The Project Gutenberg eBook of Birds and All Nature, Vol. 5, No. 1, January 1899
    
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online
at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States,
you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located
before using this eBook.

Title: Birds and All Nature, Vol. 5, No. 1, January 1899

Author: Various

Release date: December 23, 2014 [eBook #47755]

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Christian
        Boissonnas and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
        at http://www.pgdp.net


*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIRDS AND ALL NATURE, VOL. 5, NO. 1, JANUARY 1899 ***




Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Christian
Boissonnas and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
at http://www.pgdp.net









  Birds and All Nature

  IN NATURAL COLORS


  A MONTHLY SERIAL

  FORTY ILLUSTRATIONS BY COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY

  A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF BIRD-LIFE


  TWO VOLUMES A YEAR

  VOLUME V.

  JANUARY, 1899, TO MAY, 1899


  EDITED BY C. C. MARBLE


  CHICAGO
  A. W. MUMFORD, PUBLISHER
  203 Michigan Ave.
  1899




  COPYRIGHT 1899

  BY

  NATURE STUDY PUBLISHING CO.




  BIRDS AND ALL NATURE.

  ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY.

  VOL. V.          JANUARY, 1899.           NO. 1.




  CONTENTS

                                                        Page
  "TESS."                                                  1
  WHIPPOORWILL.                                            2
  TONGUES.                                                 5
  THE MOUNTAIN LION.                                      11
  THE HOLLY TREE.                                         12
  THE LEMON.                                              13
  ABOUT BEES.                                             17
  BIRDS AS SHEPHERDS.                                     20
  THE MISTLETOE.                                          23
  THE EAGLE.                                              24
  NUTS.                                                   26
  THE BIRTH OF ATHENA.                                    29
  THE WHIPPOORWILL.                                       35
  THE EAGLE (continued).                                  36
  MIGRATORY BIRDS.                                        37
  HOW BIRDS CARRY SEEDS.                                  37
  THE SHIP OF THE DESERT.                                 37
  THE SNAPPING-TURTLE.                                    38
  THE STORY OF LITTLE BILLEE.                             41
  THE SANDHILL CRANE.                                     47
  THE STORY OF LITTLE BILLEE (continued).                 48




"TESS."


A remarkable example of the human-like intelligence of a chimpanzee,
rivaling that of the celebrated "Mr. Crowley," of New York, so long
the chief object of admiration in the museum of Central Park, was
that of the subject of this sketch. "Tess" was captured in Africa by
Allan Grosch and brought to Boston, where she was purchased by Frank
C. Bostock. She was brought up with Mr. Bostock's little girl and was
dressed the same as any child of three years. She walked upright, ate
with knife and fork, drank from a cup, had better table manners than
the average child of the same age, wore finger-rings, ear-rings, and
pin, and always surveyed herself in the glass to see that her pin was
on straight, and her dress hung right; she smoked a pipe, drew lines
on a blackboard, wrote with a pen, and imitated Mr. Bostock's little
girl in many ways. She uttered a few sounds which were understood by
her master, and seemed to understand what was said to her. She died of
pneumonia while being exhibited in the East, was purchased by Mr. C. F.
Gunther and presented by him to the Chicago Academy of Sciences. Her
age was three years and seven months.

The chimpanzee (_Simia troglodytes_) is considerably smaller than
the gorilla; old males reach a height of sixty-four inches; females,
forty-eight inches. The arms are long, reaching a little below the
knee, and possess great muscular power. In the feet the large toe is
separated from the others by a deep incision; and the sole is flat. The
hair of the chimpanzee is smooth, the color usually black, but in some
specimens it is a dull, reddish brown. Chimpanzees walk on all fours,
resting themselves on the calloused backs of their hands. The toes of
the feet are sometimes drawn in when walking. Naturalists say there
is a strong inclination in this species to show remarkably varying
individual types, which has led to controversies as to whether there
were not several different species.

That the chimpanzee was known to the ancients is made fairly certain
by the famous mosaic picture which once adorned the temple of Fortuna,
and which is said to be still preserved in the Barberini palace
at Palestrina in Italy. This mosaic represents, among many other
animals of the Upper Nile country, what is believed to have been the
chimpanzee. A young specimen was taken to Europe in the beginning of
the seventeenth century. They have been taken there repeatedly since
and are not infrequent features of the European animal market. Several
have been brought to the United States and placed in museums and
menageries.

It was formerly believed that the chimpanzee was a gregarious animal,
but it is now known that there are seldom more than five, or, at the
utmost, ten living together. Sometimes, however, they gather in greater
numbers for play. One observer claims to have seen at one time about
fifty of them which had assembled on trees and amused themselves with
screaming and drumming on the tree trunks. They shun human habitation.
Their nests are built in trees, not at a great height from the ground.
They break and twist and cross larger and smaller branches and support
the whole on a strong bough. A nest will sometimes be found at the end
of a bough, twenty or thirty feet from the ground. They change abiding
places often in looking for food or for other reasons. Two or more
nests are rarely seen in the same tree. Nests, properly so-called,
consisting of inter-woven branches, as Du Chaillu describes, have not
been seen by any of the other narrators.

When in repose the chimpanzee in the wild state usually assumes a
sitting posture. He is often seen sitting or standing, but it is said
the minute he is detected he drops on all fours and flees. He is an
adept at climbing. In his play he swings himself from tree to tree and
jumps with amazing agility. His food consists of fruits, nuts, buds,
etc.

While "Tess" was remarkably intelligent she was too young to show the
maturity of one in Nills' Zoological Garden in Stuttgart, an account of
which is given by the celebrated painter of animals, F. Specht. This
chimpanzee could laugh like a human being. He took notice of this,
for no other animal can show its joy by loud laughter. When he would
take the sympathetic fellow under the arms, throw him in the air and
catch him, the cage rang with his merry peals of laughter. One day he
took along a piece of chalk and sat down on a chair. In a moment the
chimpanzee was sitting on Specht's knees awaiting further developments.
He put the chalk in the animal's hand, and leading it, drew several
figures on the wall. When he released the chimpanzee's hand, the animal
started to shade the drawings with such diligence that they soon
disappeared, to the great amusement of the spectators.

There are now, or were a few years ago, two chimpanzees in the
Stuttgart zoological garden, which are the closest of friends. The
female had been there before and when the male arrived his box was put
over night in her warm, roomy cage the presentation being intended for
the morrow. When the box, which, by the way, had been upholstered,
was opened and the male got out, they both stood on their hind legs
for a few minutes earnestly gazing at each other. Then they flew into
each other's embrace and exchanged hearty and repeated kisses; and the
female brought her blanket, spread it on the floor, sat down on it and
by gestures invited the male to do likewise. It made a charming picture
to see these two taking their meals at a table. They both used spoons
and did not in the least interfere with each other. The female had
the peculiarity of cautiously taking the male's glass, and drinking a
goodly portion out of that, too, after which she returned it. Both of
these animals laughed heartily when at play.

Barnum, the American showman, had two chimpanzees, "Nip" and "Tuck," on
exhibition in various cities and towns, but they did not display much
intelligence, nor did they live long. Other attempts to introduce the
chimpanzee have not been encouraging. The experiment of keeping one
has not been tried in the South, however, where there are doubtless
cities whose climatic condition would prove to be favorable for
keeping chimpanzees much longer than is possible in the more northern
zoological collections.




WHIPPOORWILL.


    Hark! I hear the voice again,
      Softly now and low,
    When the twilight's o'er the plain
      And the first stars glow.
    This is what it uttereth--
    In a rather mournful breath--
    "Whip-poor-will! Whip-poor-will!"

    What has Will been doing now?
      Has he truant played
    With a sad, coquettish brow
      From some simple maid?
    Did he steal her heart away?
    For I hear you always say
    "Whip-poor Will! Whip-poor Will!"

    Tell me now what Will has done.
      Who's to whip him, dear?
    Is he some scamp full of fun
      That is straying near?
    Have you caught him at your nest
    By the ones you love the best?
    "Whip-poor-Will! Whip-poor-Will!"

    That is all you seem to say,
      Little bird so shy.
    Tell me now, without delay,
      Why whip Will, oh! why?
    There! your voice fades in the lea--
    Leaving this command to me,
    "Whip-poor-Will! Whip-poor-Will!"

                                        --_Monroe H. Rosenfeld._


  [Illustration: COPYRIGHT 1899, NATURE STUDY PUB. CO., CHICAGO.
                 CHIMPANZEE.
                 1/6 Life-size.
                 FROM COL. CHI. ACAD. SCIENCES.]




TONGUES.

W. E. WATT.


The tongue is said to be the stomach begun. It is the first organ of
the digestive system which acts upon the food. It is the source of much
of the pleasure of life, particularly to young people. As it stands
at the entrance to the alimentary canal it is endowed with powers of
detecting the qualities of whatever the hands present to the stomach.

In early life the system demands abundant supplies of good material
to build up growth and maintain activity. The sense of taste is then
peculiarly keen, and the appetite for good things is strong. After
maturity the desires become less and one has not so much pleasure in
eating unless by active labor or from some other cause the digestive
organs are kept in a robust condition.

With the years the tastes change. We wonder how children can possibly
eat such quantities in such combination. The food which fairly
delighted us long ago has little or no attraction for us, and with many
adults there is need for strong seasoning and condiments which children
avoid.

The child clamors for sweets. The adult is inclined to check the
child in eating that which would not digest in the adult's stomach.
But Herbert Spencer won the hearty esteem of the youngster when he
gave scientific argument showing that growing children need highly
concentrated foods to meet the demands of nature, and they may be
permitted, in fact encouraged, to eat freely of foods which are
unsuited to mature people.

The tongue's special work is telling us whether a given substance is
good for us. Like other senses it may be deceived and is not always to
be relied upon. And when it has told us once correctly we may make a
serious mistake in following its advice too extensively so as to learn
that too much of a good thing is not all good.

Nearly all substances have taste. That is, the tongue has power to tell
us something about almost every substance in nature. Water is about
the only substance found in nature that has no taste. But we rarely
find water that is pure enough to be entirely without taste. Nearly all
solids that can be dissolved in water have taste. So have nearly all
liquids. When we say that water tastes good we recognize the mineral in
it, or some combination of minerals that the human body needs in its
economy.

The substances that the taste recognizes most readily are common salt,
vinegar, quinine, pepper, and alcohol. Those least exciting to the
tongue are starch, white of egg, and gum.

The tongue does its work by means of three sorts of papillæ which cover
its surface. There are many very fine ones all over the tongue, but
these are most numerous near the tip. Some larger ones which are not so
pointed in form are also more plentiful near the tip of the tongue. And
there are from eight to fifteen much larger still that are arranged in
rows like the letter V at the base of the tongue.

Bitter is tasted mainly at the back of the tongue. Sweet is tasted all
along, but is most delightful at the base of the tongue, and it is by
this cunning arrangement that nature gets the tongue to pass the sweet
morsel along to the throat where it is seized and hurried downward by
the act of swallowing.

These papillæ have within them capillary blood vessels and the
filaments of nerves. They are the seat of the tongue's sensibility.
Whatever is tasted must come into chemical action over these little
points. Moderate pressure helps the sensation, so we smack our tongues
sometimes when we are not in company. Cold deadens taste to some
extent and heat acts in nearly the same way. Rinse the mouth with very
warm or very cold water and then take in a solution of quinine at about
forty degrees temperature and the bitter fluid will have almost no
bitterness till the temperature of the mouth and its contents becomes
somewhere near one hundred degrees.

Three things are necessary in a substance in order that it may be
tasted, and it is curious to note how common are all three. First, it
must be easily mixed with the saliva; second, it must easily spread
itself about so that it may mingle with the mucus that always covers
the papillæ; and third, it must be capable of acting chemically on the
protoplasm of the end organs when once it gets into the taste bulb.
All tasteless substances have one or more of these qualities lacking.
Wipe the tongue dry and place a sugar crystal upon it. No taste will be
experienced until the spot is moistened.

All substances do not taste alike to different tongues. We have noted
the difference in appreciation of certain foods in infancy and in
mature years. Water tastes differently to the fever patient and to the
well man. As substances taste differently at different times to the
same person, so they vary with individuals. One tongue is found on
careful examination to have three times as many papillæ as another,
one system is more susceptible to chemical action than another, and
the nervous system varies enough in different subjects to make a
considerable difference in the powers of taste.

One guest at table is delighted with a dish which appeals not at all to
the palate of his neighbor. In fact there are cases where the power of
taste has been temporarily or entirely lost. In such cases the patient
goes on with his daily eating in a mechanical way, not because it
tastes good, but because he must.

There seem to be different nerves for sweet, for bitter, for salty
things, and for acids. Substances are known to chemistry which act
differently on the nerves of the front and those of the back of the
tongue. They very curiously taste sweet to the nerves of the tip of
the tongue and at the same instant bitter to those at the base. If
leaves of the _Gymnema sylvestre_ be chewed, sweet and bitter things
are tasteless for awhile although acids and salts are tasted as usual.

