENT EYE-WATER

Take of solution of acetate of lead 12 drops, wine of opium 11
drops, rose water 4 ozs.; mix, and let dissolve. This should be
applied with a linen rag four or five times a-day.


458. EYE-WATER

Take of distilled vinegar 1 oz., diluted spirits of wine 1/2 oz.,
rose water 8 ozs., mix. An excellent application to weak eyes after
depletion.


459. ALUM EYE-WATER

Take of rose water 2 ozs., distilled water 2 oz., and alum 1
scruple; mix and let dissolve. Excellent in chronic inflamations.


460. GARGLE OF BORAX

Take of borax 1 drm., tinc. of myrrh 1/2 oz., clarified honey 1 oz.,
rose or distilled water, 4 oz.; mix. To be used as a gargle or
mouth wash in sore mouth or affection of the gums. Omit the myrrh
and water, and there is nothing better for the thrush in children;
clean rain water answers about the same purpose, in all cases, as
distilled water.


461. GARGLE FOR SORE THROAT

Take of sulphate of quinine 15 grains, sulphate of copper 16 grains,
aramotic sulphuric acid 1 drm., water 8 ozs.; mix and dissolve. To
be used frequently in chronic and obstinate sore throats.


462. OINTMENT FOR PILES

Take of lard 1 oz., solution of subacetate of lead 25 drops, tinc.
of opium 1 drm.; mix well. Anoint the parts twice a day.


463. OINTMENT FOR ITCH

Take of sublimed sulphur 2 ozs., lard 4 ozs., oil of lavender 1 drm.
Make into an ointment. To be rubbed on the parts affected every
night, till the eruption disappears. The internal use of sulphur
will, in all cases, assist its external application.


464. BLISTERING OINTMENT

Take of lard 32 parts, oil of almonds 2 parts, strong liquor of
ammonia 17 parts; melt the lard, add the oil, then the ammonia,
must be strong, and keep the contents of the bottle well mixed
by shaking them until cold. This will blister in half an hour.


465. IODINE OINTMENT

Take of iodine 3 grs., lard 2 drms.; make into an ointment; applied
to scrofulous swellings when the skin is unbroken. It is the only
cure for what is popularly termed thick neck.


466. OINTMENT OF IODINE OF ZINC

Take of iodide of zinc 1 drm., lard 1 oz.; make onto an ointment.
A drm. to be rubbed on twice a day in tumors.


467. OINTMENT FOR CHILBLAINS

Take of lard 7-1/2 drms., creosote 10 drops, solution of subacetate
of lead 10 drops, watery extract of opium 1 grain; mix. Apply to the
affected parts.


468. OINTMENT FOR DISEASES OF THE SKIN

Take of citrine ointment 1-1/2 drm., sublimed sulphur 1 drm., lard
3 ozs.; make an ointment. This is a good application for almost all
affections of the skin.


469. EMOLLIENT OINTMENT

Take of palm oil 2 lbs., olive oil 1 pint, turpentine 4 oz.,
red beeswax 6 ozs.; melt the wax in the oils, and then add the
turpentine and strain the ointment. This is a most excellent
application for inflamed parts, &c.


470. POKE ROOT OINTMENT

Take of poke root 3 ozs., lard 1 lb., boil for a quarter of an hour
and strain. This ointment has quite a reputation in Virginia, with
the old ladies, for all kinds of old sores and ulcers, and it is an
excellent application to indolent and purulent ulcers and sores.


471. OINTMENT FOR HYDROCEPHALUS

Take of iodide of mercury 2 parts, iodide of potassium 3 parts,
camphor 2 parts, lard 32 parts; mix and keep well corked. To be
rubbed on the head in hydrocephalus or water on the brain in doses
of half a drachm to a drachm.


472. LINAMENT FOR BURNS

Take of olive oil 1 oz., linseed oil 1 oz., lime water 1 oz.; mix
well. This forms an excellent application for recent scalds and
burns.


473. VOLATILE LINAMENT

Take of olive oil 1 oz., aqua ammonia 1 oz.; mix. To be applied to
bruises, rheumatic parts, &c., and to the neck in inflammation of
the throat.


474. ALKALINE CATAPLASM

Take of lye, rather weak, warm it and stir in of slippery elm bark
or flaxseed, or meal sufficient to form a poultice. This is a most
excellent poultice, and should be used more than it is. It is useful
in inflammation of the breast and other parts, felons, wounds,
fistula, &c.


475. ANODYNE FOMENTATION

Take of laudanum 4 ozs., water 1 pint; mix. For painful affections
of the joints, as chronic rheumatism, &c., hops dipped in hot
vinegar will answer as well.


476. COMMON CLYSTER

Take of flaxseed tea or cornmeal gruel, from one to two pints, sweet
oil 2 or 3 ounces, common salt one teaspoonful, brown sugar two
tablespoonsful; mix.


477. ANODYNE CLYSTER

Take of a solution of starch in water, of jelly, or water half a
pint, laudanum forty drops; mix. The whole to be injected in cases
of dysentery, violent purging and pain in the bowels.


478. INJECTION FOR LEUCORRHOEA

Take of sulphate of zinc 10 grs., tinc. of opium 1/2 drm., rose
water 4 oz.; mix and dissolve. To be injected several times a day.


479. ANOTHER

Take of alum 10 grs., rose water 4 oz.; mix and dissolve. To be used
frequently.


480. ESSENCE OF BEEF

Take of lean beef sliced 1 lb., put it into a bottle or jar closely
corked; place this in a vessel of cold water and boil for an hour
or more; then decant and skim the liquid. Chicken tea may be made
in the same way. For more nourishing and palatable than beef tea,
season it to suit the taste.


481. IMPERIAL DRINK

Take of cream of tartar one drm., the outer rind of fresh lemon or
orange peel half a drm., loaf sugar one ounce, boiling water two
pints. When they have stood in a pitcher about ten minutes, strain
off the liquor. This makes a beautiful cooling drink, and is an
excellent article in fevers.


482. RINGWORM LOTION

Take of sublimate of mercury, 5 grains; spirits of wine, 2 oz.;
tinc. of musk, 1 drachm; rose water, 6 oz.; mix well, and rub well
in.


483. WHISKERS AND MOUSTACHES

The best method of promoting the growth of whiskers and moustaches,
is to shave the parts frequently, and use as a stimulant the ashes
of burned tobacco macerated in bay water.


484. COUGH SYRUP

Take of hoarhound, 1 quart; water 1 quart; mix and boil down to a
pint; then add two or three sticks of liquorice and a tablespoonful
of essence of lemon; dose, a tablespoonful three times a day, or as
often as the cough is troublesome.


485. BLACK SALVE

Take of sweet oil 1 oz., linseed oil 1 oz., pulverized red lead
1 oz.; put all into an iron dish over a moderate fire, constantly
stirring until you can draw your finger over a drop of it on a
board, when a little cool, without sticking; when it is done,
spread on a cloth and apply as other salves.


486. SEIDLITZ POWDERS

Take of rochelle salts, 2 drachms; bicarbonate of soda, 2 scruples;
put these into a blue paper, and put 35 grains of tartaric acid into
a white paper. To use, put each into different tumblers, half fill
each with water, and put a little loaf sugar in with the acid, then
pour them together and drink; this makes a very pleasant cathartic.
Effervescing draught is made by leaving out the rochelle salts.


487. CAMPHOR ICE

Take of spermaceti, 1-1/2 oz.; gum camphor, 3/4 oz.; oil of sweet
almonds, 4 teaspoonsful; mix, and apply heat just enough to melt
all together. Whilst warm, pour into small moulds, then paper, and
put up in tin-foil. This, for chaps on hands or lips, cannot be
equalled.


488. FOR SALT RHEUM

Take a quantity of the pokeweed, any time in summer, pound it, press
out the juice, strain it into a pewter dish, and set it in the sun
until it acquires the consistency of salve; then put it into an
earthen mug, add to it water and beeswax sufficient to make an
ointment of common consistency. Simmer the whole over a fire till
thoroughly mixed; when cold, it is ready for use. To be rubbed on
the part affected. The most obstinate cases have yielded to this in
three or four months. Try it.


489. ARTIFICIAL SKIN

Dissolve gun cotton in sulphuric ether, and thicken it with gum
mucilage. This article touched upon a cut or bruise, forms,
immediately, an artificial skin, which cannot be washed off. It is
very useful as it obviates the necessity of finger cots or bandages.
It is excellent for sore nipples.


490. HAIR RESTORATIVE

Take of sugar of lead, 1 oz.; lack sulphur, 1 oz.; essence of
bergamot, 1/2.; bay rum, 1 gill; alcohol, 1 gill; and half a
teaspoonful of salt; dissolve, first, the sugar of lead and sulphur
in the alcohol, then the other ingredients; and add the whole to a
gallon of warm soft water, then bottle it tightly, and it is fit for
use. To be applied several times a day. This is a most excellent
article, give it a trail.


491. TO REMOVE WARTS AND CORNS

This is very often done by means of nitrate of silver, or some of
the mineral acids; but the best caustic for this purpose is that
recommended for cancer in the skin.


492. CANCER IN THE SKIN

No one but an impostor will presume to cure a true cancer,
containing the cancer cell, and situated in the muscles. Many times
hard tumors, not containing the cancer cell, are called cancers, and
are removed by different methods, which is very easily accomplished,
without a danger of their returning; by which means base quacks
become lauded by the illiterate, for their superior skill in
banishing this dreadful malady, and the orphan, and finally,
in consequence thereof, plunge themselves headlong over yonder
precipice of eternal misery. Cancer which are situated in the skin,
and are sometimes called spider cancers, &c., may be cured by the
following caustic: take of sulphate of iron, 1 part; and acetate of
lead, 1 part; pulverize each separately, as fine as possible, and
mix well together; then, by means of a probe or knitting-needle,
touch the cancer with it every morning for three or four times, and
you will be able to draw it all out; after which apply adhesive
straps that it may heal. It is used in the same way to destroy corns
and warts. In the case of cancer, physic well before applying it.


493. FOR WORMS

Give a child one year old 15 drops of spirits of turpentine on
sugar, fasting, for three mornings in succession; follow the last
dose with a good dose of castor oil; this forms an excellent
vermifuge. The dose of spirits of turpentine for a child two years
old is 20 drops, three years old 25 drops, four years old 30 drops,
&c.


494. SPASMODIC CROUP

Genuine croup is indeed of very rare occurrence, and is a fearfully
dangerous disease, the only chances are to call in a physician at
once. In genuine croup, the child seems to have a cold and is hoarse
for a few days previous to the attack; but the fit generally comes
on suddenly in spasmodic croup, which may be treated as follows.
During the fit put the child in a warm bath, apply hot water to the
throat, allow fresh air, and sprinkle the face and chest with cold
water.


495. FOR FLATULENCY

Make a tea of the seeds of anise, caraway, and coriander, and drink
freely of it.


496. FOR HICCOUGH

Take five drops of oil of anise on sugar when they commence to be
troublesome.


497. FOR HEARTBURN

This is a very disagreeable sensation, but may be banished by taking
a teaspoonful of carbonate of soda dissolved in half a tumbler full
of sweetened water.


498. ERYSIPELAS

This when very bad needs the attendance of a physician; when not so
bad, paint the inflamed part over with white lead, mixed with paint
oil, it is an excellent remedy.


499. FOR FELON

Poultice well with flaxseed meal until matter begins to form, then
at once have it well laid open with a lance, continue the poultice
for some time afterwards.


500. HAIR RESTORATIVE

Take of black mustard seed 1/2 oz., red pepper 15 grains, blood
root 1/2 oz., cantharides 15 grains, castile soap 1/2 oz., alcohol
one quart; mix all together in a bottle, let stand for a week,
occasionally shaking. Perfume with oil of bergamot, and apply
three or four times a day.


