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Title: The seven curses of London

Author: James Greenwood

Release date: May 5, 2014 [eBook #45585]

Language: English

Credits: Transcribed from the [1869] edition by David Price


*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SEVEN CURSES OF LONDON ***


Transcribed from the [1869] edition by David Price, email
ccx074@pglaf.org

                          [Picture: Book cover]

      [Picture: Yours truly James Greenwood (picture of Greenwood)]





                                   THE
                         SEVEN CURSES OF LONDON.


                                * * * * *

                           BY JAMES GREENWOOD,
                          The “Amateur Casual.”

                                * * * * *

                                * * * * *

                                * * * * *

                                 LONDON:
                          STANLEY RIVERS AND CO.




CONTENTS.



                       I.  Neglected Children.
                              CHAPTER I.
                           STARTLING FACTS.
The Pauper Population.—Pauper Children.—Opinions                page 1
concerning their proper Treatment.—A Hundred Thousand
Children loose in London Streets.—Neglected
Babies.—Juvenile “Market Prowlers”
                             CHAPTER II.
      RESPECTING THE PARENTAGE OF SOME OF OUR GUTTER POPULATION.
Who are the Mothers?—The Infant Labour-Market.—Watch             p. 13
London and Blackfriars Bridges.—The Melancholy Types.—The
Flashy, Flaunting “Infant.”—Keeping Company.—Marriage.—The
Upshot
                             CHAPTER III.
                            BABY-FARMING.
“Baby-Farmers” and Advertising “Child-Adopters.”—“F. X.”         p. 29
of Stepney.—The Author’s Interview with Farmer Oxleek.—The
Case of Baby Frederick Wood
                             CHAPTER IV.
                            WORKING BOYS.
The London Errand-Boy.—His Drudgery and Privations.—His          p. 58
Temptations.—The London Boy after Dark.—The Amusements
provided for him
                              CHAPTER V.
                     THE PROBLEM OF DELIVERANCE.
Curious Problem.—The best Method of Treatment.—The “Child        p. 76
of the Gutter” not to be entirely abolished.—The genuine
Alley-bred Arab.—The Poor Lambs of the Ragged Flock.—The
Tree of Evil in our midst.—The Breeding Places of Disease
and Vice
                      II.  Professional Thieves.
                             CHAPTER VI.
                    THEIR NUMBER AND DIFFICULTIES.
Twenty Thousand Thieves in London.—What it means.—The            p. 85
Language of “Weeds.”—Cleverness of the Pilfering
Fraternity.—A Protest against a barbarous Suggestion.—The
Prisoner’s great Difficulty.—The Moment of Leaving
Prison.—Bad Friends.—What becomes of Good Resolutions and
the Chaplain’s Counsel?—The Criminal’s Scepticism of Human
Goodness.—Life in “Little Hell.”—The Cow-Cross Mission.
                             CHAPTER VII.
                HOMES AND HAUNTS OF THE BRITISH THIEF.
The Three Classes of Thieving Society.—Popular                  p. 108
Misapprehensions.—A True Picture of the London Thief.—A
Fancy Sketch of the “Under-ground Cellar.”—In Disguise at
a Thieves’ Raffle.—The Puzzle of “Black Maria.”—Mr.
Mullins’s Speech and his Song
                            CHAPTER VIII.
                          JUVENILE THIEVES.
The Beginning of the Downhill Journey.—Candidates for           p. 124
Newgate Honours.—Black Spots of London.—Life from the
Young Robber’s Point of View.—The Seedling Recruits the
most difficult to reform.—A doleful Summing-up.—A Phase of
the Criminal Question left unnoticed.—Budding
Burglars.—Streams which keep at full flood the Black Sea
of Crime.—The Promoters of “Gallows Literature.”—Another
Shot at a Fortress of the
Devil.—“Poison-Literature.”—“Starlight Sall.”—“Panther
Bill”
                             CHAPTER IX.
                     THE THIEF NON-PROFESSIONAL.
The Registered and the Unregistered Thieves of the London       p. 144
Hunting-ground.—The Certainty of the Crop of Vice.—Omnibus
Drivers and Conductors.—The “Watchers.”—The London General
Omnibus Company.—The Scandal of their System.—The
Shopkeeper Thief.—False Weights and Measures.—Adulteration
of Food and Drink.—Our Old Law, “I am as honest as I can
afford to be!”—Rudimentary Exercises in the Art of Pillage
                              CHAPTER X.
                 CRIMINAL SUPPRESSION AND PUNISHMENT.
Lord Romilly’s Suggestion concerning the Education of the       p. 173
Children of Criminals.—Desperate Criminals.—The Alleys of
the Borough.—The worst Quarters not, as a rule, the most
noisy.—The Evil Example of “Gallows Heroes,” “Dick
Turpin,” “Blueskin,” &c.—The Talent for “Gammoning Lady
Green.”—A worthy Governor’s Opinion as to the best way of
“Breaking” a Bad Boy.—Affection for “Mother.”—The Dark
Cell and its Inmate.—An Affecting Interview
                             CHAPTER XI.
     ADULT CRIMINALS AND THE NEW LAW FOR THEIR BETTER GOVERNMENT.
Recent Legislation.—Statistics.—Lord Kimberley’s “Habitual      p. 183
Criminals” Bill.—The Present System of
License-Holders.—Colonel Henderson’s Report.—Social
Enemies of Suspected Men.—The Wrong-headed Policeman and
the Mischief he may cause.—Looking out for a Chance.—The
last Resource of desperate Honesty.—A Brotherly
Appeal.—“Ginger will settle her.”—Ruffians who should be
shut up
                     III.  Professional Beggars.
                             CHAPTER XII.
                      THE BEGGAR OF OLDEN TIME.
“Only a Beggar.”—The Fraternity 333 Years ago.—A savage         p. 211
Law.—Origin of the Poor-Laws.—Irish Distinction in the
Ranks of Beggary.—King Charles’s Proclamation.—Cumberland
Discipline
                            CHAPTER XIII.
               THE WORK OF PUNISHMENT AND RECLAMATION.
The Effect of “The Society for the Suppression of               p. 221
Mendicity.”—State Business earned out by Individual
Enterprise.—“The Discharged Prisoners’ Aid Society.”—The
quiet Work of these Societies.—Their Mode of Work.—Curious
Statistics.—Singular Oscillations.—Diabolical Swindling
                             CHAPTER XIV.
                          BEGGING “DODGES.”
The Variety and Quality of the Imposture.—Superior              p. 242
Accomplishments of the Modern Practitioner.—The Recipe for
Success.—The Power of “Cheek.”—“Chanting” and the “Shallow
Lay.”—Estimates of their Paying Value.—The Art of touching
Women’s Hearts.—The Half-resentful Trick.—The Loudon
“Cadger.”—The Height of the “Famine Season.”
                             CHAPTER XV.
                     GENTEEL ADVERTISING BEGGARS.
The Newspaper Plan and the delicate Process.—Forms of              259
Petition.—Novel Applications of Photography.—Personal
Attractions of the Distressed.—Help, or I perish!
                          IV.  Fallen Women.
                             CHAPTER XVI.
                             THIS CURSE.
The Difficulty in handling it.—The Question of its              p. 271
Recognition.—The Argyll Rooms.—Mr. Acton’s Visit
there.—The Women and their Patrons.—The Floating
Population of Windmill-street.—Cremorne Gardens in the
Season
                            CHAPTER XVII.
             THE PLAIN FACTS AND FIGURES OF PROSTITUTION.
Statistics of Westminster, Brompton, and Pimlico.—Methods       p. 281
of conducting the nefarious Business.—Aristocratic
Dens.—The High Tariff.—The Horrors of the Social Evil.—The
Broken Bridge behind the Sinner.—“Dress Lodgers.”—There’s
always a “Watcher.”—Soldiers and Sailors.—The “Wrens of
the Curragh”
                            CHAPTER XVIII.
                THE PRESENT CONDITION OF THE QUESTION.
The Laws applying to Street-walkers.—The Keepers of the         p. 304
Haymarket Night-houses.—Present Position of the
Police-magistrates.—Music-hall
Frequenters.—Refreshment-bars.—Midnight
Profligacy—“Snuggeries.”—Over-zealous Blockheads.
                             CHAPTER XIX.
                             SUGGESTIONS.
Ignoring the Evil.—Punishment fit for the “Deserter” and        p. 324
the Seducer.—The “Know-nothing” and “Do-nothing”
Principle.—The Emigration of Women of Bad Character
                    V.  The Curse of Drunkenness.
                             CHAPTER XX.
                              ITS POWER.
The crowning Curse.—No form of sin or sorrow in which it        p. 332
does not play a part.—The “Slippery Stone” of
Life.—Statistics.—Matters not growing worse.—The Army
Returns.—The System of Adulteration
                             CHAPTER XXI.
                        ATTEMPTS TO ARREST IT.
The Permissive Liquors Bill.—Its Advocates and their            p. 351
Arguments.—The Drunkenness of the Nation.—Temperance Facts
and Anecdotes.—Why the Advocates of Total Abstinence do
not make more headway.—Moderate Drinking.—Hard
Drinking.—The Mistake about childish Petitioners
                        VI.  Betting Gamblers.
                            CHAPTER XXII.
         “ADVERTISING TIPSTERS” AND “BETTING COMMISSIONERS.”
The Vice of Gambling on the increase among the                  p. 377
Working-classes.—Sporting “Specs.”—A “Modus.”—Turf
Discoveries.—Welshers.—The Vermin of the
Betting-field.—Their Tactics.—The Road to Ruin
                       VII.  Waste of Charity.
                            CHAPTER XXIII.
                       METROPOLITAN PAUPERISM.
Parochial Statistics.—The Public hold the                       p. 421
Purse-strings.—Cannot the Agencies actually at work be
made to yield greater Results?—The need of fair
Rating.—The Heart and Core of the Poor-law Difficulty.—My
foremost thought when I was a “Casual.”—Who are most
liable to slip?—“Crank-work.”—The Utility of
Labour-yards.—Scales of Relief.—What comes of breaking-up
a Home
                            CHAPTER XXIV.
                           THE BEST REMEDY.
Emigration.—The various Fields.—Distinguish the                 p. 455
Industrious Worker in need of temporary Relief.—Last Words



I.—Neglected Children.


CHAPTER I.
STARTLING FACTS.


_The Pauper Population_.—_Pauper Children_.—_Opinions concerning their
proper Treatment_.—_A Hundred Thousand Children loose in London
Streets_.—_Neglected Babies_.—_Juvenile_ “_Market Prowlers_.”

IT is a startling fact that, in England and Wales alone, at the present
time, the number of children under the age of sixteen, dependent more or
less on the parochial authorities for maintenance, amounts to three
hundred and fifty thousand.

It is scarcely less startling to learn that annually more than a hundred
thousand criminals emerge at the doors of the various prisons, that, for
short time or long time, have been their homes, and with no more
substantial advice than “to take care that they don’t make their
appearance there again,” are turned adrift once more to face the world,
unkind as when they last stole from it.  This does not include our
immense army of juvenile vagrants.  How the information has been arrived
at is more than I can tell; but it is an accepted fact that, daily,
winter and summer, within the limits of our vast and wealthy city of
London, there wander, destitute of proper guardianship, food, clothing,
or employment, a _hundred thousand_ boys and girls in fair training for
the treadmill and the oakum shed, and finally for Portland and the
convict’s mark.

It is these last-mentioned hundred thousand, rather than the four hundred
and fifty thousand previously mentioned, that are properly classed under
the heading of this first chapter.  Practically, the three hundred and
fifty thousand little paupers that cumber the poor-rates are without the
category of neglected ones.  In all probability, at least one-half of
that vast number never were victims of neglect, in the true sense of the
term.  Mr. Bumble derives his foster children from sources innumerable.
There are those that are born in the “house,” and who, on some pretext,
are abandoned by their unnatural mother.  There are the “strays,”
discovered by the police on their beats, and consigned, for the present,
to the workhouse, and never owned.  There is the offspring of the
decamping weaver, or shoemaker, who goes on tramp “to better himself;”
but, never succeeding, does not regard it as worth while to tramp home
again to report his ill-luck.  These, and such as these, may truly
ascribe their pauperism to neglect on somebody’s part; but by far the
greater number are what they are through sheer misfortune.  When death
snatches father away from the table scarcely big enough to accommodate
the little flock that cluster about it—snatches him away in the lusty
prime of life, and without warning, or, worse still, flings him on a bed
of sickness, the remedies for which devour the few pounds thriftily laid
aside for such an emergency, and, after all, are of no avail, what other
asylum but the workhouse offers itself to mother and children?  How many
cases of this kind the parish books could reveal, one can only guess;
quite enough, we may be sure, to render unpalatable that excessive amount
of caution observed by those in power against “holding out a premium” to
pauperism.  It is somewhat amazing to hear great authorities talk
sometimes.  Just lately, Mr. Bartley, reading at the Society of Arts a
paper entitled, “The training and education of pauper children,” took
occasion to remark:—

    “These children cannot be looked upon exactly in the same way as
    paupers proper, inasmuch as their unfortunate position is entirely
    due to circumstances over which they could have no control.  They are
    either the offspring of felons, cripples, and idiots, or orphans,
    bastards, and deserted children, and claim the protection of the law,
    frequently from their tenderest years, from having been deprived of
    the care of their natural guardians without fault or crime of their
    own.  Such being their condition, they must either steal or starve in
    the streets, or the State must take charge of them.  It may further
    be affirmed that, in a strictly commercial point of view, it is more
    economical to devote a certain amount in education and systematic
    training than by allowing them to grow up in the example of their
    parents and workhouse companions, to render their permanent support,
    either in a prison or a workhouse, a burden on the industrious
    classes.  The State, in fact, acknowledges this, and accordingly a
    provision is theoretically supplied for all pauper children, not only
    for their bodily wants, but, to a certain extent, for their mental
    improvement.  At the same time, it is also necessary that the extreme
    should not be run into, viz., that of treating them so liberally as
    to hold out a premium to pauperism.  In no case should their comfort
    be better than, nor in fact as good as, an industrious labourer has
    within his reach.”

Mr. Bartley is a gentleman whose knowledge of the subject he treats of
exceeds that of most men; moreover, he is a man who, in his acts and
nature, shows himself actuated by a kind heart, governed by a sound head;
but, with all deference, it is difficult to agree altogether with the
foregoing remarks of his: and they are the better worth noticing, because
precisely the same sentiment breathes through almost every modern, new,
and improved system of parochial reform.  Why should these unfortunate
creatures, “their unfortunate position being entirely due to
circumstances over which they had no control,” be made less comfortable
in their condition than the industrious labourer,—who, by the way, may be
an agricultural labourer, with his starvation wages of nine shillings a
week and his damp and miserable hovel of two rooms to board and lodge his
numerous family?  What sort of justice is it to keep constantly before
their unoffending eyes the humiliating fact that they have no standing
even on the bottom round of the social ladder, and that their proper
place is to crouch meekly and uncomplainingly at the foot of it?  Even
supposing that they, the pauper children, are “either the offspring of
felons, cripples, and idiots, or orphans, bastards, and deserted
children,” which is assuming to the verge of improbability, still, since
it is acknowledged that the state in which we discover them “is due to no
fault or crime of their own,” why should we hesitate to make them
commonly comfortable?  To fail so to do when it is in our power, and
when, according to their innocence and helplessness, it is their due, is
decidedly at variance with the commonly-understood principles of
Christian charity.  It will be needless, however, here to pursue the
subject of pauper management, since another section of this book has been
given to its consideration.  Anyhow, our three hundred and fifty thousand
pauper children can have no claim to be reckoned among the “neglected.”
They are, or should be, a class whose hard necessity has been brought
under the notice of the authorities, and by them considered and provided
for.

There are other neglected children besides those already enumerated, and
who are not included in the tenth part of a million who live in the
streets, for the simple reason that they are too young to know the use of
their legs.  They are “coming on,” however.  There is no present fear of
the noble annual crop of a hundred thousand diminishing.  They are so
plentifully propagated that a savage preaching “civilization” might
regard it as a mercy that the localities of their infant nurture are such
as suit the ravening appetites of cholera and typhus.  Otherwise they
would breed like rabbits in an undisturbed warren, and presently swarm so
abundantly that the highways would be over-run, making it necessary to
pass an Act of Parliament, improving on the latest enacted for dogs,
against the roaming at large of unmuzzled children of the gutter.
Observe the vast number of “city Arabs,” to be encountered in a walk,
from Cheapside to the Angel at Islington, say.  You cannot mistake them.
There are other children who are constantly encountered in the street,
male and female, who, though perhaps neither so ragged and dirty as the
genuine juvenile vagrants, are even more sickly and hungry looking; but
it is as easy to distinguish between the two types—between the
_home-owning_ and the _homeless_, as between the sleek pet dog, and the
cur of the street, whose ideas of a “kennel” are limited to that
represented by the wayside gutter, from which by good-luck edibles may be
extracted.  Not only does the youthful ragamuffin cry aloud for remedy in
every street and public way of the city, he thrusts his ugly presence on
us continuously, and appeals to us in bodily shape.  In this respect, the
curse of neglected children differs widely from any of the others,
beggars alone excepted, perhaps.  And even as regards beggars, to see
them is not always to believe in them as human creatures helpless in the
sad condition in which they are discovered, and worthy of the best help
we can afford to bestow on them.  It is next to impossible by outward
signs merely to discriminate between the impostor and the really
unfortunate and destitute.  The pallid cheek and the sunken eye, may be a
work of art and not of nature, and in the cunning arrangement of rags, so
as to make the most of them, the cheat must always have an advantage over
the genuine article.  Weighing the evidence _pro._ and _con._, the object
of it creeping even at his snail’s pace may be out of sight before we
arrive at what appears to us a righteous verdict, and our scrupulous
charity reserved for another, occasion.  But no such perplexing doubts
and hesitation need trouble us in selecting the boy gutter bred and born
from the one who lays claim to a home, even though it may be no more than
a feeble pretence, consisting of a family nightly gathering in some dirty
sty that serves as a bedroom, and a morning meeting at a board spread
with a substitute for a breakfast.  In the latter there is an expression
of countenance utterly wanting in the former; an undescribable shyness,
and an instinctive observance of decency, that has been rain-washed and
sun-burnt out of the gipsy of the London highway since the time of his
crawling out of the gooseberry sieve, with a wisp of hay in it that
served him as a cradle.

And here I can fancy I hear the incredulous reader exclaim, “But that is
mere imagery of course; ragamuffin babies never are cradled in gooseberry
sieves, with a wisp of hay to lie on.”  Let me assure you, dear madam, it
is not imagery, but positive fact.  The strangest receptacles do duty as
baby cradles at times.  In another part of our book, it will be shown
that a raisin-box may be so adapted, or even an egg-box; the latter with
a bit of straw in it as a cradle for an invalid baby with a broken thigh!
But as regards the gooseberry sieve, it is a fact that came under the
writer’s immediate observation.  Accompanied by a friend, he was on a
visit of exploration into the little-known regions of Baldwin’s Gardens,
in Leather Lane, and entering a cellar there, the family who occupied it
were discovered in a state of dreadful commotion.  The mother, a tall,
bony, ragged shrew, had a baby tucked under one arm, while she was using
the other by the aid of a pair of dilapidated nozzleless bellows in
inflicting a tremendous beating on a howling young gentleman of about
eleven years old.  “Tut! tut! what is the matter, Mrs. Donelly?  Rest
your arm a moment, now, and tell us all about it.”  “Matther! shure it’s
matther enough to dhrive a poor widdy beyant her sinses!”  And then her
rage turning to sorrow, she in pathetic terms described how that she left
that bad boy Johnny only for a few moments in charge of the “darlint
comfortable ashleap in her bashket,” and that he had neglected his duty,
and that the baste of a donkey had smelt her out, and “ate her clane out
o’ bed.”

I have had so much experience in this way, that one day I may write a
book on the Haunts and Homes of the British Baby.  It was not long after
the incident of the gooseberry sieve, that I discovered in one small room
in which a family of six resided, three little children, varying in age
from three to eight, perhaps, stark naked.  It was noon of a summer’s
day, and there they were nude as forest monkeys, and so hideously dirty
that every rib-bone in their poor wasted little bodies showed plain, and
in colour like mahogany.  Soon as I put my head in at the door they
scattered, scared as rabbits, to the “bed,” an arrangement of
evil-smelling flock and old potato-sacks, and I was informed by the
mother that they had not a rag to wear, and had been in their present
condition for _more than three months_.

Let us return, however, to the hordes of small Arabs found wandering
about the streets of the city.  To the mind of the initiated, instantly
recurs the question, “whence do they all come”?  They are not imported
like those other pests of society, “German band boys or organ grinders;”
they must have been babies once upon a time; where did they grow up?  In
very dreary and retired regions, my dear sir, though for that matter if
it should happen that you are perambulating fashionable Regent-street or
aristocratic Belgravia, when you put to yourself the perplexing question,
you may be nigher to a visible solution of the mystery than you would
care to know.  Where does the shoeless, ragged, dauntless, and often
desperate boy of the gutter breed?  Why, not unfrequently as close almost
to the mansions of the rich and highly respectable as the sparrows in
their chimney stacks.  Nothing is more common than to discover a hideous
stew of courts and alleys reeking in poverty and wretchedness almost in
the shadow of the palatial abodes of the great and wealthy.  Such
instances might be quoted by the dozen.

It is seldom that these fledglings of the hawk tribe quit their nests or
rather their nesting places until they are capable, although on a most
limited scale, of doing business on their own account.  Occasionally a
specimen may be seen in the vicinity of Covent Garden or Farringdon
Market, seated on a carriage extemporized out of an old rusty teatray and
drawn along by his elder relatives, by means of a string.  It may not be
safely assumed, however, that the latter are actuated by no other than
affectionate and disinterested motives in thus treating their infant
charge to a ride.  It is much more probable that being left at home in
the alley by their mother, who is engaged elsewhere at washing or
“charing,” with strict injunctions not to leave baby for so long as a
minute, and being goaded to desperation by the thoughts of the plentiful
feed of cast-out plums and oranges to be picked up in “Common Garden” at
this “dead ripe” season of the year, they have hit on this ingenious
expedient by which the maternal mandate may be obeyed to the letter, and
their craving for market refuse be at the same time gratified.

By-the-bye, it may here be mentioned as a contribution towards solving
the riddle, “How do these hundred thousand street prowlers contrive to
exist?” that they draw a considerable amount of their sustenance from the
markets.  And really it would seem that by some miraculous dispensation
of Providence, garbage was for their sake robbed of its poisonous
properties, and endowed with virtues such as wholesome food possesses.
Did the reader ever see the young market hunters at such a “feed” say in
the month of August or September?  It is a spectacle to be witnessed only
by early risers who can get as far as Covent Garden by the time that the
wholesale dealing in the open falls slack—which will be about eight
o’clock; and it is not to be believed unless it is seen.  They will
gather about a muck heap and gobble up plums, a sweltering mass of decay,
and oranges and apples that have quite lost their original shape and
colour, with the avidity of ducks or pigs.  I speak according to my
knowledge, for I have seen them at it.  I have seen one of these gaunt
wolfish little children with his tattered cap full of plums of a sort one
of which I would not have permitted a child of mine to eat for all the
money in the Mint, and this at a season when the sanitary authorities in
their desperate alarm at the spread of cholera had turned bill stickers,
and were begging and imploring the people to abstain from this, that, and
the other, and especially to beware of fruit unless perfectly sound and
ripe.  Judging from the earnestness with which this last provision was
urged, there must have been cholera enough to have slain a dozen strong
men in that little ragamuffin’s cap, and yet he munched on till that
frowsy receptacle was emptied, finally licking his fingers with a relish.
It was not for me to forcibly dispossess the boy of a prize that made him
the envy of his plumless companions, but I spoke to the market beadle
about it, asking him if it would not be possible, knowing the
propensities of these poor little wretches, so to dispose of the
poisonous offal that they could not get at it; but he replied that it was
nothing to do with him what they ate so long as they kept their hands
from picking and stealing; furthermore he politely intimated that “unless
I had nothing better to do” there was no call for me to trouble myself
about the “little warmint,” whom nothing would hurt.  He confided to me
his private belief that they were “made inside something after the
orsestretch, and that farriers’ nails wouldn’t come amiss to ’em if they
could only get ’em down.”  However, and although the evidence was rather
in the sagacious market beadle’s favour, I was unconverted from my
original opinion, and here take the liberty of urging on any official of
Covent Garden or Farringdon Market who may happen to read these pages the
policy of adopting my suggestion as to the safe bestowal of fruit offal
during the sickly season.  That great danger is incurred by allowing it
to be consumed as it now is, there cannot be a question.  Perhaps it is
too much to assume that the poor little beings whom hunger prompts to
feed off garbage do so with impunity.  It is not improbable that, in many
cases, they slink home to die in their holes as poisoned rats do.  That
they are never missed from the market is no proof of the contrary.  Their
identification is next to impossible, for they are like each other as
apples in a sieve, or peas in one pod.  Moreover, to tell their number is
out of the question.  It is as incomprehensible as is their nature.  They
swarm as bees do, and arduous indeed would be the task of the individual
who undertook to reckon up the small fry of a single alley of the
hundreds that abound in Squalor’s regions.  They are of as small account
in the public estimation as stray street curs, and, like them, it is only
where they evince a propensity for barking and biting that their
existence is recognised.  Should death to-morrow morning make a clean
sweep of the unsightly little scavengers who grovel for a meal amongst
the market offal heaps, next day would see the said heaps just as
industriously surrounded.