Let an electric current pass through the tongue from the tip to the
root and a sour taste will be experienced at the tip. But no one has
yet explained why when the same sort of current is passed through in
the opposite direction the taste is alkaline.

Place a small piece of zinc under the tongue and a dime on top. The
saliva which moistens them will cause them to form a small galvanic
battery. As they are allowed to touch each other at the tip of the
tongue a sour taste will be experienced and in the dark a spark will
appear to the eyes.

There is a pretty microscopic formation on the sides of some of the
papillæ. It consists of rows of small openings or sacs egg-shaped
with very minute mouths at the surface. These are known to science as
taste bulbs. They are so small that three hundred of them put together
the long way will scarcely reach one inch. They are so numerous that
1,760 have been counted on one papilla of an ox's tongue. They are not
entirely confined to the surface of the tongue, for they have been
found in large numbers upon the soft palate and the uvula, and many
have been discovered on the back side of the throat and down into the
voice box, some of them even appearing upon the vocal cords. Their form
is much like that of a long musk melon, but they are too small to be
seen by the naked eye. The outer part or rind consists of rows of cells
evidently formed to hold what is within. On the inside are from five
to ten taste cells which are long enough to reach the whole length of
the bulb and protrude slightly at the opening where they are finely
pointed. They are attached at the other end and branch out as if to run
to several extremely fine divisions of the nerves.

Birds and reptiles have no taste bulbs in their papillæ. Tadpoles and
freshwater fishes have similar bulbs in their skin, and it is thought
they enjoy the taste of things around them without the necessity of
taking them in at the mouth.

We give the sense of taste more credit sometimes than it merits. What
we regard as tastes are often flavors or only smells. What is taken in
at the mouth gets to the nose by the back way if it is of the nature
of most spices, and so by use of the nose and the imagination we taste
things that do not affect the tongue at all. A cold in the head shows
us we do not taste cinnamon, we merely experience its pungency as it
smarts the tongue while its flavor we enjoy only with the nose.

With some substances we have a mixed experience that passes for taste,
but it is really a combination of taste, smell, and touch. With the
nostrils held one can scarcely distinguish between small quantities
of pure water and the same with a very little essence of cloves.
The difference is easily observed with the nostrils open or after
swallowing, for the odor of the mixture gets readily into the nose from
either direction.

It is curious to note that, although there are so many varieties of
taste, man has but few words to describe them with. We know the taste
of a thousand substances, and yet we are in nowise superior to the
veriest savage in the matter of speaking about their flavors. We are
obliged to speak in the same manner as the wild man of the forest and
say that a given taste is like the taste of some other thing, only
different.

One of the lowest forms of tongues is that of the gasteropod. All
snails and slugs are gasteropods. They have instead of a regular tongue
a strip that is called a lingual ribbon, one end of which is free and
the other fastened to the floor of the mouth. Across the ribbon from
left to right run rows of hard projections almost like teeth. Whatever
the mouth comes against is tested for food qualities by this rasping
ribbon which files away at the substance and wears away not only what
it works upon but the ribbon itself. This loss of tongue is no serious
affair to the gasteropod, for he finds his tongue growing constantly
like a finger-nail and he needs to work diligently at his trade or
suffer from undue proportions of the unruly member. Snails in an
aquarium gnaw the green slime from the sides of the vessel with their
lingual ribbons, and the process may be seen to more or less advantage
at times.

Taste is not all confined to tongues. Some people have papillæ on the
inside of the cheek. Medusae (Jelly Fish) have no tongues, but the
qualities of the sea-water are noted by them. As soon as rain begins to
fall into the sea they proceed directly towards the bottom, showing a
decided aversion to having their water thinned in any way.

Leeches show their powers of distinguishing tastes when they take in
sweetened water quite freely, but suck at the skin of a sick man much
less than at that of one in good health.

Taste in insects has its probable seat in many instances in a pair
of short horns or feelers back of the antennæ. These are constantly
moving over the parts of that which the insect is feeding upon, and so
apparently enjoyable is the motion of them that many scientists have
concluded that these are the taste organs of the insects having them.
At the same time it is quite probable that in all insects furnished
with salivary glands, a proboscis, or a tongue, the power of taste is
also or exclusively there.

Fishes seem to do most of their tasting somewhere down in the stomach,
for they pursue their prey voraciously and frequently swallow it
whole. With their gristly gums, in many cases almost of the toughness
of leather, there can be but little sensation of taste. Their equally
hard tongues, many times fairly bristling with teeth constructed for
capturing, but not for chewing, cannot possibly afford much of a taste
of what is going down the throat with the rushing water passing through
the open mouth and gills.

Serpents which swallow their food alive can get but little taste
of their victims as they pass over the tongue, although they are
deliberate in the act and cover them with a profusion of saliva.

It is quite possible that cattle in chewing the cud get the highest
enjoyment possible from this sense. They enjoy their food at the
first grasp of it, and prove it by their persistence in struggling
for certain roots and grasses, but their calm delight afterwards as
they lie in the shade and bring up from the recesses of their separate
stomachs the choice and somewhat seasoned pellets of their morning's
gleanings is an indication of their refined enjoyment of the pleasures
of this sense.

Sir John Lubbock calls attention to the remarkable instances of certain
insects in which the foods of the perfect insect and of the larvæ are
quite different. The mother has to find and select for her offspring
food which she would not herself touch. "Thus while butterflies and
moths feed on honey, each species selects some particular food plant
for the larvæ. Again flies, which also enjoy honey themselves, lay
their eggs on putrid meat and other decaying animal substances."

Forel seems to have found that certain insects smell with their
antennæ, but do not taste with them. He gave his ants honey mixed with
strychnine and morphine. The smell of the honey attracted them and
they followed what seemed to be the bidding of their antennæ, but the
instant the honey with its medication touched their lips they abandoned
the stuff.

Will fed wasps with crystals of sugar till they came regularly for it.
Then he substituted grains of alum for the sugar. They came and began
their feast as usual, but soon their sense of taste told them there was
some mistake and they retired vigorously rubbing their mouth parts to
take away the puckering sensation of the alum.

Cigar smokers who really enjoy the weed confess that they cannot tell
except by sight when the cigar goes out. In the dark they keep right
on drawing air through the cigar, and the pleasure of the smoke seems
to be in nowise diminished after the cigar is out unless the smoker
discovers he has no light. This seems to show that the sense of taste
has little to do with the pleasure of smoking.

Tongues are used in tasting, seizing food, assisting the teeth to chew,
covering the food with saliva, swallowing, and talking. Man and the
monkey, having hands to grasp food, do not use their tongues for this
purpose. The giraffe does so much reaching and straining after food
in the branches of trees that his tongue has become by long practice
a deft instrument for grasping. The woodpecker uses his tongue as a
spear, and the anteater runs his long tongue into the nest of a colony
of ants, so as to catch large numbers of the little insects on its
sticky surface.

Cats and their kind have a peculiarity in that instead of having
cone-shaped papillæ their tongues are covered with sharp spines of
great strength. These are used in combing the fur and in scraping bones.

Two characteristic accomplishments of man would not be his if it were
not for his versatile tongue; they are spitting and whistling. The
drawing of milk in nursing is an act of the tongue, and the power
of its muscles as well as the complete control of its movements is
an interesting provision of nature. It is believed by some that the
pleasures of the taste sense are confined to such animals as suckle
their young.

Tongues are rough because the papillæ, which in ordinary skin are
hidden beneath the surface, come quite through and stand up like the
villi of the digestive canal. The red color of the tongue is due to the
fact that the papillæ are so thinly covered that the blood circulating
within shows through.




  [Illustration: FROM COL. CHI. ACAD. SCIENCES.
                 CHICAGO COLORTYPE CO., CHIC. & NEW YORK.
                 PUMA.
                 1/6 Life-size.
                 COPYRIGHT 1899, NATURE STUDY PUB. CO., CHICAGO.]

THE MOUNTAIN LION.


This is only one of the names by which the puma (_Felis concolor_)
is known in the United States. He has different local names, such as
tiger, cougar, catamount and panther, or "painter," as the backwoodsmen
entitle him, and silvery lion.

The puma ranges the whole of both the Americas from the Straits of
Magellan to where the increasing cold in the north of Canada blocks his
passage. Like many other large animals, however, the puma has retired
before the advance of civilization, and in many of the more thickly
populated portions of the United States a straggler, even, is rarely to
be found.

The haunts of the puma depend upon the nature of the country. In
sections well-wooded he decidedly prefers forests to plains; but
his favorite spots are edges of forests and plains grown with very
high grass. He always selects for his abode such spots as afford
some shelter, in the vicinity of rocks which have caverns for secure
concealment, and in which to bring forth his young. He spends the day
sleeping on trees, in bushes, or in the high grass; in the evening and
at night he goes forth to hunt. He sometimes covers great distances in
a single night, and sportsmen do not always find him near the place
where he struck down his prey.

All smaller, weak mammals are his prey--deer, sheep, colts, calves,
and small quadrupeds generally. When, however, his prey is so large
that it cannot all be devoured at one meal, the animal covers it with
leaves or buries it in the earth, returning later to finish his repast.
This habit is sometimes taken advantage of by his human enemy, who,
poisoning the hidden carcass with strychnine, often manages to secure
the lion when he comes back to eat it. The use of poison against these
and other carnivorous animals by the farmer and stock-raiser has become
so general in the West they are rapidly becoming exterminated. If it
were not for some such means of defense as this, the sheep-raisers and
cattle-growers would be quite powerless to protect their herds from
the attacks of the mountain lion and other beasts of prey.

The puma is a very bloodthirsty animal, and whether hungry or not,
usually attacks every animal, excepting dogs, that comes in his way.
When hungry, however, he disdains no sort of food, feeding even upon
the porcupine, notwithstanding the quills which lacerate his mouth and
face, or the skunk, heedless of that little animal's peculiar venom.
Ordinarily the puma will not attack man, fleeing, indeed, from him when
surprised, but he has been known when emboldened by hunger to make such
attacks. He, of course, sometimes kills the hunter who has wounded
him, though even then, by the cautious, he is little feared; but an
unprovoked assault, such as the mangling of a woman in Pennsylvania in
the eighties, is rare.

It is the habit of the puma to spring upon his prey from an eminence
such as a ledge of rocks, a tree, or a slight rise of ground. If he
fails to strike his victim, he seldom pursues it for any considerable
distance. In northern regions, however, he sometimes pursues the deer
when they are almost helpless in the deep snow. When he has seized his
victim, he tears open its neck, and laps its blood before he begins to
eat. He devours every part of a small animal, but the larger ones he
eats only in part--the head, neck, and shoulders--burying the rest.

Very young cubs when captured soon become thoroughly tamed, enjoying
the liberty of a house like a dog. When petted they purr like cats
and manifest their affection in much the same manner. When displeased
they growl, but a roar has never been heard from them. There is one
drawback to a tame puma, however, says Brehm. When he has great
affection for his master and likes to play with him, he hides at his
approach and unexpectedly jumps on him. One can imagine how startling
and uncomfortable would be such an ill-timed caress. An old puma, when
captured, sometimes rejects all food, preferring starvation to the loss
of liberty.

Every movement of the puma is full of grace and vigor; he is said
to make leaps of eighteen feet or more. His sight is keenest in the
dusk and by night; his sense of smell is deficient but his hearing is
extremely acute.

The lair in which the female brings forth her young is usually in a
shallow cavern on the face of some inaccessible cliff or ledge of
rocks.

In the southern states, Audubon says, where there are no caves or
rocks, the lair of the puma is generally in a very dense thicket or
in a canebrake. It is a rude sort of bed of sticks, weeds, leaves and
grasses. The number of cubs is from two to five. In captivity two
usually are born, but sometimes only one.




THE HOLLY TREE.


    O reader! hast thou ever stood to see
          The Holly tree?
    The eye that contemplates it, well perceives
          Its glossy leaves,
    Ordered by an intelligence so wise
    As might confound the atheist's sophistries.

    Below a circling fence its leaves are seen
          Wrinkled and keen;
    No grazing cattle through their prickly round
          Can reach to wound;
    But as they grow where nothing is to fear,
    Smooth and unarmed the pointless leaves appear.

    I love to view these things with curious eyes,
          And moralize;
    And in this wisdom of the Holly tree
          Can emblem see
    Wherewith perchance to make a pleasant rhyme,
    One which may profit in the after-time.

    Thus, though abroad perchance I might appear
          Harsh and austere,
    To those who on my leisure would intrude
          Reserved and rude,
    Gentle at home amid my friends I'd be
    Like the high leaves upon the Holly tree.

    And should my youth, as youth is apt, I know,
          Some harshness show,
    All vain asperities I day by day
          Would wear away,
    Till the smooth temper of my age should be
    Like the high leaves upon the Holly tree.

    And as when all the summer trees are seen
          So bright and green,
    The Holly leaves a sober hue display
          Less bright than they,
    But when the bare and wintry woods we see,
    What then so cheerful as the Holly tree?