501. TO KILL RATS AND MICE WITHOUT POISON

Slice up a quantity of corks, grease, and scent them with oil of
anise; throw them in the way of the rats and mice; they will eat,
but cannot digest them; the result is they will die.


502. EYE WATER

One part of good brandy, to six of clean rain or distilled water,
makes an admirable eye water for most cases of sore eyes.


503. FOR CHRONIC GOUT AND RHEUMATISM

Take of bicarbonate of potash 1/2 drachm, tincture of orange 2
drachms, compound decoction of aloes 8 oz., mix. Dose, a wine
glass full whenever the fit is expected. This is Sir A. Cooper's
prescription.


504. FOR SICKNESS AND VOMITING

Take of creosote 16 drops, acetic acid 16 drops, compound spirit of
juniper 1 oz., syrup 1 oz., water 14 oz.; mix the creosote with the
acid, add gradually the water, and lastly the syrup and spirit. Dose
from two to four tablespoonsful.


505. LAXATIVE PILL

Take of powdered aloes 1 drachm, gamboge 10 grains, Castile soap and
water sufficient to make a pill mass; mix and divide into 34 pills.
Dose, one, two, or three, to be given when necessary, for torpid
bowels.


506. FOR HEADACHE

In case of a severe attack of headache the best remedy is,
generally, to take a good strong physic of salts and senna. If this
does not relieve it, or where the person is very frequently troubled
with headache, apply a blister to the back of the neck, you will
find it an excellent remedy.


507. FOR MAKING SIZE

This, with the following four, are currier's receipts.

Take of sizing 1 quart, soft soap 1 gill, stuffing 1 gill, sweet
milk 1/2 pint; boil the sizing in water to a proper consistence,
strain and add the other ingredients, and when thoroughly mixed
it is ready for use.


508. FOR PASTE

First coat.--Take of water 2 quarts; flour 1/2 pint, castile soap
1 oz.; make into paste. Second coat.--Take of the first paste 1/2
pint, gum tragacanth 1 gill, water 1 pint; mix all together. This
will finish eighteen sides of upper.


509. SKIRTING

This is for finishing skirting and the flesh of harness leather in
imitation of oak tanning. Take of chrome yellow 1/2 lb., yellow
ochre 1 lb., cream of tartar 1 oz., soda 1/2 oz., paste 5 quarts;
mix well. This will finish twelve sides.


510. SKIRTING

For the grain of skirting to imitate oak tan, take of chrome yellow
1/2 lb., yellow ochre 1/2 lb., cream of tartar 1 oz., soda 1 oz.,
paste 2 qts., spirits of turpentine 1 pint. Mix well; this will
finish twelve sides.


511. GRAIN BLACK

This is for the grain of harness leather. First, stain in tallow,
then take of spirits of turpentine 1 pint, cream of tartar 1 oz.,
soda 1 oz., gum shellac 1/2 oz., thick paste reduced thin 2 qts.
Mix well. This will finish 24 sides.


512. ANTIDOTES FOR POISONS

The antidotes for poisoning with the strong mineral acids, such as
nitric, muriatic, sulphuric, or oxalic acids are magnesia, chalk,
whiting, in milk or water; mucilaginous or soapy liquids. When
sulphuric acid has been taken, use very little water if any.
Irritate the throat with a feather to produce vomiting.

The antidote for poisoning with corrosive sublimate or any other
preparation of mercury, is albumen, as whites of eggs, in large
quantity, flour and water, and milk. The whites of eggs are best.

The antidotes for poisoning by opium, or any of its preparations,
as morphia, laudanum, &c., are the stomach pump if it can be had;
tartar emetic, 2 to 5 grains, or sulphate of zinc, 15 to 30
grains, or sulphate of copper, 12 to 15 grs., for an adult. The
sulphates of zinc or copper are best, because they act quicker.
External excitation, keep in motion, mechanical excitement of
respiration, cold effusion to the head and face, feet in hot water,
electro-magnetism, internal stimulants, as bicarbonate of ammonia,
5 to 25 grains in water, carbonate of ammonia, 5 to 15 grains in
water, coffee and vegetable acids. Some propose as an antidote for
every case of poisoning, half a pint of bland oil, as sweet oil,
fresh butter melted to oil, &c., to be drank at once, for an adult.


513. TREATMENT OF DROWNING

If respiration has ceased when the body is taken out of the water,
it should instantly be commenced artificially, by putting a pipe
into one nostril, and closing the mouth and the other nostril, and
very gently blowing through it about 15 times in a minute; but it
is a better plan to use a small pair of bellows, putting its muzzle
into the nostril, at the same time the body should be wiped dry,
and be assiduously rubbed with hot cloths; hot bricks and bottles
of hot water should be put into the armpit, between the thighs,
and to the feet; the head should be raised, the nostrils irritated
with a feather, or the fumes of hartshorn, and a warm injection of
turpentine, made as follows, may be thrown up--oil of turpentine,
3 drachms; gruel, 1/2 a pint; and the yolk of 1 egg. Incorporate the
turpentine with the egg, then add the gruel. Galvanism should be
resorted to, if respiration is not quickly restored. As soon as the
patient can swallow, he should have some weak wine and water; and
soon afterwards an emetic of a large tablespoonful of mustard, mixed
with 6 ozs. of water, to clear the stomach of the water which he
has swallowed, and to restore the circulation by the impetus of
vomiting. After some hours he will suffer from severe headache and
fever, which must be relieved by bleeding, purgatives, &c., which
will be attended to by a physician, who will be present by this
time. A case is related in which life was restored by the most
persevering friction, which was kept up for eight hours before the
humanity of the surgeon, Dr. Douglass, of Havre, was rewarded by a
return of respiration.


514. ELASTIC CEMENT FOR BELTS

Take of white glue, 1 lb., dry white lead, 1 lb., alcohol, 1/2 pint,
rain water, 3 pints, and proceed as directed in receipt No. 417.
When ready for use apply to the ends of the belt, lay them together
and place upon them a heavy weight until perfectly dry, then use the
belt as you please.


515. GOOD SAMARITAN OR PAIN-KILLER

Take of 95 percent alcohol 2 quarts, and add to it the following
articles: oils of sarsafras and hemlock, spirits of turpentine,
balsam of fir, chloriform, tincture of catechu and guaiacum, of
each 1 oz., oil of origanum 2 oz., oil of wintergreen 1/2 oz., and
gum of camphor 1/2 oz. Let it all be well incorporated and you
have the most excellent pain killer that was ever made. It is good
for rheumatism, headache, neuralgia, cuts, sprains, burns, bruises,
spinal affections, ear-ache, tooth-ache, sore throat, &c. This is
used internally and externally, the dose internally is 10 drops;
take on sugar.


516. DIAMOND PASTE FOR RAZORS

By rubbing a little of this paste on your razor-strap, it is
astonishing how speedily you will be able to sharpen a razor. It
is made simply by mixing flour of emery and sweet oil, to the
consistence of paste.


517. FOR STAGGERS IN SHEEP

Dissolve assafoetida in warm water, and put half a tablespoonful in
each ear of the sheep. It is a speedy remedy.


518. WATER-PROOF FOR LEATHER

Take of linseed oil, 1 pint; yellow wax and white turpentine, of
each, 2 oz.; burgundy pitch, 1 oz.; melt all together, and colour
with lampblack. This being applied to boots, you may stand in water
all day, and your feet will be dry at night.


519. TO BROWN GUN-BARRELS

Rub the barrel, after it is finished, with aquafortis, or spirit of
salt diluted in water; leave it by for a week, till a complete coat
is formed; then apply a little oil, and after rubbing the surface
dry, polish it with a hard brush and a little beeswax.


520. LIQUID GLUE

Put 1 oz. of borax into a pan with 1 quart of water, set it on
the fire; when melted, which will be very soon, put in 8 oz. of
gum shellac, and boil until dissolved; if too thin add more gum;
when cool bottle for use.


521. TO TAKE INK SPOTS OUT OF MAHOGANY

Apply spirits of salt with a rag, until the spot disappears, and
immediately wash with clean water; or to half a pint of soft water
put 1 oz. of oxalic acid, and 1/2 oz. of butter of antimony; shake
it well, and when dissolved it will be very useful for extracting
stains out of mahogany, as well as ink, if not of too long standing.


522. TO CLEAN MARBLE, SIENNA, JASPER, PORPHYRY, &c.

Mix up a quantity of strongest soap-lees with quicklime, to the
consistence of milk, and lay it on the stone, &c., for 24 hours;
clean it afterwards with soap and water, and it will appear as new.
This may be improved by rubbing or polishing it afterwards with fine
putty powder and olive oil. This is a beautiful article for cleaning
marble monuments, &c.


523. TO CLEAN SILVER FURNITURE

Lay the furniture piece by piece upon a charcoal fire; and when they
are just red, take them off and boil them in tartar and water, and
your silver will have the same beauty as when first made. Try this
method once and you will never forsake it; it will not remove a
portion of the silver, as article that are sold in vials, boxes,
&c., for this purpose will do.


524. A FINE BLACK VARNISH

Take 2 ozs. of bitumen of Palestine, 2 ozs. of resin, and 12 ozs. of
umber; melt them separately, and afterwards mix them together over
a moderate fire; then pour upon them, while on the fire, 6 ozs. of
clear boiled linseed oil, and keep stirring the whole from time to
time; take it off the fire, and, when pretty cool, pour in 12 ozs.
of essence of turpentine. This varnish is for coaches and iron work.


525. TO PAINT SAIL-CLOTH, SO AS TO MAKE IT PLIANT, DURABLE, AND
WATER-PROOF

Grind 96 lbs. of English ochre with boiled oil, and add to it 16
lbs. of black paint; dissolve 1 lb. of yellow soap in one pail of
water, on the fire, and mix it while hot with the paint. Lay this
composition, without wetting it, upon the canvass, as stiff as can
conveniently be done with the brush, so as to form a smooth surface;
the next day, or the day after, (if the latter, so much the better,)
lay on a second coat of ochre and black, with a very little, if any,
soap; allow this coat a day to dry, and then finish the canvass with
black paint.


526. PHOTOCROMATIC OIL PAINTING

INSTRUCTION:

Chemicals used in executing them:--chemical varnish, No. 1, 2 oz.
damar varnish, 1 oz. spirits turpentine; (mix well together.)
Finishing varnish, No. 2, 1 oz. spirits turpentine, 1 oz. alcohol,
1 oz. salt, 1 quart water. A camel's hair brush is needed for
varnishing. Take a smooth pane of common window-glass, any size you
choose, clean it well, then varnish one side of it with chemical
varnish No. 1, lay it away where it will be perfectly free from
dust, and let it dry twenty-four hours; next varnish the same side
of the glass again, and let it dry about one half hour, or until the
varnish becomes stickey. Immediately after varnishing the glass the
second time, take the print that you wish to get an impression of,
and immerse it in the solution No. 3; put the solution in a flat
pan, and lay the print in with the face side up; let the print lay
in the solution about five minutes, or until the paper is completely
saturated, then remove it, taking care not to stretch it, and lay it
on paper with the face side up, in order that the solution may dry
from the face of the print. In this way prepare the print, getting
it ready by the time the glass has dried one half hour. Next,
carefully lay the face of the print on the varnished side of the
glass, being particular to lay it on smooth and press it firmly to
the glass, so as to exclude every particle of air; should there be
any air left under the paper, it will show itself in spots, and
must be pressed out. You now lay it away and let it dry another
twenty-four hours; then, wet the back part of the print with water
and with your hand or a wet cloth, rub the paper from the back of
the print until it is so thin that the outlines of the picture can
be seen from the back and of uniform thickness. You next spread a
thin coat of finishing varnish (No. 2) on it and lay it away to dry.
This will render it perfectly clear and transparent.--After this
coat of varnish has dried, rub it over with a bit of fine sand
paper, to make it smooth, and finish with two or three coats of
No. 2 varnish. When dry, put it in a frame with the varnished side
out, placing a sheet of light coloured paper on the back, this will
give it the appearance of an oil painting. By following these
directions you cannot fail to produce a beautiful picture.