CHAPTER II.
RESPECTING THE PARENTAGE OF SOME OF OUR GUTTER POPULATION.


_Who are the Mothers_?—_The Infant Labour Market_.—_Watch London and
Blackfriars Bridges_.—_The Melancholy Types_.—_The Flashy_, _Flaunting_
“_Infant_.”—_Keeping Company_.—_Marriage_.—_The Upshot_.

INSTRUCTIVE and interesting though it may be to inquire into the haunts
and habits of these wretched waifs and “rank outsiders” of humanity, of
how much importance and of useful purpose is it to dig yet a little
deeper and discover who are the parents—the mothers especially—of these
babes of the gutter.

Clearly they had no business there at all.  A human creature, and more
than all, a _helpless_ human creature, endowed with the noblest shape of
God’s creation, and with a soul to save or lose, is as much out of place
grovelling in filth and contamination as would be a wild cat crouching on
the hearth-rug of a nursery.  How come they there, then?  Although not
bred absolutely in the kennel, many merge into life so very near the edge
of it, that it is no wonder if even their infantine kickings and
sprawlings are enough to topple them over.  Some there are, not vast in
number, perhaps, but of a character to influence the whole, who are
dropped into the gutter from such a height that they may never crawl out
of it—they are so sorely crippled.  Others, again, find their way to the
gutter by means of a process identical with that which serves the
conveyance to sinks and hidden sewers of the city’s ordinary refuse and
off-scourings.  Of this last-mentioned sort, however, it will be
necessary to treat at length presently.

I think that it may be taken as granted that gross and deliberate
immorality is not mainly responsible for our gutter population.  Neither
can the poverty of the nation be justly called on to answer for it.  On
the contrary, unless I am greatly mistaken, the main tributary to the
foul stream has its fountain-head in the keen-witted, ready-penny
commercial enterprise of the small-capital, business-minded portion of
our vast community.

In no respect are we so unlike our forefathers as in our struggles after
“mastership” in business, however petty.  This may be a sign of
commercial progress amongst us, but it is doubtful if it tends very much
to the healthful constitution of our humanity.  “Work hard and win a
fortune,” has become a dry and mouldy maxim, distasteful to modern
traders, and has yielded to one that is much smarter, viz., “There is
more got by scheming than by hard work.”

By scheming the labour of others, that is; little children—anyone.  It is
in the infant labour market especially that this new and dashing spirit
of commercial enterprise exercises itself chiefly.  There are many kinds
of labour that require no application of muscular strength; all that is
requisite is dexterity and lightness of touch, and these with most
children are natural gifts.  They are better fitted for the work they are
set to than adults would be, while the latter would require as wages
shillings where the little ones are content with pence.  This, perhaps,
would be tolerable if their earnings increased with their years; but such
an arrangement does not come within the scheme of the sweaters and
slop-factors, Jew and Christian, who grind the bones of little children
to make them not only bread, but luxurious living and country houses, and
carriages to ride in.  When their “hands” cease to be children, these
enterprising tradesmen no longer require their services, and they are
discharged to make room for a new batch of small toilers, eager to engage
themselves on terms that the others have learned to despise, while those
last-mentioned unfortunates are cast adrift to win their bread—somehow.

Anyone curious to know the sort of working young female alluded to may be
gratified a hundred times over any day of the week, if he will take the
trouble to post himself, between the hours of twelve and two, at the foot
of London or Blackfriars bridge.  There he will see the young girl of the
slop-shop and the city “warehouse” hurrying homeward on the chance of
finding a meagre makeshift—“something hot”—that may serve as a dinner.

It is a sight well worth the seeking of any philanthropic person
interested in the present condition and possible future of the infant
labour market.  How much or how little of truth there may be in the
lament one occasionally hears, that our endurance is failing us, and that
we seldom reach the ripe old age attained by our ancestors, we will not
here discuss; at least there can be no doubt of this—that we grow old
much earlier than did our great grandfathers; and though our “three-score
years and ten” may be shortened by fifteen or twenty years, the downhill
portion of our existence is at least as protracted as that of the hale
men of old who could leap a gate at sixty.  This must be so, otherwise
the ancient law, defining an infant as “a person under the age of
fourteen,” could never have received the sanction of legislators.  Make
note of these “infants” of the law as they come in knots of two and
three, and sometimes in an unbroken “gang,” just as they left the
factory, putting their best feet foremost in a match against time; for
all that is allowed them is one hour, and within that limited period they
have to walk perhaps a couple of miles to and fro, resting only during
that brief space in which it is their happy privilege to exercise their
organs of mastication.

Good times indeed were those olden ones, if for no other reason than that
they knew not such infants as these!  Of the same stuff in the main, one
and all, but by no means of the same pattern.  Haggard, weary-eyed
infants, who never could have been babies; little slips of things, whose
heads are scarcely above the belt of the burly policeman lounging out his
hours of duty on the bridge, but who have a brow on which, in lines
indelible, are scored a dreary account of the world’s hard dealings with
them.  Painfully puckered mouths have these, and an air of such sad, sage
experience, that one might fancy, not that these were young people who
would one day grow to be old women, but rather that, by some inversion of
the natural order of things, they had once been old and were growing
young again—that they had seen seventy, at least, but had doubled on the
brow of the hill of age, instead of crossing it, and retraced their
steps, until they arrived back again at thirteen; the old, old heads
planted on the young shoulders revealing the secret.

This, the most melancholy type of the grown-up neglected infant, is,
however, by no means the most painful of those that come trooping past in
such a mighty hurry.  Some are dogged and sullen-looking, and appear as
though steeped to numbness in the comfortless doctrine, “What can’t be
cured must be endured;” as if they had acquired a certain sort of surly
relish for the sours of existence, and partook of them as a matter of
course, without even a wry face.  These are not of the sort that excite
our compassion the most; neither are the ailing and sickly-looking little
girls, whose tender constitutions have broken down under pressure of the
poison inhaled in the crowded workroom, and long hours, and countless
trudgings, early and late, in the rain and mire, with no better covering
for their shoulders than a flimsy mantle a shower would wet through and
through, and a wretched pair of old boots that squelch on the pavement as
they walk.  Pitiful as are these forlorn ones to behold, there is, at
least, a grim satisfaction in knowing that with them it cannot last.  The
creature who causes us most alarm is a girl of a very different type.

This is the flashy, flaunting “infant,” barely fourteen, and with scarce
four feet of stature, but self-possessed and bold-eyed enough to be a
“daughter of the regiment”—of a militia regiment even.  She consorts with
birds of her own feather.  Very little experience enables one to tell at
a glance almost how these girls are employed, and it is quite evident
that the terrible infant in question and her companions are engaged in
the manufacture of artificial flowers.  Their teeth are discoloured, and
there is a chafed and chilblainish appearance about their nostrils, as
though suffering under a malady that were best consoled with a
pocket-handkerchief.  The symptoms in question, however, are caused by
the poison used in their work—arsenite of copper, probably, that deadly
mineral being of a “lovely green,” and much in favour amongst artificial
florists and their customers.  Here they come, unabashed by the throng,
as though the highway were their home, and all mankind their brothers;
she, the heroine with a bold story to tell, and plenty of laughter and
free gesticulation as sauce with it.  She is of the sort, and, God help
them! they may be counted by hundreds in London alone, in whom keen wit
would appear to be developed simultaneously with ability to walk and
talk.  Properly trained, these are the girls that grow to be clever,
capable women—women of spirit and courage and shrewd discernment.  The
worst of it is that the seed implanted will germinate.  Hunger cannot
starve it to death, or penurious frosts destroy it.  Untrained, it grows
apace, overturning and strangling all opposition and asserting its
paramount importance.

This is the girl who is the bane and curse of the workroom crowded with
juvenile stitchers or pasters, or workers in flowers or beads.  Her
constant assumption of lightheartedness draws them towards her, her
lively stories are a relief from the monotonous drudgery they are engaged
on.  Old and bold in petty wickedness, and with audacious pretensions to
acquaintance with vice of a graver sort, she entertains them with stories
of “sprees” and “larks” she and her friends have indulged in.  She has
been to “plays” and to “dancing rooms,” and to the best of her ability
and means she demonstrates the latest fashion in her own attire, and
wears her draggletail flinders of lace and ribbon in such an easy and
old-fashionable manner, poor little wretch, as to impress one with the
conviction that she must have been used to this sort of thing since the
time of her shortcoating; which must have been many, many years ago.  She
has money to spend; not much, but sufficient for the purchase of
luxuries, the consumption of which inflict cruel pangs on the hungry-eyed
beholders.  She is a person whose intimacy is worth cultivating, and they
do cultivate it, with what result need not be here described.

At fifteen the London factory-bred girl in her vulgar way has the worldly
knowledge of the ordinary female of eighteen or twenty.  She has her
“young man,” and accompanies him of evenings to “sing-songs” and raffles,
and on high days and holidays to Hampton by the shilling van, or to
Greenwich by the sixpenny boat.  At sixteen she wearies of the
frivolities of sweethearting, and the young man being agreeable the pair
embark in housekeeping, and “settle down.”

Perhaps they marry, and be it distinctly understood, whatever has been
said to the contrary, the estate of matrimony amongst her class is not
lightly esteemed.  On the contrary, it is a contract in which so much
pride is taken that the certificate attesting its due performance is not
uncommonly displayed on the wall of the living-room as a choice print or
picture might be; with this singular and unaccountable distinction that
when a _clock_ is reckoned with the other household furniture, the
marriage certificate is almost invariably hung under it.  It was Mr.
Catlin of the Cow Cross Mission who first drew my attention to this
strange observance, and in our many explorations into the horrible courts
and alleys in the vicinity of his mission-house he frequently pointed out
instances of this strange custom; but even he, who is as learned in the
habits and customs of all manner of outcasts of civilisation as any man
living, was unable to explain its origin.  When questioned on the subject
the common answer was, “They say that it’s lucky.”

It is the expense attending the process that makes matrimony the
exception and not the rule amongst these people.  At least this is their
invariable excuse.  And here, as bearing directly on the question of
“neglected infants,” I may make mention of a practice that certain
well-intentioned people are adopting with a view to diminishing the
prevalent sin of the unmarried sexes herding in their haunts of poverty,
and living together as man and wife.

The said practice appears sound enough on the surface.  It consists
simply in marrying these erring couples gratis.  The missionary or
scripture reader of the district who, as a rule, is curiously intimate
with the family affairs of his flock, calls privately on those young
people whose clock, if they have one, ticks to a barren wall, and makes
the tempting offer—banns put up, service performed, beadle and pew opener
satisfied, and all free!  As will not uncommonly happen, if driven into a
corner for an excuse, the want of a jacket or a gown “to make a
’spectable ’pearance in” is pleaded; the negociator makes a note of it,
and in all probability the difficulty is provided against, and in due
course the marriage is consummated.

This is all very well as far as it goes, but to my way of thinking the
scheme is open to many grave objections.  In the first place the instinct
that incites people to herd like cattle in a lair is scarcely the same as
induces them to blend their fortunes and live “for better, for worse”
till the end of their life.  It requires no great depth of affection on
the man’s part to lead him to take up with a woman who, in consideration
of board and lodging and masculine protection will create some semblance
of a home for him.  In his selection of such a woman he is not governed
by those grave considerations that undoubtedly present themselves to his
mind when he meditates wedding himself irrevocably to a mate.  Her
history, previous to his taking up with her, may be known to him, and
though perhaps not all that he could wish, she is as good to him as she
promised to be, and they get along pretty well and don’t quarrel very
much.

Now, although not one word can be urged in favour of this iniquitous and
shocking arrangement, is it quite certain that a great good is achieved
by inducing such a couple to tie themselves together in the sacred bonds
of matrimony?  It is not a marriage of choice as all marriages should be.
If the pair had been bent on church marriage and earnestly desired it, it
is absurd to suppose that the few necessary shillings, the price of its
performance, would have deterred them.  If they held the sacred ceremony
of so small account as to regard it as well dispensed with as adopted, it
is no very great triumph of the cause of religion and morality that the
balance is decided by a gown or a jacket, in addition to the good will of
the missionary (who, by-the-bye, is generally the distributor of the alms
of the charitable) being thrown into the scale.

To be sure the man is not compelled to yield to the persuasions of those
who would make of him a creditable member of society; he is not compelled
to it, but he can hardly be regarded as a free agent.  If the pair have
children already, the woman will be only too anxious to second the
solicitation of her friend, and so secure to herself legal protection in
addition to that that is already secured to her through her mate’s
acquired regard for her.  Then it is so difficult to combat the simple
question, “Why not?” when all is so generously arranged—even to the
providing a real gold ring to be worn in place of the common brass
make-believe—and nothing remains but to step round to the parish church,
where the minister is waiting, and where in a quarter of an hour, the
great, and good, and lasting work may be accomplished.  The well-meaning
missionary asks, “Why not?”  The woman, urged by moral or mercenary
motives, echoes the momentous query, and both stand with arms presented,
in a manner of speaking, to hear the wavering one’s objection.  The
wavering one is not generally of the far-seeing sort.  In his heart he
does not care as much as a shilling which way it is.  He does not in the
least trouble himself from the religious and moral point of view.  When
his adviser says, “Just consider how much easier your conscience will be
if you do this act of justice to the woman whom you have selected as your
helpmate,” he wags his head as though admitting it, but having no
conscience about the matter he is not very deeply impressed.  Nine times
out of ten the summing-up of his deliberation is, “I don’t care; it won’t
cost _me_ nothing; let ’em have their way.”

But what, probably, is the upshot of the good missionary’s endeavours and
triumph?  In a very little time the gilt with which the honest adviser
glossed the chain that was to bind the man irrevocably to marriage and
morality wears off.  The sweat of his brow will not keep it bright; it
rusts it.  He feels, in his own vulgar though expressive language, that
he has been “bustled” into a bad bargain.  “It is like this ’ere,” a
matrimonial victim of the class once confided to me; “I don’t say as she
isn’t as good as ever, but I’m blowed if she’s all that better as I was
kidded to believe she would be.”

“But if she is as good as ever, she is good enough.”

“Yes, but you haven’t quite got the bearing of what I mean, sir, and I
haint got it in me to put it in the words like you would.  Good enough
before isn’t good enough now, cos it haint hoptional, don’t you see?  No,
you don’t.  Well, look here.  S’pose I borrer a barrer.  Well, it’s good
enough and a conwenient size for laying out my stock on it.  It goes
pooty easy, and I pays eighteen pence a week for it and I’m satisfied.
Well, I goes on all right and without grumbling, till some chap he ses to
me, ‘What call have you got to borrer a barrer when you can have one of
your own; you alwis _want_ a barrer, don’t you know, why not make this
one your own?’  ‘Cos I can’t spare the money,’ I ses.  ‘Oh,’ he ses,
‘I’ll find the money and the barrer’s yourn, if so be as you’ll promise
and vow to take up with no other barrer, but stick to this one so long as
you both shall live.’  Well, as aforesaid, it’s a tidy, useful barrer,
and I agrees.  But soon as it’s _mine_, don’t you know, I ain’t quite so
careless about it.  I overhauls it, in a manner of speaking, and I’m more
keerful in trying the balance of it in hand when the load’s on it.  Well,
maybe I find out what I never before troubled myself to look for.
There’s a screw out here and a bolt wanted there.  Here it’s weak, and
there it’s ugly.  I dwells on it in my mind constant.  I’ve never got
that there barrer out of my head, and p’raps I make too much of the weak
pints of it.  I gets to mistrust it.  ‘It’s all middling right, just now,
old woman—old barrer, I mean,’ I ses to myself, ‘but you’ll be a playing
me a trick one day, I’m afraid.’  Well, I go on being afraid, which I
shouldn’t be if I was only a borrower.”

“But you should not forget that the barrow, to adopt your own ungallant
figure of speech, is not accountable for these dreads and suspicions of
yours; it will last you as long and as well as though you had continued a
borrower; you will admit that, at least!”

“I don’t know.  _Last_, yes!  That’s the beggaring part of it.  Ah, well!
p’raps it’s all right, but I’m blest if I can stand being haunted like I
am now.”

Nothing that I could say would add force to the argument of my
costermonger friend, as set forth in his parable of the “barrer.”
Applying it to the question under discussion, I do not mean to attribute
to the deceptiveness of the barrow or to its premature breaking down, the
spilling into the gutter of all the unhappy children there discovered.
My main reason for admitting the evidence in question was to endeavour to
show that as a pet means of improving the morality of our courts and
alleys, and consequently of diminishing the gutter population, the modern
idea of arresting fornication and concubinage, by dragging the pair there
and then to church, and making them man and wife, is open to serious
objections.  The state of matrimony is not good for such folk.  It was
never intended for them.  It may be as necessary to healthful life as
eating is, but no one would think of taking a man starved, and in the
last extremity for lack of wholesome aliment, and setting before him a
great dish of solid food.  It may be good for him by-and-by, but he must
be brought along by degrees, and fitted for it.  Undoubtedly a great
source of our abandoned gutter children may be found in the shocking
herding together of the sexes in the vile “slums” and back places of
London, and it is to be sincerely hoped that some wise man will presently
devise a speedy preventive.

In a recent report made to the Commissioners of Sewers for London, Dr.
Letheby says: “I have been at much pains during the last three months to
ascertain the precise conditions of the dwellings, the habits, and the
diseases of the poor.  In this way 2,208 rooms have been most
circumstantially inspected, and the general result is that nearly all of
them are filthy or overcrowded or imperfectly drained, or badly
ventilated, or out of repair.  In 1,989 of these rooms, all in fact that
are at present inhabited, there are 5,791 inmates, belonging to 1,576
families; and to say nothing of the too frequent occurrence of what may
be regarded as a necessitous overcrowding, where the husband, the wife,
and young family of four or five children are cramped into a miserably
small and ill-conditioned room, there are numerous instances where adults
of both sexes, belonging to different families, are lodged in the same
room, regardless of all the common decencies of life, and where from
three to five adults, men and women, besides a train or two of children,
are accustomed to herd together like brute beasts or savages; and where
every human instinct of propriety and decency is smothered.  Like my
predecessor, I have seen grown persons of both sexes sleeping in common
with their parents, brothers and sisters, and cousins, and even the
casual acquaintance of a day’s tramp, occupying the same bed of filthy
rags or straw; a woman suffering in travail, in the midst of males and
females of different families that tenant the same room, where birth and
death go hand in hand; where the child but newly born, the patient cast
down with fever, and the corpse waiting for interment, have no separation
from each other, or from the rest of the inmates.  Of the many cases to
which I have alluded, there are some which have commanded my attention by
reason of their unusual depravity—cases in which from three to four
adults of both sexes, with many children, were lodging in the same room,
and often sleeping in the same bed.  I have note of three or four
localities, where forty-eight men, seventy-three women, and fifty-nine
children are living in thirty-four rooms.  In one room there are two men,
three women, and five children, and in another one man, four women, and
two children; and when, about a fortnight since, I visited the back room
on the ground floor of No. 5, I found it occupied by one man, two women,
and two children; and in it was the dead body of a poor girl who had died
in childbirth a few days before.  The body was stretched out on the bare
floor, without shroud or coffin.  There it lay in the midst of the
living, and we may well ask how it can be otherwise than that the human
heart should be dead to all the gentler feelings of our nature, when such
sights as these are of common occurrence.

“So close and unwholesome is the atmosphere of some of these rooms, that
I have endeavoured to ascertain, by chemical means, whether it does not
contain some peculiar product of decomposition that gives to it its foul
odour and its rare powers of engendering disease.  I find it is not only
deficient in the due proportion of oxygen, but it contains three times
the usual amount of carbonic acid, besides a quantity of aqueous vapour
charged with alkaline matter that stinks abominably.  This is doubtless
the product of putrefaction, and of the various fœtid and stagnant
exhalations that pollute the air of the place.  In many of my former
reports, and in those of my predecessor, your attention has been drawn to
this pestilential source of disease, and to the consequence of heaping
human beings into such contracted localities; and I again revert to it
because of its great importance, not merely that it perpetuates fever and
the allied disorders, but because there stalks side by side with this
pestilence a yet deadlier presence, blighting the moral existence of a
rising population, rendering their hearts hopeless, their acts ruffianly
and incestuous, and scattering, while society averts her eye, the
retributive seeds of increase for crime, turbulence and pauperism.”



CHAPTER III.
BABY-FARMING.


“_Baby-Farmers_” _and Advertising_ “_Child Adopters_.”—“_F. X._” _of
Stepney_.—_The Author’s Interview with Farmer Oxleek_.—_The Case of Baby
Frederick Wood_.

ALTHOUGH it is not possible, in a book of moderate dimensions, such as
this, to treat the question of neglected children with that extended care
and completeness it undoubtedly deserves, any attempt at its
consideration would be glaringly deficient did it not include some
reference to the modern and murderous institution known as “baby
farming.”

We may rely on it that we are lamentably ignorant both of the gigantic
extent and the pernicious working of this mischief.  It is only when some
loud-crying abuse of the precious system makes itself heard in our
criminal courts, and is echoed in the newspapers, or when some
adventurous magazine writer in valiant pursuit of his avocation, directs
his inquisitive nose in the direction indicated, that the public at large
hear anything either of the farmer or the farmed.

A year or so ago a most atrocious child murder attracted towards this
ugly subject the bull’s-eye beams of the press, and for some time it was
held up and exhibited in all its nauseating nakedness.  It may be safely
asserted that during the protracted trial of the child murderess, Mrs.
Winser, there was not one horrified father or mother in England who did
not in terms of severest indignation express his or her opinion of how
abominable it was that such scandalous traffic in baby flesh and blood
should, through the law’s inefficiency, be rendered possible.  But it was
only while we, following the revolting revelations, were subject to a
succession of shocks and kept in pain, that we were thus virtuous.  It
was only while our tender feelings were suffering excruciation from the
harrowing story of baby torture that we shook in wrath against the
torturer.  Considering what our sufferings were (and from the manner of
our crying out they must have been truly awful) we recovered with a speed
little short of miraculous.  Barely was the trial of the murderess
concluded and the court cleared, than our fierce indignation subsided
from its bubbling and boiling, and quickly settled down to calm and
ordinary temperature.  Nay it is hardly too much to say that our
over-wrought sympathies as regards baby neglect and murder fell so cold
and flat that little short of a second edition of Herod’s massacre might
be required to raise them again.

This is the unhappy fate that attends nearly all our great social
grievances.  They are overlooked or shyly glanced at and kicked aside for
years and years, when suddenly a stray spark ignites their smouldering
heaps, and the eager town cooks a splendid supper of horrors at the gaudy
conflagration; but having supped full, there ensues a speedy distaste for
flame and smoke, and in his heart every one is chiefly anxious that the
fire may burn itself out, or that some kind hand will smother it.  “We
have had enough of it.”  That is the phrase.  The only interest we ever
had in it, which was nothing better than a selfish and theatrical
interest, is exhausted.  We enjoyed the bonfire amazingly, but we have no
idea of tucking back our coat-sleeves and handling a shovel or a pick to
explore the unsavoury depth and origin of the flareup, and dig and dam to
guard against a repetition of it.  It is sufficient for us that we have
endured without flinching the sensational horrors dragged to light; let
those who dragged them forth bury them again; or kill them; or be killed
by them.  We have had enough of them.

Great social grievances are not to be taken by storm.  They merely bow
their vile heads while the wrathful blast passes, and regain their
original position immediately afterwards.  So it was with this business
of baby-farming, and the tremendous outcry raised at the time when the
wretch Winser was brought to trial.  There are certain newspapers in
whose advertisement columns the baby-farmer advertises for “live stock”
constantly, and at the time it was observed with great triumph by certain
people that since the vile hag’s detection the advertisements in question
had grown singularly few and mild.  But the hope that the baby-farmer had
retired, regarding his occupation as gone, was altogether delusive.  He
was merely lying quiet for a spell, quite at his ease, making no doubt
that business would stir again presently.  Somebody else was doing his
advertising, that was all.  If he had had any reasonable grounds for
supposing that the results of the appalling facts brought to light would
be that the Legislature would bestir itself and take prompt and
efficacious steps towards abolishing him, it would have been different.
But he had too much confidence in the sluggardly law to suppose anything
of the kind.  He knew that the details of the doings of himself and his
fellows would presently sicken those who for a time had evinced a relish
for them, and that in a short time they would bid investigators and
newspapers say no more—they had had enough of it!  When his sagacity was
verified, he found his way leisurely back to the advertising columns
again.

I have spoken of the baby-farmers as masculine, but that was merely for
convenience of metaphor.  No doubt that the male sex have a considerable
interest in the trade, but the negociators, and ostensibly the
proprietors, are women.  As I write, one of the said newspapers lies
before me.  It is a daily paper, and its circulation, an extensive one,
is essentially amongst the working classes, _especially amongst working
girls and women_.

The words italicised are worthy particular attention as regards this
particular part of my subject.  Here is a daily newspaper that is mainly
an advertising broadsheet.  It is an old-established newspaper, and its
advertisement columns may be said fairly to reflect the condition of the
female labour market over vast tracts of the London district.  Column
after column tells of the wants of servants and masters.  “Cap-hands,”
“feather-hands,” “artificial flower-hands,” “chenille-hands,” hands for
the manufacture of “chignons” and “hair-nets” and “bead work,” and all
manner of “plaiting” and “quilling” and “gauffering” in ribbon and net
and muslin, contributing towards the thousand and one articles that stock
the “fancy” trade.  There are more newspapers than one that aspire as
mediums between employers and employed, but this, before all others, is
_the_ newspaper, daily conned by thousands of girls and women in search
of work of the kind above mentioned, and it is in this newspaper that the
baby-farmer fishes wholesale for customers.