                                        --_Robert Southey._




THE LEMON.

DR. ALBERT SCHNEIDER,

Northwestern University School of Pharmacy,

Chicago.


The lemon is the fruit of a small tree from ten to fifteen feet
high. It is not particularly beautiful, being rather shrubby in its
appearance. It is an evergreen, bearing leaves, flowers, and fruit
all the year round. The flowers occur singly in the axils of the
leaves. The calyx is persistent, that is, it does not drop off like
the corolla, and may be found attached to the base of the fruit. The
corolla consists of five spreading petals of a purplish-pink color.

The lemons of the market are from cultivated plants of which there is
a large number of varieties. These cultivated varieties or forms took
their origin from the wild lemon trees native in northern India, in the
mountain forests of the southern Himalayas, in Kumoan, and Sikkim.

Lemons have been known for a long time. They were brought to the
notice of the Greeks during the invasion of Alexander the Great into
Media where the golden-yellow fruit attracted the attention of the
warriors who gave them the name of Median apples (_Mala medica_).
Later, Greek warriors also found this fruit in Persia, and hence named
it Persian apples (_Mala persica_). The eminent Greek philosopher and
naturalist Theophrastus, 390 B. C., described the fruit as inedible,
though endowed with a fragrant odor, and having the power to keep away
insects. On account of this latter property the so-called Median apple
was, by some, supposed to be identical with the fruit of the cedar
(_Kedros_) and therefore received the name "_Citrus_" from which is
derived "citrone," the German name, and "citronnier," the French name
for the fruit. Our word lemon is said to have been derived from the
Indian word _limu_ and the Arabian word _limun_. It seems that at
the time of the great Roman historian and naturalist, Pliny (23-79 A.
D.), the lemon was not yet extensively cultivated. Dioscarides (50 A.
D.) speaks highly of the medicinal virtues of the bitter and acrid
wild-growing lemon. Cælius Aurelianus recommends lemon juice in gout
and fevers. In 150 A. D., the lemon tree, evidently introduced, was
found growing about Naples and in Sardinia, but the fruit was still
inedible. About the third century cultivation had so far improved the
fruit that it could be eaten.

The Arabians are credited with first having introduced the lemon tree
into southern Europe. The noted Arabian geographer, Edrisi, twelfth
century, describes the lemon as very sour and about the size of an
apple and the plant as growing only in India. This latter statement
is, however, erroneous as the lemon had already been extensively
cultivated in southern and eastern Spain, where it was introduced by
the agriculturally-inclined Moors. It has been cultivated for many
centuries in nearly all of the countries bordering on the Mediterranean
Sea and is now also extensively cultivated in the tropical and
sub-tropical countries and islands of the Western Hemisphere. One
variety or species, (_Citrus lemetta_), is a native of the East Indies
and is extensively cultivated in the West Indies. Lemon trees are found
everywhere in the larger green houses and conservatories along with the
closely related orange (_Citrus vulgaris_.)

As the result of cultivation there are now about fifty varieties of
lemons in existence. Some of these are comparatively sweet or rather
insipid and are therefore known as sweet lemons. The sour varieties
are, however, more generally cultivated. Lest I forget I will here
state that the lemon is not identical, though closely related, with
the Citron, the fruit of the _Citrus medica_.

As above stated the lemon tree bears fruit all the year round so that
a number of crops are gathered annually. There are, however, three
principal crops collected as follows: The first from July to the
middle of September; the second in November; and the third in January.
Frequently there are also collections in April and in May. The tree
is rather delicate, not as hardy as the orange, for example. In upper
Italy it even becomes necessary to cover the trees during the winter
months. Lemons intended for shipment are picked before they are fully
ripe and packed in barrels or boxes holding from 400 to 700. When
exposed the fruit shrinks and loses in weight very rapidly, due to the
evaporation of moisture from the pulpy interior. In Italy each lemon is
wrapped in tissue paper to protect it against injury and to reduce the
evaporation of moisture. Sometimes they are coated with collodion or
covered with lead foil to reduce the loss of moisture.

The lemon is put to various uses. The yellow rind contains many minute
cavities which are filled with a fixed oil and an ethereal oil to which
the fruit owes its fragrant odor. In Italy the oil is obtained in a
very crude way. The peel is cut into three longitudinal slices. The
workman takes one of these in his right hand, in the left he grasps a
small sponge; by pressing the sponge against the outer surface of the
rind so that it becomes concave, the oil-bearing sacs are ruptured
and the oil absorbed by the sponge. This is repeated until the sponge
becomes saturated, when the juice is squeezed into a cup or other
vessel. I am very much afraid that the sponge and the hands of the
workman are not always clean. I have been informed that an attempt to
introduce machinery for extracting the oil was forcibly resisted. It
is also stated that the oil obtained by the "sponge process" is more
valuable than that obtained by machinery and distillation. The bitter
taste so evident in the lemon is due to _limonin_ and _hesperidin_,
which occur most abundantly in the rind.

The sour taste of the lemon is due to citric acid, which is found
in the large cells forming the pulpy interior. Of course the sap is
largely water, about 97.5 per cent., with about 2 per cent. citric
acid. The amount of acid varies, however, even rising to 9 or 10
per cent. The juice is easily expressed and is put to various uses.
Lemonade is largely consumed on ships, as it is said to prevent ship
scurvy. Washing face and hands with diluted lemon juice is said to
remove tan and freckles. The beneficial properties of lemon juice,
lemonade, in fevers is due to its cooling and refreshing effects,
and also to the fact that it acts as a heart sedative, thus tending
to lower the temperature. Lemon juice has been highly recommended in
acute rheumatism and also to counteract the effects of certain poisons,
especially opium.

The essential oil of lemon acts as a stimulant and has been used in
diseases of the eye (_ophthalmia_). It also serves to give an agreeable
odor to certain medicines, and is used in the manufacture of perfumery
and as a flavoring agent for confectionery.

The lemon peel is used in medicine. Candied lemon peel is a confection
prepared by boiling the peel in syrup and then allowing the sugar to
crystallize.

The following is a description of the excellently colored plate: _A_
is a flowering and fruit-bearing twig, nearly natural size; 1 is a
single flower, somewhat magnified; 2, stamens and pistil; 3, ovary in
longitudinal sections; 3_a_, ovary in cross section; 4, anthers; 4_a_,
pollen-grains; 5, fruit, nearly natural size; 6, cross-section of fruit
showing rind, large-celled pulp and seeds; 7, 8, and 9, seeds.

  [Illustration: FROM KOEHLER'S MEDICINAL-PFLANZEN.
                 LEMON.]




ABOUT BEES.

FRED. A. WATT.


This subject is an ancient and honorable one. The most ancient
historical records make frequent reference to the honey-bee. A poem
written 741 B. C., by Eremetus was devoted to bees. In Scripture we
read of them and learn that Palestine was "a land flowing with milk and
honey" and we know that wild bees are very numerous there even to the
present time. In the year 50 B. C., Varro recommended that hives be
made out of basket-work, wool, bark, hollow-trees, pottery, reeds, or
transparent stone to enable persons to observe the bees at work. The
name "Deborah" is from the Hebrew and means bee; "Melissa," from the
Greek, has the same meaning.

Honey-bees were introduced into the United States from Europe, in the
seventeenth century, and our wild honey-bees are offspring of escaped
swarms. Like all enterprising Yankees they first settled in the eastern
states and rapidly spread over the West, where they were regarded with
wonder by the Indians and called the "white man's fly." They traveled,
or spread, with such regularity that some observers claimed to mark the
exact number of miles which they traveled westward during each year.

A great many species are almost, or entirely, worthless for domestic
purposes, while those that are especially valuable are very few. The
favorite at this time seems to be the Italian species, which was
introduced into the United States in 1860.

At the opening of the season each colony of honey-bees contains one
laying queen, several drones, and from 3,000 to 40,000 workers. The
workers begin by cleaning up the hive, and the queen starts in to rear
other bees at once; new comb is started, honey is brought in from the
earlier varieties of flowers and the busy bee is launched into another
season of sweetness and good works.

The United States Department of Agriculture, in one of its "Farmer's
Bulletins," under the heading, "How to Avoid Stings," says, "First,
by having gentle bees." At the time I first read this I thought they
should have completed the advice by adding "and extract their stings;"
but I find on investigation that the subject of gentle bees, is no
light matter to the bee-keeper, and that my idea that "a bee is a bee
and hence entitled to all the room he requires" does not hold good;
that a bee-keeper when purchasing a colony of bees of any species not
well known to him will ask if they are gentle in the same tone he would
use if he were inquiring about a horse.

Bees seem to do well wherever there are flowers enough to furnish them
with food, and are kept for pleasure and profit in all parts of our
country. A small plot of ground is devoted to bees by the farmer, a
village lot is often filled with hives, and even in our larger cities,
especially in New York, Chicago, and Cincinnati, if not in the gardens
or on the lawns, they may be found well established on the house-tops,
as many as thirty or forty colonies being found on a single roof. They
can usually find enough food in and around a city to keep themselves
busy without making long excursions; in fact, it sometimes happens that
they find more abundant pasturage in a city than they would in the
open country, especially where there are large parks and gardens or
where the linden (basswood) trees have been set out in any considerable
quantities. Sweet clover also sometimes overruns a neglected garden or
vacant lot and furnishes a rich field for the city-bred honey-bee.

In Egypt bees are transported on hive-boats from place to place
along the Nile according to the succession of flowers. The custom
also prevails in Persia, Asia Minor and Greece. In Scotland the same
method is used while the heather is in bloom and in Poland bees are
transferred back and forth between summer pastures and winter quarters.

A few years ago a floating bee house was constructed on the Mississippi
river large enough to carry two thousand colonies. It was designed to
be towed up the river from Louisiana to Minnesota, keeping pace with
the blossoming of the flowers and then drop back down the river to the
sunny South before cold weather should set in in the fall. Honey-bee
ships have also been talked of which could carry bees to the West
Indies to cruise for honey during the winter.

The bee is not fastidious, but will live in any kind of clean box or
barrel that may be provided for its use, hence it sometimes lives in
queer places. A swarm escaping will generally make its home in a hollow
tree or in a fissure of some large rock. The ancient English hives were
generally made of baskets of unpeeled willow. Cork hives are in use in
some parts of Europe, and earthenware hives are in use in Greece and
Turkey. Glass hives are mentioned as far back as the year 1665. In 1792
movable-comb hives were invented and in the century following more than
eight hundred patents were granted on hives in the United States.

Bee products form an important item of income in the United States,
more than two billion pounds of honey and wax being produced in a
single season. When we consider that this appalling amount of sweetness
is gathered a drop here and a drop there it leads us to figures too
large to be comprehended.

In considering the value of bees we must by no means think of honey
as their sole product, as beeswax is an important article. After the
honey has been extracted from the comb the latter is mixed with water
and boiled down and run into firm yellow cakes, from which the color
disappears if exposed for a certain length of time to the air. Thin
slices are exposed until thoroughly bleached, when it is again melted
and run into cakes, and is then known as the white wax of commerce.
Before oil lamps came into use large quantities of this white wax
were used in the manufacture of candles, which made the best light
then known, as they burned better than tallow candles and without the
smoke or odor which made the tallow article objectionable. The advent
of the oil-lamp, the gas jet, and the electric light have practically
disposed of its usefulness in that direction, except in devotional
exercises, although colored tapers made of white wax are now used for
decorative purposes, especially during the holiday season, when numbers
of them are used to light our Christmas trees. White wax is also used
extensively for making ornamental objects such as models of fruits and
flowers. Whole plants are sometimes reproduced and models of various
vegetable and animal products are reproduced in colored wax and used
for educational or museum purposes. The anatomist finds it of great
value in reproducing the normal and diseased structures of the human
form. No doubt the original wax works of Mrs. Jarley, made famous by
Dickens in "The Old Curiosity Shop," were a collection of wax images
made from the product of the honey-bee.

Metheglin is a drink made from honey, and is consumed largely in some
parts of the world. It is the nectar which the ancient Scandinavian
expected to sip in paradise, using skulls of his enemies as goblets.

The East Indies and the Philippine Islands seem to be under special
obligations to astonish the world in everything, and in order to keep
pace with their reputations have produced honey-bees of three sizes,
one of which is the smallest honey-bee known, and another the largest.
The smaller variety is so diminutive that one square inch of comb
contains one hundred cells on each side; the entire comb, as it hangs
from the twig of a small tree or bush, is only about the size of a
man's hand. The workers are a little longer, but somewhat more slender
than our common house-fly, and are blue-black in color, with the
exception of the anterior third of the abdomen, which is bright orange.