527. FOR THE COMPLEXION

Boil a small piece of gum benzoin in some spirits of wine till it is
dissolved, (five minutes boiling will be sufficient,) then bottle
for use. A few drops of this in a glass of soft water (sufficient
to make the water a milky colour) makes a delicious wash; apply with
a towel or linen cloth. This article will make the skin as soft as
velvet, and will constantly preserve rosy cheeks and lips, and for
this it has not equal in the world; besides, it is as harmless as a
sun-shower. As it is not a paint, it will not act just on the moment
when applied.


528. ORIENTAL CREAM OF ROSES

Take of tincture of elder blossoms 1/2 oz., best beef marrow 1
teaspoonful, orange flower water 1/2 pint, cassia buds 1 oz.,
blanched bitter almonds 2 oz., spirits of oriental roses 4 drms.;
mix all, and when the solution acquires the colour and consistency
of milk it is fit for use. This article is for beautifying the
complexion, making the skin as soft, as fair, and as rosy as that
of a healthy infant; apply at pleasure. It is not only harmless,
but will prove a speedy cure for all pimples, blotches, &c.


529. INSTRUCTION FOR GILDING

Dissolve a gold dollar in nitro-muriatic acid,--(2 ozs. muriatic
to 1 of nitric,) then dissolve a 1/4 lb. of copperas in a pint of
hot water, and pour it into the dish containing the gold and acid,
pouring in a little at a time, till it stops boiling or foaming up;
then let it stand and settle about six hours; then strain off the
copperas-water carefully, and the gold will appear like a brown or
dark yellow powder in the bottom of the dish. You will then proceed
to wash the gold, which is done by pouring hot water on it; let it
stand and settle a few minutes, and then drain off. Continue washing
in this manner till there is no acid or copperas taste; then add to
the gold in the bottom of the dish from 1-1/2 to 2 oz. cyanuret
potassa, dissolved in about 1/2 pint pure soft water. The solution is
then ready for use. Gild by laying a piece of pure zinc in contact
with the article to be gilded, in the solution.


530. DIRECTIONS FOR SILVERING

Dissolve a silver dollar in about 2 ozs. of nitric acid by heating;
then dissolve a tablespoonful of salt in about a quart of water;
pour it into the dish with the silver and acid; let it stand and
settle a few minutes, and the silver will settle to the bottom in
a white powder. Then drain off the water carefully, and add more
water, then drain off again. Continue washing in this manner till no
acid or salt taste remains; then add a quart or more of pure soft
water, and cyanuret potassa enough to take it up, or nearly so.
The solution is then nearly ready for use.

Silver by laying a piece of zinc in contact with the article, the
same as in gilding. If the article you are silvering or gilding
corrodes or turns black, it wants a little more cyanuret. In gilding
or silvering, the article must be thoroughly cleaned, and great care
must be taken that the water used is of the purest kind.

When the plating is as heavy as you wish, polish it with a mixture
of chalk and alcohol, or of chalk alone, applied with a fine brush,
or else a bit of chamois leather or rag.

If you wish to put on a very heavy coat of silver or gold, instead
of using zinc alone as a battery, use the following, attach a piece
of copper to one end of an iron wire about ten inches long, and a
piece of zinc to the other end, and place both zinc and copper in
contact with the article being silvered or gilded.


531. USING FRENCH POLISH

There is a mode of using shell-lac varnish which is sometimes
denominated the German, but more commonly the French mode. It merits
to be generally known, as the process is easy and economical, and
the effect beautiful. It has been much employed by cabinet and
musical instrument makers, but is not yet so extensively practised
as it merits to be. The varnish is applied by means of what is
called a rubber, made by rolling up a piece of thick woollen cloth,
which has been torn off so as to have a soft, elastic edge. The
varnish, put into a narrow-mouthed bottle, is applied to the middle
of the flat face of the rubber by laying the rubber on mouth of the
bottle and quickly shaking the varnish at once, as the rubber will
thus imbibe a sufficient quantity to varnish a considerable extent
of surface. The rubber is then enclosed in a soft linen cloth
doubled, the remainder of the cloth being gathered together at the
back of the rubber to form a handle to hold it by; and the face of
the linen cloth must be moistened with a little raw linseed oil,
which may either be coloured with alkanet root or not, applied with
the finger to the middle of it. The work to be varnished should
be placed opposite to the light, in order that the effect of the
polishing may be better seen, and a surface of from ten to eight
feet square may be varnished at once. The rubber must be quickly and
lightly rubbed upon the surface of the article to be varnished, and
the rubbing continued until the varnish becomes nearly dry. The coil
of woollen cloth must then be again wetted with the varnish, (no
more oil need be applied to the surface of the linen cloth,) and
the rubbing renewed till the varnish becomes nearly dry as before;
a third coat must be applied in the same manner, then a fourth with
a little oil, which must be followed by two others without oil,
as before. You proceed thus until the varnish has acquired some
thickness, which will be after a few repetitions of the series.
Apply then a little alcohol to the inside of the linen cloth, and
wet the coil with the varnish; after which, rub very quickly,
lightly, and uniformly, over every part of the varnished surface,
which will tend to make it even, and very much conduce to its
polish. The linen cloth must now be wetted with a little alcohol and
oil, without varnish; and the varnished surface being rubbed over,
with the precautions last mentioned, until it is nearly dry, the
effect of the operation will be seen. If it be found not complete,
the process must be continued, with the introduction of alcohol in
its turn as directed before, until the surface becomes smooth and
of a beautiful lustre. The preceding process is that in general use;
but Dr. Jones recommends, in the Franklin Journal, a rubber of a
different sort, as well as a simpler mode of employing it. He takes
a piece of thick woollen cloth, six or eight inches in diameter, and
upon one side of this pours a teaspoonful of the varnish; he then
collects the edges together, so as to enclose the varnish in the
cloth and form a handle by which to hold it: this is finally covered
with a piece of oiled linen cloth, and the rubber is ready for use.
More varnish is added as often as it is required; and when it
becomes occasionally too thick to ooze through, a little alcohol is
poured into the cloth. Some difficulties may be at first experienced
in performing this process; but Dr. Jones states that a very little
practice will enable any handy person to surmount them. The peculiar
advantage said to attend it is, that a beautiful polish may be at
once obtained by a continued application of the rubber in this way;
while, according to the method previously described, successive
coats of varnish, which require considerable time to dry, must be
used, and a great deal of additional trouble incurred. In varnishing
recesses or carved work, where parts of the surface are difficult to
reach with the rubber, a spirit varnish, made with or without lac of
the usual gum resins, and considerably thicker than that used for
the rest of the work, may be applied to those parts with a brush or
hair pencil.


532. LACQUER FOR BRASS

Seed-lac, 6 ozs.; amber or copal, ground on porphyry or very
clean marble, 2 ozs.; dragon's blood, 40 grains; extract of red
sandal-wood, 30 grains; oriental saffron, 36 grains; pounded glass,
4 ozs.; very pure alcohol, 40 ozs. Articles, or ornaments of brass,
to which this varnish is to be applied, should be exposed to a
gentle heat and then dipped into the varnish. Two or three coatings
may be thus applied, if necessary. Articles varnished in this manner
may be cleaned with water and a bit of dry rag.


533. TO CLEAN OLD BRASS WORK FOR LACQUERING

First boil a strong lye of wood-ashes, which you may strengthen with
soap-lees; put in your brass work, and the lacquer will immediately
come off; then have ready a pickle of aquafortis and water, strong
enough to take off the dirt; wash it immediately in clean water, dry
it well, and lacquer it.


534. TO PREPARE FISH OIL FOR PAINT

Into a cask which will contain about 40 galls., put 32 galls. of
good common vinegar; add to this 12 lbs. of litharge, and 12 lbs. of
white copperas in powder: bung up the vessel, and shake and roll it
well twice a-day for a week, when it will be fit to put into a ton
of whale, cod, or seal oil, (but the southern whale oil is to be
preferred, on account of its good colour and little or no smell:)
shake and mix all together, when it may settle until the next day;
then pour off the clear, which will be about seven-eighths of the
whole. To clear this part, add 12 galls. of linseed oil, and 2
galls. of spirits of turpentine; shake them well together, and,
after the whole has settled two or three days, it will be fit to
grind white lead and all fine colours in; and, when ground, cannot
be distinguished from those ground in linseed oil, unless by the
superiority of colour. If the oil be wanted only for coarse
purposes, the linseed oil and oil of turpentine may be added at the
same time that the prepared vinegar is put in; and, after being
well shaken up, is fit for immediate use, without being suffered to
settle. The residue or bottom, when settled by the addition of half
its quantity of fresh lime-water, forms an excellent oil for mixing
with all the coarse paints for preserving outside work. All colours
ground in the above oil, and used for inside work, must be thinned
with linseed oil and oil of turpentine.

Gain by the above process.

  One ton of fish oil, or 252 galls................ $151.20
  32 galls. of vinegar, at 12-1/2 cts. per gall....    4.00
  12 lbs. litharge, at 7 cts. per lb...............      84
  12 lbs. white copperas, at 8 cts. ditto..........      96
  12 galls. of linseed oil, at 90 cts. per gall....   10.80
   2 galls. of spirit of turpentine, at 40 cts.....      80
                                                    --------
                                                    $168.60

  252 galls. of fish oil
   12 ditto linseed oil
    2 ditto spirit of turpentine
   32 ditto vinegar
  ---
  298 galls., at 90 cts. per gal. $268.20
  Deduct the expense.............  168.60
                                  --------
                                  $ 99.60


535. PAINTING IN MILK

In consequence of the injury which has often resulted to sick and
weakly persons from the smell of common paint, the following method
of painting with milk has been adopted by some workmen, which, for
the interior of buildings, besides being as free as distemper from
any offensive odour, is said to be nearly equal to oil-painting in
body and durability. Take 1/2 gall. of skimmed milk, 6 ozs. of lime
newly slaked, 4 ozs. of poppy, linseed, or nut-oil, and 3 lbs. of
Spanish white. Put the lime into an earthen vessel or clean bucket,
and having poured on it a sufficient quantity of milk to make it
about the thickness of cream, add the oil in small quantities at a
time, stirring the mixture with a wooden spatula. Then put in the
rest of the milk, and afterwards the Spanish white. It is, in
general, indifferent which of the oils above-mentioned you use;
but, for a pure white, oil of poppy is the best. The oil in this
composition, being dissolved by the lime, wholly disappears; and,
uniting with the whole of the other ingredients, forms a kind of
calcareous soap. In putting in the Spanish white, you must be
careful that it is finely powdered and strewed gently over the
surface of the mixture. It then, by degrees, imbibes the liquid and
sinks to the bottom. Milk skimmed in summer is often found to be
curdled; but this is of no consequence in the present preparation,
as its combining with the lime soon restores it to its fluid state.
But it must on no account be sour; because, in that case, it would,
by uniting with the lime, form an earthy salt, which could not
resist any degree of dampness in the air. Milk paint may likewise
be used for out-door objects by adding to the ingredients
before-mentioned 2 ozs. each more of oil and slaked lime, and 2 ozs.
of Burgundy pitch. The pitch should be put into the oil that is to
be added to the milk and lime, and dissolved by a gentle heat. In
cold weather, the milk and lime must be warmed, to prevent the pitch
from cooling too suddenly, and to enable it to unite more readily
with the milk and lime. Time only can prove how far this mode of
painting is to be compared, for durability, with that in oil; for
the shrinking to which coatings of paint are subject depends in
great measure upon the nature and seasoning of the wood. The milk
paint used for in-door work dries in about an hour; and the oil
which is employed in preparing it entirely loses its smell in the
soapy state to which it is reduced by its union with the lime.
One coating will be sufficient for places that are already covered
with any colour, unless the latter penetrate through it and produce
spots. One coat will likewise suffice, in general, for ceilings and
stair-cases; two will be necessary for new wood. Milk painting may
be coloured, like every other in distemper, by means of the different
colouring substances employed in common painting. The quantity I
have given in the receipt will be sufficient for one coat to a
surface of about twenty-five square yards.