I write “wholesale,” and surely it is nothing else.  To the uninitiated
in this peculiar branch of the world’s wickedness it would seem that, as
an article of negociation, a baby would figure rarer than anything, and
in their innocence they might be fairly guided to this conclusion on the
evidence of their personal experience of the unflinching love of parents,
though never so poor, for their children; yet in a single number of this
newspaper published every day of the week and all the year round, be it
borne in mind, appear no less than _eleven_ separate advertisements,
emanating from individuals solicitous for the care, weekly, monthly,
yearly—anyhow, of other people’s children, and that on terms odorous of
starvation at the least in every meagre figure.

It is evident at a glance that the advertisers seek for customers and
expect none other than from among the sorely pinched and poverty-stricken
class that specially patronise the newspaper in question.  The
complexion, tone, and terms of their villanously cheap suggestions for
child adoption are most cunningly shaped to meet the possible
requirements of some unfortunate work-girl, who, earning while at liberty
never more than seven or eight shillings a week, finds herself hampered
with an infant for whom no father is forthcoming.  There can scarcely be
imagined a more terrible encumbrance than a young baby is to a working
girl or woman so circumstanced.  Very often she has a home before her
disaster announced itself—her first home, that is, with her parents—and
in her shame and disgrace she abandons it, determined on hiding away
where she is unknown, “keeping herself to herself.”  She has no other
means of earning a livelihood excepting that she has been used to.  She
is a “cap-hand,” or an “artificial flower-hand,” and such work is always
entirely performed at the warehouse immediately under the employer’s eye.
What is she to do?  She cannot possibly carry her baby with her to the
shop and keep it with her the livelong day.  Were she inclined so to do,
and could somehow contrive to accomplish the double duty of nurse and
flower-weaver, it would not be allowed.  If she stays at home in the
wretched little room she rents with her infant she and it must go hungry.
It is a terrible dilemma for a young woman “all but” good, and honestly
willing to accept the grievous penalty she must pay if it may be
accomplished by the labour of her hands.  Small and puny, however, the
poor unwelcome little stranger may be, it is a perfect ogre of rapacity
on its unhappy mother’s exertions.  Now and then an instance of the
self-sacrificing devotion exhibited by those unhappy mothers for their
fatherless children creeps into print.  There was held in the parish of
St. Luke’s, last summer, an inquest on the body of a neglected infant,
aged seven months.  The woman to whose care she was confided had got
drunk, and left the poor little thing exposed to the cold, so that it
died.  The mother paid the drunken nurse four-and-sixpence a week for the
child’s keep, and it was proved in evidence that she (the mother) had
been earning at her trade of paper-bag making never more than
six-and-threepence per week during the previous five months.  That was
four-and-sixpence for baby and _one-and-ninepence_ for herself.

I don’t think, however, that the regular baby-farmer is a person
habitually given to drink.  The successful and lucrative prosecution of
her business forbids the indulgence.  Decidedly not one of the eleven
advertisements before mentioned read like the concoctions of persons
whose heads were muddled with beer or gin.  Here is the first one:—

    NURSE CHILD WANTED, OR TO ADOPT.—The Advertiser, a Widow with a
    little family of her own, and a moderate allowance from her late
    husband’s friends, would be glad to accept the charge of a young
    child.  Age no object.  If sickly would receive a parent’s care.
    Terms, Fifteen Shillings a month; or would adopt entirely if under
    two months for the small sum of Twelve pounds.

Women are shrewder than men at understanding these matters, and the
advertisement is addressed to women; but I doubt if a man would be far
wrong in setting down the “widow lady with a little family of her own,”
as one of those monsters in woman’s clothing who go about seeking for
babies to devour.  Her “moderate allowance,” so artlessly introduced, is
intended to convey to the unhappy mother but half resolved to part with
her encumbrance, that possibly the widow’s late husband’s friends settle
her butcher’s and baker’s bills, and that under such circumstances the
widow would actually be that fifteen shillings a month in pocket, for the
small trouble of entering the little stranger with her own interesting
little flock.  And what a well-bred, cheerful, and kindly-behaved little
flock it must be, to have no objection to add to its number a young child
aged one month or twelve, sick or well!  Fancy such an estimable person
as the widow lady appraising her parental care at so low a figure as
three-and-ninepence a week—sevenpence farthing a day, including Sundays!
But, after all, that is not so cheap as the taking the whole and sole
charge of a child, sick or well, mind you, to nourish and clothe, and
educate it from the age of two months till twelve years, say!  To be
sure, the widow lady stipulates that the child she is ready to “adopt”
must be under two months, and we all know how precarious is infantine
existence, and at what a wonderfully low rate the cheap undertakers bury
babies in these days.

Another of the precious batch of eleven speaks plainer, and comes to the
point without any preliminary walking round it:—

    ADOPTION.—A person wishing a lasting and comfortable home for a young
    child of either sex will find this a good opportunity.  Advertisers
    having no children of their own are about to proceed to America.
    Premium, Fifteen pounds.  Respectable references given and required.
    Address F. X—.

All that is incomplete in the above is the initials; but one need not ask
for the “O” that should come between the “F” and “X.”  After perusing the
pithy advertisement, I interpreted its meaning simply this:—Any person
possessed of a child he is anxious to be rid of, here is a good chance
for him.  Perhaps “F. X.” is going to America; perhaps he’s not.  That is
_his_ business.  The party having a child to dispose of, need not trouble
itself on that score.  For “respectable references” read “mutual
confidence.”  I’ll take the child, and ask no questions of the party, and
the party shall fork over the fifteen pounds, and ask no questions of me.
That will make matters comfortable for both parties, ’specially if the
meeting is at a coffee-house, or at some public building, for if I don’t
know the party’s address, of course he can have no fear that I shall turn
round on him, and return the child on his hands.  The whole affair might
be managed while an omnibus is waiting to take up a passenger.  A simple
matter of handing over a bulky parcel and a little one—the child and the
money—and all over, without so much as “good night,” if so be the party
is a careful party, and wouldn’t like even his voice heard.

It may be objected that the seduced factory girl is scarcely likely to
become the victim of “F. X.,” inasmuch as she never had fifteen pounds to
call her own in the whole course of her life, and is less likely than
ever to grow so rich now.  And that is quite true, but as well as a
seduced, there must be a seducer.  Not a man of position and means,
probably; more likely the fast young son of parents in the butchering, or
cheesemongering, or grocery interest—a dashing young blade, whose ideas
of “seeing life” is seeking that unwholesome phase of it presented at
those unmitigated dens of vice, the “music halls,” at one of which
places, probably, the acquaintance terminating so miserably, was
commenced.  Or, may be, instead of the “young master,” it is the shopman
who is the male delinquent; and, in either case, anything is preferable
to a “row,” and an exposure.  Possibly the embarrassed young mother, by
stress of necessity, and imperfect faith in the voluntary goodness of her
lover, is driven to make the best of the defensive weapons that chance
has thus placed in her hands, and her urging for “some little assistance”
becomes troublesome.  This being the case, and the devil stepping in with
“F. X.’s” advertisement in his hand, the difficulty is immediately
reduced to one of raising fifteen pounds.  No more hourly anxiety lest
“something should turn up” to explode the secret under the very nose of
parents or master, no more restrictions from amusements loved so well
because of a dread lest that pale-faced baby-carrying young woman should
intrude her reproachful presence, and her tears, into their midst.  Only
one endeavour—a big one, it is true, but still, only one—and the ugly
ghost is laid at once and for ever!  Perhaps the young fellow has friends
of whom he can borrow the money.  May be he has a watch, and articles of
clothing and jewellery, that will pawn for the amount.  If he has
neither, still he is not entirely without resources.  Music-halls and
dancing-rooms cannot be patronised on bare journeyman’s wages, and
probably already the till has bled slightly—let it bleed more copiously!
And the theft is perpetrated, and “F. X.” releases the guilty pair of the
little creature that looks in its helplessness and innocence so little
like a bugbear.  And it isn’t at all unlikely that, after all, papa
regards himself as a fellow deserving of condemnation, perhaps, but
entitled to some pity, and, still more, of approval for his
self-sacrificing.  Another fellow, finding himself in such a fix, would
have snapped his fingers in Polly’s face, and told her to do her worst,
and be hanged to her; but, confound it all, he was not such a brute as
_that_.  Having got the poor girl into trouble, he had done all he could
to get her out of it—clean out of it, mind you.  Not only had he done all
that he could towards this generous end, but considerably more than he
ought; he had risked exposure as a thief, and the penalty of the
treadmill, and all for her sake!  And so thick-skinned is the young
fellow’s morality, that possibly he is really not aware of the
double-dyed villain he has become; that to strip his case of the specious
wrappings in which he would envelop it, he is nothing better than a mean
scoundrel who has stooped to till-robbery in order to qualify himself as
an accessory to child murder, or worse—the casting of his own offspring,
like a mangy dog, on the streets, to die in a gutter, or to live and grow
up to be a terror to his kind—a ruffian, and a breeder of ruffians.  Nor
need it be supposed that this last is a mere fancy sketch.  There can be
no doubt that if the history of every one of the ten thousand of the
young human pariahs that haunt London streets could be inquired into, it
would be found that no insignificant percentage of the whole were
children abandoned and left to their fate by mock “adopters,” such as “F.
X.”

It is these “adopters” of children who should be specially looked after,
since, assuming that heartless roguery is the basis of their business
dealing, it becomes at once manifest that their main source of profit
must lie in their ability to get rid of their hard bargains as soon as
possible.  From fifteen to five-and-twenty pounds would appear to be the
sums usually asked, and having once got possession of the child, every
day that the mockery of a _bonâ fide_ bargain is maintained, the value of
the blood-money that came with it diminishes.  The term “blood-money,”
however, should be accepted in a qualified sense.  It is quite common for
these people to mention as one of the conditions of treaty that a sickly
child would not be objected to, and provided it were very sickly, it
might in ordinary cases have a fair chance of dying a natural death; but
the course commonly pursued by the professional childmonger is not to
murder it either by sudden and violent means, or by the less merciful
though no less sure process of cold, neglect, and starvation.  Not only
does death made public (and in these wide-awake times it is not easy to
hide a body, though a little one, where it may not speedily be found)
attract an amount of attention that were best avoided, but it also
entails the expenses of burial.  A much easier way of getting rid of a
child,—especially if it be of that convenient age when it is able to walk
but not to talk, is to convey it to a strange quarter of the town and
there abandon it.

And there is something else in connection with this painful phase of the
question of neglected children that should not be lost sight of.  It must
not be supposed that every child abandoned in the streets is discovered
by the police and finds its way first to the station-house, and finally
to the workhouse.  Very many of them, especially if they are
pretty-looking and engaging children, are voluntarily adopted by
strangers.  It might not be unreasonably imagined that this can only be
the case when the cruel abandonment takes place in a neighbourhood
chiefly inhabited by well-to-do people.  And well would it be for the
community at large if this supposition were the correct one; then there
would be a chance that the poor neglected little waif would be well cared
for and preserved against the barbarous injustice of being compelled to
fight for his food even before he had shed his milk-teeth.  But wonderful
as it may seem, it is not in well-to-do quarters that the utterly
abandoned child finds protection, but in quarters that are decidedly the
worst to do, and that, unfortunately, in every possible respect than any
within the city’s limits.  The tender consideration of poverty for its
kind is a phase of humanity that might be studied both with instruction
and profit by those who, through their gold-rimmed spectacles regard
deprivation from meat and clothes and the other good things of this world
as involving a corresponding deficiency of virtue and generosity.  They
have grown so accustomed to associate cherubs with chubbiness, and
chubbiness with high respectability and rich gravies, that they would, if
such a thing were possible, scarcely be seen conversing with an angel of
bony and vulgar type.  Nevertheless, it is an undoubted fact, that for
one child taken from the streets in the highly respectable West-end, and
privately housed and taken care of, there might be shown fifty who have
found open door and lasting entertainment in the most poverty-stricken
haunts of London.

In haunts of vice too, in hideous localities inhabited solely by loose
women and thieves.  Bad as these people are, they will not deny a hungry
child.  It is curious the extent to which this lingering of nature’s
better part remains with these “bad women.”  Love for little children in
these poor creatures seems unconquerable.  It would appear as though
conscious of the extreme depth of degradation to which they have fallen,
and of the small amount of sympathy that remains between them and the
decent world, they were anxious to hold on yet a little longer, although
by so slender a thread as unreasoning childhood affords.  As everyone can
attest, whose duty it has been to explore even the most notorious sinks
of vice and criminality, it is quite common to meet with pretty little
children, mere infants of three or four years old, who are the pets and
toys of the inhabitants, especially of the women.  The frequent answer to
the inquiry, “Who does the child belong to?” is, “Oh, he’s anybody’s
child,” which sometimes means that it is the offspring of one of the
fraternity who has died or is now in prison, but more often that he is a
“stray” who is fed and harboured there simply because nobody owns him.

But as may be easily understood, the reign of “pets” of this sort is of
limited duration.  By the time the curly-headed little boy of four years
old grows to be six, he must indeed be an inapt scholar if his two years’
attendance at such a school has not turned his artless simplicity into
mischievous cunning, and his “pretty ways” into those that are both
audacious and tiresome.  Then clubbing takes the place of caressing, and
the child is gradually left to shift for himself, and we meet him shortly
afterwards an active and intelligent nuisance, snatching his hard-earned
crust out of the mire as a crossing sweeper, fusee, or penny-paper
selling boy, or else more evilly inclined, he joins other companions and
takes up the trade of a whining beggar.  Even at that tender age his eyes
are opened to the ruinous fact that as much may be got by stealing as by
working, and he “tails on,” a promising young beginner, to the army of
twenty thousand professional thieves that exact black mail in London.

Supposing it to be true, and for my part I sincerely believe it, that the
ranks of neglected children who eventually become thieves, are recruited
in great part from the castaways of the mock child adopter, then is
solved the puzzle how it is that among a class the origin of almost every
member of which can be traced back to the vilest neighbourhood of
brutishness and ignorance, so many individuals of more than the average
intellect are discovered.  Any man who has visited a reformatory for boys
must have observed this.  Let him go into the juvenile ward or the
school-room of a workhouse, either in town or country, and he will find
four-fifths of the lads assembled wearing the same heavy stolid look,
indicative of the same desperate resignation to the process of learning
than which for them could hardly be devised a punishment more severe.
But amongst a very large proportion of the boys who have been rescued not
merely from the gutter but out of the very jaws of the criminal law, and
bestowed in our reformatories, how different is their aspect!
Quick-witted, ready of comprehension, bold-eyed, shrewdly-observant, one
cannot but feel that it is a thousand pities that such boys should be
driven to this harbour of refuge—that so much good manhood material
should come so nigh to being wrecked.  But how is it that with no more
promising nurses than squalor and ignorance the boys of the reformatory
should show so much superior to the boys whom a national institution,
such as a workhouse is, has adopted, and had all to do with since their
infancy?  The theory that many of the boys who by rapid steps in crime
find their way to a reformatory, are bastard children, for whose
safe-keeping the baby farmer was once briefly responsible, goes far
towards solving the riddle.  The child-adopting fraternity is an
extensive one, and finds clients in all grades of society, and there can
be little doubt that in instances innumerable, while Alley Jack is paying
the penalty of his evil behaviour by turning for his bread on the
treadmill, his brothers, made legitimate by the timely reformation and
marriage of Alley Jack’s father, are figuring in their proper sphere, and
leisurely and profitably developing the intellect they inherit from their
brilliant papa.  Alley Jack, too, has his share of the family talent—all
the brain, all the sensitiveness, all the “blood” of the respectable
stock a reckless sprig of which is responsible for Jack’s being.  It is
only in the nature of things to suppose that Jack’s blood is tainted with
the wildness of wicked papa; and here we have in Alley Jack a type of
that bold intellectual villain whose clique of fifty or so, as Lord
Shaftesbury recently declared, is more to be dreaded than as many hundred
of the dull and plodding sort of thief, the story of whose exploits
figure daily in the newspapers.

We have, however, a little wandered away from the subject in hand, which
is not concerning neglected children who have become thieves, but
neglected children, simply, whose future is not as yet ascertained.
Speaking of the professional child farmer, it has been already remarked
that his sole object, as regards these innocents that are adopted for a
sum paid down, is to get rid of them as secretly and quickly as possible.
And assuming the preservation of health and life in the little mortal to
be of the first importance, there can be no question that he has a better
chance of both, even though his treacherous “adopter” deserts him on a
doorstep, than if he were so kindly cruel as to tolerate his existence at
the “farm.”  It is those unfortunate infants who are not “adopted,” but
merely housed and fed at so much per week or month, who are the greater
sufferers.  True, it is to the interest of the practitioners who adopt
this branch of baby-farming to keep life in their little charges, since
with their death terminates the more or less profitable contract entered
into between themselves and the child’s parent or guardian; but no less
true is it that it is to the “farmers’” interest and profit to keep down
their expenditure in the nursery at as low an ebb as is consistent with
the bare existence of its luckless inhabitants.  The child is welcome to
live on starvation diet just as long as it may.  It is very welcome
indeed to do so, since the longer it holds out, the larger the number of
shillings the ogres that have it in charge will be enabled to grind out
of its poor little bones.  These are not the “farmers” who append to
their advertisements the notification that “children of ill-health are
not objected to.”  They are by far too good judges for that.  What they
rejoice in is a fine, robust, healthy-lunged child, with whom some such
noble sum as a shilling a day is paid.  Such an article is as good as a
gift of twenty pounds to them.  See the amount of privation such a child
can stand before it succumbs!  The tenacity of life in children of
perfectly sound constitution is proverbial.  A ha’p’orth of bread, and a
ha’p’orth of milk daily will suffice to keep the machinery of life from
coming to a sudden standstill.  By such a barely sufficient link will the
poor little helpless victim be held to life, while what passes as natural
causes attack and gradually consume it, and drag it down to its grave.
This, in the baby-farmer’s estimation, is a first-rate article—the pride
of the market, and without doubt the most profitable.  The safest too.
Children will pine.  Taken from their mother, it is only to be expected
that they should.  Therefore, when the poor mother, who is working of
nights as well as days, that “nurse’s money” may be punctually paid,
visits her little one, and finds it thin and pale and wasting, she is not
amazed, although her conscience smites her cruelly, and her heart is fit
to break.  She is only too thankful to hear “nurse” declare that she is
doing all she can for the little darling.  It is her only consolation,
and she goes away hugging it while “nurse” and her old man make merry
over gin bought with that hard, hard-earned extra sixpence that the poor
mother has left to buy baby some little comfort.

I trust and hope that what is here set down will not be regarded as mere
tinsel and wordy extravagance designed to produce a “sensation” in the
mind of the reader.  There is no telling into whose hands a book may
fall.  Maybe, it is not altogether impossible eyes may scan this page
that have been recently red with weeping over the terrible secret that
will keep but a little longer, and for the inevitable launching of which
provision must be made.  To such a reader, with all kindliness, I would
whisper words of counsel.  Think not “twice,” but many times before you
adopt the “readiest” means of shirking the awful responsibility you have
incurred.  Rely on it, you will derive no lasting satisfaction out of
this “readiest” way, by which, of course, is meant the way to which the
villanous child-farmer reveals an open door.  Be righteously courageous,
and take any step rather, as you would I am sure if you were permitted to
raise a corner and peep behind the curtain that conceals the hidden
mysteries of adopted-child murder.

As a volunteer explorer into the depths of social mysteries, once upon a
time I made it my business to invade the den of a child-farmer.  The
result of the experiment was printed in a daily newspaper or magazine at
the time, so I will here make but brief allusion to it.  I bought the
current number of the newspaper more than once here mentioned, and
discovering, as usual, a considerable string of child-adopting and
nursing advertisements, I replied to the majority of them, professing to
have a child “on my hands,” and signing myself “M. D.”  My intention
being to trap the villains, I need not say that in every case my reply to
their preliminary communications was couched in such carefully-considered
terms as might throw the most suspicious off their guard.  But I found
that I had under-estimated the cunning of the enemy.  Although the
innocent-seeming bait was made as attractive and savoury as possible, at
least half of the farmers to whom my epistles were addressed vouchsafed
no reply.  There was something about it not to their liking, evidently.

Three or four of the hungry pike bit, however, one being a lady signing
herself “Y. Z.”  In her newspaper advertisement, if I rightly remember,
persons whom it concerned were to address, “Y. Z.,” Post Office, —
Street, Stepney.  “Y. Z.” replying to mine so addressed, said that, as
before stated, she was willing to adopt a little girl of weakly
constitution at the terms I suggested, her object being chiefly to secure
a companion for her own little darling, who had lately, through death,
been deprived of his own dear little sister.  “Y. Z.” further suggested
that I should appoint a place where we could “meet and arrange.”

This, however, was not what I wanted.  It was quite evident from the tone
of the lady’s note that she was not at all desirous that the meeting
should take place at her abode.  Again I was to address, “Post Office.”
To bring matters to a conclusion, I wrote, declaring that nothing could
be done unless I could meet “Y. Z.” at her own abode.  No answer was
returned to this my last, and it was evidently the intention of “Y. Z.”
to let the matter drop.

I was otherwise resolved, however.  I had some sort of clue, and was
resolved to follow it up.  By what subtle arts and contrivance I managed
to trace “Y. Z.” from “Post Office” to her abode need not here be
recited.  Armed with her real name and the number of the street in which
she resided, I arrived at the house, and at the door of it just as the
postman was rapping to deliver a letter to the very party I had come
uninvited to visit.  I may say that the house was of the small four or
five-roomed order, and no more or less untidy or squalid than is commonly
to be found in the back streets of Stepney or Bethnal Green.

“Oxleek” was the original of “Y. Z.,” and of the slatternly,
ragged-haired girl who opened the door I asked if that lady was at home.
The young woman said that she was out—that she had “gone to the Li-ver.”
The young woman spoke with a rapid utterance, and was evidently in a
mighty hurry to get back to some business the postman’s knock had
summoned her from.

“I beg your pardon, miss, gone to the —”

“Li-ver; where you pays in for young uns’ berryins and that,” she
responded; “she ain’t at home, but he is.  I’ll call him.”

And so she did.  And presently a husky voice from the next floor called
out, “Hullo! what is it?”

“Here’s a gentleman wants yer, and here’s a letter as the postman jest
left.”

“Ask him if he’s the doctor; I’ve got the young un, I can’t come down,”
the husky voice was again heard to exclaim.

To be sure I was not a doctor, not a qualified practitioner that is to
say, but as far as the Oxleek family knew me I was “M.D.;” and pacifying
my grumbling conscience with this small piece of jesuitism, I blandly
nodded my head to the young woman when she recited to me Mr. Oxleek’s
query.

“Then you’d better go up, and p’raps you wouldn’t mind taking this letter
up with you,” said she.

I went up; it was late in the evening and candlelight, in the room on the
next floor that is, but not on the stairs; but had it been altogether
dark, I might have discovered Mr. Oxleek by the stench of his tobacco.  I
walked in at the half-open door.

There was Mr. Oxleek by the fire, the very perfection of an indolent,
ease-loving, pipe-smoking, beer-soaking wretch as ever sat for his
portrait.  He was a man verging on fifty, I should think, with a pair of
broad shoulders fit to carry a side of beef, and as greasy about the
cuffs and collar of his tattered jacket as though at some early period of
his existence he had carried sides of beef.  But that must have been many
years ago, for the grease had all worn black with age, and the shoulders
of the jacket were all fretted through by constant friction against the
back of the easy-chair he sat in.  He wore slippers—at least, he wore
_one_ slipper; the other one, all slouched down at heel, had slipped off
his lazy foot a few inches too far for easy recovery, and there it lay.
A villanously dirty face had Mr. Oxleek, and a beard of at least a
month’s growth.  It was plain to be seen that one of Mr. Oxleek’s most
favourite positions of sitting was with his head resting against that
part of the wall that was by the side of the mantelshelf, for there,
large as a dinner plate, was the black greasy patch his dirty hair had
made.  He had been smoking, for there, still smouldering, was his filthy
little pipe on the shelf, and by the side of it a yellow jug all streaked
and stained with ancient smears of beer.

He was not quite unoccupied, however; he was nursing a baby!  He, the
pipe-sucking, beer-swigging, unshaven, dirty, lazy ruffian, was nursing a
poor little creature less than a year old, as I should judge, with its
small, pinched face reposing against his ragged waistcoat, in the pocket
of which his tobacco was probably kept.  The baby wore its bedgown, as
though it had once been put to bed, and roused to be nursed.  It was a
very old and woefully begrimed bedgown, bearing marks of Mr. Oxleek’s
dirty paws, and of his tobacco dust, and of physic clumsily administered
and spilt.  It would appear too much like “piling up the agony” did I
attempt to describe that baby’s face.  It was the countenance of an
infant that had cried itself to sleep, and to whom pain was so familiar,
that it invaded its dreams, causing its mites of features to twitch and
quiver so that it would have been a mercy to wake it.

“Evening, sir; take a cheer!” remarked Mr. Oxleek, quite hospitably;
“this is the young un, sir.”

It was very odd.  Clearly there was a great mistake somewhere, and yet as
far as they had gone, the proceedings were not much at variance with the
original text.  I was “M.D.,” and a doctor was expected.  “This was the
young un,” Mr. Oxleek declared, and a young one, a bereaved young one who
had lost his darling playmate, was a prominent feature in his wife’s
letter to me.