The giant East Indian honey-bee, which is probably identical with the
giant of the Philippines, is the largest known species of the genus.
They are about one-third larger than our common bee and build huge
combs of very pure wax which are attached to overhanging ledges of
rock or to the limbs of large trees. These combs are often five or six
feet in length, three or four feet in width and from one and one-half
to six inches in thickness. The amount of honey that they gather in
the course of a season is enormous and it has been suggested that if
introduced into this country they might be of immense value as they
would doubtless visit mainly the plants which our honey-bees could not
well gather from, such as red-clover, and thus increase the amount of
clover seed as well as the quantity of honey already produced. Up to
date, however, it is not proven that they will live in hives or that
they can live at all in this climate; the latter being regarded as
extremely doubtful by some of our best informed bee-men.

Not the least interesting thing in an apiary is the honey extractor,
consisting of a large can inside of which a light metal basket is made
to revolve by means of a simple gearing. The frames containing the
full comb are placed in this basket, the caps being shaved off. After
several rapid revolutions the comb is found to be empty and is then
returned to the hives to be refilled by the bees.

The queen bee is about one-third larger than the worker and is the
mother and monarch of the hive. Queens are sometimes raised by
bee-keepers for sale, especially by those who have an improved strain
of a certain species, or a new and desirable species of bee. When the
bee-keeper gets a mail order for a queen he procures a mailing-cage,
which is a small box-like cage covered with wire screen and cloth,
in one end of which he places a supply of food, the other end being
occupied by a ventilator. The queen and from eight to twelve workers,
as royal attendants, are then placed in the cage, the wire-screen and
cloth covers carefully wrapped around them, the address written, a one
cent stamp affixed and her royal highness is ready for her trip across
a continent, or, with additional postage, around the world.

When, from any cause, the bee-pastures become unproductive bees from
different hives often declare war on their neighbors, the strong
colonies singling out as enemies those that are weak or disorganized
by the loss of a queen. The war is always pursued without quarter and
thousands on each side perish in the fray, the victors always carrying
off every drop of honey in the hive of the vanquished, leaving the
unfortunate survivors of the defeated hive to perish by starvation.

In many parts of England when a member of the family dies someone
must tell the bees; this is done by taking the house door-key and
rapping thrice on each hive, repeating at the same time the name of the
deceased and his station in the family. If this ceremony is omitted the
bees will surely die. In some places the hives are draped with a strip
of black cloth when a death occurs in the family and with white cloth
in case of a wedding. If these ceremonies are omitted the bees are
insulted and will leave. Singing a psalm in front of a hive that is not
doing well will also set all things right, in some parts of England.
I will not attempt to explain how the American bee-keeper rears
bees without these ceremonies, but refer the reader to the various
hand-books on bee-keeping which will doubtless explain it.

The bees occupy a position in the economy of nature far higher than
that of mere honey-gatherers. The service they render in pollenizing
the flowers is worth far more to the world than endless stores of
honey. There are a number of flowers that are so adjusted that their
pollen cannot of itself reach the stigma but is so disposed that it is
certain to be carried away by any bee or moth that chances to visit
it, while the stigma is so placed that an incoming bee is certain to
reach it on first alighting on the flower and dust it with the pollen
which has accumulated on the hairs on the under portion of the bee, or
has clung to his legs; this, of course, causes cross-fertilization, a
peculiar and wonderful provision of nature, which seems to be necessary
for the preservation of fruits and flowers and for the improvement of
the different kinds. Whole volumes have been written on this subject,
which even now is not entirely understood, but a single case will give
a little insight into the matter. The common primrose will produce even
from seeds selected from the same pod, two different kinds of flowers,
in about equal proportions, which are sterile of themselves. But each
kind may, by means of the good offices of the bee or other honey-loving
insect, fertilize the other. If no bees or other insects visit either
of these flowers no seed can be produced and the life of the plant ends
in a single season. Cross-fertilization is necessary to some plants and
beneficial to all. Nature has so devised it and has accordingly made
the flowers conspicuous to insects by painting them, in most cases, a
different and brighter hue than the foliage of the plant, making the
blossom, in some cases, give forth a pleasant odor, and in nearly all
cases causing the flower to secrete the nectar which the insects love.
Flowers which do not attract the insects by their bright colors, odor,
or nectar, are generally adapted to cross-fertilization by the wind or
are partly or wholly fertile in themselves.

It is a pretty well established fact that the flowers which we
particularly esteem, the bright-colored, perfumed, nectar-producing
varieties, owe their existence to the bees. We also owe the fruits
which we love to the selection of the bee to a large extent. Some
of the best varieties of strawberries are entirely sterile and must
be planted in close proximity to fertilizing varieties in order to
bring forth any fruit at all. Some varieties of pears also require
fertilization by the bees, and cannot bear fruit if bees are excluded.
Even the apple is not perfect unless fertilized by the bees, five
distinct pollenizations being required to perfect a single blossom,
and in places where orchards do not bear it is often found that the
introduction of four or five hives of bees for each one hundred trees
will cause them to bring forth fruit in abundance.

So, whether we wear bright flowers, or eat fruit or honey, or stroll
through meadows sweet with clover, the handiwork of the bee follows us
and impresses us with the fact that our little friend lives only to
give us sustenance, sweetness, and pleasure.




BIRDS AS SHEPHERDS.


In Venezuela there is a species of crane, called by the natives the
Yak-a-Mik, which is easily tamed and trained to look after a flock of
sheep or take care of the inmates of the poultry yard. When these are
placed in charge of this bird it may be implicitly trusted to take
them to their feeding places in the morning and bring them safely home
at night, not forgetting to hunt for and collect any stragglers. The
Yak-a-Mik displays all the traits of character usually associated with
the faithful sheep-dog. It can be amusing, too, for, while its usual
gait is slow and sedate, it can execute the most fantastic waltzes and
strike all sorts of absurd attitudes. A German agriculturist, Herr
von Seyffert, had one of these cranes which took charge of a herd of
heifers, driving them to and from their pastures. It also kept order in
the poultry yard, stopping all fighting and disorder.




  [Illustration: PRES. BY VAUGHN'S SEED CO.
                 AMERICAN MISTLETOE.
                 1/2 Life-size.
                 COPYRIGHT 1899, NATURE STUDY PUB. CO., CHICAGO.]

THE MISTLETOE.

WILLIAM K. HIGLEY.


From very early times plants, animals, and even minerals have played
an important part in the expression of religious ideas and in the
execution of religious rites. Among the plants, sacred, and closely
allied to the mystic life of a portion of the human race, there is
none more interesting and rich in legend than the mistletoe. This was
associated with religious observances before the time of Christ and was
mentioned by our earliest historians.

There are over seventy species of this peculiar plant. Both the
American variety (_Phoradendron flavescens_) and the European, or true
mistletoe (_Viscum album_), belong to a family of parasites, so called
because they derive their nourishment entirely or in part from some
other plant instead of taking it directly from the soil. Owing to the
presence of the green coloring matter (_Chlorophyll_), in the stems and
leaves, the mistletoe is not entirely parasitic, but is to a certain
extent self-supporting, drawing but a portion of its nourishment from
the tree on which it grows.

It is found both on deciduous and on evergreen trees. In some locations
in Europe it is especially abundant on the apple tree and, if in the
right climate, there are few tree species which are exempt from serving
as its host.

The mistletoe is an evergreen shrubby plant of slow growth, attaining a
length of about four feet and its duration of life is practically that
of the tree on which it grows. The leathery leaves and rugged stems are
yellowish green in color and, in the axils of the leaves, are the small
and insignificant flowers, which ripen about Christmas-tide into pearly
white translucent berries. The seeds are probably distributed through
the agency of fruit-eating birds which, after eating, wipe their beaks
on the trunks and limbs of trees, leaving the seeds snugly planted in
the crevices of the bark.

In Scandinavian mythology we find the mistletoe used to cause the
death of one of the favorite gods of the Norsemen, Baldur, the god
typifying the beautiful, the good, and the wise. In this myth other
friendly gods, fearing Baldur's death, with his mother, exacted an
oath from animals, plants and minerals that they would not injure him.
Unfortunately, however, the mistletoe was forgotten and Loki, the god
of evil, knowing this fact and jealous of Baldur's beauty, gathered
a branch, and taking it to Hödur, the blind god of brute strength,
directed him how to aim it. Baldur was pierced by the mistletoe and
fell to the ground, dead.

But it was in "Merrie England" that the mistletoe was held most sacred,
most revered. The Druids, the early priests of the Gauls and Britons,
were accustomed to retreat to the oak groves for their mystic rites.
The mistletoe was not often found upon the oak, but when discovered,
was the occasion of special rejoicing and peculiar ceremonies, being
cut with a golden hook, and white bulls were sacrificed under the
favored tree. We are told by some authorities that as the oak was the
symbol of God, the All-powerful, so the mistletoe became the symbol
of man, receiving his life and sustenance from God. There are other
interesting myths; and, in fact, the mistletoe is closely woven with
many beliefs and rites of the Druids.

At Christmas-tide the mistletoe is largely used for decorative
purposes, especially in England, where the custom is ancient, and also
in our own land, where each holiday season finds more and more of this
unique plant gracing chandelier and window, until we, too, may some day
find our maids all kissed--

     "Under the mistletoe bough."




THE EAGLE.

    Bird of the broad and sweeping wing,
        Thy home is high in heaven,
    Where wide the storms their banners fling,
        And the tempest clouds are driven.
                                        --_Percival._


The bald eagle became the bird of our nation in the year 1873. It is at
home in all parts of North America. Its nest in the top of a lofty tree
is a common landmark in Maine, and on the great mountain peaks of the
western states the nest is usually placed upon the rock where no man
nor beast is able to climb.

The American eagle lives in America only, but an eagle living in the
Old World looks very much like it. The American bird is larger than
the one found in Europe. It is believed that the bird of our country
sometimes visits Europe, for an eagle is seen there at times that seems
to be our own bald eagle.

The birds that have beaks and claws like those of the eagle are very
much like the cat family upon the ground. They are all fierce hunters
and live upon weaker animals and birds. The greatest of all the cat
family is the lion, the king of beasts. The greatest of the cats of the
air is the eagle, and he is called the king of birds.

As the cats have claws and teeth for catching and tearing their prey so
the eagles have beaks and talons which are strong and sharp. The cats
come quickly upon their prey without the least noise. So do the eagles.
They come down from the sky like lightning and nothing is swift enough
to get away, unless it is warned of the eagle's coming.

An eagle sometimes lives to be over one hundred years old. Many years
ago it was said that an eagle never dies of sickness nor of old age,
but that its beak grows out of shape in its last years so that it
cannot eat.

All people have admired the eagle. The Indians of America have always
liked to wear the feathers of the king of birds, and in Scotland the
chief was known by the feather of an eagle which he wore in his bonnet.

It often happens that a young eagle looks much larger than its father
or mother. This is because the first feathers of the wings and tail are
longer than the ones that grow in their place when the young eagle has
once shed them. The young eagle is also darker than the old one. This
is why some people have made mistakes in writing about them without
knowing a young eagle from an old one.

Eagles of the same kind are not always of the same color. Some are
darker than others and the markings are not alike. Some young eagles
shed their downy feathers early and wear the dress of grown-up birds.
Others keep some or all of their baby feathers five or six years. And
there are some very old eagles still wearing some of the downy feathers
of their first dresses.

Eagles kept in cages lose some of their fierce ways and change the
colors of their dress. But they do not forget that they are eagles. A
large cat once went under the bars of an eagle's cage to get the meat
which had not been eaten by the bird. Down came the eagle, tore the cat
to pieces, and ate him in a hurry.

The bald eagle is very fond of fish. I have seen him on a bright day
sailing high above a lake where I was fishing. He was so slow and lazy
that I did not think he was fishing too. But when he saw a fine large
fish near the top of the water he came down like a flash, struck his
claws into the fish, and flew away to his mate in a tree upon the land.

Sometimes the eagle gets the fish hawk to do the work for him. Waiting
on the branch of some tree upon the shore he sees the fish hawk flying
about over the water looking for his prey. As soon as a fish has been
caught and the hawk is coming ashore to eat it, the eagle frightens the
hawk so as to make him drop his fish. Then the eagle catches it again
before it strikes the water.

It is because he is such a robber that some of the people of America
did not like to have him chosen to be the bird of our nation. They felt
that we ought to have a bird that is good towards all the other birds.

A poor family once lived for a long time by robbing an eagle. The
father climbed to the nest and took away the meat which the eagle
brought for its young. Every day he got food for his family from
the eagle. When the young birds were almost ready to fly he cut the
feathers from their wings so they could not leave the nest. Then he
tied them in to make sure of his own meat every day. The young ones
cried harder when tied and the old ones thought they were hungry and
brought them more flesh.

When the young are old enough to fly the old eagles fly above them as
if to show them how easily it is done. If the young do not try to fly
when the old ones think it time, they are pushed out of the nest as if
to kill them. But the young wings flutter so that the bird does not
fall hard, and the old bird flies under her young one to prevent any
harm.

The eye of this bird is so keen that it can see a small animal much
farther than the animal can see the great bird. When out of sight in
the sky the eagle can see a hare as it comes out of its hole. It comes
down so fast that it sometimes catches the hare before it can get back
to a safe place.