536. ETHEREAL SOLUTION OF GOLD

The following mode of effecting this solution (used chiefly for
gilding steel) is recommended by Mr. H. Mill, in the "Technical
Repository," as being superior to any previously made known. "The
instructions," he says, "given in most elementary works on chemistry
for this purpose are either erroneous or not sufficiently explicit."
The process answers equally well for either gold or platina.
Dissolve any quantity of gold or platina in nitro-muriatic acid,
(aqua regia,) until no further effervescence is occasioned by the
application of heat. Evaporate the solution of gold or platina, thus
formed, to dryness, in a gentle heat, (it will then be freed from
all excess of acid, which is essential,) and re-dissolve the dry
mass in as little water as possible: next take an instrument which
is used by chemists for dropping liquids, known by the name of a
separating funnel, having a pear-shaped body, tapering to a fine
sharp point, and a neck capable of being stopped with the finger or
a cork, which may contain a liquid once or more; fill it with the
liquid about one-quarter part, and the other three parts must be
filled with the very best sulphuric ether. If this be rightly
managed, the two liquids will not mix. Then place the tube in a
horizontal position, and gently turn it round with the finger and
thumb. The ether will very soon be impregnated with the gold or
platina, which may be known by its changing its colour; replace it
in a perpendicular position, and let it rest for twenty-four hours;
having first stopped up the upper orifice with a cork. The liquid
will then be divided into two parts--the darkest colouring being
underneath. To separate them, take out the cork and let the dark
liquid flow out: when it has disappeared, stop the tube immediately
with the cork, and what remains in the tube is fit for use, and may
be called gilding liquid. Let it be put into a bottle, and tightly
corked. The muriate of gold or platina, formed by digesting these
metals in nitro-muriatic acid, must be entirely free from all excess
of acid; because it will otherwise act  too forcibly on the steel,
and cause the coating of gold to peel off. Pure gold must be
employed; the ether must not be shaken with the muriate of gold, as
is advised in chemical publications, for it will be sure, then, to
contain acid; but if the two liquids be brought continually into
contact by the motion described, the affinity between ether and gold
is so strong as to overcome the obstacle of gravity, and it will
hold the gold in solution. The ethereal solution may also be
concentrated by gentle evaporation.


537. VARNISH POLISH

Take 2 ozs. of tripoli, reduced to fine powder; put it into an
earthen pot or basin, with water to cover it; then take a piece of
fine flannel, four times doubled, lay it over a piece of cork or
rubber, and proceed to polish your varnish, always wetting it with
the tripoli and water. You will know when the process is completed,
by wiping a part of the work with a sponge and observing whether
there is a fair and even gloss. Take a bit of mutton-suet and fine
flour, and clean off the work. Or, the powdered tripoli may be mixed
up with a little pure oil, and used upon a ball of serge, or of
chamois leather, which is better. The polishing may afterwards be
completed with a bit of serge or cloth, without tripoli. Putty
powder, and even common whiting and water, are sometimes used for
polishing; but they produce a very inferior effect to tripoli,
except in the case of ivory, for which putty and water, used upon a
rubber made of a hat, forms the best and quickest polish. Putty and
water may likewise be used, in the same manner as just mentioned for
ivory, in finishing off the polish of pearl work, after it has first
been polished very smooth with pumice-stone, finely powdered, and
well washed to free it from impurities and dirt.


538. VARNISH FOR COLOURED DRAWINGS

Mix together 1 oz. of Canada balsam and 2 ozs. of spirits of
turpentine. Before applying the composition, size the drawing or
print with a solution of isinglass in water; when this is dry, apply
the varnish with a camel's-hair brush. The use of this varnish gives
to coloured drawings and prints an appearance resembling that of oil
paintings.


539. VARNISH FOR GLASS

Reduce a quantity of gum tragacanth to powder, and let it dissolve
for twenty-four hours in the white of eggs well beat up; then rub it
gently on the glass with a brush.


540. TO CLEAN PICTURES

Having taken the picture out of its frame, take a clean towel, and
making it quite wet, lay it on the face of your picture, sprinkling
it from time to time with clear soft water; let it remain wet for
two or three days; take the cloth off, and renew it with a fresh
one; after wiping your picture with a clean wet sponge, repeat the
process till you find all the dirt soaked out of your picture; then
wash it well with a soft sponge, and let it get quite dry; rub it
with some clear nut or linseed oil, and it will look as well as when
freshly done.


541. ANOTHER METHOD

Put into two quarts of strong lye a quarter of a pound of Genoa soap
rasped very fine, with about a pint of spirits of wine; let them
simmer on the fire for half an hour, then strain them through a
cloth; apply it with a brush to the picture, wipe it off with a
sponge, and apply it a second time, which will effectually remove
all dirt; then, with a little nut oil warmed, rub the picture, and
let it dry; this will make it look as bright as when it came out of
the artist's hands.


542. VARNISH FOR CLOCK FACES, &c.

Take of spirits of wine, 1 pint; divide it into four parts; mix one
part with half an ounce of gum mastic, in a bottle by itself; one
part of spirits and half an ounce of gum sandrac in another bottle;
and one part of spirits and half an ounce of the whitest part of gum
benjamin; mix and temper them to your mind; if too thick, add
spirits; if too thin, some mastic; if too soft, some sandrac or
benjamin. When you use it, warm the silvered plate before the fire,
and with a flat camel-hair pencil stroke it over till no white
streaks appear; which will preserve the silvering for many years.


543. VARNISH FOR BALLOONS

Take some linseed oil, rendered drying by boiling it with 2 ozs. of
sugar of lead and 3 ozs. of litharge for every pint of oil till
they are dissolved, which may be in half an hour. Then put 1 lb. of
birdlime and half a pint of the drying oil into an iron or copper
vessel, whose capacity should equal about a gallon, and let it boil
very gently over a slow charcoal fire, till the birdlime ceases to
crackle, which will be in about half or three-quarters of an hour;
then pour upon it 2-1/2 pints more of the drying oil, and let it
boil about an hour longer, stirring it frequently with an iron or
wooden spatula. As the varnish, whilst boiling, and especially when
nearly ready, swells very much, care should be taken to remove,
in those cases, the pot from the fire, and to replace it when the
varnish subsides; otherwise, it will boil over. Whilst the stuff is
boiling, the operator should occasionally examine whether it has
boiled enough , which may be known by observing whether, when rubbed
between two knives, which are then to be separated from one another,
the varnish forms threads between them, as it must then be removed
from the fire. When nearly cool, add about an equal quantity of oil
of turpentine. In using the varnish, the stuff must be stretched,
and the varnish applied lukewarm. In 24 hours it will dry. As the
elastic resin, known by the name of Indian rubber, has been much
extolled for a varnish for balloons, the following method of making
it, as practiced by M. Blanchard, may not prove unacceptable:
dissolve elastic resin cut small in five times its weight of
rectified essential oil of turpentine, by keeping them some days
together. Then pour 1 oz. of this solution in 8 ozs. of drying
linseed oil for a few minutes; strain the solution, and use it warm.


544. TO PREPARE RENNET TO TURN MILK

Take out the stomach of a calf as soon as killed, and scour it
inside and out with salt; after it is cleared of the curd always
found in it, let it drain a few hours, then sew it up with two good
handsful of salt in it, or stretch it well salted on a stick, or
keep it in the salt wet; and when wanted soak it a little in fresh
water, and repeat the same when again required.


545. TO MAKE CHEESE

Put the milk into a large tub, warming a part till it is of a degree
of heat quite equal to new; if too hot the cheese will be tough. Put
in as much rennet as will turn it, and cover it over; let it stand
till completely turned, then strike the curd down several times with
the skimming-dish, and let it separate, still covering it. There are
two modes of breaking the curd, and there will be a difference in
the taste of the cheese according as either is observed: one is, to
gather it with the hands very gently towards the side of the tub,
letting the whey pass through the fingers till it is cleared, and
ladling it off as it collects; the other is, to get the whey from it
by early breaking the curd; the last method deprives it of many of
its oily particles, and is therefore less proper. Put the vat on a
ladder over the tub, and fill it with curd by the skimmer; press the
curd close with your hand, and add more as it sinks, and it must be
finally left two inches above the edge. Before the vat is filled,
the cheese-cloth must be laid at the bottom, and when full, draw
smoothly over on all sides. These are two modes of salting cheese;
one by mixing it in the curd while in the tub, after the whey is
out, and the other by putting it into the vat and crumbling the curd
all to pieces with it, after the first squeezing with the hands has
dried it. The first method appears best on some accounts, but not on
all, and therefore the custom of the country must direct. Put a
board under and over the vat, and place it in the press; in two
hours turn it out and put a fresh cheese-cloth; press it again for
eight or ten hours; then salt it all over, and turn it again in the
vat, and let it stand in the press fourteen or sixteen hours,
observing to put the cheese last made undermost. Before putting them
the last time into the vat, pare the edges if they do not look
smooth. The vat should have holes at the sides and at bottom, to let
all the whey pass through; put on clean boards, and change and scald
them.


546. TO PRESERVE CHEESE SOUND

Wash in a warm whey, when you have any, wipe it once a month, and
keep it on a rack. If you want to ripen it, a damp cellar will bring
it forward. When a whole cheese is cut, the larger quantity should
be spread with butter inside, and the outside wiped to preserve it.
To keep those in daily use moist, let a clean cloth be wrung out
from cold water, and wrapt round them when carried from the table.


547. TO MAKE CREAM CHEESE

Put 5 quarts of strippings, that is, the last of the milking, into
a pan, with 2 spoonsful of rennet. When the curd is come, strike it
down two or three times with the skimming-dish, just to break it;
let it stand two hours, then spread a cheese-cloth on a sieve, put
the curd on it, and let the whey drain; break the curd a little with
your hand, and put it into a vat with a 2 lb weight upon it; let
it stand twelve hours, take it out, and bind a fillet round; turn
every day till dry, from one board to another, cover them with
nettles or clean dock leaves, and put between two pewter-plates to
ripen. If the weather be warm, it will be ready in three weeks.


548. ELEGANT AND INGENIOUS ARTS, &c.

Accomplishments.--These are very desirable for the household,
because the inmates are made happier by refined and ingenious arts
and pursuits, and are fitted to improve the taste of others.
Children and young persons, of both sexes, should learn as many of
these arts as they possibly can without neglecting duties. Pleasant
modes of employing leisure hours save people from many temptations,
and add much to the happiness of life.


549. GRECIAN PAINTING

Grecian painting is the art of imitating oil paintings. This truly
beautiful imitation, if well done, is so perfect that none save
connoisseurs can discern, at sight, the difference.

Engravings best suited to this style of painting are mezzotint or
aquatint, though fine lithographs are used.

Rule First.--Procure a frame one inch longer than the engraved part
of the print. Second.--Cut the engraving the size of the frame, then
make a stiff paste, and spread thickly on the frame. Third.--Place
the engraving face down and sponge it gently with water; then press
the frame firmly and evenly down on; leave it till entirely dry (not
by the fire) and it will become even and tight.