“Oh, is that the young one?” I remarked.

“Yes; a heap of trouble; going after the last, I’m afeard.”

“The same symptoms, eh?”

“Just the same.  Reg’ler handful she is, and no mistake.”

This then was _not_ the “young un” Mrs. Oxleek had written about.  This
was a girl, it seemed.

“Pray, how long is it since a medical man saw the child?” I inquired, I
am afraid in a tone that roused suspicion in Mr. Oxleek’s mind.

“Oh, you know, when he came last week—you’re come instead of him?  You
_have_ come instead of him, haven’t you?”

“No, indeed,” I replied.  “I’ve come to talk about that advertisement of
yours.”

Mr. Oxleek for a moment looked blank, but only for a moment.  He saw the
trap just as he was about to set his foot in it, and withdrew in time.

“Not here,” he remarked, impudently.

“But I must beg your pardon, it is here.  You forget.  I wrote to you as
M.D.”

By this time Mr. Oxleek had seized and lit his short pipe, and was
puffing away at it with great vigour.

“You’re come to the wrong shop, I tell you,” he replied, from behind the
impenetrable cloud; “we don’t know no ‘M.D.’ nor M.P., nor M. anythink;
it’s a mistake.”

“Perhaps if I show you your wife’s writing, you will be convinced?”

“No, I shan’t; it’s all a mistake, I tell you.”

I sat down on a chair.

“Will your wife be long before she returns?” I inquired.

“Can’t say—oh, here she comes; _now_ p’raps you’ll believe that you’re
come to the wrong shop.  My dear, what do we know about M.D.’s, or
advertising, eh?”

“Nothing.”

Mrs. Oxleek was a short, fat woman, with a sunny smile on her florid
face, and a general air of content about her.  She had brought in with
her a pot of beer and a quantity of pork sausages for supper.

“Nothing,” she repeated instantly, taking the cue, “who says that we do?”

“This gentleman’s been a tacklin’ me a good ’un, I can tell you!—says
that he’s got your writing to show for summat or other.”

“Where is my writing?” asked Mrs. Oxleek, defiantly.

“This is it, if I am not mistaken, ma’am.”  And I displayed it.

“Ah! that’s where it is, you see,” said she, with a triumphant chuckle,
“you _are_ mistaken.  You are only wasting your time, my good sir.  My
name isn’t ‘Y. Z.,’ and never was.  Allow me to light you down-stairs, my
good sir.”

And I did allow her.  What else could I do?  At the same time, and
although my investigations led to nothing at all, I came away convinced,
as doubtless the reader is, that there was no “mistake,” and that Mr. and
Mrs. Oxleek were of the tribe of ogres who fatten on little children.

Singularly enough, as I revise these pages for the press, there appears
in the newspapers a grimly apt illustration of the above statement.  So
exactly do the details of the case in question bear out the arguments
used in support of my views of baby-farming, that I will take the liberty
of setting the matter before the reader just as it was set before the
coroner.

    “An investigation of a singular character was held by Mr. Richards on
    Thursday night, at the Lord Campbell Tavern, Bow, respecting the
    death of Frederick Wood, aged two years and three months.

    “Miss A. W—, of Hoxton, said deceased was a sickly child, and ten
    months ago witness took it to Mrs. Savill, of 24, Swayton Road, Bow.
    She paid her four-and-sixpence a week to take care of the child.  She
    never saw more than two other babies at Mrs. Savill’s house.  She
    thought her child was thoroughly attended to.  The deceased met with
    an accident and its thigh was broken, but the doctor said that the
    witness need not put herself out in the slightest degree, for the
    child was getting on very well.  Witness could not get away from
    business more than once a week to see the child.  She had not seen
    the child for five weeks.

    “Mrs. Caroline Savill said she was the wife of a porter in the city.
    The deceased had been with her ten months.  She put him to bed at
    nine o’clock on Saturday night, and at half-past eight on Sunday
    morning she said to her daughter, ‘He looks strange,’ and then she
    put a looking-glass to his mouth and found that he was dead.

    “By the Coroner: She could account for the broken thigh.  Last
    October when she was taking deceased up to bed, she slipped down and
    fell upon the child.  She was quite certain that she was sober.  It
    was a pair of old boots that caused her to slip.  She had eleven
    children to keep at Bow.

    “A Juryman: You keep, in fact, a baby-farm?

    “Witness: That I must leave to your generosity, gentlemen.  In
    continuation, witness stated that out of the eleven children _five
    had died_.  There had been no inquest on either of them.  The
    deceased’s bed was an egg-box with some straw in it.  The egg-box was
    a short one, and was sixteen inches wide.  The child could not turn
    in it.  She never tied deceased’s legs together.  She never
    discovered that the child’s thigh was broken till the morning
    following the night when she fell on it.  He cried and she put him to
    bed.  She fell upon the edge of the stairs and her weight was on him.
    She sent for a doctor next day.

    “Doctor Atkins said he was called to see the dead body of the
    deceased last Sunday.  The child had a malformed chest.  Death had
    arisen from effusion of serum on the brain from natural causes, and
    not from neglect.  Witness had attended the deceased for the broken
    thigh.  He believed that the bones had not united when death took
    place.

    “The jury, after a long consultation, returned a verdict of ‘death
    from natural causes;’ and they wished to append a censure, but the
    coroner refused to record it.”

That is the whole of the pretty story of which the reader must be left to
form his own opinion.  Should that opinion insist on a censure as one of
its appendages, the reader must of course be held personally responsible
for it.  It is all over now.  The poor little victim whom a Miss of his
name placed with the Bow “child-farmer,” “by leave of your generosity,
gentlemen,” is dead and buried.  It would have been a mercy when his
unsteady nurse fell on and crushed him on the edge of the stairs, if she
had crushed his miserable life out, instead of only breaking a thigh.
Since last October, with one small leg literally in the grave, he must
have had a dismal time of it, poor little chap, and glad, indeed, must
his spirit have been when its clay tenement was lifted out of his coffin
cradle—the egg-box with the bit of straw in it—and consigned to the
peaceful little wooden house that the cemetery claimed.  It is all over
with Frederick John Wood; and his mamma, or whoever he was who was at
liberty only once a week to come and see him, is released from the
crushing burden his maintenance imposed on her, and Mrs. Savill by this
time has doubtless filled up the egg-box the little boy’s demise rendered
vacant.  Why should she not, when she left the coroner’s court without a
stain on her character?  It is all over.  The curtain that was raised
just a little has been dropped again, and the audience has dispersed, and
nobody will think again of the tragedy the darkened stage is ready to
produce again at the shortest notice, until the coroner’s constable rings
the bell and the curtain once more ascends.

And so we shall go on, unless the law steps in to our aid.  Why does it
not do so?  It is stringent and vigilant enough as regards inferior
animals.  It has a stern eye for pigs, and will not permit them to be
kept except on certain inflexible conditions.  It holds dogs in leash,
and permits them to live only as contributors to Her Majesty’s Inland
Revenue.  It holds its whip over lodging-house keepers, and under
frightful pains and penalties they may not swindle a lodger of one out of
his several hundred regulation feet of air; but it takes no heed of the
cries of its persecuted babes and sucklings.  Anyone may start as a
professed adopter of children.  Anyone however ignorant, and brutal, and
given to slipping down stairs, may start as a baby-farmer, with liberty
to do as she pleases with the helpless creatures placed in her charge.
What she pleases first of all to do, as a matter of course, is to pare
down the cost of her charge’s keep, so that she may make a living of the
parings.  As has been seen, she need not even find them beds to lie on;
if she be extra economical, an egg-box with a handful of straw will do as
well.

And is there no remedy for this?  Would it not be possible, at least, to
issue licences to baby-keepers as they are at present issued to
cow-keepers?  It may appear a brutal way of putting the matter, but it
becomes less so when one considers how much at present the brutes have
the best of it.



CHAPTER IV.
WORKING BOYS.


_The London Errand Boy_.—_His Drudgery and Privations_.—_His
Temptations_.—_The London Boy after Dark_.—_The Amusements provided for
him_.

THE law takes account of but two phases of human existence,—the child
irresponsible, and the adult responsible, and overlooks as beneath its
dignity the important and well-marked steps that lead from the former
state to the latter.

Despite the illegality of the proceeding, it is the intention of the
writer hereof to do otherwise, aware as he is, and as every thinking
person may be, of how critical and all-important a period in the career
of the male human creature, is “boyhood.”  Amongst people of means and
education, the grave responsibility of seeing their rising progeny safely
through the perilous “middle passage” is fully recognized; but it is
sadly different with the labouring classes, and the very poor.

It is a lamentable fact that at that period of his existence when he
needs closest watching, when he stands in need of healthful guidance, of
counsel against temptation, a boy, the son of labouring parents, is left
to himself, almost free to follow the dictates of his inclinations, be
they good or had.  Nothing than this can be more injudicious, and as
regards the boy’s moral culture and worldly welfare, more unjust.  Not,
as I would have it distinctly understood, that the boy of vulgar breeding
is by nature more pregnable to temptation than his same age brother of
genteel extraction; not because, fairly tested with the latter, he would
be the first to succumb to a temptation, but because, poor fellow,
outward circumstances press and hamper him so unfairly.

It has recently come to my knowledge that at the present time there is
striving hard to attract public attention and patronage an institution
styled the “Errand Boys’ Home.”  It would be difficult, indeed, to
overrate the importance of such an establishment, properly conducted.
Amongst neglected children of a larger growth, those of the familiar
“errand boy” type figure first and foremost.  It would be instructive to
learn how many boys of the kind indicated are annually drafted into our
great criminal army, and still more so to trace back the swift downhill
strides to the original little faltering step that shuffled from the
right path to the wrong.

Anyone who has any acquaintance with the habits and customs of the
labouring classes, must be aware that the “family” system is for the
younger branches, as they grow up, to elbow those just above them in age
out into the world; not only to make more room at the dinner-table, but
to assist in its substantial adornment.  The poorer the family, the
earlier the boys are turned out, “to cut their own grass,” as the saying
is.  Take a case—one in ten thousand—to be met with to-morrow or any day
in the city of London.  Tom is a little lad—one of seven or eight—his
father is a labourer, earning, say, a guinea a week; and from the age of
seven Tom has been sent to a penny-a-week school; partly for the sake of
what learning he may chance to pick up, but chiefly to keep him “out of
the streets,” and to effect a simultaneous saving of his morals and of
his shoe-leather.  As before stated, Tom’s is essentially a working
family.  It is Tom’s father’s pride to relate how that he was “turned
out” at eight, and had to trudge through the snow to work at six o’clock
of winter mornings; and, that though on account of coughs and chilblains
and other frivolous and childish ailments, he thought it very hard at the
time, he rejoices that he was so put to it, since he has no doubt that it
tended to harden him and make him the man he is.

Accordingly, when Tom has reached the ripe age of ten, it is accounted
high time that he “got a place,” as did his father before him; and, as
there are a hundred ways in London in which a sharp little boy of ten can
be made useful, very little difficulty is experienced in Tom’s launching.
He becomes an “errand boy,” a newspaper or a printing boy, in all
probability.  The reader curious as to the employment of juvenile labour,
may any morning at six or seven o’clock in the morning witness the
hurried trudging to work of as many Toms as the pavement of our great
highways will conveniently accommodate, each with his small bundle of
food in a little bag, to last him the day through.  Something else he may
see, too, that would be highly comic were it not for its pitiful side.
As need not be repeated here, a boy’s estimate of earthly bliss might be
conveniently contained in a dinner-plate of goodly dimensions.  When he
first goes out to work, his pride and glory is the parcel of food his
mother makes up for the day’s consumption.  There he has it—breakfast,
dinner, tea!  Possibly he might get as much, or very nearly, in the
ordinary course of events at home, but in a piece-meal and ignoble way.
He never in his life possessed such a wealth of food, all his own, to do
as he pleases with.  Eight—ten slices of bread and butter, and may
be—especially if it happen to be Monday—a slice of meat and a lump of
cold pudding; relics of that dinner of dinners, Sunday’s dinner!

His, all his, with nobody to say nay; but still only wealth in
prospective!  It is now barely seven o’clock, and, by fair eating, he
will not arrive at that delicious piece of cold pork with the crackling
on it until twelve!  It is a keen, bracing morning; he has already walked
a mile or more; and it wants yet fully an hour and a half to the factory
breakfast time.  It is just as broad as it is long; suppose he draws on
his breakfast allowance just to the extent of one slice?  Only one, and
that in stern integrity: the topmost slice without fee or favour!  But,
ah! the cruel fragrance of that juicy cut of spare-rib!  It has
impregnated the whole contents of the bundle.  The crust of that
abstracted slice is as savoury, almost, as the crisp-baked rind of the
original.  Six bites—“too brief for friendship, not for fame”—have
consumed it, and left him, alas! hungrier than ever.  Shall he?
What—taste of the sacred slice?  No.  It isn’t likely.  The pork is for
his dinner.  But the pudding—that is a supplemental sort of article; a
mere extravagance when added to so much perfection as the luscious meat
embodies.  And out he hauls it; the ponderous abstraction afflicting the
hitherto compact parcel with such a shambling looseness, that it is
necessary to pause in one of the recesses of the bridge to readjust and
tighten it.  But, ah! rash boy!  Since thou wert not proof against the
temptation lurking in that slice of bread-and-butter, but faintly odorous
of that maddening flavour, how canst thou hope to save thyself now that
thou hast tasted of the pudding to which the pork was wedded in the
baker’s oven?  It were as safe to trust thee at hungry noon with a
luscious apple-dumpling, and bid thee eat of the dough and leave the
fruit.  It is all over.  Reason, discretion, the admonitions of a
troubled conscience, were all gulped down with that last corner, crusty
bit, so full of gravy.  The bridge’s next recess is the scene of another
halt, and of an utterly reckless spoliation of the dwindled bundle.  And
now the pork is consumed, to the veriest atom, and nought remains but
four reproachful bread slices, that skulk in a corner, and almost demand
the untimely fate visited on their companions.  Shall they crave in vain?
No.  A pretty bundle, _this_, to take to the factory for his mates to
see.  A good excuse will serve his purpose better.  He will engulf the
four slices as he did the rest, and fold up his bag neatly, and hide it
in his pocket, and, when dinner-time comes, he will profess that there is
something nice at home, and he is going there to partake of it; while,
really, he will take a dismal stroll, lamenting his early weakness, and
making desperate vows for the future.

It is not, however, with Tom as the lucky owner of a filled food-bag that
we have here to deal, but with Tom who at least five days out of the six
is packed off to work with just as much bread and butter as his poor
mother can spare off the family loaf.  Now “going out to work” is a
vastly different matter from going from home to school, and innocently
playing between whiles.  In the first place, the real hard work he has to
perform (and few people would readily believe the enormous amount of
muscular exertion these little fellows are capable of enduring), develops
his appetite for eating to a prodigious extent.  He finds the food he
brings from home as his daily ration but half sufficient.  What are a
couple of slices of bread, with perhaps a morsel of cheese, considered as
a dinner for a hearty boy who has perhaps trudged from post to pillar a
dozen miles or so since his breakfast, carrying loads more or less heavy?
He hungers for more, and more is constantly in his sight if he only had
the means, a penny or twopence even, to buy it.  He makes the
acquaintance of other boys; he is drawn towards them in hungry, envious
curiosity, seeing them in the enjoyment of what he so yearns after, and
they speedily inform him how easy it is to “make” not only a penny or
twopence, but a sixpence or a shilling, if he has a mind.  And they are
quite right, these young counsellors of evil.  The facilities for petty
pilfering afforded to the shopkeeper’s errand-boy are such as favour
momentary evil impulses.  He need not engage in subtle plans for the
purloining of a shilling or a shilling’s worth.  The opportunity is at
his fingers’ ends constantly.  Usually he has the range of the business
premises.  Few people mistrust a little boy, and he is left to mind the
shop where the money-till is, and he has free access to the store-room or
warehouse in which all manner of portable small goods are heaped in
profusion.  It is an awful temptation.  It is not sufficient to urge that
it should not be, and that in the case of a lad of well-regulated mind it
would not be.  It would perhaps be more to the purpose to substitute
“well-regulated meals” for “well-regulated minds.”  Nine times out of ten
the confessions of a discovered juvenile pilferer go to prove that he
sinned for his belly’s sake.  He has no conscience above his waistband,
poor little wretch; nor can much better be expected, when we consider
that all his life, his experience and observation has taught him that the
first grand aim of human ingenuity and industry is to place a hot baked
dinner on the table of Sundays.  To be sure, in the case of his
hardworking father he may never have known him resort to any other than
honest industry; he never found out that his parent was any other than an
honest man; and so long as his father or his employer does not find him
out to be any other than an honest boy, matters may run smoothly.

It is least of all my intention to make out that every errand-boy is a
petty thief; all that I maintain is that he is a human creature just
budding into existence as it were in the broad furrowed field of life,
and that his susceptibilities are tender, and should be protected from
evil influence with even extraordinary care; and that instead of which he
is but too often left to grow up as maybe.  In their ignorance and hard
driving necessity, his parents having given him a spell of penny
schooling, and maintained him until he has become a marketable article,
persuade themselves that they have done for him the best they can, and
nothing remains but for him to obey his master in all things, and he will
grow to be as bright a man as his father before him.

It is only necessary to point to the large number of such children, for
they are no better, who annually swell our criminal lists, to prove that
somewhere a screw is sadly loose, and that the sooner it is set right the
better it will be for the nation.  The Home for Errand Boys is the best
scheme that has as yet been put forth towards meeting the difficulty.
Its professed object, I believe, is to afford shelter and wholesome food
and healthful and harmless recreation for boys who are virtually without
a home, and who have “only a lodging.”  That is to say, a place to which
they may retire to sleep come bed-time, and for which they pay what
appears as a paltry sum when regarded as so many pence per night, but
which tells up to a considerable sum by the end of a week.

The most important feature, however, of such a scheme as the Home for
Errand Boys embraces, does not appear in the vaunted advantage of reduced
cost.  Its main attraction is the promise it holds out to provide its
lodgers with suitable amusement after work hours and before bed-time.  If
this were done on an extensive scale, there is no telling how much real
substantial good might be accomplished.  It is after work hours that boys
fall into mischief.  There is no reason why these homes should not have
existence in various parts of London.  One such establishment indeed is
of little practical use.  If it were possible to establish such places (a
careful avoidance of everything savouring of the “asylum” and the
“reformatory” would of course be necessary) in half a dozen different
spots in the immediate neighbourhood of the city, they would doubtless
meet with extensive patronage.  They might indeed be made to serve many
valuable ends that do not appear at a first glance.  If these “homes”
were established east, west, north, and south, they might be all under
one management, and much good be effected by recommending deserving
members for employment.  There might even be a provident fund, formed by
contributions of a penny or so a week, out of which lads unavoidably out
of employ could be supported until a job of work was found for them.

Allusion has, in a previous page, been made to that dangerous time for
working boys—the time between leaving work and retiring to bed.  It would
be bad enough were the boy left to his own devices for squandering his
idle time and his hard-earned pence.  This task, however, is taken out of
his hands.  He has only to stroll up this street and down the next, and
he will find pitfalls already dug for him; neatly and skilfully dug, and
so prettily overspread with cosy carpeting, that they do not in the least
appear like pitfalls.  It may at first sight seem that “neglected
children” are least of all likely to make it worth the while of these
diggers of pits, but it should be borne in mind that the term in question
is here applied in its most comprehensive sense, that there are children
of all ages, and that there are many more ways than one of neglecting
children.  It is evident that young boys who are out at work from six
till six say, and after that spend the evening pretty much how they
please, are “neglected” in the most emphatic meaning of the term.
Parents are not apt to think so.  It is little that they have to concede
him in return for his contributions to the common stock, and probably
they regard this laxity of supervision as the working boy’s due—as
something he has earned, and which is his by right.  The boy himself is
nothing backward in claiming a privilege he sees accorded to so many
other boys, and it is the least troublesome thing in the world for the
parents to grant the favour.  All that they stipulate for is that the boy
shall be home and a-bed in such good time as shall enable him to be up
and at work without the loss in the morning of so much as an hour; which
is a loss of just as many pence as may happen.

It may not be here out of place to make more definite allusion to the
“pitfalls” above-mentioned.  Pitfall broadest and deepest is the
theatrical exhibition, known as the “penny gaff.”  Some considerable time
since I wrote on this subject in the columns of the “Morning Star;” and
as precisely the old order of things prevails, and the arguments then
used against them apply with equal force now, I will, with the reader’s
permission, save myself further trouble than that which transcription
involves.

Every low district of London has its theatre, or at least an humble
substitute for one, called in vulgar parlance a “gaff.”  A gaff is a
place in which, according to the strict interpretation of the term, stage
plays may not be represented.  The actors of a drama may not correspond
in colloquy, only in pantomime, but the pieces brought out at the “gaff”
are seldom of an intricate character, and the not over-fastidious
auditory are well content with an exhibition of dumb show and gesture,
that even the dullest comprehension may understand.  The prices of
admission to these modest temples of the tragic muse, are judiciously
regulated to the means of the neighbourhood, and range from a penny to
threepence.  There is no “half-price for children,” and for the simple
reason that such an arrangement would reduce the takings exactly fifty
per cent.  They are _all_ children who support the gaff.  Costermonger
boys and girls, from eight or nine to fourteen years old, and errand boys
and girls employed at factories.  As before mentioned, every district has
its own “gaff.”  There is one near Peter Street, Westminster; a second in
the New Cut, at Lambeth; a third in Whitecross Street; a fourth, fifth,
and sixth between Whitechapel Church and Ratcliff Highway.  It may,
without fear of contradiction, be asserted, that within a circuit of five
miles of St. Paul’s, at least twenty of these dangerous dens of amusement
might be enumerated.

At best of times they are dangerous.  The best of times being when
current topics of a highly sensational character are lacking, and the
enterprising manager is compelled to fall back on some comparatively
harmless stock piece.  But the “gaff” proprietor has an eye to business,
and is a man unlikely to allow what he regards as his chances to slip by
him.  He at once perceives a chance in the modern mania that pervades the
juvenile population for a class of literature commonly known as “highly
sensational.”  He has no literature to vend, but he does not despair on
that account.  He is aware that not one in five of the youth who honour
his establishment with their patronage can read.  If he, the worthy gaff
proprietor, had any doubts on the subject, he might settle them any day
by listening at his door while an admiring crowd of “regular customers”
flocking thereto speculated on the pleasures of the night as foretold in
glowing colours on the immense placards that adorn the exterior of his
little theatre.  They can understand the pictures well enough, but the
descriptive legends beneath them are mysteries to which few possess the
key.  If these few are maliciously reticent, the despair of the benighted
ones is painful to witness, as with puckered mouths and knitted brows
they essay to decipher the strange straight and crooked characters, and
earnestly consult with each other as to when and where they had seen the
like.  Failing in this, the gaff proprietor may have heard them exclaim
in tones of but half-assured consolation, “Ah, well! it doesn’t matter
what the _reading_ is; the piece won’t be spoke, it’ll be _acted_, so we
are sure to know all about it when we come to-night.”

Under such circumstances, it is easy enough to understand the agonized
anxiety of low-lived ignorant Master Tomkins in these stirring times of
Black Highwaymen, and Spring Heel Jacks, and Boy Detectives.  In the shop
window of the newsvendor round the corner, he sees displayed all in a
row, a long line of “penny numbers,” the mere illustrations pertaining to
which makes his heart palpitate, and his hair stir beneath his ragged
cap.  There he sees bold highwaymen busy at every branch of their
delightful avocation, stopping a lonely traveller and pressing a pistol
barrel to his affrighted head, and bidding him deliver his money or his
life; or impeding the way of the mail coach, the captain, hat in hand,
courteously robbing the inside passengers (prominent amongst whom is a
magnificent female with a low bodice, who evidently is not insensible to
the captain’s fascinating manner), while members of his gang are seen in
murderous conflict with the coachman and the guard, whose doom is but too
surely foreshadowed.  Again, here is a spirited woodcut of a booted and
spurred highwayman in headlong flight from pursuing Bow Street officers
who are close at his heels, and in no way daunted or hurt by the contents
of the brace of pistols the fugitive has manifestly just discharged point
blank at their heads.

But fairly in the way of the bold rider is a toll-gate, and in a state of
wild excitement the toll-gate keeper is seen grasping the long bar that
crosses the road.  The tormenting question at once arises in the mind of
Master Tomkins—is he pushing it or pulling it?  Is he friendly to the
Black Knight of the Road or is he not?  Master T. feels that his hero’s
fate is in that toll-gate man’s hands; he doesn’t know if he should
vastly admire him or regard him with the deadliest enmity.  From the
bottom of his heart he hopes that the toll-gate man may be friendly.  He
would cheerfully give up the only penny he has in his pocket to know that
it were so.  He would give a penny for a simple “yes” or “no,” and all
the while there are eight good letter-press pages along with the picture
that would tell him all about it if he only were able to read!  There is
a scowl on his young face as he reflects on this, and bitterly he thinks
of his hardhearted father who sent him out to sell fusees when he should
have been at school learning his A B C.  Truly, he went for a short time
to a Ragged School, but there the master kept all the jolly books to
himself—the “Knight of the Road” and that sort of thing, and gave him to
learn out of a lot of sober dry rubbish without the least flavour in it.
Who says that he is a dunce and won’t learn?  Try him now.  Buy a few
numbers of the “Knight of the Road” and sit down with him, and make him
spell out every word of it.  Never was boy so anxious after knowledge.
He never picked a pocket yet, but such is his present desperate spirit,
that if he had the chance of picking the art of reading out of one, just
see if he wouldn’t precious soon make himself a scholar?