When the sky is clear the eagle flies very high, but on cloudy days he
keeps nearer the ground. He likes to fly over waterfalls because fish
are to be caught as they pass over the falls. At Niagara Falls eagles
are often seen because animals are sometimes carried over the falls by
the rushing water, and the birds can get them easily.

The eagle likes to face the sun and fly towards it as if he thought he
could reach it. For a long time people wondered how he could face the
sun so without being made blind. But we know now that he has a covering
for his eyes that keeps them from all harm from the strong light. If
you watch a chicken you may see it has two eyelids for each eye. So
has the eagle. The eagle has a sort of eyebrow of feathers that may
help protect his eyes from the strong light.

While the eagle is graceful in flying he is not at all so in walking.
Few birds are so awkward on their feet. His great claws are made for
catching his prey rather than for walking. He can tear things with them
and use them in fighting, but he has not much use for them upon the
ground.

When they cannot get the food that suits them best eagles will
sometimes steal farm animals. Lambs, or even full-grown sheep are
easily carried away. They have been known to attack children and carry
them off. But they do not often do this, and they have been known to
carry them a little way and then set them down again as if the load
were too great or they did not wish to eat them.

A story is told of a man who lived a long time ago, and who had but one
child, a little girl. He wished to adopt a poor little baby boy, but
his wife did not wish to take care of the boy. He had the baby carried
to the top of a tree in which was the nest of an eagle. The baby was
placed in the nest so he could not fall, and the man and his wife
walked under the tree. The child cried so that the lady heard him. She
supposed it had been carried there by the bird. Great haste was made to
get the baby down, and the lady was so pleased to think she had saved
the child from being eaten by the birds that she kept the little one as
her own son.

Eagles hunt in pairs. One flies about near the ground to scare the game
from the bushes and trees, while the other keeps watch from above to
swoop down on the first thing that comes in sight. While their young
ones are in the nest the old birds are very active. They are fierce if
anyone comes near the young.

Sometimes they show as much cunning in taking their prey as any of the
cat family. In flying down to catch animals upon the ground they take
care to fly so that their shadow will not frighten their prey. An eagle
has been known to destroy an animal too large to be picked up by flying
at the animal fiercely as it stood upon the edge of a steep place. The
wings of the bird frightened the animal so as to drive it over the
cliff to meet death upon the rocks below.

(_Continued on page 36._)




NUTS.


1. The English walnut (_Inglandaceæ_) has a thin shell. This nut is
much esteemed and is an important article of commerce. It yields by
expression a bland fixed oil, which, under the names of "walnut oil"
and "nut oil," is much used by painters and is a common article of food.

2. The peanut (_Arachis_) is also called ground nut and earth nut. It
is cultivated in all warm regions of the globe, and its usefulness is
such that it is likely to extend. It was introduced from Peru into
Spain, and thence into France. It succeeds in favorable situations and
yields from eighty to one hundred fold. Its cultivation is so general
in the eastern parts of Africa, and even in the interior, that doubts
have been therefore entertained of its American origin, of which,
the most eminent botanists seem to be quite satisfied. The fruit is
sometimes eaten raw, but generally boiled or roasted. The importance of
the plant is chiefly owing to the fixed oil contained in it, which is
used for the same purposes as olive or almond oil.

3. The Brazil nut is the fruit of the _Bertholletia excelsa_, a large
tree of the order _Lecythidaceæ_, found chiefly on the Orinoco. The
shell is very hard, and contains a rich, oily meat in one piece like
an almond. The Portuguese early carried on an extensive trade in these
nuts. They are now chiefly imported from Para, and continue to form an
article of great commercial importance. When fresh, they are highly
esteemed for their rich flavor; but they become rancid in a short time
from the great quantity of oil they contain. This has been largely
extracted for use in lamps.

4. The hickory nut (_Carya alba_) abounds near the great lakes and in
some parts of New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The nuts are in considerable
demand and are sometimes exported. The shell is thin, but hard, and the
kernel sweet. The oil, which was used by the Indians as an article of
food, was obtained from it by pounding and boiling.

5. The filbert is the fruit of the _Corylus avellana_ or hazel. The
kernel has a mild, farinaceous, oily taste, agreeable to the palate. In
England filberts are usually large hazel nuts. The American hazel nuts
are of two other species.

6. The chestnut (_Castanea vesca_) is eaten raw, boiled, or roasted, or
is ground into meal and puddings, cakes, and bread are made from it.
The tree is common to Europe and America.

7. The pecan (_Carya olivalformis_), sometimes called the Illinois nut,
a species of hickory nut. The shell is thin and the meat well flavored.
The tree grows in North America, chiefly in the Mississippi valley, and
in Texas, where it is one of the largest of forest trees.

8. The almond (_Amygdalus_) grows on a tree about twenty or thirty feet
high, a native of the East and of Africa, but has now become completely
wild in the whole south of Europe. It is planted for the sake of its
beautiful flowers, which resemble those of the peach in form and color.
The wood of the tree is hard and of a reddish color, and is used by
cabinet-makers. But it is chiefly valued on account of the kernel of
its fruit, well known by the name of almonds, an important article
of commerce. It is mentioned in the Old Testament, and appears to
have been cultivated from a very early period. It was introduced into
Britain as a fruit-tree before the middle of the sixteenth century, but
it is only in the most favored situations in the south of England that
it ever produces good fruit. It is successfully cultivated in southern
California. Almonds are either sweet or bitter. The bitter appear
to be the original kind, and the sweet to be an accidental variety,
perpetuated and improved by cultivation.

  [Illustration: Life-size.
                 COPYRIGHT 1899, NATURE STUDY PUB. CO., CHICAGO.
                 Almond.
                 Chestnut.
                 Brazil nut.

                 Filbert.
                 Peanut.

                 Pecan.
                 Hickory nut.
                 English walnut.]




THE BIRTH OF ATHENA.

BY EMILY C. THOMPSON.


It is a study, interesting to some of our modern scholars, to fathom
the depths of obscurity and bring up from the hidden past, from the
minds of men long departed, their conceptions of the beings whom they
worshiped. Still more interesting is it to surmise and conjecture the
origin of these marvelous beings. Charming books have been written
upon these subjects and they prove fascinating to the reader who, with
vivid imagination, can follow the theories of each author and the long
fantastic proofs. The gods of the Greeks, those anthropomorphic beings,
throbbing with life, radiant with beauty, the ideal of all that is
fair and lovely, and yet the prey of human passions and desires, are a
never-ending source of delight to classical students.

All theories start from the supposition that the gods had their origin
either in physical or mental phenomena. Many try to trace out the
effect which the world of nature with its wonders, its beauties, and
its fearful realities, has had upon the savage and primitive mind, and
how from these impressions arose the main gods of the Greek religion.
Of course there are scholars on the other side who will not admit
that there is any physical aspect of any of the gods. So the conflict
rages, exciting, even absorbing, but inconclusive. The method of proof
must depend largely upon the actual remains of that civilization
which are still left for us in the literature and art of that people.
The Greeks had an established theogony very early, as we know by the
"Theogony" of Hesiod, which still remains. In this the parents of the
gods were traced far back, to Gaia, the earth, and Uranus, the sky, who
themselves were sprung from Chaos. A minute relationship was figured
out between all their deities which is to us almost too perplexing to
follow. Many names in this theogony are names taken from nature, as
those above, and so the scholars get a basis for their investigations.

Athena was one of the principal goddesses of this race, the virgin
goddess of wisdom and of the arts of life, especially honored at
Athens, the seat of ancient culture. Could any goddess seem farther
removed from anything physical or material?--and yet we find many
theories from competent, earnest scholars, brought forward to prove
that such a relationship did exist. The birth of this goddess as
recorded by the ancient writers was peculiar. At a blow given by
Hephæstus (Vulcan) or Prometheus, she sprang from the head of Zeus, the
great god of Olympus, clad in her armor, full-grown, and perfect.

A few quotations will tell us the story and show us all upon which the
scholars have to base their theories about the origin of the goddess
and her nature.

Homer presents Athena to us as the daughter of Zeus, and of Zeus alone,
but he does not tell anything about her birth. She seems to be the
spoilt darling of her father, or as one German writer calls her, _sein
anderes Ich_. She wears the ægis of her father and sometimes all his
armor, as she takes an active part in the battles, aiding her beloved
Achæans.


Hesiod, Theogony, 886-900; 924-926.

"Zeus, the king of the gods, made Metis first his bride--Metis,
most knowing of gods and of mortal men. But when she was about to
bear the glancing-eyed goddess Athena, then deceiving her mind by
craft, by winning words, he swallowed her, by the shrewdness of Gaia
and starry Uranus, for thus they advised him, that no other of the
ever-living gods might gain kingly honor in place of Zeus. For from
her it was decreed that there should spring clever children; first
the glancing-eyed maiden, Tritogenia (Athena), having equal strength
with her father and wise counsel; but that then she would bear a son,
king of gods and men, with overbearing heart. But first Zeus swallowed
her, since the goddess purposed both good and evil for him.... So
he himself bore from his head the glancing-eyed Athena, terrible,
strife-stirring, leader of the host, the unwearied, revered one, whom
the din of battle, wars, and combat delights."


Pindar, Olympian VII, 33-38.

"Then the golden-haired one (Apollo) spoke from the fragrant shrine of
the temple, spoke of the voyage from the Lernæan shores straight to the
sea-girt island where the king of the gods, the great one, moistened
the city with golden snowflakes, when by the arts of Hephæstus, by
his brazen ax, Athena springing down the crest of her father's head,
uttered the war cry with a mighty shout, and Heaven and Mother Earth
shuddered before her."


Homeric Hymn to Athena XXVIII.

"Of Pallas Athena, honored goddess, I begin to sing, with glancing
eyes, of many counsels and kindly heart, revered maiden, savior of
cities, valiant, Tritogenia, whom Zeus himself bore from his sacred
head, clad in her arms of war, golden, all-radiant. Wonder held all
the immortals as they looked upon her. She quickly sprang before
ægis-bearing Zeus from his immortal head shaking her sharp spear. And
great Olympus trembled terribly beneath the weight of the glancing-eyed
one, and the earth about resounded fearfully, and the sea was moved,
agitated with its purple waves, and the salt water was poured forth
on a sudden. The glorious son of Hyperion (the sun) stopped his
swift-footed steeds for a long time until the maiden Pallas Athena took
her arms from her immortal shoulders and all-wise Zeus rejoiced.

"So hail to thee, daughter of ægis-bearing Zeus! But of thee and of
another song I shall be mindful."


Lucian, Dialogi Deorum VIII.

In Lucian's "Dialogues of the Gods" we find the following scene which
gives an amusing account of the story in the words of Hephæstus and
Zeus.

_Hephæstus._--"What must I do, O Zeus? For I have come with my ax, the
sharpest one, if it should be necessary to cleave stones at one blow."

_Zeus._--"That is good, O Hephæstus, but bring it down and cleave my
head in twain."

_Heph._--"Are you trying me or are you insane? Tell me truly what you
wish of me."

_Zeus._--"This very thing, to cleave my head. If you disobey, not now
for the first time will you make trial of my anger. You must strike
with your whole heart and not delay for I am tortured by the pains
which confuse my brain."

_Heph._--"See to it, O Zeus, lest we do some harm, for the ax is sharp
and not without bloodshed."

_Zeus._--"Only strike quickly, Hephæstus, for I know the consequences."

_Heph._--"I am unwilling, but still I shall strike, for what must I
do when you bid? What is this? A maiden clad in armor! A great evil,
O Zeus, did you have in your head! Naturally were you quick to anger,
keeping such a maiden beneath the covering of your brain and armed
too. I suppose it has escaped our notice that you had a camp and
not a head. She leaps and dances, shakes her shield, brandishes her
spear, and is in an ecstasy. And the greatest marvel, she is fair and
vigorous--already in this short time. Quick-glancing eyes has she, and
a helmet, too, adorns her. Therefore, oh Zeus, as my wages, promise her
to me."

_Zeus._--"You ask what is impossible, Hephæstus, for a maiden always it
is her wish to remain. I, as far as I am concerned, do not gainsay it."

_Heph._--"I wanted this. I'll manage it and I'll snatch her away."

_Zeus._--"If it is easy for you, do it. Still I know that you ask what
is impossible."

A certain Philostratus gives descriptions of paintings which he
pretended belonged to a gallery in Naples, and this is one of them:
"The Birth of Athena."

"Those astonished ones are the gods and goddesses to whom the order
has been given that even the nymphs are not to be absent from heaven,
but are to be present with the rivers from which they are sprung. They
shudder at Athena, but just now sprung in her arms from the head of
Zeus, by the arts of Hephæstus, as the ax shows. No one could imagine
the material of her panoply, for as many as are the colors of the
rainbow as it changes into different lights, so many colors flash from
her arms. And Hephæstus seems in doubt by what gift he should win the
favor of the goddess for his bait is spent since her arms have grown
with her.