To make the Grecian Varnish.--Take one part turpentine, two parts
alcohol, (90 proof,) three parts balsam of fir, and mix.

To use the Varnish.--Pour sufficient spirits of turpentine on the
back of the picture to moisten it well, then put on the varnish and
rub it THOROUGHLY with a stiff brush, and continue to apply it until
the picture is perfectly transparent.

Spots.--Leave the picture for twenty-four hours, after which if
white spots appear, showing that the varnish has not been effectual,
repeat the process. Sometimes it has to be done several times.

Drying.--Place the picture, face downward, where it will be free
from dust, and leave it three or four days.

Paints.--These are put on the back of the engraving.

Eyes.--For blue eyes, permanent blue and white; for hazel eyes,
yellow ochre and vandyke brown.

Flesh Tints.--Flake white, with a very little vermillion and Naples
yellow.

Foliages.--Chrome yellow and Prussian blue, with any of the browns.

Sky.--Clouds touched in with white; the rest permanent blue and
white.

Water.--The light parts with white, the rest the same as the sky.
If a bright scene, and with trees, of a greenish brown.

Hair and Eyebrows.--Yellow ochre and vandyke brown, or raw sienna.

Backgrounds.--The most agreeable tint is a greenish brown.

White Background.--Flake and silver white.

Buff Background.--Naples yellow.

Orange Background.--Chrome yellow, with vermillion.

Blue Background.--Flake white and Prussian blue.

Gray Background.--White, Prussian blue, and vermillion.

Pink Background.--White and vermillion.

Crimson Background.--Vermillion and white, with carmine.

Green Background.--Chrome yellow and Prussian blue.

Paints for the front of the picture.--Drying oil must be used with
all the colours on the front.

Shading for the flesh on the front.--Carmine and vandyke brown laid
on lightly, and the edges touched off with the finger.

Cheeks.--Carmine; soften the edges carefully.

Lips.--Carmine, with a touch of vermilion.

Hair and Eyebrows.--Yellow lake and vandyke brown.

Draperies.--These are always painted on the back, and shaded on the
front with vandyke brown.

Backgrounds.--If plain, glaze with yellow lake.

Foliages.--Yellow lake and vandyke brown.

General Directions.--First.--Lay the paint thickly on the back, and
be careful to cover every part, but not to go over the edges.
Second.--When the painting is finished let it dry four days, and
then cover the front with a coat of mastic varnish.

Materials required are a palette, palette-knife, flat varnish
brush, three sizes of bristle brushes, three sizes of table brushes,
drying oil, mastic varnish, spirits of turpentine, Grecian varnish.

Colours used are oil colours in tubes. Those generally needed are
silver white, Naples yellow, yellow ochre, brilliant yellow,
vermilion, Prussian blue, raw sienna, ivory black, carmine, yellow
lake, vandyke brown.

If economy is an object, some of the above-mentioned materials can
be dispensed with.


550. DIAPHANIE

This is a beautiful, useful, and inexpensive art, easily acquired,
and producing imitation of the richest and rarest stained glass; and
also of making blinds, screens, skylights, Chinese lanterns, &c.,
in every variety of colour and design. In decorating his house, a
gentleman spends as much money as he can conveniently spare; the
elegancies and refinements of modern taste demand something more
than mere comfort; yet though his walls are hung with pictures, his
drawing-room filled with bijouterie, how is it that the windows of
his hall, his library, his staircase, are neglected? The reason is
obvious. The magnificent historical glass might be envied, but
could not be brought within the compass of ordinary means. Recent
improvements in printing in colours led the way to this beautiful
invention, by which economy is combined with the most perfect
results. A peculiar kind of paper is rendered perfectly transparent,
upon which designs are printed in glass colours, (vitro de
couleurs,) which will not change with the light. The paper is
applied to the glass with a clear white varnish, and when dry, a
preparation is finally applied, which increases the transparency,
and adds tenfold brilliancy to the effect. There is another design,
printed in imitation of the half-light (abatiour;) this is used
principally for a ground, covering the whole surface of the glass,
within which (the necessary spaces having been previously cut out
before it is stuck on the glass,) are placed medallion centres of
Watteau figures, perfectly transparent, which derive increased
brilliancy from the semi-transparency of the surrounding country.
To ascertain the quantity of designs required, measure your glass
carefully, and then calculate how many sheets it will take. The
sheets are arranged so that they can be joined together
continuously, or cut to any size or shape.

Practical Instructions.--Choose a fine day for the operation, as the
glass should be perfectly dry and unaffected by the humidity of the
atmosphere. Of course, if you have a choice, it is more convenient
to work on your glass before it is fixed in the frame. If you are
working on a piece of unattached glass, lay it on a flat table, (a
marble slab is preferable,) over which you must previously lay a
piece of baize of cloth to keep the glass steady. The glass being
thus fixed, clean and polish the side on which you intend to
operate, (in windows this is the inner side,) then with your brush
lay on it very equably a good coat of the prepared varnish; let
this dry for an hour, more or less, according to the dryness of the
atmosphere and the thickness of the coat of varnish. Meantime cut
and trim your designs carefully to fit the glass, (if it is one
entire transparent sheet you will find it little trouble;) then lay
them on a piece of paper, face downwards, and damp the back of them
with a sponge, applied several times, to equalise the moisture.
After this operation, arrange your time so that your designs may now
be finally left to dry for fifteen minutes before application to the
glass, the varnish on which has now become tacky or sticky, and in
a proper state to receive them. Apply the printed side next to the
glass without pressure; endeavour to let your sheet fall perfectly
level and smooth on your glass so that you may avoid leaving
creases, which would be fatal. Take now your palette, lay it flat on
the design, and press out all the air bubbles, commencing in the
centre, and working them out from the sides; an ivory stick will
be found useful in removing creases; you now leave this to dry,
and after twenty-four hours apply a slight coat of the liqueur
diaphane, leaving it another day, when if dry, apply a second coat
of the same kind, which must be left several days: finally, apply a
coat of varnish over all. If these directions are carefully followed,
your glass will never be affected by time or by any variations in
the weather: it will defy hail, rain, frost and dust, and can be
washed the same as any ordinary stained glass, to which, in some
respects, it is even superior. It is impossible to enumerate the
variety of articles to the manufacture of which diaphanie may be
successfully applied as it is not confined to glass, but can be done
on silk, parchment, paper, linen, &c., after they have been made
transparent, which may be accomplished in the following manner:--
stretch your paper, or whatever it may be, on a frame or drawing
board, then apply two successive coats (a day between each,) of
diaphanous liquor, and after leaving it to dry for several days,
cover it with a thin layer of very clear size, and when dry it will
be in a fit state to receive the coat of varnish and the designs.
Silk, linen, or other stuffs, should be more carefully stretched,
and receive a thicker coat of size than paper or parchment; the
latter may be strained on a drawing or any other smooth board, by
damping the sheet, and after pasting the edges, stretching it down
while damp. Silk, linen, or other stuffs require to be carefully
stretched on a knitting or other suitable frame. Take great care to
allow, whatever you use, time to dry before applying the liqueur
diaphane. All kinds of screens, lamp-shades, and glasses, lanterns,
&c., &c., may be made in this way, as heat will produce no effect
upon them. The transparent pictures are successful, because they may
be hung on a window frame or removed at will, and the window blinds
are far superior to any thing of that kind that have yet been seen.
Instead of steeping the designs in the transparent liquor at the
time of printing them, which was previously done in order to show
their transparency to the purchaser, but which was practically
objectionable, as the paper in that state was brittle, and devoid
of pliancy, necessitating also the use of a peculiarly difficult
vehicle to manage (varnish) in applying it to the glass, the
manufacturer now prepares his paper differently, in order to allow
the use of parchment size in sticking them on the glass. The
liqueur diaphane, which is finally applied, renders them perfectly
transparent. In this mode of operation, no delay is requisite, the
designs being applied to the glass immediately after laying on the
size, taking care to press out all the air bubbles, for which
purpose a roller will be found indispensable. The designs should be
damped before the size is applied to them. We are of opinion that
this art may be applied to the production of magic-lantern slides,
dissolving views, and dioramic effects; though we are not aware
whether such experiments have been tried.


551. WATER-COLOURS USED IN DRAWING

Indian Ink.--The best is stamped with Chinese characters, breaks
with a glossy fracture, and feels smooth when rubbed on the plate.

Hair Pencils are made of camel's-hair; if they come to a point, when
moistened, without splitting, they are good.

Drawing Paper.--That made without any wire marks, and called wove
paper, is the best; it is made of various sizes and thicknesses.

To make a good white.--Clarify white lead with white-wine vinegar.
After the powder has settled, pour off the vinegar, put the powder
into a glass of water, stir it, and pour the water off while it is
white into another glass; when it is settled, pour off the water,
and an excellent white will be obtained. To this add gum enough to
give it a gloss.


552. DIRECTIONS FOR MIXED COLOURS

Ash Colour.--Ceruse white, Keating's black and white, shaded with
cherry-stone black.

Bay.--Lake and flake white, shaded with carmine; bistre and
vermilion shaded with black.

Changeable Silk.--Red lead and masticot water, shaded with sap-green
and verdigris.

Another.--Lake and yellow, shaded with lake and Prussian blue.

Cloud Colour.--Light masticot, or lake and white, shaded with blue
verditer.

Another.--Constant white and Indian ink, and a little vermilion.

Another.--White, with a little lake and blue verditer, make a good
cloud colour for that part next the horizon.

Crimson.--Lake and white, with a little vermilion, shaded with lake
and carmine.

Flame Colour.--Vermilion and orpiment, heightened with white.

Another.--Gamboge, shaded with minium and red lead.

Flesh Colour.--Ceruse, red lead, and lake, for a swarthy complexion,
and yellow ochre.

Another.--Constant white and a little carmine, shaded with Spanish
liquorice washed with carmine.

French Green.--Light pink and Dutch bice, shaded with green pink.

Glass Grey.--Ceruse, with a little blue of any kind.

Hair Colour.--Masticot, ochre, umber, ceruse, and cherry-stone
black.

Lead Colour.--Indigo and white.

Light Blue.--Blue bice, heightened with flake white.

Another.--Blue verditer, and white of any sort, well ground.

Light Green.--Pink, smalt, and white.

Another.--Blue verditer and gamboge.

Another.--Gamboge and verdigris. This is chiefly used for the ground
colours of trees, fields, &c.

Lion Tawney.--Red lead and masticot, shaded with umber.

Murrey.--Lake and white lead.

Orange.--Red lead and a little masticot, shaded with umber.

Orange Tawney.--Lake, light pink, a little masticot, shaded with
gall-stone and lake.

Pearl Colour.--Carmine, a little white, shaded with lake.

Popinjay Green.--Green and masticot; or pink and a little indigo,
shaded with indigo.

Purple.--Indigo, Spanish brown, and white; or blue bice, red and
white lead; or blue bice and lake.

Russet.--Cherry-stone black and white.

Scarlet.--Red lead and lake, with or without vermilion.

Sea Green.--Bice, pink and white, shaded with pink.

Sky Colour.--Light masticot and white, for the lowest and lightest
parts; second, red ink and white; third, blue bice and white;
fourth, blue bice alone. These are all to be softened into one
another at the edges, so as not to appear harsh.

Sky Colour for Drapery.--Blue bice and ceruse, or ultramarine and
white, shaded with indigo.

Straw Colour.--Masticot and a very little lake, shaded with Dutch
pink.

Yellow Colour.--Indigo, white, and lake; or fine Dutch bice and
lake, shaded with Indigo; or litmus smalt and bice, the latter
predominant.

Water.--Blue and white, shaded with blue, and heightened with white.

To prevent Colours from Cracking.--Boil 2 ozs. of the best and
clearest glue, with 1 pint of clear water, and a 1/2 oz. of alum,
till dissolved. With this temper those colours intended for the sky.