Thus it is with the neglected boy, blankly illiterate.  It need not be
supposed, however, that a simple and quiet perusal of the astounding
adventures of his gallows heroes from the printed text would completely
satisfy the boy with sufficient knowledge to enable him to spell through
a “penny number.”  It whets his appetite merely.  It is one thing to
_read_ about the flashing and slashing of steel blades, and of the gleam
of pistol barrels, and the whiz of bullets, and of the bold highwayman’s
defiant “ha! ha!” as he cracks the skull of the coach-guard, preparatory
to robbing the affrighted passengers; but to be satisfactory the marrow
and essence of the blood-stirring tragedy can only be conveyed to him in
bodily shape.  There are many elements of a sanguinary drama that may not
well be expressed in words.  As, for instance, when Bill Bludjon, after
having cut the throat of the gentleman passenger, proceeds to rob his
daughter, and finding her in possession of a locket with some grey hair
in it, he returns it to her with the observation, “Nay, fair lady, Bill
Bludjon may be a thief: in stern defence of self he may occasionally shed
blood, but, Perish the Liar who says of him that he respects not the grey
hairs of honourable age!”  There is not much in this as set down in
print.  To do Bill justice, you must see how his noble countenance lights
as his generous bosom heaves with chivalrous sentiments; how defiantly he
scowls, and grinds his indignant teeth as he hisses the word
“_Liar_!”—how piously he turns his eyes heavenward as he alludes to
“honourable old age.”  It is in these emotional subtleties that the hero
rises out of the vulgar robber with his villanous Whitechapel cast of
countenance, and his great hands, hideous with murder stains, must be
witnessed to be appreciated.  It is the gaff proprietor’s high aim and
ambition to effect this laudable object, and that he does so with a
considerable amount of, at least, pecuniary success, is proved by his
“crowded houses” nightly.

Now that the police are to be roused to increased vigilance in the
suppression, as well as the arrest of criminality, it would be as well if
those in authority directed their especial attention to these penny
theatres.  As they at present exist, they are nothing better than
hot-beds of vice in its vilest forms.  Girls and boys of tender age are
herded together to witness the splendid achievements of “dashing
highwaymen,” and of sirens of the Starlight Sall school; nor is this all.
But bad as this is, it is really the least part of the evil.  The penny
“gaff” is usually a small place, and when a specially atrocious piece
produces a corresponding “run,” the “house” is incapable of containing
the vast number of boys and girls who nightly flock to see it.  Scores
would be turned away from the doors, and their halfpence wasted, were it
not for the worthy proprietor’s ingenuity.  I am now speaking of what I
was an actual witness of in the neighbourhood of Shoreditch.  Beneath the
pit and stage of the theatre was a sort of large kitchen, reached from
the end of the passage, that was the entrance to the theatre by a flight
of steep stairs.  There were no seats in this kitchen, nor furniture of
any kind.  There was a window looking toward the street, but this was
prudently boarded up.  At night time all the light allowed in the kitchen
proceeded from a feeble and dim gas jet by the wall over the fire-place.

Wretched and dreary-looking as was this underground chamber, it was a
source of considerable profit to the proprietor of the “gaff” overhead.
As before stated, when anything peculiarly attractive was to be seen, the
theatre filled within ten minutes of opening the besieged doors.  Not to
disappoint the late comers, however, all who pleased might pay and go
downstairs until the performance just commenced (it lasted generally
about an hour and a half) terminated.  The prime inducement held out was,
that “then they would be sure of good seats.”  The inevitable result of
such an arrangement may be easier guessed than described.  For my part, I
know no more about it than was to be derived from a hasty glance from the
stair-head.  There was a stench of tobacco smoke, and an uproar of
mingled youthful voices—swearing, chaffing, and screaming, in boisterous
mirth.  This was all that was to be heard, the Babel charitably rendering
distinct pronouncing of blasphemy or indecency unintelligible.  Nor was
it much easier to make out the source from whence the hideous clamour
proceeded, for the kitchen was dim as a coal cellar, and was further
obscured by the foul tobacco smoke the lads were emitting from their
short pipes.  A few were romping about—“larking,” as it is termed—but the
majority, girls and boys, were squatted on the floor, telling and
listening to stories, the quality of which might but too truly be guessed
from the sort of applause they elicited.  A few—impatient of the
frivolity that surrounded them, and really anxious for “the play”—stood
apart, gazing with scowling envy up at the ceiling, on the upper side of
which, at frequent intervals, there was a furious clatter of hobnailed
boots, betokening the delirious delight of the happy audience in full
view of Starlight Sall, in “silk tights” and Hessians, dancing a Highland
fling.  Goaded to desperation, one or two of the tormented ones down in
the kitchen reached up with their sticks and beat on the ceiling a
tattoo, responsive to the battering of the hobnailed boots before
mentioned.  This, however, was a breach of “gaff” rule that could not be
tolerated.  With hurried steps the proprietor approached the kitchen
stairs, and descried me.  “This ain’t the theeater; you’ve no business
here, sir!” said he, in some confusion, as I imagined.  “No, my friend, I
have no business here, but _you_ have a very pretty business, and one for
which, when comes the Great Day of Reckoning, I would rather you answered
than me.”  But I only thought this; aloud, I made the gaff proprietor an
apology, and thankfully got off his abominable premises.



CHAPTER V.
THE PROBLEM OF DELIVERANCE.


_Curious Problem_.—_The Best Method of Treatment_.—_The_ “_Child of the
Gutter_” _not to be Entirely Abolished_.—_The Genuine Alley-Bred
Arab_.—_The Poor Lambs of the Ragged Flock_.—_The Tree of Evil in Our
Midst_.—_The Breeding Places of Disease and Vice_.

THE curious problem—“What is the best method of treatment to adopt
towards improving the condition of neglected children, and to diminish
their number for the future?” has been attempted for solution from so
many points of attack, and by means so various, that a bare enumeration
of the instances would occupy much more space than these limited pages
afford.

We may never hope entirely to abolish the child of the gutter.  To a
large extent, as has been shown, he is a natural growth of vices that
seem inseparable from our social system: he is of the world, the flesh,
and the devil; and, until we purge our grosser nature, and become
angelic, we must tolerate him as we must the result of all our
ill-breeding.  It is a thousand pities that it should be so, because, as
I have endeavoured in these pages to show, the neglected child issuing
from the source here hinted at, is by far the most unmanageable and
dangerous.  Blood is thicker than any water, not excluding ditch water;
and the chances are that the unlucky “love-child” will not remain content
to grovel in the kennel to which an accident of birth consigned him, but,
out of his rebellious nature, conceive a deadly hatred against the world
that has served him so shabbily, and do his best to be revenged on it.
It is not of the neglected child of this breed that I would say a few
concluding words, but of the genuine alley-bred Arab of the City; the
worthy descendant of a tribe that has grown so used to neglect that it
regards it as its privilege, and fiercely resents any move that may be
taken towards its curtailment.

If ever a distressed creature had friends surely this one has.  From time
immemorial it has been the pet of the philanthropist.  Unsavoury,
unsightly bantling as it is, he is never tired of fondling it, spending
his time and money over it, and holding it up to the commiseration of a
humane public, and building all manner of homes and asylums for it; but
he still remains on hand.  If he would grow up, and after being bound
’prentice to a wholesome trade cease to trouble us, there would be some
satisfaction in the business; but it never grows up.  It is like the
borrowed beggar’s brat, that, in defiance of the progress of time, never
emerges from its bedgown, and never grows too big to be tucked under one
arm, leaving the other at liberty to arrest the charitable passer-by.

To be sure it is a great consolation to know that despite our
non-success, the poor little object of our solicitude is in no danger of
being dropped in hopelessness and abandoned, but it would be encouraging
to discover that we were making some progress with our main design, which
can be nothing less than the complete extinction of children of the
“gutter” tribe, such as we are now discussing.

As it is, we are making scarcely any progress at all.  I am aware that
statistics are against this statement, that the triumphant reports of
this and that charity point to a different conclusion.  This home has
rescued so many little ones from the streets—that asylum can show a
thousand decently clad and educated children that but for its efforts
would at this moment be either prowling the streets, picking up a more
precarious living than the stray dog picks up, or leading the life of a
petty thief, and rapidly earning his right to penal servitude.

This, and much more, is doubtless true, but there remains the grim fact
that our filthy byways still swarm with these dirty, ragged,
disease-stricken little ones, and as plentifully as of yore they infest
our highways, an eyesore and a shuddering to all decent beholders.  If
there has occurred any recent diminution in their number, I should
rejoice to know it; but that such is in the least degree the fact,
certainly I am not justified in assuming in the face of the urgent
appeals daily put forth by the wise in such matters, and who never tire
of urging on the benevolently disposed, that never was there such need as
now to be up and stirring.

And it can never be otherwise while we limit our charitable doing to
providing for those poor lambs of the ragged flock as fast as they are
bred, and cast loose on the chance of their being mercifully kidnapped
and taken care of.  As with indiscriminate giving to beggars, it may be
urged that we can never go wrong in ministering to the distress of the
infantine and helpless.  Opportunities of doing so should perhaps be
joyfully hailed by us as affording wholesome exercise of our belief in
the Christian religion, but we may rely on it that the supply of the
essential ingredient towards the said exercise will never be unequal to
the demand.  Our charitable exertion flows in too narrow a channel.  It
is pure, and of depth immeasurable, but it is not broad enough.  We have
got into a habit of treating our neglected children as an evil
unavoidable, and one that must be endured with kindly and pious
resignation.  We have a gigantic tree of evil rooted in our midst, and
our great care is to collect the ripe seeds it drops and provide against
their germinating, and we expend as much time and money in the process as
judiciously applied would serve to tear up the old tree from its
tenacious holding, and for ever destroy its mischievous power.  No doubt
it may be justly claimed by the patrons and supporters of homes and
asylums, that by rescuing these children from the streets they are saved
from becoming debased and demoralized as were the parents they sprang
from, and so, in course of time, by a steady perseverance in their
system, the breed of gutter prowlers must become extinct; but that is a
tedious and roundabout method of reform that can only be tolerated until
a more direct route is discovered, and one that can scarcely prove
satisfactory to those who look forward to a lifetime return for some of
their invested capital.

We may depend on it that we shall never make much real progress in our
endeavours to check the growth of these seedlings and offshoots of ragged
poverty and reckless squalor until we turn our attention with a settled
purpose to the haunts they are bred in.  Our present system compels us
even in its first preliminary steps to do violence against nature.  We
cannot deal with our babies of the gutter effectually, and with any
reasonable chance of success, until we have separated them entirely from
their _home_.  We may tame them and teach them to feed out of our hands,
and to repeat after us the alphabet, and even words of two and three
syllables.  We may even induce them to shed their bedraggled feathers and
adopt a more decent plumage; but they can never be other than restless
and ungovernable, and unclean birds, while they inhabit the vile old
parent nest.

It is these vile old nests that should be abolished.  While they are
permitted to exist, while Rosemary Lane, and Peter Street, Westminster,
and Back Church Lane in Whitechapel, and Cow Cross and Seven Dials, and a
hundred similar places are tolerated and allowed to flourish, it is
utterly impossible to diminish the race of children of the gutter.  Why
should these breeding places of disease and vice and all manner of
abomination be permitted to cumber the earth?  There is but one opinion
that these horrid dens are the sources from which are derived two-thirds
of our neglected ragged urchin population.  Further, it is generally
conceded, that it is not because of the prevalence of extreme poverty
there; the filthy little public-houses invariably to be found lurking in
the neighbourhood of rags and squalor would not be so prosperous if such
were the case.  It is the pestilential atmosphere of the place that will
let nothing good live in it.  You may never purify it.  It is altogether
a rotten carcase; and if you stuff it to the mouth with chloride of lime,
and whitewash it an inch thick, you will make nothing else of it.  It is
a sin and a disgrace that human creatures should be permitted to herd in
such places.  One and all should be abolished, and wholesome habitations
built in their stead.  Half measures will not meet the case.  That has
been sufficiently proved but recently, when, not for morality or decency
sake, but to make room for a railway, a few score of these odious
hole-and-corner “slums” were razed to the ground.

The result was to make bad worse.  The wretched occupants of the doomed
houses clung to them with as much tenacity as though each abode were an
ark, and if they were turned out of it, it would be to drown in the
surrounding flood.  When the demolishers came with their picks and
crows—the honest housebreakers,—and mounted to the roof, the garret
lodgers retreated to the next floor, and so on, debating the ground step
by step before the inexorable pickaxe, until they were driven into the
cellar and could go no lower.  Then they had to run for it; but, poor
purblind wretches, they had lived so long in dungeon darkness, that the
broad light of day was unbearable.  Like rats disturbed from a drain, all
they desired was to escape out of sight and hide again; and again, like
rats, they knew of neighbouring burrows and scuttled to them with all
speed.

Ousted from Slusher’s Alley, they sought Grimes’s Rents.  Grimes’s Rents
were already fully occupied by renters, but the present was a calamity
that might overtake anyone, and the desired shelter was not refused.  It
was a mere matter of packing a little closer.  The donkey that lodged in
the cellar was turned into the wash-house, and there was a commodious
apartment for a large family, and nothing was easier than to rig up an
old counterpane on an extended string, so converting one chamber into
two.  Hard as it is to believe, and in mockery of all our Acts of
Parliament for the better ordering of lodging-houses, and our legal
enactments regulating the number of cubic feet of air every lodger was
entitled to and might insist on, in hundreds of cases this condition of
things exists at the present writing.  Within a stone’s cast of the
Houses of Parliament, where sit six hundred wise gentlemen empanelled to
make what laws they please for improving the condition of the people,
every one of the said six hundred being an educated man of liberal mind,
and fully recognising the Christian maxim that godliness and cleanliness
are identical, may be found human creatures housed in places that would
ruin the health of a country-bred pig were he removed thereto.  In these
same places parents and grown up and little children herd in the same
room night and day.  Sickness does not break up the party, or even the
presence of grim Death himself.  Singularly enough, however, more
ceremony is observed with new life than with old Death.  A missionary
friend related to me the case of a family of five inhabiting one small
room, and the youngest boy, aged thirteen, died.  The domestic
arrangements, however, were not in the least disturbed by the melancholy
event; the lad’s coffin was laid against the wall, and meals were cooked
and eaten and the two beds made and occupied as usual until the day of
burial.  A little while after, however, the mother gave birth to a child,
and my friend visiting the family found it grouped on the landing
partaking of a rough-and-ready tea.  It was voted “undacent to be
inthrudin’” until next day.  However, the decent scruples of the head of
the family did not hold out beyond that time, and by the evening of the
next day the old order of things was quite restored.

How in the name of goodness and humanity can we, under such
circumstances, hope to be delivered from the curse of neglected children?




II.—Professional Thieves.


CHAPTER VI.
THEIR NUMBER AND THEIR DIFFICULTIES.


_Twenty Thousand Thieves in London_.—_What it Means_.—_The Language of_
“_Weeds_.”—_Cleverness of the Pilfering Fraternity_.—_A Protest Against a
Barbarous Suggestion_.—_The Prisoner’s great Difficulty_.—_The Moment of
Leaving Prison_.—_Bad Friends_.—_What Becomes of Good Resolutions and the
Chaplain’s Counsel_?—_The Criminal’s Scepticism of Human Goodness_.—_Life
in_ “_Little Hell_.”—_The Cow Cross Mission_.

THE happily ignorant reader, whose knowledge of the criminal classes is
confined to an occasional glance through the police court and Sessions
cases as narrated in his morning newspaper, will be shocked and amazed to
learn that within the limits of the City of London alone, an army of male
and female thieves, twenty thousand strong, find daily and nightly
employment.

It is easy to write “twenty thousand,” and easier still to read the
words.  Easier than all to pass them by with but a vague idea of their
meaning, and perhaps a sympathetic shrug of the shoulders for the poor,
hard-worked policemen who must have such a terrible time of it in keeping
such an enormous predatory crew in anything like order.  Still, and
without the least desire to be “sensational,” I would ask the reader,
does he fully comprehend what twenty thousand thieves in London means?
Roughly estimating the population of the metropolis as numbering three
millions, it means that amongst us one person in every hundred and fifty
is a forger, a housebreaker, a pickpocket, a shoplifter, a receiver of
stolen goods or what not; a human bird of prey, in short, bound to a
desperate pursuit of that terrible course of life into which vice or
misfortune originally casts him; a wily, cunning man-wolf, constantly on
the watch, seeking whom he may devour.

Almost every member of this formidable host is known to the “police,” but
unfortunately this advantage is almost counterbalanced by the fact that
the police are as well known to the majority of the twenty thousand.  To
their experienced eyes, it is not the helmet and the blue coat that makes
the policeman.  Indeed, they appear to depend not so much on visual
evidence as on some subtle power of scent such as the fox possesses in
discovering the approach of their natural enemy.  They can discover the
detective in his innocent-looking smock-frock or bricklayer jacket, while
he is yet distant the length of a street.  They know him by his step, or
by his clumsy affectation of unofficial loutishness.  They recognise the
stiff neck in the loose neckerchief.  They smell “trap,” and are superior
to it.

There is a language current amongst them that is to be met with in no
dictionary with which I am acquainted.  I doubt if even the “slang
dictionary” contains more than a few of the following instances that may
be accepted as genuine.  It will be seen that the prime essential of
“thieves’ latin” is brevity.  By its use, much may in one or two words be
conveyed to a comrade while rapidly passing him in the street, or, should
opportunity serve, during a visit to him while in prison.

To erase the original name or number from a stolen watch, and substitute
one that is fictitious—_christening Jack_.

To take the works from one watch, and case them in another—_churching
Jack_.

Poultry stealing—_beak hunting_.

One who steals from the shopkeeper while pretending to effect an honest
purchase—_a bouncer_.

One who entices another to play at a game at which cheating rules, such
as card or skittle sharping—_a buttoner_.

The treadmill, _shin scraper_ (arising, it may be assumed, on account of
the operator’s liability, if he is not careful, to get his shins scraped
by the ever-revolving wheel).

To commit burglary—_crack a case_, or _break a drum_.

The van that conveys prisoners to gaol—_Black Maria_.

A thief who robs cabs or carriages by climbing up behind, and cutting the
straps that secure the luggage on the roof—_a dragsman_.

Breaking a square of glass—_starring the glaze_.

Training young thieves—_kidsman_.

To be transported or sent to penal servitude—_lagged_.

Three years’ imprisonment—_a stretch_.

Half stretch—_six months_.

Three months’ imprisonment—_a tail piece_.

To rob a till—_pinch a bob_.

A confederate in the practice of thimble rigging—_a nobbler_.

One who assists at a sham street row for the purpose of creating a mob,
and promoting robbery from the person—_a jolly_.

A thief who secretes goods in a shop while a confederate distracts the
attention of the shopkeeper is—_a palmer_.

A person marked for plunder—_a plant_.

Going out to steal linen in process of drying in gardens—_going snowing_.

Bad money—_sinker_.

Passer of counterfeit coins—_smasher_.

Stolen property generally—_swag_.

To go about half-naked to excite compassion—_on the shallow_.

Stealing lead from the roof of houses—_flying the blue pigeon_.

Coiners of bad money—_bit fakers_.

Midnight prowlers who rob drunken men—_bug hunters_.

Entering a dwelling house while the family have gone to church—_a dead
lurk_.

Convicted of thieving—_in for a ramp_.

A city missionary or scripture reader—_gospel grinder_.

Shop-lifting—_hoisting_.

Hidden from the police—_in lavender_.

Forged bank notes—_queer screens_.

Whipping while in prison—_scroby_ or _claws for breakfast_.

Long-fingered thieves expert in emptying ladies’ pockets—_fine wirers_.

The condemned cell—_the salt box_.

The prison chaplain—_Lady Green_.

A boy thief, lithe and thin and daring, such a one as housebreakers hire
for the purpose of entering a small window at the rear of a dwelling
house—_a little snakesman_.

So pertinaciously do the inhabitants of criminal colonies stick to their
“latin,” that a well-known writer suggests that special religious tracts,
suiting their condition, should be printed in the language, as an almost
certain method of securing their attention.

There can be no question that that of the professional thief is a
bitterly severe and laborious occupation, beset with privations that
moral people have no conception of, and involves an amount of mental
anxiety and torment that few human beings can withstand through a long
lifetime.  Some years ago a clergyman with a thorough acquaintance with
the subject he was handling, wrote on “Thieves and Thieving,” in the
“Cornhill Magazine,” and _apropos_ of this benumbing atmosphere of dread,
that constantly encompasses even the old “professional,” he says:—

    “But if an acquaintance with the thieves’ quarters revealed to me the
    amazing subtlety and cleverness of the pilfering fraternity, it also
    taught me the guilty fear, the wretchedness, the moral guilt, and the
    fearful hardships that fall to the lot of the professional thief.
    They are never safe for a moment, and this unceasing jeopardy
    produces a constant nervousness and fear.  Sometimes when visiting
    the sick, I have gently laid my hand on the shoulder of one of them,
    who happened to be standing in the street.  The man would ‘start like
    a guilty thing upon a fearful summons,’ and it would take him two or
    three minutes to recover his self-possession sufficiently to ask me
    ‘How are you to-day, sir?’  I never saw the adage, ‘Suspicion always
    haunts the guilty mind,’ so painfully illustrated as in the thieves’
    quarter, by the faces of grey-haired criminals, whose hearts had been
    worn into hardness by the dishonouring chains of transportation.
    When, in the dusk of the evening, I have spoken to one of them as he
    stood idly on the public-house steps, I have spoken in a low and
    altered tone, so that he might not at first recognise me: again the
    guilty start as the man bent forward, anxiously peering into my
    face.”

He is never at rest, the wretched professional thief.  He goes about with
the tools of war perpetually in his hands, and with enemies in the front
and the rear, and to the right and the left of him.  “Anybody, to hear
’em talk,” a thief once remarked to me (he was a thief at present in
possession of liberty; not an incarcerated rogue plying “gammon” as the
incarcerated rogue loves to ply it), “anybody would think, to hear ’em
talk, that it was all sugar with us while we were free, and that our
sufferings did not begin until we were caught, and ‘put away.’  Them that
think so know nothing about it.  Take a case, now, of a man who is in for
getting his living ‘on the cross,’ and who has got a ‘kid’ or two, and
their mother, at home.  I don’t say that it is _my_ case, but you can
take it so if you like.  _She_ isn’t a thief.  Ask her what she knows
about me, and she’ll tell you that, wuss luck, I’ve got in co. with some
bad uns, and she wishes that I hadn’t.  She wishes that I hadn’t,
p’raps—not out of any sort of Goody-two-shoes feeling, but because she
loves me.  That’s the name of it; _we_ haint got any other word for the
feelin’; and she can’t bear to think that I may, any hour, be dragged off
for six mouths, or a year, p’raps.  And them’s my feelings, too, and no
mistake, day after day, and Sundays as well as week-days.  She isn’t
fonder of me than I am of her, I’ll go bail for that; and as for the
kids, the girl especially, why I’d skid a waggon wheel with my body
rather than her precious skin should be grazed.  Well, take my word for
it, I never go out in the morning, and the young ’un sez ‘good bye,’ but
what I think ‘good bye—yes! p’raps it’s good bye for a longer spell than
you’re dreaming about, you poor little shaver.’  And when I get out into
the street, how long am I safe?  Why, only for the straight length of
that street, as far as I can see the coast clear.  I may find a stopper
at any turning, or at any corner.  And when you _do_ feel the hand on
your collar!  I’ve often wondered what must be a chap’s feelings when the
white cap is pulled over his peepers, and old Calcraft is pawing about
his throat, to get the rope right.  It must be a sight worse than the
_other_ feeling, you’ll say.  Well, if it is, I wonder how long the chap
manages to hold up till he’s let go!”

I am the more anxious to remark on these lingering relics of humanity,
and, I may almost say virtue, that, if properly sought, may be discovered
in the most hardened criminals, because, of late, there appears to be a
growing inclination to treat the habitual criminal as though he had
ceased to be human, and had degenerated into the condition of the meanest
and most irreclaimable of predatory animals, fit only to be turned over
to the tender mercies of a great body of huntsmen who wear blue coats
instead of scarlet, and carry staves and handcuffs in place of whips and
horns, and to be pursued to death.  I have already taken occasion in the
public newspapers, and I have much pleasure in returning to the charge
here, to exclaim against the barbarous suggestions of a gentleman holding
high position in the police force, Colonel Fraser, Commissioner of the
City Police.

Alluding to the Habitual Criminals Bill, Colonel Fraser says:—

    “Parts 1 and 2 of the Bill are chiefly designed to ensure a clearer
    police supervision than now exists over convicts at large on licence,
    and to extend it to persons who have been, or may be convicted of
    felony; but all the pains and penalties to which such persons are
    liable are made to depend absolutely on proof being forthcoming that
    the alleged offenders are actual licence holders, or convicted
    felons, and the great difficulty which so frequently occurs in
    obtaining this proof will present serious obstacles to a satisfactory
    working of the statute.

    “Organized as the English police forces are, it will be most
    difficult for them, notwithstanding the contemplated system of
    registration, to account satisfactorily for the movements of licence
    holders, or to obtain an effective supervision over them, if they are
    determined to evade it.  But the number of these convicts at large is
    insignificant compared with the swarms of repeatedly-convicted
    thieves, who give infinitely greater trouble to the police than
    licence-holders, and who constantly escape with a light sentence,
    from the impossibility of obtaining ready proof of their former
    convictions.”