Zeus gasps with pleasure, as those enduring great pain for great gain,
and inquires for his child, proud that he bore her, and Hera is not
angry, but rejoices as if she had borne the maiden herself. Now two
peoples sacrifice to Athena on two citadels, the Athenians and the
Rhodians, land and sea; of the one indeed the sacrifices are without
fire and incomplete. Among the Athenians fire is painted and the savor
of sacrifices and smoke, as if fragrant and ascending with the savor;
therefore, as to the wiser and those sacrificing well, the goddess
comes to them. It is said that gold was poured down from heaven for the
Rhodians and filled their houses and streets since Zeus poured out a
cloud upon them because they, too, revered Athena; and the god Wealth
stood upon their acropolis, winged, as if from the clouds and golden
from the material in which he appears, and he is painted as having
eyes, for from foresight he came to them."

Now that practically all the evidence has been brought it is time to
investigate the theories propounded by these modern scholars and the
various interpretations which they put upon this strange birth of a
deity.

Preller looks upon Athena as the goddess of the clear sky. In the
cloudy sky, in the midst of the storm and lightning the clear bright
heaven appeared, and this was the birth of Athena. The sky is of the
greatest beauty in Greece, especially in Attica, so Athena was most
honored in this land.

To another German scholar, Welcker, she is the æther and also the
spirit, presenting both sides of the nature of her father, being æther,
the daughter of Zeus dwelling in the æther and spirit, the daughter
of Zeus the most high spirit. He lays a great deal of stress upon
etymologies in his method of proof, deriving the name Athena from
æther, but as every author has a different derivation for this name
equally plausible, it is impossible to have full confidence in this
gentleman's theory.

Ploix regards Athena as the twilight, and Max Müller brings forward
his inevitable "Dawn" as the true solution of the question, but the
view which is presented in Roscher's Lexicon is perhaps the most
sensible of all on this side. Originally Athena was the storm-cloud,
and her birth from the head of Zeus shows this, Roscher maintains. This
interpretation is evident all through the myth. The clouds appear in
different forms, sometimes as the head of Zeus the god of the weather,
at other times as the ægis. The lightning is the bright hatchet or
glittering lance with which the blow is dealt. The thunder is the
terrible war cry. That she was born in the west adds to this evidence,
as storms came to the Greeks from that direction.

Farnell contends valiantly in support of his theory that Athena
represents no physical force in nature, but wisdom. In antiquity he
acknowledges that some philosophers did regard Athena in the other
light. Aristotle looked upon her as the moon. The stoic Diogenes
Babylonius gave a physical explanation of her birth. He recalls also
a comment of a scholiast to Pindar, which tells that Aristocles said
that the goddess was concealed in a cloud, and that Zeus, striking the
cloud, made the goddess appear. He remarks that philosophers then,
in their vagaries, were no better than modern scholars, but that the
conceptions which the Greek people and poets had are important for us
in reaching a true conclusion; so he endeavors to prove that neither in
the accounts of the poets nor in the minds of the Greeks was there any
physical conception of the goddess.

In the hymn quoted above he reminds us that there is no thunder which
could not be left out if this were the description of a storm. He
says also that there is nothing physical in the picture which Pindar
gives us, unless the terrible cry of a deity must be taken to mean
thunder. Lucian tells of no storm, and Philostratus, who is so fond
of finding remote allusions does not seem to find any indication of a
clash of the elements. The only physical feature in his description
is the comparison of the panoply of Athena to a rainbow. So Farnell
says: "It may be admitted, then, that these poetical descriptions do
not consciously express the physical fact. To make them serve the other
theories we must regard their highly wrought phrases as mere survivals
of an ancient poetical symbolic diction which did more clearly express
this." If this were true, would not the earlier accounts preserve
this diction for us? But they do not, for this symbolic language is
not found in either Homer or Hesiod. He says: "Is it not more natural
to say that as imagination dwelt upon her birth the poets tended to
embellish it with the richest phraseology, to represent it as a great
cosmic incident in which the powers of heaven and earth were concerned?"

His opponents seem to base all their interpretations upon the later
accounts, beginning with the Homeric hymn, for this story which Hesiod
gives is in the way as there is no phenomenon in the world of nature
corresponding to the swallowing of Metis. Metis is Thought or Counsel
and is a personification of this abstract idea as Hesiod shows by
calling her the most knowing of gods and men. Preller objects to
this, and affirms that this primitive language does not deal with
abstractions, and that the adjective thus applied to her by Hesiod
simply connects her with the water, as there is a sea nymph of that
name. But in all the myths which mention Metis, she appears as Thought
or Counsel, and it is absurd in a language which personifies grace,
righteous indignation, and law not to allow Metis (Thought) to be a
similar personification.

Of course the worship of Athena had been long in vogue before a
story of her birth arose. So Farnell reasons out the origin of the
story thus: In her worship Athena appeared to have abundant thought
and counsel, therefore she naturally became the daughter of Thought
or Counsel, the daughter of Metis; she had all the powers of Zeus,
therefore she became the daughter of Zeus, and as she had no feminine
weakness and inclined to father more than mother, she could not have
been born in the ordinary way, and this might have been so if Zeus had
followed a fashion common in myth and had swallowed her mother, Metis.
The prophecy given in Hesiod as the reason for the swallowing probably
arose after the story, as the fulfillment of the prophecy could have
been hindered in easier ways, and it is likely that this reason was
borrowed from other myths, as, for example, the Cronos story.

The above explanation, Farnell says, is, of course, only a hypothesis,
but it has the advantage over the others of being suggested by the
most ancient form of the legend and the most ancient ideas concerning
the goddess. He adds that the appearance of Prometheus and Hephæstus
in later accounts would only strengthen his interpretation, the
association of these divine artists with the goddess of wisdom and of
the arts of life.

This was a favorite subject with the artists from the earliest times
as old vase paintings bear witness. But the famous representation was
that in the east pediment of the Parthenon, the work of Phidias. Only
fragments of this remain to-day. The central group is entirely lost
except for the torso of one god, supposed by some to be Hephæstus, but
more probably it is that of Prometheus. So the fragments are of the
side groups and not so helpful in recalling the original, but still
conjectures and reproductions have been innumerable.

In Madrid a Roman puteal has been found which is believed to present
the central group of the east pediment. Upon this Zeus is seated,
before him Athena flees away, Victory flies after her to place a crown
upon her head and behind Zeus Prometheus with the ax in his hand draws
back in fright and turns away. This group of Phidias was, of course,
the culmination of this story in art. The later representations are few
and supposed to be merely copies of this.




  [Illustration: FROM COL. CHI. ACAD. SCIENCES.
                 WHIPPOORWILL.
                 3/4 Life-size.
                 COPYRIGHT 1899, NATURE STUDY PUB. CO., CHICAGO.]

THE WHIPPOORWILL.


What farm boy has not heard this birdless voice echoing from the
ghostly shades of the thicket close at hand, or scarcely audible in the
distance? Perhaps you have heard it as you have passed between the wood
and the hill over there, coming clear from the wood but reëchoing from
the hill only the shrill last syllable. Farther away on the distant
hill-top you may have taken this last syllable for the piping of the
salamander. The "whippoorwill" song belongs with the early May moonlit
balmy nights, before the blossoms have lost their best perfume and
before farm work has become a mere drudgery.

It vividly recalls the merry May-basketing frolics, apparently so
necessary to existence on the farm; the fresh green fields and woodland
blossoms; the planting season with all its hidden promises. There is,
in the warble of the bluebird, glad promise of returning spring; and in
the animated whistle of the phoebe reiteration of the earlier promise;
but the whippoorwill tells of that delightful season realized. His is
not a complaint groaned forth, but a glad announcement of joy fully
come.

My early home nestled in one of those gems of woodland that dot the
rolling Iowa prairies. One of my earliest memories of this old home is
the twilight choruses of the whippoorwills in the door-yard. They often
ventured upon the door-step and sang for minutes at a time, apparently
oblivious of the members of the family seated just inside the open
door. On more than one occasion more than one bird occupied the
door-step at the same time, all the while apparently trying to drown
each others' voices in a continuous flow of song. At such times the
delightful mellowness which one hears, with the birds in the distance,
gives place to an almost painful, penetrating shrillness. The more
deliberately uttered song is invariably preceded by a strongly guttural
sound not unlike that produced by striking an inflated rubber bag. The
near-by song, to my ear, sounds like "_qui ko wee_," the first syllable
with a strong "q" sound. I have never heard them sing later than 11
o'clock in the evening nor earlier than 3 in the morning.

It is well-nigh impossible to creep upon a singing bird in the woods,
even if it could be seen in the dim light, but it was not unusual, at
my old home, for the birds to playfully fly round and round anyone who
might be standing out in the yard at twilight. The birds often came so
close that the wings seemed to brush the face. The flight is so utterly
noiseless that the object of their sport is aware of the presence
before he can fully realize what it is.

The whippoorwill inhabits the eastern portion of the United States,
west to eastern North and South Dakota and Nebraska, western Kansas,
Indian Territory and Texas; north to southern Canada, into Nova Scotia
and Manitoba; and south in winter into eastern Mexico and Guatemala. It
breeds in the northern and central parts of its range, and rarely to
Florida.

The nest is made late in May or early in June, in the Northern states.
The eggs are two in number, light gray or white, with brown and lilac
markings often arranged in scratchings and pencilings besides the spots
and blotches. There is usually scarcely more of a nest than the leaves
lying on the ground; rarely nothing but the bare ground.




THE EAGLE.

(_Continued from page 25._)


Eagles are sometimes caught by placing a large cage on edge so it will
fall when a string is pulled. A live hen and her chickens are tied to
the cage so they may run under when the eagle comes at them. As they
run into the cage to escape the eagle, he follows them, the string is
pulled, and the eagle finds himself alone in the trap, for the hen
and her chickens easily get out between the bars which are too close
together to allow him to do the same.

An eagle once attacked a weasel. This little animal is very fierce,
and will not give up its life easily. Finding itself in the grasp of
the bird, the weasel turned and fastened its teeth in the throat of
the eagle. It was lucky for the eagle that the weasel did not cut his
throat, but the little animal never let go. Its teeth were locked into
the flesh of the eagle so they could not be torn open. Years afterwards
the eagle was shot, and it had on its neck a queer locket, the skull
of the weasel hanging there by the teeth. Sometimes the weasel cuts a
vital part in the bird that picks it up, and then the weasel enjoys the
life-blood of his enemy.

We have a gold coin that is named after the eagle. It is worth ten
dollars. In fact it is ten dollars in gold. The first one was made in
1792. Half-eagles, quarter-eagles, and double-eagles have also been
made of gold at our nation's mints.

In some countries besides America it has been the national bird. When
the army of Rome first tried to land in England the men feared the
fierce English soldiers. One soldier had an Eagle with him in the
boat. He jumped into the sea with his eagle and called to his friends
to follow him. They soon put the enemy to flight, and the eagle was
praised for helping them win.

The eagle is fond of capturing such birds as the swan. When he finds a
swan flying so high that it cannot get to the water and dive out of his
reach the eagle flies against the swan from below with such force that
the breath is knocked out of the swan in an instant. As the swan falls
lifeless to the ground the eagle invites his mate to meet him at the
spot and they have a great feast.

The eagle flies swifter than a railway train, but one was once
caught by a train before it could rise and get out of the way. The
"cannon-ball" train on the Georgia Railway was late. In making up time
it swung round a curve in a cut at full speed. A bald eagle was seen on
the track by the fireman, who was looking out of the window. The pilot
of the engine was upon the bird before he could rise. It struck him,
tumbled him upon the frame, and fastened one of his claws into a wooden
beam.

Before the eagle had time to get back his senses the fireman climbed
along the foot-rail to the pilot. He caught the great bird, and a
fierce struggle followed. The bird fought for freedom and the fireman
fought for a prize.

The train was going at the rate of forty-five miles an hour. It was
hard for the man to keep himself on the engine with one hand on the
rail and the other holding the eagle, which tore at him wildly as the
engine swung to and fro upon the rails.

The man's clothing was torn to shreds and his hands were bleeding. But
he worked his way back to the cab where the engineer assisted him in
tying the eagle so he could not get away. But the tying was not easy
for two men, for the bird made good use of his great beak and claws.

When spread out on the car floor he measured seven feet from tip to
tip of his wings. He was not injured, and is now kept as a splendid
prisoner, the king of American birds.




MIGRATORY BIRDS.


In the New World the birds of the temperate zone are rather perplexing
in their migratory habits. Many of those which go north to Canada
and Alaska in the summer pass the winter in Mexico, Panama, and even
South Columbia; while others, as well as a number of migrants from the
United States, go over to the West Indies. One of the most wonderful
instances of migration is that of the tiny flame-breasted humming-bird
(_Selasphorus rufus_), which breeds on the west coast of America as far
north as Alaska and Bering Island, and winters in Lower California and
Mexico. Thus, with unerring instinct, this diminutive bird, scarcely
two inches long, flies twice a year the astounding distance of over
3,000 miles. The birds which belong to the second class--those which
breed in the Arctic regions--comprise the swans, many of the waders,
and a considerable number of ducks and geese. In Europe these birds
spend the winter in all the countries from England south to the
Mediterranean and Black seas, some even going as far south as the
upper reaches of the Nile. In Asia most of the waders, such as snipe,
woodcock, sandpipers, and plovers, as well as the ducks and the geese,
spend the winter in India and South China. In America the Arctic birds
migrate to the Southern United States and Mexico.