To make a Solution of Gum.--Dissolve 1 oz. of white gum arabic, and
a 1/2 oz. of double refined sugar, in a quart of spring water;
strain it through a piece of muslin, and bottle it to keep it free
from dust.

To keep Flies from the Work.--Having prepared the gum water for the
colours, add a little coloquintida.

To prepare Alum Water.--Take 4 ozs. of alum, and 1 pint of spring
water; boil it till the alum is thoroughly dissolved, and then
filter it through blotting-paper.

To use Alum Water.--Before laying on the colours, take some of this
water, hot, and with a sponge wet the back of the paper, which, if
not good, must be wet three or four times, letting the paper dry
each time before wetting it again. This will prevent the sinking of
the colours, and give them additional lustre.

To make Lime Water.--Put unslacked lime in a well-glazed pan; cover
it with pure water, and let it remain for one day. Then strain off
the water. This water will change sap-green into blue.


553. TO PREPARE WASH COLOURS FOR MAPS

Blue.--Dilute Saxon blue with water; or to the solution of litmus
add distilled vinegar.

Green.--Dissolve verdigris in distilled water and add gum arabic. Or,
dissolve sap-green in water and add gum.

Red.--Steep Brazil dust in vinegar, with alum. Or, dissolve litmus
in water and add spirit of wine. Or, steep cochineal in water,
strain, and add gum.

Yellow.--Dissolve gamboge in water; or French berries steeped in
water, the liquor strained, and gum arabic added.


554. TO MIX WATER-COLOURS FOR ANIMALS

Horses, black.--Black lightly laid on, shaded with Keating's black
and bistre, heightened with masticot.

Horses, chestnut brown.--Red ochre and black mixed together, shaded
with black, heightened with red ochre and white.

Horses, grey.--Black and white mixed, shaded with black, white, and
bistre; heightened with pure water.

Lions.--Colour much in the same manner as horses, adding lake in the
ground colour.

Bears.--Brown ochre, red ochre, and black, mixed; shaded with bistre
and ivory black.

Wolves.--Spanish liquorice and black, shaded with black.

Asses.--Black and white mixed; or, add a little brown ochre, shaded
with black.

Elephants.--Black, white, and Spanish liquorice, mixed; shaded with
black and bistre; the inner part of the nose, vermilion and white,
shaded with black.

Monkeys.--Dutch pink and black, heightened with masticot and white:
the face, black and bistre mixed, as also their feet; their bodies,
shaded underneath with black and pink mixed with a little brown
ochre.


555. FRUIT IN WATER-COLOURS

Apples.--Thin masticot mixed with verdigris, shaded with brown ochre.

Cherries.--Vermilion and lake, shaded with carmine, heightened with
vermilion and white.

Grapes, blue.--Dark purple shaded with blue; the bloom, bice.

Grapes, white.--Verdigris and masticot mixed, shaded with thin
verdigris heightened with masticot and white.

Peaches.--Thin masticot shaded with brown ochre; the bloom, lake
heightened with white.

Pears.--Masticot deepened and mellowed with brown ochre.

Strawberries.--White; draw it over with vermilion and lake, shaded
with fine lake, heightened with red lead and masticot mixed, and
then with white; stipple them with white and thin lead.


556. TO PAINT FLOWERS

Anemones.--A thin wash of gamboge shaded with bistre; or carmine and
sap-green blended together. The stripes carmine, shaded with the
same; indigo in the darkest parts, or stipple with it.

Leaves.--Sap-green, shaded with indigo and French berries; the stalk
brown.

Honeysuckles.--Inside of the petals, white shaded with sap-green, or
gamboge and bistre.

The insides are to be shown by curling the leaves back at the ends,
or by splitting them.

The outsides, a thin wash of carmine and lake mixed, shaded with
carmine--indigo for the darkest shades.

Stalks.--Sap-green and carmine.

Leaves.--Sap-green, shaded with indigo and French berries.

Roses.--A light tint of pure carmine, over which another equally
light of Peruvian blue; proceed with the darker shades of carmine of
the best sort. In the darkest part of the flower add a little indigo
to give a roundness. If the seeds are seen lay on gamboge, shaded
with gall-stone.

Leaves.--Upper side, sap-green, shaded with indigo and French
berries mixed; under-side, white indigo and sap-green mixed, shaded
with the same.

Stalks.--Sap-green and carmine, shaded with indigo.

Rose-buds.--A pale wash of carmine, shaded with a stronger wash of
the same.

Stalks and leaves, sap-green with a slight wash of carmine.


557. BIRDS IN WATER-COLOURS

Eagles.--black and brown, shaded with indigo; feathers heightened by
brown ochre and white; beak and claws saffron, shaded with bistre;
eyes vermilion, heightened with masticot or saffron, shaded with
vermilion.

Geese.--Ceruse shaded with black; legs, black; bill, red.

Owls.--Ochre mixed with white, in different shades; legs, yellow
ochre.

Pheasants.--White and black mixed; legs, Dutch pink, shaded with
black.

Swans.--White shaded with black; the legs and bills black; eyes
yellow; a ball in the midst.

Turkeys.--Black, black and white mixed, shaded off to a white
underneath; sprinkled and shaded with black.


558. LANDSCAPES IN WATER-COLOURS

Sketch the outlines faintly with a black-lead pencil. Then colour.

Colours.--The most useful are: lake, burnt ochre, gamboge, indigo,
light red, sepia, Prussian blue, sienna, and burnt umber.

The gray colour is made of burnt umber, indigo, and lake; each
rubbed separately in a saucer, and then mixed in a fourth saucer as
to produce the exact colour--a warm gray. This is thinned for the
light tints, as sky and distances. Deeper is to be used for the
shadows and near parts, softening with water till the exact effect
is produced.

Buildings are sometimes tinted with a mixture of lake and gamboge.
Burnt ochre is also used. The shadows have an excess of lake.

Breadths of Light are obtained by destroying the scattered lights
with grays.

Clouds are produced by a thin mixture of indigo and lake. They
should be tinted with sepia. The lower or horizontal clouds are
tinged with ultramarine.

Figures are touched with lake and indigo.

Force is acquired by adding sepia to indigo, in the cold parts, and
sepia with lake to the glowing parts.

Grass is washed with a mixture of burnt sienna, indigo, and gamboge;
that in shadow has more indigo. Grass and bushes may be brought out
by a tint of gamboge; distances may be heightened by lake.

Hills, retiring.--Tint the whole with weak blue; then the nearer
ones with indigo and lake; add a little gamboge to the next, keeping
one subordinate to the other; the most distant being lost in the
aerial tints.

Land, distant.--Ultramarine and lake. Ground near is tinted with
ochre.

Road and Paths.--A mixture of lake, burnt umber, and burnt sienna.
It may be tinted with ochre.

Smoke.--Lake and indigo.

Trees, distant.--Ultramarine, with a wash of indigo, gamboge, and
burnt sienna, tinted with gray. The middle trees have a thin wash
of burnt sienna and gamboge. Nearer trees a wash of burnt sienna,
indigo, and gamboge. In the shadows more indigo is used.

Opposing masses of trees are tinted with sepia and indigo.

Windows.--Indigo and burnt umber.


559. POTICHOMANIE

This elegant accomplishment, which has become so extremely popular
and fashionable, promises not only to supercede altogether many of
those accomplishments which have hitherto absorbed the attention of
our fair countrywomen, but to rank among the fine arts.

Advantages of this Art.--It possesses many advantages: and the
process is simple and easily acquired. It is an exceedingly pleasing
and interesting employment, requiring no previous knowledge of
drawing, yet affording abundant space for the exercise of the most
exquisite taste. The time employed is richly repaid; the results
produced are of actual value; articles of ornament and domestic
utility being produced, in perfect imitation of the most beautiful
Chinese and Japanese porcelain, of Sevres and Dresden china, and of
every form that is usual in the productions of the Ceramic Art. It
furnishes an inexhaustible and inexpensive source for the production
of useful and elegant presents, which will be carefully preserved as
tokens of friendship, and as proofs of the taste and talent of the
giver.

Articles necessary in the Art of Potichomanie.--Glass vases,
(Potiches en verre,) of shapes suitable to the different orders of
Chinese, Japanese, Etruscan, and French porcelain, Alumettes, &c.;
cups, plates, &c., &c., of Sevres and Dresden design. Sheets of
coloured drawings or prints, characteristic representations of the
designs or decorations suitable to every kind of porcelain and
china. A bottle of liquid gum, and three or four hog-hair brushes.
A bottle of varnish, and very fine pointed scissors for cutting out.
An assortment of colours for the foundation, in bottles. A packet of
gold powder, and a glass vessel for diluting the colours.

Directions.--We will suppose the object selected for imitation to be
a Chinese vase. After providing yourself with a plain glass vase, of
the proper shape, you take your sheets of coloured prints on which
are depicted subjects characteristic of that peculiar style. From
these sheets you can select a great variety of designs, of the most
varied character, on the arrangement and grouping of which you can
exercise your own taste. After you have fully decided upon the
arrangement of your drawings, cut them out accurately with a pair of
scissors, then apply some liquid gum carefully over the coloured
side of the drawings, and stick them on the inside of the vase,
according to your own previous arrangement--pressing them down till
they adhere closely, without any bubbles of air appearing between
the glass and the drawings. When the drawings have had sufficient
time to dry, take a fine brush and cover every part of them (without
touching the glass) with a coat of parchment size or liquid gum,
which prevents the oil colour (which is next applied) from sinking
into or becoming absorbed by the paper. When the interior of the
vase is perfectly dry, and any particles of gum size that may have
been left on the glass have been removed, your vase is ready for the
final and most important process. You have now to tint the whole
of the vase with a proper colour to give it the appearance of
porcelain; for up to this time, you will recollect, it is but a glass
vase, with a few coloured prints stuck thereon. Select from your
stock of prepared colours, in bottles, the tint most appropriate to
the kind of china you are imitating, (as we are now supposed to be
making a Chinese vase, it will be of a greenish hue,) mix fully
sufficient colour in a glass vessel, then pour the whole into the
vase. Take now your vase in both hands, and turn it round
continually in the same direction, until the colour is equally
spread over the whole of the interior: when this is satisfactorily
accomplished, pour back the remainder. If the prepared colour is too
thick, add a little varnish to the mixture before applying it. If
preferred, the colour may be laid on with a soft brush. Should the
vase be intended to hold water, the interior must be well varnished
after the above operations, or lined with zinc or tin foil. If the
potichomanist wishes to decorate the mouth of his vase with a gold
border, he can do so by mixing some gold powder in a few drops of
the essence of lavender and some varnish, applying it on the vase
with a fine brush; or he can purchase gold bands, already prepared
for application, in varied sheets, suitable to the potichomanie
designs. Potichomanists have found the art capable of greater
results than the mere imitation of porcelain vases, by the
introduction of glass panels (previously decorated with beautiful
flowers on a white ground) into drawing-room doors, and also into
walls which, being panel papered, offer opportunities of introducing
centre pieces of the same character as the doors; elegant chess
and work-tables, folding and cheval-screens, panels for cabinets,
chiffoniers and book-cases, slabs for pier and console-tables,
glove-boxes, covers for books, music, albums, &c. The most common
cause of failure is, that the drawings inside are not thoroughly
pressed down.


560. COLOURING FOR CHEESE

The colouring for cheese is, or at least should be, Spanish arnotto;
but as soon as colouring became general in this country, a colour of
an adulterated kind was exposed for sale in almost every shop; the
weight of a guinea and a half of real Spanish arnotto is sufficient
for a cheese of fifty pounds' weight. If a considerable part of the
cream of the night's milk be taken for butter, more colouring will
be requisite. The leaner the cheese is, the more colouring it
requires. The manner of using arnotto is to tie up, in a linen rag,
the quantity deemed sufficient, and put into half a pint of warm
water over night. This infusion is put into the tub of milk, in the
morning, with the rennet infusion; dipping the rag into the milk,
and rubbing it against the palm of the hand as long as any colour
runs out.