Now comes the remedy for this unsatisfactory state of affairs!

    “As a remedy for this, I would suggest that every convict, on being
    liberated on licence, and every person after a second conviction of
    felony, should be marked in prison, on being set free, in such manner
    as the Secretary of State might direct—as has been the practice in
    the case of deserters, and men dismissed for misconduct from the
    army: such marking to be accepted as sufficient proof of former
    convictions.

    “The precise mode in which this should be effected is matter of
    detail; but, by a simple combination of alphabetical letters, similar
    to that employed in distinguishing postage-stamps, no two persons
    need bear precisely the same mark, and the arrangement of letters
    might be such as to show at a glance, not only the particular prison
    in which the offender had been last confined, but also the date of
    his last conviction.  Copies of these marks, transmitted to the
    Central Office of Registration in London, would form an invaluable
    record of the history of habitual criminals, and enable the police to
    obtain that reliable information as to their antecedents, the want of
    which now so commonly enables practised offenders to escape the
    consequences of their misdeeds.

    “Attempts might, and probably would, be made to alter the appearance
    of the tell-tale imprints; but it would be impossible to efface them,
    and any artificial discoloration of the skin appearing on the
    particular part of the arm, or body, fixed upon for the prison mark,
    should be considered as affording sufficient proof of former
    convictions; unless the person charged could show—to the satisfaction
    of the justice before whom he might be brought—that it was produced
    by legitimate means.”

I have ventured to transcribe, in its integrity, the main portion of
Colonel Fraser’s “new idea,” thinking that its importance demanded it.
It is significant of much that is to be regretted, coming from such a
source.  It is somewhat excusable, maybe, in a common policeman—who
yesterday may have been an agricultural labourer, or a member of a
community of which no more in the way of education is expected—if he
exhibits a kind of unreasoning, watch-dog antagonism towards the criminal
classes.  He is instructed in all sorts of manœuvres, and paid a guinea a
week to act _against_ them—to oppose the weight of his officially-striped
arm, and the full force of his handy staff against them, whenever he
finds plausible excuse for doing so.  And, possibly, this is a condition
of affairs one should not be over eager to reform.  The policeman, “too
clever by half,” is generally an instrument of injustice, and an
impediment in the way of the law’s impartial acting.  So long as the
common constable remains a well-regulated machine, and fulfils his
functions without jarring or unnecessary noise, we will ask no more; but
without doubt we expect, and we have a right to expect, some display of
intelligence and humanity on the part of the chief engineer who directs
and controls these machines.  An official of polite education, and
possessed of a thorough knowledge of the ways and means and the various
resources of the enemy it is his duty to provide against, should be
actuated by some more generous sentiment than that which points towards
uncompromising extermination.  Colonel Fraser should bear in mind that an
act of criminality does not altogether change a man’s nature.  He is a
human creature in which, perhaps through accident, perhaps through
desperate, and to some extent deliberate culture, certain growths,
injurious to the welfare of the commonwealth, have growth; but to brand,
and destroy, and crush under the heel the said creature because of his
objectionable affections, is much like smashing a set of valuable vases
because stagnant water has been permitted to accumulate in them.  It may
be urged that if the said vases or men have secreted criminal vice and
fouling until their whole substance has become saturated beyond
possibility of cleansing, then the sooner they are utterly abolished the
better.  To this I answer that until the best known methods of cleansing
have been tried on the foul vessels we are not in a position to say that
they are irreclaimable; and again, even provided that you might discover
certain such vessels fit for nothing but destruction, it would be a
monstrous absurdity to issue an edict ordering the annihilation of every
pot of a like pattern.  And this is pretty much as Colonel Fraser would
act.

Let the reader for a moment consider what would be the effect if such a
law as that proposed by the Commissioner of Police for the City of London
were passed.  In the first place it would, in its immediate operation,
prove immensely unjust to the milder sort of criminal.  If we started
anew with our army of twenty thousand to-morrow morning, and every member
of it had been convicted but once, there would be fairness (admitting
just for argument sake only that there is any fairness at all about it)
in holding out the threat that the next man who committed himself should
be branded.  But, as the case stands, before a month had elapsed we
should have hundreds of unlucky wretches against whose names but two
felonious commitments stood, bearing the hateful brand, while thousands
of the old and wary of the tribe acquainted with the interior of every
prison in England would, as far as the tell-tale mark is concerned,
appear as innocent as you or I.  Nor would any “alphabetical postal
system,” however ingenious and cold-blooded, avoid this difficulty.  The
only way of doing full justice to the entire body of felons—the young
beginners and the old practitioners—would be, whenever the latter were
next taken to search all the prison records for convictions against them,
and score them in regular order on the delinquents’ writhing flesh.  To
do this, however, Colonel Fraser would have to abandon his idea of
branding on the arm.  That member would in many cases afford inadequate
space, even if you brought the chronicle from the shoulder to the finger
tips, and “turned over” and continued the length of the criminal’s palm.
As the newspaper reports frequently show, there are evil doers whose
catalogues of crimes may scarcely be expressed in a century.

But these are the bad ones already so branded and seared in heart and
mind that to prick and scorch an inch of their outward skin would be but
to tickle their vanity, and give them to brag of another scar, got in
their life-long war against society.  Short of torturing them or killing
them, it matters little what measures are provided against these
case-hardened villains.  But there are scores and hundreds who though
they have earned for themselves the names of criminals, whom to class and
force to herd with the before-mentioned set would be to incur the
greatest responsibility, and one that under existing circumstances it
would be utterly short of wanton brutality to engage in.

As regards the class last mentioned, that is to say, those members who
have at present made no very desperate acquaintance with crime and its
punishment, I believe that if they were but judiciously dealt with a very
large number would be but too glad to escape from their present life of
misery.  “Many a thief,” says a writer, whose able remarks are the more
valuable, because they are founded on actual experience and conversation
with the people he treats of; “many a thief is kept in reluctant bondage
to crime from the difficulties he finds in obtaining honest employment,
and earning honest bread.  Many thieves are fond of their criminal
calling.  They will tell you plainly that they do not intend to work hard
for a pound a week, when they can easily earn five times as much by
thieving in less time and live like gentlemen.  But others of them are
utterly weary of the hazard, disgrace, and suffering attaching to their
mode of life.  Some of them were once pure, honest, and industrious, and
when they are sick, or in prison, they are frequently filled with bitter
remorse, and make the strongest vows to have done with a guilty life.

“Suppose a man of this sort in prison.  His eyes are opened, and he sees
before him the gulf of remediless ruin into which he will soon be
plunged.  He knows well enough that the money earned by thieving goes as
fast as it comes, and that there is no prospect of his ever being able to
retire on his ill-gotten gains.  He comes out of prison, determined to
reform.  But where is he to go?  What is he to do?  How is he to live?
Whatever may have been done for him in prison, is of little or no avail,
if as soon as he leaves the gaol he must go into the world branded with
crime, unprotected and unhelped.  The discharged prisoner must be
friendly with some one, and he must live.  His criminal friends will
entertain him on the understood condition that they are repaid from the
booty of his next depredation.  Thus the first food he eats, and the
first friendly chat he has, becomes the half necessitating initiative of
future crime.  Frequently the newly discharged prisoner passes through a
round of riot and drunkenness immediately on his release from a long
incarceration, as any other man would do in similar circumstances, and
who has no fixed principles to sustain him.  And so by reason of the
rebound of newly acquired liberty, and the influence of the old set, the
man is again demoralized.  The discharged prisoner leaves gaol with good
resolves, but the moment he enters the world, there rises before him the
dark and spectral danger of being hunted down by the police, and being
recognised and insulted, of being shunned and despised by his fellow
workmen, of being everywhere contemned and forsaken.”

There can be no doubt that to this utter want of friends of the right
sort at the moment of leaving prison, may be attributed a very large
percentage of the persistence in a career of crime by those who have once
made a false step.  In this respect we treat our criminals of
comparatively a mild character with greater harshness and severity than
those whose repeated offences have led to their receiving the severest
sentences of the law.  The convict who is discharged after serving a term
of five years at Portland, receives ere he quits the gates of Millbank
prison a money gratuity, varying in amount according to the character
that was returned with him from the convict establishment.  Nor do the
chances that are afforded him of quitting his old course of life and
becoming an honest man end here.  There is the Prisoner’s Aid Society,
where he may obtain a little more money and a suit of working clothes,
and if he really shows an inclination to reform, he may be even
recommended to a situation.  Put for the poor wretch who has given
society much less offence, who has become a petty thief, probably not
from choice, but from hard necessity, and who bitterly repents of his
offences, there is no one to take him by the hand and give or lend him so
much as an honest half-crown to make a fair start with.  It may be said
that the convict is most in want of help because he _is_ a convict,
because he is a man with whom robberies and violence have become so
familiar, that it is needful to provide him with some substantial
encouragement lest he slide back into the old groove.  Further, because
he is a man so plainly branded that the most inexperienced policeman may
know at a glance what he is; whereas, the man who has been but once
convicted may, if he have the inclination, push his way amongst honest
men, and not one of them be the wiser as to the slip he has made.  And
that would be all very well if he were assisted in rejoining the ranks of
honest bread-winners, but what is his plight when the prison door shuts
behind him?  It was his poverty that urged him to commit the theft that
consigned him to gaol, and now he is turned out of it poorer than ever,
crushed and spirit-broken, and with all his manliness withered within
him.  He feels ashamed and disgraced, and for the first few hours of his
liberty he would willingly shrink back for hiding, even to his prison,
because, as he thinks, people look at him so.  A little timely help would
save him, but nothing is so likely as desperate “don’t care” to spring
out of this consciousness of guilt, and the suspicion of being shunned
and avoided; and the army of twenty thousand gains another recruit.

This undoubtedly is frequently the case with the criminal guilty of but a
“first offence.”  Be he man or lad, however, he will be subject to no
such painful embarrassment on his leaving prison after a second or third
conviction.  By that time he will have made friends.  He will have found
a companion or two to “work with,” and they will keep careful reckoning
of the date of his incarceration as well as of the duration of his term
of durance.  Make no doubt that they will be on the spot to rejoice with
him on his release.  They know the exact hour when the prison gate will
open and he will come forth, and there they are ready to shake hands with
him.  Ready to “stand treat.”  Ready to provide him with that pipe of
tobacco for which he has experienced such frequent longing, and to set
before him the foaming pot of beer.  “Come along, old pal!” say they, “we
thought that you’d be glad of a drink and a bit of bacca, and we’ve got a
jolly lot of beef over some baked taters at home!”

What becomes of all his good resolutions—of the chaplain’s wholesome
counsel now!  “Shut your eyes resolutely to the temptations your old
companions may hold out to you,” were the parting words of that good man;
“if they threaten you, bid them defiance.  Let it be the first test of
your good resolves to tell them plainly and boldly that you have done
with them and will have no more to do with them!”  Most excellent advice
truly! but how is the emancipated one to act on it?  How can he find it
in his heart to dash with cold ingratitude such warmth of generosity and
good nature?  What claim has he on them that they should treat him so?
They owe him nothing, and can have no ulterior and selfish object in thus
expending their time and their money on his comfort.  All that they
expect in return is, that should either of them fall into trouble similar
to his, he will exert himself for him in the same manner, and surely that
is little enough to ask.  Perhaps with the chaplain’s good advice still
ringing in his ears, a sigh of lingering remorse is blended with the
outpuffing of that first delicious pipe, but it is promptly swallowed
down in the draught of free beer, with the grim reflection, perhaps, that
if those professing to be his friends came to his timely assistance as
promptly and substantially as did those his enemies, he might have been
saved the ignominy of entering anew on the old crimeful path.

As I have endeavoured to show, the best time for treating with these
unhardened criminals for their reform, is just before they leave the
prison at the expiration of their sentence, or so soon as they have
crossed its threshold and find themselves free men.  But even if they are
here missed and allowed to go their sinful way, it is not absolutely
necessary to postpone the good work until the law lays hold on them
again.  The dens to which they retire are not impregnable.  They do not
live in fortified caves, the doors of which are guarded by savage dogs
and by members of the gang armed with swords and pistols.  It is
wonderful how docile and respectful they will behave towards folk who
visit them, treating them as nothing worse than fellow creatures
suffering under a great misfortune, and not as savage creatures of prey
who have forfeited all claim to human nature, and are fit only to be
scourged and branded.  A writer already quoted tells us that during two
years in one of the largest towns in England he had unlimited access to
the thieves’ quarter at all hours and under any circumstances—weddings,
midnight gatherings, “benefit nights,” public houses, he has visited them
all.  “How I gained the confidence of the criminal fraternity I cannot
say.  I only sought their welfare, never went amongst them without some
good errand, never asked questions about their affairs, or meddled with
things that did not belong to me; and it is due to the thieves themselves
to say that I never received from any of them, whether drunk or sober, an
unkind look or a disrespectful word. . . .  I had not pursued my quiet
mission amongst the thieves many months without discovering the damning
fact that they had no faith in the sincerity, honesty, or goodness of
human nature; and that this last and vilest scepticism of the human heart
was one of the most powerful influences at work in the continuation of
crime.  They believe people in general to be no better than themselves,
and that most people will do a wrong thing if it serves their purpose.
They consider themselves better than many “square” (honest) people who
practise commercial frauds.  Not having a spark of faith in human nature
their ease is all but hopeless; and only those who have tried the
experiment can tell how difficult it is to make a thief believe that you
are really disinterested and mean him well.  Nevertheless, the agencies
that are at work for the arrest of crime are all more or less working to
good purpose, and conducing to a good end.  Had I previously known
nothing of the zeal and labour that have been expended during the last
few years in behalf of the criminal population, I should have learned
from my intercourse with the thieves themselves, that a new spirit was
getting amongst them, and that something for their good was going on
outside thievedom.  The thieves, the worst of them, speak gloomily of the
prospects of the fraternity; just as a Red Indian would complain of the
dwindling of his tribe before the strong march of advancing
civilization.”

In every essential particular can I corroborate the above account.  There
are few worse places in London than certain parts of Cow Cross,
especially that part of it anciently known as Jack Ketch’s Warren, or
“Little Hell” as the inhabitants more commonly designate it, on account
of the number of subjects it produced for the operations of the common
hangman.  Only that the law is more merciful than of yore, there is
little doubt that the vile nests in question, including “Bit Alley,” and
“Broad Yard,” and “Frying Pan Alley,” would still make good its claim to
the distinguishing title conferred on it.  The place indicated swarms
with thieves of every degree, from the seven-year old little robber who
snatches petty articles from stalls and shop-fronts, to the old and
experienced burglar with a wide experience of convict treatment, British
and foreign.  Yet, accompanied by a city missionary well known to them, I
have many a time gone amongst them, feeling as safe as though I was
walking along Cheapside.  I can give testimony even beyond that of the
writer last quoted.  “I never asked questions about their affairs, or
meddled with things that did not concern me,” says the gentleman in
question.  I can answer for it that my pastor friend of the Cow Cross
Mission was less forbearing.  With seasoned, middle-aged scoundrels he
seldom had any conversation, but he never lost a chance of tackling young
men and lads on the evil of their ways, and to a purpose.  Nor was it his
soft speech or polished eloquence that prevailed with them.  He was by no
means a gloomy preacher against crime and its consequences; he had a
cheerful hopeful way with him that much better answered the purpose.  He
went about his Christian work humming snatches of hymns in the liveliest
manner.  One day while I was with him, we saw skulking along before us a
villanous figure, ragged and dirty, and with a pair of shoulders broad
enough to carry sacks of coal.  “This,” whispered my missionary friend,
“is about the very worst character we have.  He is as strong as a tiger,
and almost as ferocious.  “Old Bull” they call him.”

I thought it likely we would pass without recognising so dangerous an
animal, but my friend was not so minded.  With a hearty slap on his
shoulder, the fearless missionary accosted him.

“Well, Old Bull!”

“Ha! ’ow do, Mr. Catlin, sir?”

“As well as I should like to see you, my friend.  How are you getting
along, Bull?”

“Oh, werry dicky, Mr. Catlin.”  And Bull hung his ears and pawed
uncomfortably in a puddle, with one slipshod foot, as though in his heart
resenting being “pinned” after this fashion.

“You find matters going worse and worse with you, ah!”

“They can’t be no worser than they is, that’s _one_ blessin’!”

“Ah, now there’s where you are mistaken, Bull.  They can be worse a
thousand times, and they _will_, unless you turn over a fresh leaf.  Why
not, Bull?  See what a tattered, filthy old leaf the old one is!”

(Bull, with an uneasy glance towards the outlet of the alley, but still
speaking with all respect,) “Ah! it’s all that, guv’nor.”

“Well then, since you _must_ begin on a fresh leaf, why not try the right
leaf—the honest one, eh, Bull.  Just to see how you like it.”

“All right, Mister Catlin.  I’ll think about it.”

“I wish to the Lord you would, Bull.  There’s not much to laugh at, take
my word for that.”

“All right, guv’nor, I ain’t a larfin.  I means to be a reg’lar model
some day—when I get time.  Morning, Mister Catlin, sir.”

And away went “Old Bull,” with a queer sort of grin on his repulsive
countenance, evidently no better or worse for the brief encounter with
his honest adviser, but very thankful indeed to escape.

“I’ve been up into that man’s room,” said my tough little, cheerful
missionary, “and rescued his wife out of his great cruel hands, when
three policemen stood on the stairs afraid to advance another step.”

He would do more than in his blunt, rough-and-ready way point out to them
what a shameful waste of their lives it was to be skulking in a filthy
court all day without the courage to go out and seek their wretched
living till the darkness of night.  He would offer to find them a job; he
made many friends, and was enabled to do so, earnestly exhorting them to
try honest work just for a month, to find out what it was like, and the
sweets of it.  And many have tried it; some as a joke—as a whimsical feat
worth engaging in for the privilege of afterwards being able to brag of
it, and returned to their old practice in a day or two; others have tried
it, and, to their credit be it spoken, stuck to it.  In my own mind I
feel quite convinced that if such men as Mr. C., of the Cow Cross
Mission, who holds the keys not only of the houses in which thieves
dwell, but, to a large extent, also, a key to the character and
peculiarities of the thieves themselves, were empowered with proper
facilities, the amount of good they are capable of performing would very
much astonish us.



CHAPTER VII.
HOMES AND HAUNTS OF THE BRITISH THIEF.


_The Three Classes of Thieving Society_.—_Popular Misapprehensions_.—_A
True Picture of the London Thief_.—_A Fancy Sketch of the_ “_Under-Ground
Cellar_.”—_In Disguise at a Thieves’ Raffle_.—_The Puzzle of_ “_Black
Maria_.”—_Mr. Mullins’s Speech and his Song_.

ALTHOUGH, as most people are aware, the great thief tribe reckons amongst
its number an upper, and a middle, and a lower class, pretty much as
corresponding grades of station are recognised amongst the honest
community, it is doubtful, in the former case, if promotion from one
stage to another may be gained by individual enterprise and talent and
industry.  The literature of the country is from time to time enriched by
bragging autobiographies of villains confessed, as well as by the
penitent revelations of rogues reclaimed, but, according to my
observation, it does not appear that perseverance in the humbler walks of
crime lead invariably to the highway of infamous prosperity.  It seems to
be an idea too preposterous even to introduce into the pages of Newgate
romance, daring in their flights of fancy as are the authors affecting
that delectable line.  We have no sinister antithesis of the well-known
honest boy who tramped from Bristol to the metropolis with
twopence-halfpenny in his pocket, and afterwards became Lord Mayor of
London.  No low-browed ragged little thief, who began his career by
purloining a halfpenny turnip from a costermonger’s barrow, is
immortalized in the page of the Newgate Calendar, as finally arrived at
the high distinction of wearing fashionable clothes, and ranking as the
first of swell-mobsmen.  It is a lamentable fact, and one that should
have weight with aspirants for the convict’s mask and badge, that the
poor, shabby, hard-working thief so remains, till the end of his days.
There is no more chance of his carrying his shameful figure and miserable
hang-dog visage into tip-top society of his order, than there is of his
attaining the summit of that treadwheel, with the ever-recurring steps of
which he is so painfully familiar.

And if there is a forlorn, abject, harassed wretch in the world it is the
poor, threadbare, timid London thief.  I believe the popular supposition
to be that, to turn thief at least ensures for the desperate adventurer
money to squander for the time being; that however severe may be the
penalty paid for the luxury, while “luck” lasts the picker of pockets and
purloiner of his neighbour’s goods has ever at his command means
wherewith to satisfy the cravings of his vices, however extravagant they
may be—money to live on the fat of the land and get drunk and enjoy happy
spells of ease and plenty.  This, no doubt, is the tempting picture the
devil holds up for the contemplation of heart-sick honesty, when patient
integrity is growing faint with hunger and long privation; and truly it
seems not an improbable picture.  What inducement is there for a man to
persist in a career of dishonesty with its certain and frequent penalties
of prison and hard labour, unless his perilous avocation ensures him
spells, albeit brief ones, of intoxicating enjoyment?

No wonder that the ignorant, sorely-tempted, out-o’-work labourer should
take this view of the case, when men, who by station and education—men
who profess to have gone out of their highly respectable paths in life to
make such inquiries as should qualify them to discuss the matter in
solemn Parliamentary conclave, declare that it is so.  A curious
exhibition of the lamentable credulity of our law makers occurred no
longer ago than at the second reading of the Habitual Criminals Bill in
the House of Lords.  Naturally the subject was one concerning which their
Lordships could know nothing, except by hearsay, and Earl Shaftesbury
volunteered to put them in possession of such useful information as might
guide them towards a decision as regarded the projected Bill.

It is only fair to state, however, that his Lordship was not personally
responsible for his startling statements.  He had them from a
“practitioner,” from a thief, that is to say.  His Lordship did not
reveal whether it was a thief at large who was his informant: but that is
scarcely likely.  Doubtless it was from some weeping villain, with an eye
to a remission of his sentence, who so frankly confided to the
soft-hearted Earl the various secrets of that terrible trade it was his
intention never, _never_ to work at again!  At any rate, whoever the
“practitioner” was, he succeeded in his design completely, as the
horror-stricken visage of his lordship, as he delivered himself of the
astounding revelations, fully attested.

They were to this effect, and the reader will please bear in mind that
they were not tendered to be received at their worth, but as facts which
might he relied on.  Within the City of London, Lord Shaftesbury
declared, “crucibles and melting-pots are kept going all day and all
night.  I believe that in a very large number of cases the whole of the
plate is reduced within two or three hours of the robbery to ingots of
silver.  As for spoons, forks, and jewellery, they are not taken so
readily to the melting-pot; but to well-known places where there is a
pipe, similar to that which your lordships may have seen—I hope none may
have seen it of necessity—in the shop of the pawnbroker.  The thief taps,
the pipe is lifted up, and in the course of a minute a hand comes out
covered with a glove, takes up the jewellery, and gives out the money for
it.”

If that conscienceless “practitioner,” who so scandalously gulled the
good Earl, happened to be in enjoyment of liberty when the above quoted
newspaper report was printed, how he must have grinned as he perused it?
But what an unpleasant reversal of the joke it would be if the mendacious
statements of the bare-faced villain lead to the passing of a bill
imposing cruelly severe rules for the government of criminals, and the
worthy in question should one fine day find himself groaning under the
same!  The most astounding part of the business however, is, that his
lordship should have given credit to such a tissue of fudge.  To his
honour be it stated, he should know better.  As an indefatigable labourer
amongst the poor and afflicted, his name will be remembered and blest
long after he has passed from among us.  It is doubtful if any other man
whose title gives him admission to the House of Lords, could have given
nearly as much practical information on this painful subject, and there
can be no question—and this is the most unfortunate part of the
business—that all that his lordship stated was regarded as real.  Every
lord present to listen to and discuss the various clauses of Lord
Kimberley’s Bill, probably took to his vivid imagination the appalling
picture of the underground cellars (to be reached only by known members
of the burglarious brotherhood who could give the sign to the guardian of
the cellar-door), where certain demon-men of the Fagin type presided
constantly over crucibles and melting-pots, wherein bubbled and hissed
the precious brew of gold and silver ornaments dissolved, the supply
being constantly renewed by the bold “cracksmen” who numerously attended
to bring the goods to market.  Easier still even was it to conjure before
the mind’s eye the peculiar operations of the “pipe” that Lord
Shaftesbury so graphically described.  The deserted-looking house in the
gloomy back street, with the street door always ajar so that customers
might slip in and out at it in an instant—before even the policeman on
beat could wink his sleepy eyes in amazement at the unexpected
apparition; with the sliding panel in the dimly-lighted back kitchen, and
the “spout” just like a pawnbroker’s, and the “gloved hand,” the fingers
of it twitching with eager greed for the gold watch, still warm from the
pocket of its rightful owner!  How was it possible to deal with a subject
bristling so with horrors with calmness and dignity?  Their lordships had
been given to understand by the mover of the bill that there were fifteen
thousand thieves constantly busy in the Metropolis alone, and Lord
Shaftesbury had informed them that the mysterious “spout” and the
melting-pot were the chief channels for converting stolen goods into
ready money.  At this rate, London must be almost undermined by these
gold-melting cellars—the midnight traveller through the great city might
plainly hear and wonder at the strange tap-tapping that met his ears—the
tapping at the “spout” that notified to the owner of the gloved hand that
a new customer was in attendance?  It would have been not very surprising
if the Chief Commissioner of Police had been instantly communicated with,
and given instructions at once to arrest every man and woman of the
fifteen thousand, and hold them in safe keeping until their lordships had
resolved on the most efficacious, and at the same time least painful way
of exterminating them.