The partial migrants, which form the third class, are rather more
puzzling in their movements, for among them we find birds whose motives
for wandering are very diverse. Some are unwilling slaves--_i. e._,
they get mixed up in the big flights of true migratory birds, and are
irresistibly hurried along with them; such are the rooks, starlings,
robins, etc., which are so frequently seen in Heligoland in the midst
of a flock of swallows, warblers, and other genuine migrants. Another
lot of these partial migrants are those which, perhaps, most justly
deserve this name; viz., such birds as larks, pipits, titmice, etc.,
which, although resident with us all the year round, at times greatly
diminish in numbers, owing to more than half the individuals changing
their abode. For instance, those which breed in Scotland and England
wander in the winter over to France, but, unlike the true migrant,
always leave some of their number behind.--_Walter Rothschild, The
Nineteenth Century._




HOW BIRDS CARRY SEEDS.


Dr. Howard, the new secretary of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, writing of the manner in which seeds are
carried to a great distance by birds, recited an experiment of
Darwin, which had a curious result. Adhering to the leg of a wounded
partridge, Darwin found a ball of earth weighing six and a half ounces.
From the seeds contained in this ball he raised thirty-two plants
belonging to five distinct species.




THE SHIP OF THE DESERT.


The pack camel travels very slowly, and until you are sufficiently
reconciled to the motion to be able to doze on its back, you are
constantly tempted to get off and walk. If you want speed, you must
buy a racing camel. This seems to belong to a different creation. It
is much taller, more alert and more intelligent. It can accomplish 150
miles in sixteen hours without undue effort, and, in the matter of
price, compares with the pack camel as the thoroughbred does with the
cab horse.




THE SNAPPING-TURTLE.


By reason of the ferocity of disposition of this curious animal, the
snapping-turtle (_Chelydra serpentina_) is rather formidable, not only
to the smaller creatures which inhabit the same localities, but also to
man, its bite causing very severe wounds. It is found in America from
Canada to Ecuador, and there are few localities where it is not met
with frequently. Swimmers in small lakes are sometimes attacked by it,
the habits of the animal both in the water and on land being the same.
It is bold as well as fierce, often suffering itself to be lifted from
the ground by the object which it has grasped rather than to let go its
hold. If attacked, the reptile's long reach and strong jaws enable it
to defeat any ordinary foe. The elongated tail of the snapping-turtle
has given rise to the popular name, alligator turtle and, being
appended to the small, comparatively thin shell, giving an elongated
appearance to the body, the specific name _serpentina_ resulted.

When the snapper elevates itself for the attack, with half-open mouth
and sullen eyes, there is said to be something fiery and defiant in
its attitude, though it is so slow and awkward in recovering itself
after missing its point of attack that it presents a most ludicrous
appearance. These turtles are remarkably strong. The elder Agassiz
states that he observed one bite off a piece of plank more than an inch
thick. They also attain considerable size, being the largest inland
representative of the order, specimens not infrequently exceeding
three feet in length. It is carnivorous in its habits, and is very
destructive of fish, small quadrupeds, birds, and reptiles. Many have
been the water-fowl which have ventured too close to their voracious
enemy. Its appetite is said to be so great that it will even catch
young alligators, and devour them in spite of their teeth and struggles.

The flesh of the snapping-turtle is delicate, tender, and of rich
flavor. Every fisherman knows that it will take almost any kind of
bait, provided it be of animal substance. It, however, prefers fish,
and cannot resist a hook so baited.

In the northern United States, from the tenth to the twentieth of June,
it has been observed, the female, at early morning, leaves the water
and crawls to a sandbank, digs a small cavity with its hind leg, into
which the small, round eggs are deposited to the number of twenty-five
or thirty, when the sand is drawn over them, the surface smoothed
down, and the animal is soon back in the water, the entire operation
not lasting over twenty minutes. This method is different from that of
our other land turtles. Nothing but sand will suit the purpose of the
snapping-turtle. In order to find a suitable spot for the burial of her
eggs, the female is often forced to traverse a considerable distance.
The sand must be quite dry and exposed to the full rays of the sun. The
little ones are hatched in July. The young run by instinct into the
water.

Remarkable stories are told of the longevity of the turtle and of
its tenacity of life. That they live to near a century is well
authenticated. After the head is severed from the body the head will
open and shut the mouth and roll the eyes. In one case a stick was held
between the open jaws, which closed upon it with violence, and kept
hold of it. Meanwhile the headless body was crawling on the ground.

An allied form (_Macrochelys lacertina_) inhabits the tributaries of
the Mexican Gulf, extending northward in the Mississippi as far as
Missouri.

  [Illustration: FROM COL. F. M. WOODRUFF.
                 SNAPPING TURTLE.
                 1/4 Life-size.
                 COPYRIGHT 1899, NATURE STUDY PUB. CO., CHICAGO.]




THE STORY OF LITTLE BILLEE.

CAROLINE CROWNINSHIELD BASCOM.


In the March number of the _Cosmopolitan_ of 1894, I read a most
interesting article about a tame humming-bird. I know a number of
people who enjoyed it as much as I, so I feel sure all lovers of pets,
especially of birds, will be interested in my story of "Little Billee."
I have always been passionately fond of animals and would like to make
pets of them all. I have cared the least for birds, (except out of
doors) and have known very little about them.

I have been ill many months, and my family and friends have done all
they could to make the days pass as quickly as possible for me. Early
in June my mother found a little brown bird which could not have been
more than two weeks old. Thinking it might amuse me she brought him
up stairs done up in her handkerchief, and I took him inside the bed.
After an hour he seemed very happy and not at all afraid. I looked him
over carefully, but found him uninjured. I took him to the open window
expecting to see him try to fly away, but he did not seem to have the
slightest intention of doing so. From that day to this he has been
perfectly devoted to me and my constant companion. At this minute he is
sitting on the back of my neck dressing his feathers.

The first day I could not get him to eat anything until night, when he
drank milk from an after-dinner coffee spoon. After that he took little
pieces of bread soaked in milk from my tongue or lip. I fed him in that
way for several days, then he would take it out of my fingers. He lived
on bread and milk for two weeks. Now he eats almost everything that I
do. All kinds of vegetables, mushrooms, and ice cream. He likes to sit
on my hand or shoulder and take them from my fork.

I have some kind of nourishment every two hours and Little Billee knows
very well when my maid comes into my room with a salver that there is
something on it to eat or drink, and he is wild until he gets on my
hand or shoulder. He drinks milk from my tumblers and will not drink
water out of anything but my medicine glass. When Little Billee sees me
sit down in the morning with an orange on a plate, he flies upon his
cage, then over into my lap, and sits on the first finger of my left
hand and eats the orange from my spoon. At first he could not crack his
own seeds and as he was very fond of them I used to do it for him. Now
he can crack them himself, but he prefers eating them outside his cage,
and his hemp seed he always brings over and eats on the rug in front of
my bed.

Little Billee is very fond of little orange blossom biscuits. I keep
some in a tin box under a table by the side of my bed. For several days
every time I would reach out of bed and tap on the box Little Billee
would come running for a piece. One day I was visiting with a friend
and we forgot all about the bird. Soon we heard rap, tap, tap, pop,
pop, pop, and there was Little Billee standing by the box waiting for a
piece. Since then he comes many times a day. If I send him away with a
small piece he returns directly for a large one.

I had quite a time teaching him to stay in his cage. The first day I
put him in I was afraid he would die of fright. I left the cage on the
floor for two days before he ventured in. After he had been going in
and out for some time, I closed the door, but he was frightened quite
as much as at first, and he would not go near the cage the rest of the
day. Finally I tried taking the cage on my lap and shutting him in; he
did not seem afraid then and now he does not mind being shut up in the
morning when I am in my dressing-room, but he much prefers going in
and out at his own sweet will. If I leave him shut up in his cage and
go back to bed, he is frantic until he is let out and gets in the bed
with me. For the first two weeks he was not happy if he was not on me
somewhere. He would stay in bed with me for hours at a time, but now
he plays on the floor, with a little piece of paper, cotton, or ribbon,
and eats his seeds and biscuit.

I dress my hair high and it is Little Billee's special delight to sit
on the top of my twist while I walk about my room. During the first
few weeks if I put him on the floor when he had been in bed with me,
he would hop back and forth on the rug in front of my bed, and beg to
be taken, or he would fly straight up. I would put down my hand, he
would hop upon my finger and in a second be back inside the bed. If I
was sitting in a chair and put him down on the floor, he would climb
right up from my feet to my neck, put his little bill in my mouth and
chirp with glee. One day he was on the floor and did not see me go back
to bed, but saw my wrapper over a chair (which stood about a yard from
my bed). He supposed I was inside of it, but when he reached the top
and found no mouth to put his bill into, he gave several very mournful
peeps, but as soon as I spoke to him he chirped and it did not take him
long to fly over to me. The next day when I put him down on the floor
I was anxious to see what he would do. After teasing for some time for
me to take him, he went to a chair, climbed up on the wrapper until he
reached the top, then flew over to me. Ever after he came that way when
I refused to take him.

One day I left Little Billee on the rug in front of the bed and went
into my dressing room. While I was gone my mother came in and sat down.
He was much frightened. Every time she spoke to him he ran under the
bed, stuck his little head out from under the valance and peeped for
me to come to him. When I spoke he answered, but was too much afraid
to pass mother to come to me. When I came out he ran quickly to me and
flew onto the back of a very low chair. I bent down and he flew up
on my shoulder, chirping as loud as he could. No little child could
have shown more joy in getting back to its mother. I do not suppose he
remembers any other mother, and thinks all little birds have just such
good mothers as I.

I have a magnificent big tiger cat named Taffy, so I thought Little
Billee would be a very good name for my wee bird. It seems a very
appropriate name too, as he spends a great deal of his time dressing
himself and manicuring his nails. When he struts about with his head
held high you can plainly see the long coat, high collar, high hat, and
umbrella and can easily imagine the original Little Billee is before
you. But I fear Taffy and my Little Billee will never go walking arm
and arm together. Taffy has already caught Little Billee twice, but I
have rescued him from the jaws of death before any harm was done. I am
trying my best to get them to live contentedly together. I do not allow
Little Billee to go out into the hall for fear he will fly down stairs
and be caught by Taffy before anyone can reach him. Before the door
into the hall is a small rug and he thinks flying over that a great
feat, but when I say, "Little Billee, come right home," he returns
instantly.

He goes to bed at eight o'clock in a little basket which I put on the
top of some hanging shelves so there will be no danger from Taffy in
the dark. Taffy sleeps on my bed every night, and very often on the
outside when Little Billee is inside, and it seems like the lion and
the lamb lying down together. Little Billee will usually be contented
in his basket until 7 o'clock in the morning, then I take him into the
bed with me where he lies quietly on my arm, neck, or palm until I get
up at 9 o'clock. He never makes a peep unless I speak to him, then he
chirps away like a happy child. On fine evenings I sat before an open
window from 7 o'clock until 8 with Little Billee on my finger listening
to the birds. When he became sleepy he tucked his little head under his
wing, in a few minutes crawled into the palm of my hand and went sound
asleep, ready for his basket.

When the hot wave came I went down-stairs at 7 o'clock, shutting him up
in his cage.

The second night I had hard work to catch him. He ran into the hall and
would not come when I called to him. The third night, when he saw me
making preparations to dress, he acted like mad. He hopped all around
me, put out his tiny wings, and tried to fly onto me, opened his bill,
but not a sound came out. As I stood in front of my dressing table he
flew to the top of his cage (which stood on the floor) to the back of
a chair (which was near me), then up to my shoulder, chirping away
so merrily that I knew he was saying: "Please take me with you." Of
course, after that it is needless to say I took him down-stairs, and he
has gone down every night since, where he remains until 8 o'clock, then
is put into his basket, and I hear no more from him until morning.

On pleasant mornings I sit on the piazza and Little Billee sits on my
hand or plays in my lap. When I walk on the sidewalk Little Billee
goes, too, and never offers to fly away, and if the wind blows he holds
on tight. Sometimes he sings and always seems interested in all that is
going on about him.

Twice Little Billee has flown out of my window from fright. Once he was
on my shoulder when a very small girl with a very large hat came up to
him and away he flew. The next time a large bunch of ferns was brought
to me. I thought he would like it and think it was a nice little tree,
but I am all the tree he seems to care for. He was so frightened he
flew onto a chair, and as I held up a fern out of the window he went.
Both times when my maid went to look for him she could not find him
until she peeped, then he answered, and she found him sitting in the
grass waiting to be picked up, and he was delighted to get back to me.