561. TO SHARPEN EDGE TOOLS

Take equal parts of flour of emery and crocus; make into a paste
with sweet oil; have now a piece of buck-skin, (hemlock tan,) tack
it by each end on a piece of board, with the grain uppermost; then
on this spread a little of the paste, and sharpen your tools on it.
You will, indeed, be astonished at the effect. Try it.


562. BLUE COMPOSITION FOR DYEING

Take equal parts of vitriol and indigo; powder them very finely,
separately, and mix.


563. TO GILD LETTERS ON VELLUM OR PAPER

Letters written on vellum or paper are gilded in three ways; in the
first, a little size is mixed with the ink, and the letters are
written as usual; when they are dry, a slight degree of stickiness
is produced by breathing on them, upon which the gold leaf is
immediately applied, and by a little pressure may be made to adhere
with sufficient firmness. In the second method, some white lead of
chalk is ground up with strong size, and the letters are made with
this by means of a brush; when the mixture is almost dry, the gold
leaf may be laid on, and afterwards burnished. The last method is to
mix up some gold powder with size, and make the letters of this by
means of a brush.


564. TO PRESERVE STRAWBERRY PLANTS

Sir Joseph Banks, from a variety of experiments, and the experience
of many years, recommends a general revival of the now almost
obsolete practice of laying straw under strawberry plants, when the
fruit begins to swell; by which means the roots are shaded from the
sun, the waste of moisture by evaporation prevented, the leaning
fruit kept from damage by resting on the ground, particularly in wet
weather, and much labour in watering saved. Twenty trusses of long
straw are sufficient for 1800 feet of plants.


565. MANAGEMENT OF STRAWBERRY PLANTS

On the management of strawberries in June and July, the future
prosperity of them greatly depends; and if each plant has not been
kept separate, by cutting off the runners, they will be in a state
of confusion, and you will find three different sorts of plants. 1.
Old plants, whose roots are turned black, hard, and woody. 2. Young
plants, not strong enough to flower. 3. Flowering plants, which
ought only to be there, and perhaps not many of them. Before the time
of flowering is quite over, examine them, and pull up every old
plant which has not flowered; for, if once they have omitted to
flower, you may depend upon it they never will produce any after,
being too old, and past bearing; but to be fully convinced, leave
two or three, set a stick to them, and observe them the next year.
If the young plants, runners of last year, be too thick, take some
of them away, and do not leave them nearer than a foot of the
scarlet, alpines, and wood, and fifteen or sixteen inches of all the
larger sorts; and in the first rainy weather in July or August, take
them all up, and make a fresh plantation with them, and they will be
very strong plants for flowering next year. Old beds, even if the
plants be kept single at their proper distance, examine, and pull
all the old plants which have not flowered. When the fruit is nearly
all gathered, examine them again, and cut off the runners; but if
you want to make a fresh plantation, leave some of the two first,
and cut off all the rest. Then stir up the ground with a trowel, or
three-pronged fork, and in August they will be fit to transplant. If
you have omitted in July, do not fail in August, that the runners
may make good roots, to be transplanted in September; for, if later,
the worms will draw them out of the ground, and the frost afterwards
will prevent them from striking root; the consequence of which is,
their not flowering the next spring; and you will lose a year.


566. THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS

What each flower enumerated, signifies, when sent to a friend or lover.

  Almond, flowering--Concealed love.
  Althea, Frutex--I am deeply in love.
  Amaranth--Immortality, or piety.
  Anemone--Fading hope.
  Arbor-Vitae--Unchanging friendship.
  Auricula, Scarlet--Pride. You are proud.
  Bachelor's button--Hope in love.
  Balm--I long for your society.
  Balsamine--Impatience; or, pray come.
  Bay Leaf--I change but in dying.
  Box--I believe in your constancy.
  Buttercup--Riches. You are rich.
  Calla Ethiopica--Magnificent beauty.
  Carnation--Pride and Beauty.
  Camelia Japonica--Surpassing excellence.
  Cedar--Think of me.
  China Aster--Caprice.
  Cypress--Despair, and without hope.
  Dahlia--Dignity--I will sustain it.
  Daisy--Youthful beauty.
  Dandelion--Coquetry, I accuse you of.
  Eglantine--I wound to heal.
  Forget-me-not--True love for ever.
  Fox-glove--Insincerity. You are false.
  Geranium--Gentility and elegance.
  Gilly-Flower--Thou art fair.
  Golden Rod--Encouragement. You will succeed.
  Grass--Submission.
  Heart's Ease--Love in idleness.
  Heliotrope--Devotion. Let us pray for each other.
  Hellebore--Calumny. You have listened.
  Hollyhock--Ambition. I seek glory.
  Honeysuckle--Dost thou love me?
  Houstonia--Content ever with thee.
  Hyacinth, Purple--Sorrow. I am sad.
  Hydrangea--Heartlessness.
  Ivy--Wedded Love. We are happy.
  Jasmine, White--I desire a return of my affection.
  Larkspur--Haughtiness.
  Laurel--Ambition. I will win.
  Laurustinus--A token. Pray remember.
  Lavender--Acknowledgment.
  Lilac--Fastidiousness.
  Lily, White--Purity and beauty.
  Magnolia--You are beautiful.
  Marigold--Jealousy--I have cause.
  Mignionette--I live for thee.
  Moss--Patience, or pray wait.
  Oak-Leaf--Courage. I will endure.
  Passion-Flower--Piety. Trust in God.
  Periwinkle--Memory. Never forget.
  Pink--Household love. I am at home.
  Poppy--Forgetfulness.
  Primrose--Neglected merit.
  Rose--Love, or I love you.
  Rue--Disdain. Go: never return.
  Saffron--Marriage--when?
  Snow-drop--Faithful in adversity.
  Thyme--Thriftiness. I am diligent.
  Tulip--Beautiful eyes. Look on me.
  Violet--I dream of thee.
  Willow--Forsaken--never more.
  Wheat--Prosperity--I wish thee.
  Yew--Penitence. I am sorry.


567. FRENCH POLISH FOR BOOTS, &c.

Logwood chips, half a pound; glue, quarter of an ounce; soft soap,
quarter of an ounce; isinglass, quarter of an ounce; boil these
ingredients in two pints of vinegar and one of water, during ten
minutes after ebulition, then strain the liquid. When cold it is
fit for use. To apply the French polish, the dirt must be washed
from the boots, &c.; when these are quite dry, the liquid polish
is put on with a bit of sponge.


568. AN ILLUMINOUS BOTTLE

By putting a piece of phosphorus, the size of a pea, into a phial,
and adding boiling oil until the bottle is a third full, a luminous
bottle is formed; for, on taking out the cork, to admit atmospheric
air, the empty space in the bottle will become luminous. Whenever
the stopper is taken out in the night, sufficient light will be
evolved to show the hour upon a watch; and if care be taken to keep
it in general well closed, it will preserve its illuminative power
for several months.


569. CHINESE METHOD OF MENDING CHINA

Take a piece of flint-glass, beat it to a fine powder, and grind it
well with the white of an egg, and it joins china without riveting,
so that no art can break it in the same place. You are to observe,
that the composition is to be ground extremely fine.


570. TO MAKE STILTON CHEESE

Take the night's cream, and put it in the morning's new milk, with
the rennet; when the curd is come it is not to be broken, as is done
with other cheeses, but take it out with a soil dish all together,
and place it on a sieve to drain gradually, and, as it drains, keep
gradually pressing it, till it becomes firm and dry; then place it
in a wooden hoop; afterwards to be kept dry on boards, turned
frequently, with cloth-binders round it, which are to be tightened
as occasion requires. In some dairies the cheese, after being taken
out of the wooden hoop, are bound tight round with a cloth, which
cloth is changed every day until the cheese becomes firm enough to
support itself; after the cloth is taken away, they are rubbed every
day all over, for two or three months, with a brush; and if the
weather is damp or moist, twice a day; and even before the cloth is
taken off, the top and bottom are well rubbed every day.


571. TO PRESERVE BEER

In a cask containing eighteen gallons of beer, becoming vapid,
put a pint of ground malt, suspended in a bag, and close the bung
perfectly; the beer will be improved during the whole time of
drawing it for use.


572. TO RECOVER SOUR BEER

When beer has become sour, put into the barrel some oyster-shells,
calcined to whiteness, or a little fine chalk or whiting. Any of
these will correct the acidity, and make the beer brisk and
sparkling; but it cannot be kept long after these additions are
made.


573. CARVACROL--THE NEW REMEDY FOR TOOTH-ACHE

Dr. Bushman gives (in the Medical Times) the following account of
this new compound, which, though well known in Germany as a quick
and effectual cure for one of the most worrying ills "that flesh is
heir to," is now for the first time published in England. Carvacrol
is an oily liquid, with a strong taste and unpleasant odor. It may
be made by the action of iodine on oil of caraway or on camphor. A
few drops applied on cotton wool (to a decayed and painful tooth)
give immediate relief. Carvacrol much resembles creosote in
appearance, and is used in similar cases of tooth-ache, but its
effect is much more speedy and certain.


574. CAMPHOR CERATE FOR CHAPPED HANDS

The following receipt was given to the contributor by a maid of
honour to Queen Victoria. It is an excellent one. Scrape into an
earthen vessel one ounce and a half of spermaceti and half an
ounce of white wax; add six drachms of pounded camphor, and four
tablespoonsful of the best olive oil. Let it stand near the fire
till it dissolves, stirring it well when liquid. Before the hands
are washed, rub them thoroughly with a little of the cerate, then
wash them as usual. Putting the cerate on before retiring answers
very well. This quantity costs about twenty-five cents, and will
last three winters. The vessel it is kept in should be covered,
to prevent evaporation.


575. THE WAY TO WEALTH

"The way to wealth," says Doctor Franklin, "is as plain as the
way to market."

Many men, however, either miss the way, or stumble and fall on
the road.

Fortune, they say, is a fickle dame--full of her freaks and
caprices; who blindly distributes her favours without the slightest
discrimination. So inconsistent, so wavering is she represented,
that her most faithful votaries can place no reliance on her
promises.

Disappointment, they tell us, is the lot of those who make offerings
to her shrine. Now, all this is a vile slander upon the dear blind
lady.

Although wealth often appears the result of mere accident, or a
fortunate concurrence of favourable circumstances, without any
exertion of skill or foresight, yet every man of sound health and
unimpaired mind may become wealthy, if he takes the proper steps.

Foremost in the list of requisites, are honesty and strict integrity
in every transaction of life. Let a man have the reputation of being
fair and upright in his dealings, and he will possess the confidence
of all who know him.

Without these qualities, every other merit will prove unavailing.
Ask concerning a man, "Is he active and capable?" Yes. "Industrious,
temperate, and regular in his habits?" O Yes. "Is he honest? is he
trustworthy?" Why, as to that, I am sorry to say that he is not to
be trusted; he wants watching; he is a little tricky, and will take
an undue advantage, if he can.

"Then I will have nothing to do with him:" will be the invariable
reply.

Next, let us consider the advantages of a cautious circumspection
in our intercourse with the world. Slowness of belief, and a proper
distrust are essential to success.

The credulous and confiding are ever the dupes of knaves and
impostors. Ask those who have lost their property how it happened,
and you will find in most cases it has been owing to misplaced
confidence.

One has lost by endorsing; another by crediting; another by false
representatives; all of which a little more foresight and a little
more distrust would have prevented.

In the affairs of this world, men are not saved by faith, but by
the want of it.