Seriously, it is impossible almost to exaggerate the amount of mischief
likely to result from such false and inflammatory pictures of an evil
that in its naked self is repulsive enough in all conscience.  On the one
hand, it excites amongst the people panic and unnecessary alarm, and
furnishes the undeniable excuse of “self-defence” for any excess of
severity we may be led into; and on the other hand, it tends to magnify
the thief’s importance in the eyes of the thief, and to invest his
melancholy and everlastingly miserable avocations with precisely the same
kind of gallows-glory as is preached by the authors of “Tyburn Dick” or
the “Boy Highwayman.”  Curiously enough at the conclusion of his long and
interesting speech, Lord Shaftesbury went a little out of his way to make
mention of the literature of the kind just quoted, to remark on its
intimate bearing on the crime of the country, and to intimate that
shortly the whole question would be brought under their lordships’
consideration.  It is doubtful, however, and I say so with extreme
regret, knowing as I well do how shocking even the suspicion of such a
thing must be to Lord Shaftesbury, if in any dozen “penny numbers” of the
pernicious trash in question, the young aspirant for prison fame would
find as much stimulative matter as was provided in his lordship’s speech,
or rather speeches, on the Habitual Criminal question.

No, the affairs of those who affect the criminal walks of life are bad
enough in all conscience, but they are much less romantic than his
lordship has been led to believe.  Shorn of the melo-dramatic “bandit”
costume with which they have been temporarily invested they lose nothing
in appalling effect.

Truly, it is hard to understand, but it is an undoubted fact, that the
criminal who in police nomenclature is a “low thief” (to distinguish him,
it may be presumed, from “the respectable thief”) is without exception of
all men the most comfortless and miserable; and should the reader be so
inquisitive as to desire to be informed of the grounds on which I arrive
at this conclusion, I beg to assure him that I do not rely on hearsay,
neither do I depend on what thieves incarcerated for their offences have
told me, holding it to be hardly likely that a prisoner in prison would
vaunt his liking for crime and his eagerness to get back to it.  I have
mixed with thieves at liberty, an unsuspected spy in their camp, more
than once.  I will quote an example.

This was many years since, and as at the time I published a detailed
account of the visit, I may be excused from more than briefly alluding to
it here.  It was at a thieves’ raffle, held at a public-house in one of
the lowest and worst parts of Westminster.  I was young in the field of
exploration then, and from all that I had heard and read made up my mind
for something very terrible and desperate.  I pictured to myself a band
of rollicking desperadoes, swaggering and insolent, with plenty of money
to pay for bottles of brandy and egg-flip unlimited, and plenty of
bragging discourse of the doughty deeds of the past, and of their
cold-blooded and desperate intentions for the future.  Likewise, my
expectations of hope and fear included a rich treat in the shape of
vocalization.  It was one thing to hear play-actors on the stage, in
their tame and feeble delineations of the ancient game of “high Toby,”
and of the redoubtable doings of the Knights of the Road, spout such
soul-thrilling effusions as “Nix my Dolly Pals,” and “Claude Duval,” but
what must it be to listen to the same bold staves out of the mouths of
real “roaring boys,” some of them, possibly, the descendants of the very
heroes who rode “up Holborn Hill in a cart,” and who could not well hear
the good words the attendant chaplain was uttering because of the noisy
exchange of boisterous “chaff” taking place between the short-pipe
smoking driver, whose cart-seat was the doomed man’s coffin, and the
gleeful mob that had made holiday to see the fun!

But in all this I was dismally disappointed.  I had procured a ticket for
the raffle from a friendly police-inspector (goodness only knows how he
came possessed of them, but he had quite a collection of similar tickets
in his pocket-book), and, disguised for the occasion, I entered the dirty
little dram shop, and exhibited my credential to the landlord at the bar.
So far the business was promising.  The said landlord was as ill-looking
a villain as could be desired.  He had a broken nose and a wooden leg,
both of which deformities were doubtless symptomatic of the furious
brawls in which he occasionally engaged with his ugly customers.  As I
entered he was engaged in low-whispered discourse with three ruffians who
might have been brothers of his in a similar way of business, but
bankrupt, and gone to the dogs.  As I advanced to the bar the four
cropped heads laid together in iniquity, separated suddenly, and the
landlord affected a look of innocence, and hummed a harmless tune in a
way that was quite melodramatic.

I intimated my business, and he replied shortly, “Go on through,” at the
same time indicating the back door by a jerk of his thumb over his
shoulder.  Now for it!  On the other side of the back door I discovered a
stone yard, at the extremity of which was dimly visible in the darkness a
long, low, dilapidated building, with a light shining through the chinks.
This, then, was the robber’s den!—a place to which desperate men and
women who made robbery and outrage the nightly business of their lives,
resorted to squander in riot and debauchery their ill-gotten gains!  It
would not have surprised me had I found the doorkeeper armed with a pair
of “trusty barkers,” and every male guest of the company with a
life-preserver sticking out at the breast pocket of his coat.

The door was opened in response to my tap at it.  I gave the potman there
stationed my ticket, and I entered.  I must confess that my first
sensation as I cast my eye carelessly around, was one of disgust that I
should have been induced to screw up my courage with so much pains for so
small an occasion.  The building I found myself in was a skittle-ground,
furnished with forms and tables; and there were present about thirty
persons.  As well as I can remember, of this number a third were women,
young generally, one or two being mere girls of sixteen, or so.  But
Jenny Diver was not there, nor Poll Maggot, nor Edgeworth Bess.  No lady
with ringlets curling over her alabaster shoulders found a seat on the
knee of the gallant spark of her choice.  No Captain Macheath was to be
seen elegantly taking snuff out of a stolen diamond snuff-box, or
flinging into the pink satin lap of his lady love a handful of guineas to
pay for more brandy.  Poor wretches! the female shoulders there assembled
spoke rather of bone than alabaster, while the washed-out and mended
cotton frocks served in place of pink satin, and hair of most humble
fashion surmounted faces by no means expressive either of genuine
jollity, or even of a desperate determination towards devil-may-careness,
and the drowning of care in the bowl.  There were no bowls, even, as in
the good old time, only vulgar pewter porter pots, out of which the
company thankfully swigged its fourpenny.  There was no appearance of
hilarity, or joviality even; no more of brag and flourish, or of
affectation of ease and freedom, than though every man and woman present
were here locked up “on remand,” and any moment might be called out to
face that damning piece of kept-back evidence they all along dreaded was
in store for them.  To be sure it was as yet early in the evening, and
though the company may have assembled mainly for the purpose of drowning
“dull care,” that malicious imp being but recently immersed, may have
been superior at present to their machinations, and able to keep his ugly
head above the liquid poured out for his destruction.  Or may be, again,
being a very powerful “dull care,” of sturdy and mature growth, he might
be able to hold out through many hours against the weak and watery
elements brought to oppose him.

Anyhow, so far as I was able to observe, there was no foreshadowing of
the blue and brooding imp’s defeat.  His baneful wings seemed spread from
one end of the skittle-alley to the other, and to embrace even the
chairman, who being a Jew, and merely a receiver of stolen goods, might
reasonably have been supposed to be less susceptible than the rest.
There would seem to prevail, amongst a large and innocent section of the
community, a belief that the thief is a creature distinguished no less by
appearance than by character from the honest host he thrives by.  I have
heard it remarked more than once, by persons whose curiosity has led them
to a criminal court when a trial of more than ordinary interest is
proceeding, that really this prisoner or that did not _look_ like a
thief, or a forger, or stabber, as the case might be.  “Lord bless us,” I
once heard an elderly lady exclaim, in the case of an oft-convicted
scoundrel of the “swell mob” tribe, over whose affecting trial she had
shed many tears, “Lord bless us!” said she, as the jury found him guilty,
and sentenced him to two years’ hard labour, “so thin, and genteel, and
with spectacles on, too!  I declare I should have passed that young man
twenty times without dreaming of calling out for the police.”  On the
other hand, there are very many persons less ingenuous than the old lady,
who invariably regard a man through the atmosphere of crime, real or
supposed, that envelopes him, and by means of its distorting influence
make out such a villain as satisfies their sagacity.  Had one of this
last order been favoured with a private view of the company assembled to
assist at Mr. Mullins’s raffle, and have been previously informed that
they were one and all thieves, in all probability they would have
_appeared_ thieves; but I am convinced that had they been shown to an
unprepared and unprejudiced observer, his opinion would have been that
the company gathered in the skittle-alley of the “Curly Badger” were no
worse than a poor set of out-o’-work tailors, or French polishers, or
weavers, or of some other craft, the members of which affect the
gentility that black clothes and a tall hat is supposed to confer on the
wearer; nor would an hour in their society, such as I spent, have
sufficed to dissipate the innocent impression.  Their expenditure was of
the most modest sort, not one man in six venturing beyond the pot of
beer.  Their conversation, though not the most elegant, was least of all
concerning the wretched trade they followed; indeed, the subject was
never mentioned at all, except in melancholy allusion to Peter or Jerry,
who had been recently “copped” (taken), and was expected to pass “a tail
piece in the steel” (three months in prison).  There was one observation
solemnly addressed by one elderly man to another elderly man, the purport
of which at the time puzzled me not a little.  “Unlucky!  Well you may
say it.  Black Maria is the only one that’s doin’ a trade now.  Every
journey full as a tuppenny omblibus!”  I listened intently as prudence
would permit for further reference to the mysterious female who was doing
“all the trade,” and “every journey” was “as full as a twopenny omnibus,”
but nothing in the conversation transpired tending to throw a light on
the dark lady; so I mentally made a note of it for reference to my friend
the inspector.  He laughed.  “Well, she has been doing a brisk stroke of
business of late, I must say,” said he.  “Black Maria, sir, is our van of
that colour that carries ’em off to serve their time.”

But, as before observed, there was nothing in the demeanour of either the
men or women present at Mullins’s raffle to denote either that they
revelled in the nefarious trade they followed, or that they derived even
ordinary comfort and satisfaction from it.  To be sure, it may have
happened that the specimens of the thief class assembled before me were
not of the briskest, but taking them as they were, and bearing in mind
the spiritless, hang-dog, mean, and shabby set they were, the notion of
bringing to bear on them such tremendous engines of repression as that
suggested by the humane Commissioner of the City Police appears nothing
short of ridiculous.

At the same time, I would have it plainly understood that my pity for the
thief of this class by no means induces me to advise that no more
effective means than those which at present exist should be adopted for
his abolition.  A people’s respect for the laws of the country is its
chief pillar of strength, and those who have no respect for the laws, act
as so many rats undermining the said pillar, and although the rats
assembled at Mullins’s raffle were not of a very formidable breed, their
hatred of the law, and their malicious defiance of it, was unmistakeable.
For instance, the article to be raffled was a silk pocket handkerchief,
and there it was duly displayed hanging across a beam at the end of the
skittle-ground.  The occasion of the raffle was, that Mr. Mullins had
just been released after four months’ imprisonment, and that during his
compulsory absence from home matters had gone very bad, and none the less
so because poor Mrs. Mullins was suffering from consumption.  In alluding
to these sad details of his misfortune, Mr. Mullins, in returning thanks
for the charity bestowed on him, looked the picture of melancholy.
“Whether she means ever to get on her legs again is more than I can say,”
said he, wagging his short-cropped head dolefully, “there ain’t much
chance, I reckon, when you’re discharged from Brompton incurable.  Yes,
my friends, it’s all agin me lately, and my luck’s regler out.  But
there’s one thing I must mention” (and here he lifted his head with
cheerful satisfaction beaming in his eyes), “and I’m sure you as doesn’t
know it will be very glad to hear it—the handkerchief wot’s put up to
raffle here is the wery identical one that I was put away for.”  And
judging from the hearty applause that followed this announcement, there
can be no doubt that Mr. Mullins’s audience were very glad indeed to hear
it.

But even after this stimulant, the spirits of the company did not rally
anything to speak of.  Song singing was started, but nobody sung “Nix my
Dolly Pals,” or “Claude Duval.”  Nobody raised a roaring chant in honour
of “ruby wine,” or the flowing bowl, or even of the more humble, though
no less genial, foaming can.  There was a comic song or two, but the
ditties in favour were those that had a deeply sentimental or even a
funereal smack about them.  The gentleman who had enlightened me as to
Black Maria sang the Sexton, the chorus to which lively stave, “I’ll
provide you such a lodging as you never had before,” was taken up with
much heartiness by all present.  Mullins himself, who possessed a fair
alto voice, slightly damaged perhaps by a four months’ sojourn in the
bleak atmosphere of Cold Bath Fields, sang “My Pretty Jane,” and a very
odd sight it was to observe that dogged, jail-stamped countenance of his
set, as accurately as Mullins could set it, to an expression matching the
bewitching simplicity of the words of the song.  I was glad to observe
that his endeavours were appreciated and an encore demanded.

Decidedly the songs, taken as a whole, that the thieves sang that evening
in the Skittle Saloon of the “Curly Badger” were much less objectionable
than those that may be heard any evening at any of our London music
halls, and everything was quiet and orderly.  Of course I cannot say to
what extent this may have been due to certain rules and regulations
enforced by the determined looking gentleman who served behind the bar.
There was one thing, however, that he could not enforce, and that was the
kindliness that had induced them to meet together that evening.  I had
before heard, as everybody has, of “honour amongst thieves,” but I must
confess that I had never suspected that compassion and charity were
amongst the links that bound them together; and when I heard the
statement from the chair of the amount subscribed (the “raffle” was a
matter of form, and the silk handkerchief a mere delicate concealment of
the free gift of shillings), when I heard the amount and looked round and
reckoned how much a head that might amount to, and further, when I made
observation of the pinched and poverty-stricken aspect of the owners of
the said heads, I am ashamed almost to confess that if within the next
few days I had caught an investigating hand in my coat-tail pockets, I
should scarcely have had the heart to resist.



CHAPTER VIII.
JUVENILE THIEVES.


_The Beginning of the Downhill Journey_.—_Candidates for Newgate
Honours_.—_Black Spots of London_.—_Life from the Young Robber’s Point of
View_.—_The Seedling Recruits the most difficult to reform_.—_A doleful
Summing-up_.—_A Phase of the Criminal Question left unnoticed_.—_Budding
Burglars_.—_Streams which keep at full flood the Black Sea of
Crime_.—_The Promoters of_ “_Gallows Literature_.”—_Another Shot at a
Fortress of the Devil_.—“_Poison-Literature_.”—“_Starlight
Sall_.”—“_Panther Bill_.”

IT is quite true that, counting prostitutes and receivers of stolen
goods, there are twenty thousand individuals eating the daily bread of
dishonesty within the city of London alone; there are many more than
these.  And the worst part of the business is, that those that are
omitted from the batch form the most painful and repulsive feature of the
complete picture.  Shocking enough is it to contemplate the white-haired,
tottering criminal holding on to the front of the dock because he dare
not trust entirely his quaking legs, and with no more to urge in his
defence than Fagin had when it came to the last—“an old man, my lord, a
very old man;” and we give him our pity ungrudgingly because we are no
longer troubled with fears for his hostility as regards the present or
the future.  It is all over with him or very nearly.  The grave yawns for
him and we cannot help feeling that after all he has hurt himself much
more than he has hurt us, and when we reflect on the awful account he
will presently be called on to answer, our animosity shrinks aside, and
we would recommend him to mercy if it were possible.  No, it is not those
who have run the length of their tether of crime that we have to fear,
but those who by reason of their tender age are as yet but feeble
toddlers on the road that leads to the hulks.  It would be instructive as
well as of great service if reliable information could be obtained as to
the beginning of the down-hill journey by our juvenile criminals.
Without doubt it would be found that in a lamentably large number of
cases the beginning did not rest in the present possessors at all, but
that they were bred and nurtured in it, inheriting it from their parents
as certain forms of physical disease are inherited.

In very few instances are they _trained_ to thieving by a father who
possibly has gone through all the various phases of criminal punishment,
from the simple local oakum shed and treadmill to the far-away stone
quarry and mineral mine, and so knows all about it.  The said human wolf
and enemy of all law and social harmony, his progenitor, does not take
his firstborn on his knee as soon as he exhibits symptoms of knowing
right from wrong, and do his best to instil into his young mind what as a
candidate for Newgate honours the first principles of his life should be.

This would be bad enough, but what really happens is worse.  To train
one’s own child to paths of rectitude it is necessary to make him aware
of the existence of paths of iniquity and wrong, that when inadvertently
he approaches the latter, he may recognise and shun them.  So on the
other hand, if by the devil’s agency a child is to be made bold and
confident in the wrong road, the right must be exhibited to him in a
light so ridiculous as to make it altogether distasteful to him.  Still a
comparison is instituted, and matters may so come about that one day he
may be brought to re-consider the judiciousness of his choice and perhaps
to reverse his previous decision.  But if he has received no teaching at
all; if in the benighted den in which he is born, and in which his
childish intellect dawns, no ray of right and truth ever penetrates, and
he grows into the use of his limbs and as much brains as his brutish
breeding affords him, and with no other occupation before him than to
follow in the footsteps of his father the thief—how much more hopeless is
his case?

Does the reader ask, are there such cases?  I can answer him in sorrowful
confidence, that in London alone they may be reckoned in thousands.  In
parts of Spitalfields, in Flower and Dean Street, and in Kent Street, and
many other streets that might be enumerated, they are the terror of small
shopkeepers, and in Cow Cross, with its horrible chinks in the wall that
do duty for the entrance of courts and alleys—Bit Alley, Frying Pan
Alley, Turk’s Head-court, and Broad Yard, they swarm like mites in rotten
cheese.  As a rule, the police seldom make the acquaintance of this
thievish small fry (if they did, the estimated number of London robbers
would be considerably augmented); but occasionally, just as a sprat will
make its appearance along with a haul of mackerel, one reads in the
police reports of “Timothy Mullins, a very small boy, whose head scarcely
reached the bar of the dock;” or of “John Smith, a child of such tender
age that the worthy magistrate appeared greatly shocked,” charged with
some one of the hundred acts of petty pilfering by means of which the
poor little wretches contrive to stave off the pangs of hunger.  Where is
the use of reasoning with Master Mullins on his evil propensities?  The
one propensity of his existence is that of the dog—to provide against
certain gnawing pains in his belly.  If he has another propensity, it is
to run away out of dread for consequences, which is dog-like too.  All
the argument you can array against this little human waif with one idea,
will fail to convince him of his guilt; he has his private and
deeply-rooted opinion on the matter, you may depend, and if he screws his
fists into his eyes, and does his earnest best to make them water—if when
in the magisterial presence he contorts his countenance in affected
agony, it is merely because he perceives from his worship’s tone that he
wishes to agonize him, and is shrewd enough to know that to “give in
best,” as he would express it, is the way to get let off easy.

But supposing that he were not overawed by the magisterial presence, and
felt free to speak what is foremost in his mind unreservedly as he would
speak it to one of his own set.  Then he would say, “It is all very fine
for you to sit there, you that have not only had a jolly good breakfast,
but can afford to sport a silver toothpick to pick your teeth with
afterwards, it is all very fine for you to preach to me that I never
shall do any good, but one of these days come to something that’s
precious bad, if I don’t cut the ways of thieving, and take to honest
ways.  There’s so many different kinds of honest ways.  _Yours_ is a good
’un.  I ain’t such a fool as not to know that it’s better to walk in
honest ways like them _you’ve_ got into, and to wear gold chains and
velvet waistcoats, than to prowl about in ragged corduroys, and dodge the
pleeseman, and be a prig: but how am I to get into them sorts of honest
ways?  Will you give me a hist up to ’em?  Will you give me a leg-up—I’m
such a little cove, you see—on to the bottom round of the ladder that
leads up to ’em?  If it ain’t in your line to do so, p’raps you could
recommend me to a lady or gentleman that would?  No!  Then, however am
_I_ to get into honest ways?  Shall I make a start for ’em soon as I
leaves this ere p’lice office, from which you are so werry kind as to
discharge me?  Shall I let the chances of stealing a turnip off a stall,
or a loaf out of a baker’s barrow, go past me, while I keep straight on,
looking out for a honest way?—straight on, and straight on, till I gets
the hungry staggers (_you_ never had the hungry staggers, Mr.
Magistrate), and tumble down on the road?  I am not such a fool, thank’e.
I don’t see the pull of it.  I can do better in dishonest ways.  I’m much
obliged to YOU.  I’m sure of a crust, though a hard ’un, while I stick to
the latter, and if I break down, you’ll take care of me for a spell, and
fatten me up a bit; but s’pose I go on the hunt after them honest ways
you was just now preaching about, and I miss ’em, what am I then?  A
casual pauper, half starved on a pint of skilly, or ‘a shocking case of
destitution,’ and the leading character in a coroner’s inquest!”  All
this Master Timothy Mullins might urge, and beyond favouring him with an
extra month for contempt of court, what could the magistrate do or say?

Swelling the ranks of juvenile thieves we find in large numbers the
thief-born.  Writing on this subject, a reverend gentleman of wisdom and
experience says, “Some are thieves from infancy.  Their parents are
thieves in most cases; in others, the children are orphans, or have been
forsaken by their parents, and in such cases the children generally fall
into the hands of the professional thief-trainer.  In every low criminal
neighbourhood there are numbers of children who never knew their parents,
and who are fed and clothed by the old thieves, and made to earn their
wages by dishonest practices.  When the parent thieves are imprisoned or
transported, their children are left to shift for themselves, and so fall
into the hands of the thief-trainer.  Here, then, is one great source of
crime.  These children are nurtured in it.  They come under no good moral
influence; and until the ragged-schools were started, they had no idea of
honesty, not to mention morality and religion.  Sharpened by hunger,
intimidated by severe treatment, and rendered adroit by vigilant
training, this class of thieves is perhaps the most numerous, the most
daring, the cleverest, and the most difficult to reform.  In a moral
point of view, these savages are much worse off than the savages of the
wilderness, inasmuch as all the advantages of civilization are made to
serve their criminal habits.  The poor, helpless little children
literally grow up into a criminal career, and have no means of knowing
that they are wrong; they cannot help themselves, and have strong claims
on the compassion of every lover of his species.”

Truly enough these seedling recruits of the criminal population are the
most difficult to reform.  They are impregnable alike to persuasion and
threatening.  They have an ingrain conviction that it is _you_ who are
wrong, not them.  That you are wrong in the first place in appropriating
all the good things the world affords, leaving none for them but what
they steal; and in the next place, they regard all your endeavours to
persuade them to abandon the wretched life of a thief for the equally
poor though more creditable existence of the honest lad, as humbug and
selfishness.  “No good feeling is ever allowed to predominate; all their
passions are distorted, all their faculties are perverted.  They believe
the clergy are all hypocrites, the judges and magistrates tyrants, and
honest people their bitterest enemies.  Believing these things sincerely,
and believing nothing else, their hand is against every man, and the more
they are imprisoned the more is their dishonesty strengthened.”

This is, indeed, a doleful summing up of our present position and future
prospects as regards so large a percentage of those we build prisons for.
It is somewhat difficult to avoid a feeling of exasperation when, as an
honest man, and one who finds it at times a sore pinch to pay rates and
taxes, one contemplates the ugly, hopeless picture.  Still, we should
never forget that these are creatures who are criminal not by their own
seeking.  They are as they were born and bred and nurtured, and the only
way of relieving society of the pest they are against it, is to take all
the care we may to guard against the ravages of those we have amongst us,
and adopt measures for the prevention of their breeding a new generation.

How this may be accomplished is for legislators to decide.  Hitherto it
has appeared as a phase of the criminal question that has attracted very
little attention on the part of our law makers.  They appear, however, to
be waking up to its importance at last.  Recently, in the House of Lords,
Lord Romilly suggested that the experiment might be tried of taking away
from the home of iniquity they were reared in the children of twice or
thrice convicted thieves above the age of ten years; taking them away for
good and all and placing them under State protection; educating them, and
giving them a trade.  If I rightly recollect, his lordship’s suggestion
did not meet with a particularly hearty reception.  Some of his hearers
were of opinion that it was setting a premium on crime, by affording the
habitual thief just that amount of domestic relief he in his selfishness
would be most desirous of.  But Lord Romilly combated this objection with
the reasonable rejoinder, that by mere occupation the nature of the thief
was not abased below that of the brute, and that it was fair to assume
that so far from encouraging him to qualify himself for State patronage,
his dread of having his children taken from him might even check him in
his iniquitous career.

One thing, at least, is certain; it would come much _cheaper_ to the
country if these budding burglars and pickpockets were caught up, and
caged away from the community at large, before their natures became too
thoroughly pickled in the brine of rascality.  Boy thieves are the most
mischievous and wasteful.  They will mount a house roof, and for the sake
of appropriating the half-a-crown’s worth of lead that forms its gutter,
cause such damage as only a builder’s bill of twenty pounds or so will
set right.  The other day a boy stole a family Bible valued at fifty
shillings, and after wrenching off the gilt clasps, threw the book into a
sewer; the clasps he sold to a marine store dealer for _twopence
halfpenny_!  It may be fairly assumed that in the case of boy thieves,
who are so completely in the hands of others, that before they can “make”
ten shillings in cash, they must as a rule steal to the value of at least
four pounds, and sometimes double that sum.  But let us put the loss by
exchange at its lowest, and say that he gets a fourth of the value of
what he steals, before he can earn eighteenpence a day, he must rob to
the amount of two guineas a week—a hundred and nine pounds a year!
Whatever less sum it costs the State to educate and clothe and teach him,
the nation would be in pocket.