Little Billee has never gone to any one except my physician, and that
was when I had had him about a week. He went to him, hopped all over
his shoulder, picked at his collar and tie and was very friendly. Now
he will not go to even him, and I feel sure I am Trilby and his only
love. Perhaps the children who read this will think Little Billee is a
little angel bird and too good to live, but I will say right here he is
too bad to die. Like all bright children sometimes he is very naughty.
For instance, when I want to lie quietly on my bed in the day time
and Little Billee does not, he will play for some time running up on
the top of my pillow, then down again, hop on my arm, then under the
sheet until he finds my hand; back he goes and does the same thing over
again. When he gets tired of that he will sit on my chin and be very
loving, kiss me in the mouth, and chirp away. When he finds I am not
going to open my eyes or speak to him he will peck and bite my eyes,
nose, ears, cheeks, and lips, and I assure you they are not love bites
either. Then again, when he wants to sit on my shoulder and I prefer he
should sit on my hand, he will fly up every time I take him down, and
bite hard at my hand, and for such a little bird he has a very big bite
and a very fierce look.

He loves to visit my mother in her room, and is very happy walking all
over her and on her head, but she has never yet been able to touch him.
He seems to have eyes all over his head, for, no matter how careful she
is, he always sees the finger. He thoroughly enjoys my squeezing him in
my hand, and kissing him over and over again.

No doubt long ere this my readers have been wondering what kind of a
bird Little Billee is, but that is a question which has not yet been
answered. But I love Little Billee so dearly that it makes little
difference to me what his nationality is or whether his ancestors came
over in the Mayflower, fought in the American revolution, or whether,
like Topsy, he "just growed." It was amusing to see Little Billee the
first time he heard the piano. One morning two friends came to see
me, and while one of them played I lay on the sofa with Little Billee
cuddled up in my neck. At first he was very much afraid and did not
know what to make of the music. Soon he became charmed (as everyone
does who hears exquisite playing) and craned his little neck way out,
opened his bill, as if he were drinking in the sound, then reached
around, kissed me in the mouth, snuggled down again, for a few minutes,
and repeated it as long as she played.

One morning I saw Little Billee lying on the floor before an open
window with his neck stretched out and bill wide opened. I thought he
was dying, picked him up, but found him as lively as ever. When he
did the same thing over again I understood he was taking a sun bath,
and now he takes one every morning. One morning it was quite cold
when we came in from our walk, and I sat down in front of the fire
with Little Billee on my knee. It was amusing to see him put his head
on one side, open his bill and drink in the warm air. For six weeks
he strongly objected to taking a water bath, and I really suppose he
was too young and knew best. I left a little dish for several days on
the floor by the side of his cage, but he was very careful not to go
near it. One morning everything was very quiet, I on my bed and Little
Billee playing about the room. Soon he went to the dish, looked in
all four corners, came back to the first one, put his bill in just a
little way, then went the rounds; did it all over again, putting his
bill in a little further, and shaking off the water. After debating a
long time he got on the edge of the dish, put his head in until it was
all wet, then screwed up all his courage and in he went. Such a droll
little figure as he cut, standing there with his body and head held as
high as he could get them, his wings out just a little, not knowing
what to do next. All I could think of was a very timid child going in
wading for the first time, with long thin legs, very short frock, and
arms akimbo. His fear soon left him, and he was bathing like an old
stager. When he finished he got out, gave himself two or three good
shakes, then came over to the bed, and asked me to take him. I did him
up in my handkerchief, but that did not suit him at all. I could not
do anything with him, until I let him get on my bare neck, and covered
him with the trimming of my robe _de nuit_. He was soaking wet and
shivering like a person having a hard chill. He kept very still until
his feathers were dry enough to be dressed. Such shaking, dressing of
feathers, and prinking I never saw. When his toilet was made to suit
him he nestled down under my chin, and we both slept for an hour.
Every day we go through the same performance after the bath. One day
I wanted to do something in my dressing-room, so thought Little Billee
could take his bath and dry himself. Soon I began to hear very mournful
peeps, and I came out to find Little Billee, soaking wet, standing in
front of my bed, thinking I was there and teasing for me to take him.
Of course I could not resist such pleading, so to bed we went. I know I
am completely spoiling him, but he is such a dear no one could help it.

Little Billee has taken a great interest in this tale, and when I write
is always on my shoulder, arm or hand. His favorite place to sit is
on my left hand between my first finger and thumb, as they hold my
portfolio on my lap, and peck at my paper and pen. One day he took the
pen full of ink into his bill then threw the ink all over my paper.
Little Billee has great fun taking the paper off from the bottom of his
cage, and carrying it all about the room, and will take it out as fast
as I put it in. The other day he went into his cage, took the furthest
corner of the paper in his bill, backed out bringing the paper over
his head until it was all on the floor, then went over to the opposite
corner, took that in his bill, backed off the paper until he came to
the end, then went around in a circle like the wind, for perhaps a
dozen times, with the paper perfectly straight out just like a sail.
After a few moments I put the paper back, he took it right out in the
same way and did it all over again.

A number of weeks have passed since I began Little Billee's biography.
He grows more wonderful every day, and his devotion to me is simply
marvelous. Every day he does some new cunning thing and seems to
understand everything I say to him.

The other day he would not come to me when I put down my hand, but ran
across the room. After trying for some time to make him mind, I got up
and said, "Billee, I am going away and leave you," and started out into
the hall. He came chasing after me, and now will always do it when I
tell him I am going to leave him. If I go out of my room and tell him
he _cannot_ go, he will sit on a chair by an open window or play about
on the floor for an hour at a time, and never think of flying out of
the window or going out of the door.

(_Continued on page 48._)




  [Illustration: FROM COL. CHI. ACAD. SCIENCES.
                 SAND-HILL CRANE.
                 1/6 Life-size.
                 COPYRIGHT 1899, NATURE STUDY PUB. CO., CHICAGO.]

THE SAND-HILL CRANE.


The sandhill crane is so often confused, in the popular mind, with
the great blue heron, that it may not be amiss to suggest the real
differences between them. We should first remember that the crane is
not found east of Illinois, except casually or accidentally, but is
numerous from Illinois westward to the western border of the plains
during the migrations. It ranges as far north as Manitoba. The great
blue heron is pretty evenly distributed over the whole of North
America. The cranes usually, if not always, migrate in greater or
lesser flocks, alternately circling upward to considerable heights and
sailing straight away, with both soaring and flapping motion, and with
prodigious croakings. The herons migrate singly or in pairs, with long,
steady sweep of the wings, and make no outcry. Close at hand the two
species would hardly be confused by an ordinarily careful observer, but
these large birds are rarely seen close at hand.

The feeding habits of the two birds are very similar, and to this
superficial similarity is largely due the confusion, I suspect. Both
wade into the water searching for some hapless frog or toad, often
standing motionless for minutes at a time until the victim comes within
range of the sharply-pointed beak, when a lightning-like movement of
the head sends the beak completely through the creature, killing and
capturing it with one stroke. The long legs and neck are admirably
adapted to this kind of fishing.

Colonel N. S. Goss describes the courting antics of these ungainly
birds as extremely ludicrous at times. A veritable Indian war dance,
in fact, in which the females join heartily, and like the war dance,
stopping only when the last participant falls down with exhaustion.
It seems to be a sort of promiscuous wedding ceremony for the whole
company.

The crane nests on the dry, flat prairie, usually scraping together
some wisps of dry grass, but often with not even this poor excuse for a
nest. Here two to four drab-brown colored, rough-shelled eggs are laid
and the young reared.

Size seems to be the only criterion which determines what the crane may
eat. Perhaps it might better be said, what he will swallow. He seems to
relish stones, pocket-knives, steel nails and the like fully as well as
the choicest bit of frog or toad. Like many other birds, however, he
regurgitates the indigestible matter, and so takes no harm from this
promiscuous diet. Many of us may have reason to envy him this capacity.

Dr. P. L. Hatch, in his "Birds of Minnesota," gives an interesting
description of the fighting qualities of a pet crane which he offered
to pit against any and all canines, one at a time. One valiant mastiff,
which essayed to do battle with his craneship, entered the ring with
all the confidence of an unbroken record of victories, but a moment
later he "stayed not on the order of his going," carrying with him the
exact pattern of the crane's beak. No other canines ever volunteered
for a similar service.




THE STORY OF LITTLE BILLEE--(_Continued from page 44_).


I have succeeded far beyond my expectations with Taffy and Little
Billee. It hurt me very much to be obliged to punish Taffy when he
would spring at Little Billee, as Taffy and I had been devoted to each
other for two years; still I did not want him to kill my baby bird.
One day Little Billee was sitting on my knee dressing his feathers and
going through all sorts of antics, while Taffy sat a few feet away
gazing at him with longing eyes. I called to my maid to bring Taffy and
hold him on her lap, and then let Little Billee peck and bite his paws,
ears, and nose, and a more astonished cat I never saw. After we let
Taffy go he was found sitting on the cellar stairs in a most dejected
way rubbing his nose with his paw. For several days we did the same
thing until Taffy was afraid at sight of Little Billee. One morning
Taffy came to bed with me, and lay on my arm while Little Billee sat
on my shoulder. Soon Taffy put his chin on my chin, and Little Billee
came and sat close to my cheek. Finally Taffy became so sleepy he
turned over, went fast asleep, and Little Billee hopped down on his
back, and we lay that way for some time. Since then almost every day
Taffy will lie on my lap, and Little Billee will sit on his head, back,
or on my knee and dress his feathers. One day Little Billee had the
impertinence, while I had them both on my lap, to reach out and peck
Taffy in the eye. That was a little more than Taffy could endure, and
he reached out his paw and struck at him. For over a week I could not
get Little Billee to go near him, but now they are very good friends.

Little Billee enjoys going down into the parlors to see visitors, but
he gives them to understand, the first thing, they may look but they
must not touch. He will entertain them by hopping all over me, kissing
me in the mouth and chirping at the top of his voice. When it begins to
get dark Little Billee does not want to be off from me a minute. If I
have him down stairs and put him on the floor he will hop and fly after
me from room to room. The other day I left him in the front parlor on a
plant jar and went into the dining-room and was gone some little time.
When I came back there was no Little Billee to be found. I called him
by name and peeped to him, but I could not get an answer. As I went
upstairs I called, "Where is my Little Billee?" And he said, chirp,
chirp, chirp; and I found him in my room eating his seeds and as happy
as possible.

Since then every day when he gets tired of the parlors he goes
upstairs, for he seems to think my room is his home. One day I watched
him to see how he went. He hopped from step to step. When he reached
the top he flew into my room and lighted on the top of his cage.

Little Billee is certainly not color-blind, for he notices every little
change in my dress no matter how slight it is. He had seen me for weeks
in only my robe _de nuit_, and wrapper. It was pitiable to see him the
first time he saw me gowned in a white skirt and blue waist. I had
to lie down when I had finished dressing and Little Billee came over
to the bed as usual and asked me to take him. I put down my hand, he
hopped on my finger, but when he looked up and saw the blue sleeve away
he went as if he had been shot out of a cannon. He tried several times
but his courage always failed. At last he gave up and went and sat in a
chair across the room, and it was two days before he really liked the
change. Next I tried a pink waist with the white skirt, but that seemed
even worse to him, which seemed very strange, as he had seen me for
days in a pink and white wrapper.

My numerous friends will vouch for the veracity of the story, as they
all think Little Billee is the most wonderful bird they have ever seen.
I only hope my little sketch, told just as the things have come to me,
will give similar pleasure to other invalids.




  +----------------------------------------------------------------- +
  | Transcriber's Note:                                              |
  |                                                                  |
  | Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note.     |
  |                                                                  |
  | Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant |
  | form was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.    |
  |                                                                  |
  | Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.            |
  |                                                                  |
  | Italicized words are surrounded by underline characters,         |
  | _like this_.                                                     |
  |                                                                  |
  | Chapters on The Eagle and The Story of Little Billee were        |
  | interrupted by other chapters.  Incomplete paragraphs were       |
  | rejoined but the insertions were retained.                       |
  |                                                                  |
  | The Gorilla illustration was moved from page 3 to page 2.        |
  |                                                                  |
  | The Contents table was added by the transcriber.                 |
  +------------------------------------------------------------------+







*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIRDS AND ALL NATURE, VOL. 5, NO. 1, JANUARY 1899 ***


    

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may
do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
license, especially commercial redistribution.


START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person
or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when
you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work
on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

    This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
    other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
    whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
    of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
    at www.gutenberg.org. If you
    are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws
    of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
  
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format
other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

    • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
        the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method
        you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
        to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has
        agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
        within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
        legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
        payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
        Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
        Literary Archive Foundation.”
    
    • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
        you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
        does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
        License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
        copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
        all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™
        works.
    
    • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
        any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
        electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
        receipt of the work.
    
    • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
        distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.
    

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right
of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread
public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state
visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.