Judge men by what they do, not by what they say. Believe in looks
rather than in words.

Before trusting a man, before putting it in his power to cause you
a loss, possess yourself of every available information relative
to him.

Learn his history, his habits, inclinations and propensities; his
reputation for honesty, industry, frugality, and punctuality; his
prospects, resources, supports, advantages and disadvantages; his
intentions and motives of action; who are his friends and enemies,
and what are his good and bad qualities.

You may learn a man's good qualities and advantages from his
friends--his bad qualities and disadvantages from his enemies.
Make due allowance for exaggeration in both.

Finally, examine carefully before engaging in anything, and act
with energy afterward. Have the hundred eyes of Argus beforehand,
and the hundred hands of Briarius afterward.


576. MAXIMS BY DR. FRANKLIN ON THE WAY TO WEALTH

God helps those who help themselves.

Many words won't fill a bushel.

Sloth, like rust, consumes faster than labour wears.

The key often used is always bright.

Dost thou love life? Then do not squander time, for that is the
stuff life is made of.

The sleeping fox catches no poultry.

There will be time enough for sleep, in the grave.

If time be of all things the most precious, wasting time must
be the greatest prodigality.

Lost time is never found again.

What we call time enough, always proves little enough.

Sloth makes all things difficult, but industry all easy.

He that riseth late must trot all day, and shall scarce
overtake his business at night.

Laziness travels so slowly, that poverty soon overtakes him.

Drive thy business, lest it drive thee.

Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy
and wise.

Industry need not wish.

He that lives upon hope, will die fasting.

There are no gains without pains.

Help, hands, for I have no lands.

He that hath a trade, hath an estate, and he that hath a calling,
hath an office of profit and honour; but the trade must be worked
at, and the calling well followed, or neither will enable us to
pay our taxes.

The drone in the hive makes no honey.

At the working man's house hunger looks in, but does not enter.

Industry pays debts, but despair increaseth them.

Diligence is the mother of good luck.

God gives all things to industry.

Plough deep while sluggards sleep, and you will have corn to sell
and to keep.

One today is worth two tomorrow.

Have you somewhat to do tomorrow, do it today.

If you were a servant, would you not be ashamed that a good
master should catch you idle?  Are you, then, your own master?
be ashamed to catch yourself idle.

The cat in gloves catches no mice.

Light strokes fell great oaks.

By diligence and patience, the mouse ate into the cable.

Employ thy time well, if thou meanest to gain leisure; and since
thou art not sure of a minute throw not away an hour.

A life of leisure and a life of laziness, are two things.

Troubles spring from idleness, and grievous toils from needless
ease.

Many would live by their wits, without labour, but they break
for want of stock.

Industry gives comfort, plenty, and respect.

Now I have a sheep, and a cow, everybody bids me good-morrow.

  I never saw an oft-removed tree,
  Nor yet an oft-removed family,
  That throve so well as one that settled be.

Three removes are as bad as a fire.

Keep thy shop, and thy shop will keep thee.

If you would have your business done, go; if not, send.

  He that by the plough would thrive,
  himself must either hold or drive.

The eye of the master will do more work than both his hands.

Want of care does us more damage than want of knowledge.

Not to oversee workmen, is to leave them your purse open.

In the affairs of the world, men are saved not by faith, but for
the want of it.

Learning is to the studious, and riches to the careful, as well
as power to the bold, and heaven to the virtuous.

If you would have a faithful servant, and one that you like,
serve yourself.

A little neglect may breed great mischief.

  For want of a nail the shoe was lost;
  For want of a shoe the horse was lost;
  For want of a horse the rider was lost--
  Being overtaken and slain by the enemy.

If a man save not as he gets, he may keep his nose to the
grindstone all his life, and die not worth a groat.

A fat kitchen makes a lean will.

  Many estates are spent in the getting,
  since women for tea, forsook spinning and knitting,
  and men for punch, forsook hewing and splitting.

The Indians did not make Spain rich, because her out-goes were
greater than her incomes.

What maintains one vice would bring up two children.

Many a little makes a mickle.

Beware of little expenses; a small leak will sink a great ship.

Who dainties love, shall beggars prove.

Fools make feasts, and wise men eat them.

Buy what thou dost not need, and ere long thou shalt sell thy
necessaries.

At a great bargain pause awhile.

It is foolish to lay out money in the purchase of repentance.

Wise men learn by another's harms, fools scarcely by their own.

Silks and satins, scarlet and velvets, put out the kitchen fire.

A ploughman on his legs, is higher than a gentleman on his knees.

Always taking out of the meal tub, and never putting in, soon
comes to the bottom.

When the well is dry we know the worth of water.

If you would know the value of money, try to borrow.

  Fond pride of dress is sure a very curse.
  Ere fancy you consult, consult your purse.

Pride is as loud a beggar as want, and a great deal more saucy.

  Vessels large may venture more,
  but little boats should keep the shore.

Pride that shines on vanity sups on contempt.

Pride breakfasted with plenty, dined with poverty, and supped
with infamy.

  What is a butterfly? At best
  He's but a caterpillar dress'd;
  The gaudy fop's his picture just.

The second vice is lying; the first is running in debt.

Lying rides upon debt's back.

It is hard for an empty bag to stand upright.

Creditors have better memories than debtors.

Creditors are a superstitious sect, great observers of set days
and times.

The borrower is a slave to the lender, and the debtor to the
creditor.

  For age and want save while you may,
  No morning sun lasts a whole day.

  Get what you can, and what you get hold;
  'Tis the stone that will turn all your lead into gold.

Experience keeps a dear school; but fools will learn in no other and
scarce in that; for we may give advice, but we cannot give conduct.

They that will not be counselled cannot be helped.

Distrust and caution are the parents of security.

After feasts made, the maker shakes his head.

There is neither honour nor gain got in dealing with a villain.

Visits should be like a winter's day, short.

  A house without woman and firelight,
  Is like a body without soul or sprite.

Light purse, heavy heart.

Ne'er take a wife till thou hast a house (and a fire) to put her in.

Great talkers, little doers.

Relation without friendship, friendship without power, power without
will, will without effect, effect without profit, and profit without
virtue, are not worth a farthing.

He has changed his one-eyed horse for a blind one.


[There was no entry for receipt no. 577 in the original.]


578. EXCELLENT PASTE

Excellent paste for fruit or meat pies may be made with two-thirds
of wheat flower, one-third of the flour of boiled potatoes, and some
butter or dripping; the whole being brought to a proper consistence
with warm water, and a small quantity of yeast added when lightness
is desired. This will also make very pleasant cakes for breakfast,
and may be made with or without spices, fruit, &c.

Picnic Biscuits.--Take two ounces of fresh butter, and well work it
with a pound of flour. Mix thoroughly with it half a salt-spoonful
of pure carbonate of soda; two ounces of sugar; mingle thoroughly
with the flour; make up the paste with spoonsful of milk--it will
require scarcely a quarter of a pint. Knead smooth, roll a quarter
of an inch thick, cut in rounds about the size of the top of a small
wine-glass; roll these out thin, prick them well, lay them on
lightly floured tins, and bake in a gentle oven until crisp; when
cold put into dry canisters. Thin cream used instead of milk, in the
paste, will enrich the biscuits. Caraway seeds or ginger can be
added, to vary these at pleasure.


579. BLACK CAKE

Beat separately the whites and yolks of three eggs. Mix half a pound
of butter with one pound of flour, one tumbler of milk, one tumbler
of molasses, one pound of sugar. Then put in the eggs and one and
one-half teaspoonful of soda. Wine, currants, raisins and citron to
your taste.


580. MAIZE CAKE

Take six eggs, a paper of Oswego corn starch, one pound of loaf
sugar, half pound of butter, half teacup of milk, half a teaspoon of
soda, one teaspoon of cream of tartar, the grated rind of the lemon;
dissolve the soda in half the milk, and add it the last thing. Bake
in an oven as quick as you can make it without burning. It is a very
delicate cake to bake well. Use flat pans, a little deeper than
Spanish bun pans, and put paper over the top.


581. COMPOSITION CAKE

Take three pounds of flour, half pound of butter, one and three-
quarter pounds of sugar, three eggs--beat the eggs--add half a pint
of yeast to them, half a pint of new milk, three spoonsful of rose-
water, and a little cinnamon and cloves; put the butter in the flour
and half the sugar, the other half mix with the eggs; make a hole in
the flour, pour the ingredients into it; set it to lighten in the
morning by the fire; after it is made out into rolls, you may put it
into tins, and set it before the fire for an hour or two; when
sufficiently risen, bake it in rather a slow oven.


582. GINGER BISCUITS AND CAKES

Work into small crumbs three ounces of butter, two pounds of flour,
add three ounces of powdered sugar and two of ginger, in fine
powder; knead into a stiff paste, with new milk, roll thin, cut out
with a cutter; bake in a slow oven until crisp through; keep of a
pale colour.


583. TO SILVER IRON WITH SILVER FOIL

This is the method now adopted all over Canada and the United States
for silvering iron for carriages, cutters, &c. You may get the
silver foil, (which is sometimes called silver plate,) of any
thickness you please; and by so doing, have the iron plated either
light or heavy. If you get small iron rods plated they will cost
you from four to five cents per inch: you may do it yourself for
one-quarter the price.

Directions in full.--First polish the iron you are about to plate,
then wet it with soldering fluid, (receipt No. 21,) then give it a
coat of solder, (receipt No. 22;) this is done by laying a piece of
solder on the iron, and spreading it over with a heated soldering
iron; or it is sometimes done by having the solder melted, and then
dipping the iron to be silvered into it. After the iron is coated by
either of these methods, with solder, some workmen propose to then
place it in the fire for a few moments, that the coating of solder
may be thereby made smoother. The next thing to be done is to dampen
with soldering fluid, then lay on your silver foil, and rub it over
with a soldering iron heated to such a degree as to melt the solder,
and thereby fasten the plate at once to the iron; or rather to
the solder on the iron; or else as some workmen prefer, have your
soldering iron only hot enough to slightly stick the foil to the
solder, and then place the article in the fire until the solder
melts, and thereby the foil becomes firmly united with the iron.
Whichever of these methods you adopt, as soon as the silver is
united to the iron, you must then at once proceed to polish it,
which is done by taking a piece of coarse cloth, dipping it in
whiting, previously dampened with alcohol, and rubbing it over the
surface until it is well polished. If at any time, as sometimes will
happen, the plate of silver becomes stained so that you cannot
polish it, wet it with the fluid, put another plate of silver foil
over it, and proceed to fasten it to the iron as you did with the
first plate,then polish it with the whiting, &c. Some merely spit on
the whiting instead of dampening it with the alcohol, but it is not
so speedy a method. A friend of mine prefers heating the iron, then
applying the soldering fluid, then the coat of solder, and then
laying on the silver foil, and pressing on by means of a cloth,
which he does by taking a piece of cloth about four inches wide and
eight or ten inches long, catching one end in each hand and pressing
and rubbing it from side to side, and round the article until the
silver foil is firmly united, and then polishing as mentioned above.
Some prefer plating the iron first with tin foil, then covering the
tin with silver foil, and it is a good plan. A very good plan, if
it is plane work (not carved) you are doing, is to take a piece of
board one or two inches wide, and six or eight inches long, and lay
it over the cloth you are polishing with, which gives you a greater
purchase. I never knew this receipt to be sold for less than from
$24 to $60.



TO ALL WHO HAVE PURCHASED THIS WORK

You are now in possession of about all the latest and most useful
receipts that are in the country; many of which are now being sold,
frequently, for from $5 to $10 and $20 each; and if you will now be
wise, do that which will be to your own interest, allow no man to
see this work, but keep the receipts profoundly secret, except as
you sell them. You may dispose of enough of them, written off, every
year you have the book, to amount to twenty times the price of it.











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