It would be idle to attempt to trace back to its origin the incentive to
crime in the class of small criminals here treated of.  Innocent of the
meaning of the term “strict integrity,” they are altogether unconscious
of offending against it.  They may never repent, for they can feel no
remorse for having followed the dictates of their nature.  No possible
good can arise from piecing and patching with creditable stuff the old
cloak of sin they were clothed in at their birth, and have worn ever
since, till it has become a second skin to them.  ‘Before they can be of
any real service as members of an honest community, they must be
_reformed_ in the strictest sense of the term.  Their tainted morality
must he laid bare to the very bones, as it were, and its rotten
foundation made good from its deepest layer.  The arduousness of this
task it is hard to overrate; nothing, indeed, can be harder, except it be
to weed out from an adult criminal the tough and gnarled roots of sin
that grip and clasp about and strangle his better nature.  And this
should be the child criminal reformer’s comfort and encouragement.

It must not be imagined, however, that the growth of juvenile criminality
is altogether confined to those regions where it is indigenous to the
soil; were it so, our prospects of relief would appear much more hopeful
than at present, for, as before stated, all that is necessary would be to
sow the baleful ground with the saving salt of sound and wholesome
teaching, and the ugly vegetation would cease.

But there are other and more formidable sources from which flow the
tributary streams that feed and keep at full flood our black sea of
crime; more formidable, because they do not take the shape of
irrepressible springs that make for the surface, simply because they are
impelled thereto by forces they have not the strength to combat against,
but rather of well planned artificial aqueducts and channels, and on the
development of which much of intellect is expended.  It is much harder to
deal with the boy who, well knowing right from wrong, chooses the latter,
than with the boy who from the beginning has been wrong from not knowing
what right is.

Moreover, the boy who has been taught right from wrong, the boy who has
been sent to school and knows how to read, has this advantage over his
poor brother of the gutter—an advantage that tells with inexpressible
severity against the community at large; he has trainers who, discovering
his weakness, make it their profit and business to take him by the hand
and bring him along in that path of life to which his dishonest
inclination has called him.

I allude to those low-minded, nasty fellows, the proprietors and
promoters of what may be truthfully described as “gallows literature.”
As a curse of London, this one is worthy of a special niche in the temple
of infamy, and to rank first and foremost.  The great difficulty would be
to find a sculptor of such surpassing skill as to be able to pourtray in
one carved stone face all the hideous vices and passions that should
properly belong to it.  It is a stale subject, I am aware.  In my humble
way, I have hammered at it both in newspapers and magazines, and many
better men have done the same.  Therefore it is stale.  For no other
reason.  The iniquity in itself is as vigorous and hearty as ever, and
every week renews its brimstone leaves (meanwhile rooting deeper and
deeper in the soil that nourishes it), but unfortunately it comes under
the category of evils, the exposure of which the public “have had enough
of.”  It is very provoking, and not a little disheartening, that it
should be so.  Perhaps this complaint may be met by the answer: The
public are not tired of this one amongst the many abuses that afflict its
soul’s health, it is only tired of being reminded of it.  Explorers in
fields less difficult have better fortune.  As, for instance, the
fortunate discoverer of a gold field is.  Everybody would be glad to
shake him by the hand—the hand that had felt and lifted the weight of the
nuggets and the yellow chips of dust; nay, not a few would be willing to
trim his finger nails, on the chance of their discovering beneath enough
of the auriferous deposit to pay them for their trouble.  But, to be
sure, in a city of splendid commercial enterprise such as is ours, it can
scarcely be expected that that amount of honour would be conferred on the
man who would remove a plague from its midst as on the one whose
magnificent genius tended to fatten the money-bags in the Bank cellars.

At the risk, however, of being stigmatized as a man with a weakness for
butting against stone walls, I cannot let this opportunity slip, or
refrain from firing yet once again my small pop-gun against this fortress
of the devil.  The reader may have heard enough of the abomination to
suit his taste, and let him rest assured that the writer has written more
than enough to suit _his_; but if every man set up his “taste” as the
goal and summit of his striving, any tall fellow a tip-toe might, after
all, see over the heads of most of us.  The main difficulty is that the
tens and hundreds of thousands of boys who stint a penny from its more
legitimate use to purchase a dole of the pernicious trash in question,
have _not_ “had enough of it.”  Nothing can be worse than this, except it
is that the purveyors of letter-press offal have not had enough of it
either, but, grown prosperous and muscular on the good feeding their
monstrous profits have ensured them, they are continually opening up
fresh ground, each patch fouler and more pestilent than the last.

At the present writing I have before me half-a-dozen of these penny
weekly numbers of “thrilling romance,” addressed to boys, and circulated
entirely among them—and girls.  It was by no means because the number of
these poison pen’orths on sale is small that a greater variety was not
procured.  A year or so since, wishing to write a letter on the subject
to a daily newspaper, I fished out of one little newsvendor’s shop,
situated in the nice convenient neighbourhood of Clerkenwell, which, more
than any other quarter of the metropolis, is crowded with working
children of both sexes, the considerable number of _twenty-three_ samples
of this gallows literature.  But if I had not before suspected it, my
experience on that occasion convinced me that to buy more than a third of
that number would be a sheer waste of pence.  To be sure, to expect
honest dealing on the part of such fellows as can dabble in “property” of
the kind in question, is in the last degree absurd, but one would think
that they would, for “business” reasons, maintain some show of giving a
pen’orth for a penny.  Such is not the case, however.  In three instances
in my twenty-three numbers, I found the self-same story published _twice_
under a different title, while for at least half the remainder the
variance from their brethren is so very slight that nobody but a close
reader would discover it.

The six-pen’orth before me include, “The Skeleton Band,” “Tyburn Dick,”
“The Black Knight of the Road,” “Dick Turpin,” “The Boy Burglar,” and
“Starlight Sall.”  If I am asked, is the poison each of these papers
contains so cunningly disguised and mixed with harmless-seeming
ingredients, that a boy of shrewd intelligence and decent mind might be
betrayed by its insidious seductiveness? I reply, no.  The only subtlety
employed in the precious composition is that which is employed in
preserving it from offending the blunt nostrils of the law to such a
degree as shall compel its interference.  If it is again inquired, do I,
though unwillingly, acknowledge that the artful ones, by a wonderful
exercise of tact and ingenuity, place the law in such a fix that it would
not be justified in interfering?  I most distinctly reply, that I
acknowledge nothing of the kind; but that, on the contrary, I wonder very
much at the clumsiness of a legislative machine that can let so much
scoundrelism slip through its cogs and snares.

The daring lengths these open encouragers of boy highwaymen and Tyburn
Dicks will occasionally go to serve their villanous ends is amazing.  It
is not more than two or three years since, that a prosperous member of
the gang, whose business premises were in, or within a few doors of Fleet
Street, by way of giving a fair start to his published account of some
thief and murderer, publicly advertised that the buyers of certain
numbers would be entitled to a chance of a Prize in a grand distribution
of _daggers_.  Specimens of the deadly weapons (made, it may be assumed,
after the same fashion as that one with which “flash Jack,” in the
romance, pinned the police officer in the small of his back) were
exhibited in the publisher’s shop window, and in due course found their
way into the hands of silly boys, with minds well primed for “daring
exploits,” by reading “numbers 2 and 3 given away with number 1.”

It is altogether a mistake, however, to suppose that the poison
publisher’s main element of success consists in his glorification of
robbers and cut-throats.  To be sure he can by no means afford to
dispense with the ingredients mentioned in the concoction of his vile
brew, but his first and foremost reliance is on lewdness.  Everything is
subservient to this.  He will picture to his youthful readers a hero of
the highway, so ferocious in his nature, and so reckless of bloodshed,
that he has earned among his comrades the flattering nick-name of “the
Panther.”  He will reveal the bold panther in all his glory, cleaving the
skull of the obstinate old gentleman in his travelling carriage, who will
not give up his money, or setting an old woman on the kitchen fire, as a
just punishment for hiding her guineas in the oven, in fishing them out
of which the panther burns his fingers; he will exhibit the crafty
“panther” wriggling his way through the floor boards of his cell, into a
sewer beneath, and through which he is to make his escape to the river,
and then by a flourish of his magic pen, he will convey the “panther” to
the “boudoir” of Starlight Sall, and show you how weak a quality valour
is in the presence of “those twin queens of the earth,” youth and beauty!
The brave panther, when he has once crossed the threshold of that
splendid damsel (who, by the way, is a thief, and addicted to drinking
brandy by the “bumper”) is, vulgarly speaking, “nowhere.”  The haughty
curl of his lip, the glance of his eagle eye, “the graceful contour of
his manly form,” a mere gesture of which is sufficient to quell rising
mutiny amongst his savage crew, all fall flat and impotent before the
queenly majesty of Sall.  But there is no fear that the reader will lose
his faith in Panther Bill, because of this weakness confessed.  As drawn
by the Author (does the pestiferous rascal so style himself, I wonder?)
Starlight Sall is a creature of such exquisite loveliness, that Jupiter
himself might have knelt before her.  She is such a matchless combination
of perfection, that it is found necessary to describe her charms
separately, and at such length that the catalogue of the whole extends
through at least six pages.

It is in this branch of his devilish business that the author of
“Starlight Sall” excels.  It is evident that the man’s mind is in his
work, and he lingers over it with a loving hand.  Never was there such a
tender anatomist.  He begins Sall’s head, and revels in her auburn
tresses, that “in silken, snaky locks wanton o’er her shoulders, white as
eastern ivory.”  He is not profound in foreheads, and hers he passes over
as “chaste as snow,” or in noses, Sall’s being described briefly as
“finely chiselled;” but he is well up in the language of eyes—the bad
language.  He skirmishes playfully about those of Sall, and discourses of
her eyebrows as “ebon brow,” from which she launches her excruciating
shafts of love.  He takes her by the eye-lashes, and describes them as
the “golden fringe that screens the gates of paradise,” and finally he
dips into Sall’s eyes, swimming with luscious languor, and pregnant with
tender inviting to Panther Bill, who was consuming in ardent affection,
as “the rippling waves of the bright blue sea to the sturdy swimmer.”  It
is impossible here to repeat what else is said of the eyes of Starlight
Sall, or her teeth, “like rich pearls,” or of her “pouting coral lips, in
which a thousand tiny imps of love are lurking.”  Bear it in mind that
this work of ours is designed for the perusal of thinking men and women;
that it is not intended as an amusing work, but as an endeavour to
pourtray to Londoners the curses of London in a plain and unvarnished
way, in hope that they may be stirred to some sort of absolution from
them.  As need not be remarked, it would be altogether impossible to the
essayer of such a task, if he were either squeamish or fastidious in the
handling of the material at his disposal; but I _dare_ not follow our
author any further in his description of the personal beauties of
Starlight Sall.  Were I to do so, it would be the fate of this book to be
flung into the fire, and every decent man who met me would regard himself
justified in kicking or cursing me; and yet, good fathers and mothers of
England—and yet, elder brothers and grown sisters, tons of this bird-lime
of the pit is vended in London every day of the Christian year.

Which of us can say that _his_ children are safe from the contamination?
Boys well-bred, as well as ill-bred, are mightily inquisitive about such
matters, and the chances are very clear, sir, that if the said bird-lime
were of a sort not more pernicious than that which sticks to the fingers,
we might at this very moment find the hands of my little Tom and your
little Jack besmeared with it.  Granted, that it is unlikely, that it is
in the last degree improbable, even; still, the remotest of probabilities
have before now shown themselves grim actualities, and just consider for
a moment the twinge of horror that would seize on either of us were it to
so happen!  Let us for a moment picture to ourselves our fright and
bewilderment, if we discovered that our little boys were feasting off
this deadly fruit in the secrecy of their chambers!  Would it then appear
to us that it was a subject the discussion of which we had “had enough
of”?  Should we be content, _then_, to shrug our shoulders after the old
style, and exclaim impatiently against the barbarous taste of writers who
were so tiresomely meddlesome?  Not likely.  The pretty consternation
that would ensue on the appalling discovery!—the ransacking of boxes and
cupboards, to make quite sure that no dreg of the poison, in the shape of
an odd page or so, were hidden away!—the painful examination of the
culprit, who never till now dreamt of the enormity of the thing he had
been doing!—the reviling and threatening that would be directed against
the unscrupulous news-agent who had supplied the pernicious pen’orth!
Good heavens! the tremendous rumpus there would be!  But, thank God,
there is no fear of _that_ happening.

Is there not?  What are the assured grounds of safety?  Is it because it
stands to reason that all such coarse and vulgar trash finds its level
amongst the coarse and vulgar, and could gain no footing above its own
elevation?  It may so stand in reason, but unfortunately it is the
unreasonable fact that this same pen poison finds customers at heights
above its natural low and foul water-line almost inconceivable.  How
otherwise is it accountable that at least a _quarter of a million_ of
these penny numbers are sold weekly?  How is it that in quiet suburban
neighbourhoods, far removed from the stews of London, and the pernicious
atmosphere they engender; in serene and peaceful semi-country towns where
genteel boarding schools flourish, there may almost invariably be found
some small shopkeeper who accommodatingly receives consignments of
“Blue-skin,” and the “Mysteries of London,” and unobtrusively supplies
his well-dressed little customer with these full-flavoured articles?
Granted, my dear sir, that your young Jack, or my twelve years old
Robert, have minds too pure either to seek out or crave after literature
of the sort in question, but not unfrequently it is found without
seeking.  It is a contagious disease, just as cholera and typhus and the
plague are contagious, and, as everybody is aware, it needs not personal
contact with a body stricken to convey either of these frightful maladies
to the hale and hearty.  A tainted scrap of rag has been known to spread
plague and death through an entire village, just as a stray leaf of
“Panther Bill,” or “‘Tyburn Tree” may sow the seeds of immorality amongst
as many boys as a town can produce.



CHAPTER IX.
THE THIEF NON-PROFESSIONAL.


_The Registered and the Unregistered Thieves of the London
Hunting-ground_.—_The Certainty of the Crop of Vice_.—_Omnibus Drivers
and Conductors_.—_The_ “_Watchers_.”—_The London General Omnibus
Company_.—_The Scandal of their System_.—_The Shopkeeper Thief_.—_False
Weights and Measures_.—_Adulteration of Food and Drink_.—_Our Old Law_,
“_I am as honest as I can afford to be_!”—_Rudimentary Exercises in the
Art of Pillage_.

THERE are unregistered as well “registered” thieves.  How many of the
former make London their hunting-ground, it were much more difficult to
enumerate.  Nor is it so much out of place as might at first appear, to
class both phases of rascality under one general heading.  We have to
consider the sources from which are derived our army of London thieves.
It is not as though the plague of them that afflicts was like other
plagues, and showed itself mild or virulent, according to well-defined
and ascertained provocatives.  On the contrary, the crop of our
crime-fields is even more undeviating than our wheat or barley crops.  A
grain of corn cast into the ground may fail, but the seeds of vice
implanted in kindly soil is bound to germinate, unless the nature of the
soil itself is altered.  As already stated, the number of our London
thieves has somewhat decreased of late years, but it is merely to the
extent of six or seven per cent.  If it is twenty thousand at the present
time, this day twelvemonths, allowing for the increased population, it
will be nineteen thousand, say.

Appalling as are the criminal returns for the city of London, it would be
a vain delusion to imagine that when the “twenty thousand” have passed in
review before us, the whole of the hideous picture has been revealed.
The Government statistics deal only with “professional criminals;” that
class of persons, that is to say, who have abandoned all idea of living
honestly, and who, weighing the probable consequences, resign themselves
to a life of systematic depredation, and study existing facilities, and
likely new inventions, just as the ingenious joiner or engineer does in
an honest way.

The all-important question being, what are the main sources from which
are derived with such steadiness and certainty, recruits for the great
criminal army, it would be as well to inquire how much of dishonesty is
permitted amongst us unchecked, simply because it does not take precisely
that shape and colour it must assume before it so offends us that we
insist on the law’s interference.  It should perhaps tend to make us more
tender in our dealings with thieves denounced as such, and convicted, and
sent to prison, when we consider the thousands of men of all grades who
know honesty by name only, and who would at the merest push of adversity
slip off the straight path on which for years past they have been no
better than barefaced impostors and trespassers, and plunge at once into
the miry ways of the professed thieves.  It ceases to be a wonder how
constantly vacancies in the ranks of crime are filled when we reflect on
the flimsy partition that screens so many seemingly honest men, and the
accidental rending of which would disclose a thief long practised, and
cool, and bold through impunity.  There are whole communities of men,
constituting complete branches of our social economy, on whom the taint
of dishonesty rests, and their masters are fully aware of it, and yet
year after year they are allowed to continue in the same employment.
Nay, I think that I may go as far as to assert that so complete is the
disbelief in the honesty of their servants by these masters, that to the
best of their ability they provide against loss by theft by paying the
said servants very little wages.  A notable instance of this is furnished
by the omnibus conductors in the service of the General Omnibus Company.
It is not because the company in question conducts its business more
loosely than other proprietors of these vehicles that I particularize it,
but because it is a public company in the enjoyment of many privileges
and monopolies, and the public have an undoubted right to expect fair
treatment from it.  I don’t know how many omnibuses, each requiring a
conductor, are constantly running through the streets of London, but
their number must be very considerable, judging from the fact that the
takings of the London General Omnibus Company alone range from nine to
ten thousand pounds weekly.  Now it is well known to the company that
their conductors rob them.  A gentleman of my acquaintance once submitted
to the secretary of the company an ingenious invention for registering
the number of passengers an omnibus carried on each journey, but the
secretary was unable to entertain it.  “It is of no use to us, sir,” said
he.  “The machine we want is one that will make our men _honest_, and
that I am afraid is one we are not likely to meet with.  They _will_ rob
us, and we can’t help ourselves.”  And knowing this, the company pay the
conductor four shillings a day, the said day, as a rule, consisting of
_seventeen hours_—from eight one morning till one the next.  The driver,
in consideration it may be assumed of his being removed from the
temptation of handling the company’s money, is paid six shillings a day,
but his opinion of the advantage the conductor still has over him may be
gathered from the fact that he expects the latter to pay for any
reasonable quantity of malt or spirituous liquor he may consume in the
course of a long scorching hot or freezing cold day, not to mention a
cigar or two and the invariable parting glass when the cruelly long day’s
work is at an end.

It would likewise appear that by virtue of this arrangement between the
omnibus conductor and his employers, the interference of the law, even in
cases of detected fraud, is dispensed with.  It is understood that the
London General Omnibus Company support quite a large staff of men and
women watchers, who spend their time in riding about in omnibuses, and
noting the number of passengers carried on a particular journey, with the
view of comparing the returns with the conductor’s receipts.  It must,
therefore, happen that the detections of fraud are numerous; but does the
reader recollect ever reading in the police reports of a conductor being
prosecuted for robbery?

To be sure the Company may claim the right of conducting their business
in the way they think best as regards the interests of the shareholders,
but if that “best way” involves the countenancing of theft on the part of
their servants, which can mean nothing else than the encouragement of
thieves, it becomes a grave question whether the interests of its
shareholders should be allowed to stand before the interests of society
at large.  It may be that to prosecute a dishonest conductor is only to
add to the pecuniary loss he has already inflicted on the Company, but
the question that much more nearly concerns the public is, what becomes
of him when suddenly and in disgrace they turn him from their doors?  No
one will employ him.  In a few weeks his ill-gotten savings are
exhausted, and he, the man who for months or years, perhaps, has been
accustomed to treat himself generously, finds himself without a sixpence,
and, what is worse, with a mark against his character so black and broad
that his chances of obtaining employment in the same capacity are
altogether too remote for calculation.  The respectable barber who
declined to shave a coal-heaver on the ground that he was too vulgar a
subject to come under the delicate operations of the shaver’s razor, and
who was reminded by the grimy one that he had just before shaved a baker,
justified his conduct on the plea that his professional dignity compelled
him to draw a line _somewhere_, and that he drew it at bakers.  Just so
the London General Omnibus Company.  They draw the line at thieves rash
and foolish.  So long as a servant of theirs is content to prey on their
property with enough of discretion as to render exposure unnecessary, he
may continue their servant; but they make it a rule never again to employ
a man who has been so careless as to be found out.

As has been shown, it is difficult to imagine a more satisfactory
existence than that of an omnibus conductor to a man lost to all sense of
honesty; on the other hand it is just as difficult to imagine a man so
completely “floored” as the same cad disgraced, and out of employ.  It is
easy to see on what small inducements such a man may be won over to the
criminal ranks.  He has no moral scruples to overcome.  His larcenous
hand has been in the pocket of his master almost every hour of the day
for months, perhaps years past.  He is not penitent, and if he were and
made an avowal to that effect, he would be answered by the incredulous
jeers and sneers of all who knew him.  The best that he desires is to
meet with as easy a method of obtaining pounds as when he cheerfully
drudged for eighteen hours for a wage of four-shillings.  This being the
summit of his ambition, presently he stumbles on what appears even an
easier way of making money than the old way, and he unscrupulously
appears not in a new character, but in that he has had long experience
in, but without the mask.

I should wish it to be distinctly understood, that I do not include _all_
omnibus conductors in this sweeping condemnation.  That there are honest
ones amongst them I make no doubt; at the same time I have no hesitation
in repeating that in the majority of cases it is expected of them that
they will behave dishonestly, and they have no disinclination to
discredit the expectation.  I believe too, that it is much more difficult
for a man to be honest as a servant of the company than if he were in the
employ of a “small master.”  It is next to impossible for a man of
integrity to join and work harmoniously in a gang of rogues.  The odds
against his doing so may be calculated exactly by the number that
comprise the gang.  It is not only on principle that they object to him.
Unless he “does as they do,” he becomes a witness against them every time
he pays his money in.  And he does as they do.  It is so much easier to
do so than, in the condition of a man labouring hard for comparatively
less pay than a common road-scraper earns, to stand up single handed to
champion the cause of honesty in favour of a company who are
undisguisedly in favour of a snug and comfortable compromise, and has no
wish to be “bothered.”

It is a great scandal that such a system should be permitted to exist;
and a body of employers mean enough to connive at such bargain-making,
can expect but small sympathy from the public if the dishonesty it
tacitly encourages picks it to the bones.  What are the terms of the
contract between employer and employed?  In plain language these: “We are
perfectly aware that you apply to us well knowing our system of doing
business, and with the deliberate intention of robbing us all you safely
can; and in self-defence, therefore, we will pay you as what you may, if
you please, regard as wages, _two-pence three farthings an hour_, or four
shillings per day of seventeen hours.  We know that the probabilities
are, that you will add to that four shillings daily to the extent of
another five or six.  It is according to our calculation that you will do
so.  Our directors have arrived at the conclusion, that as omnibus
conductors, of the ordinary type, you cannot be expected to rob us of a
less sum than that, and we are not disposed to grumble so long as you
remain so moderate; but do not, as you value your situation with all its
accompanying privileges, go beyond that.  As a man who only robs us of
say, five shillings a day, we regard you as a fit and proper person to
wait on our lady and gentleman passengers; to attend to their convenience
and comfort, in short, as a worthy representative of the L. G. O. C.  But
beware how you outstrip the bounds of moderation as we unmistakably
define them for you!  Should you do so, we will kick you out at a
moment’s notice, and on no consideration will we ever again employ you.”

Taking this view of the case, the omnibus conductor, although entitled to
a foremost place in the ranks of thieves non-professional, can scarcely
be said to be the least excusable amongst the fraternity.  There are many
who, looking down on the “cad” from their pinnacle of high
respectability, are ten times worse than he is.  Take the shopkeeper
thief for instance.  He is by far a greater villain than the half-starved
wretch who snatches a leg of mutton from a butcher’s hook, or some
article of drapery temptingly flaunting outside the shop of the clothier,
because in the one case the crime is perpetrated that a soul and a
woefully lean body may be saved from severance, and in the other case the
iniquity is made to pander to the wrong-doer’s covetous desire to grow
fat, to wear magnificent jewellery, and to air his unwieldy carcase
annually at Margate.

He has enough for his needs.  His deservings, such as they are, most
liberally attend him; but this is not enough.  The “honest penny” is very
well to talk about; in fact, in his cleverly assumed character of an
upright man, it is as well to talk about it loudly and not unfrequently,
but what fudge it is if you come to a downright blunt and “business” view
of the matter to hope ever to make a fortune by the accumulation of
“honest pennies!”  Why, thirty of the shabby things make no more than
half-a-crown if you permit each one to wear its plain stupid face,
whereas if you plate it neatly and tender it—backed by your reputation
for respectability, which your banking account of course proves beyond a
doubt—it will pass as genuine silver, and you make two and five-pence at
a stroke!  You don’t call it “making,” you robbers of the counter and
money-till, that is a vulgar expression used by “professional” thieves;
you allude to it as “cutting it fine.”  Neither do you actually plate
copper pennies and pass them off on the unwary as silver half-crowns.
Unless you were very hard driven indeed, you would scorn so low and
dangerous a line of business.  Yours is a much safer system of robbery.
You simply palm off on the unwary customer burnt beans instead of coffee,
and ground rice instead of arrowroot, and a mixture of lard and turmeric
instead of butter.  You poison the poor man’s bread.  He is a drunkard,
and you are not even satisfied to delude him of his earnings for so long
a time as he may haply live as a wallower in beer and gin, that is beer
and gin as originally manufactured; you must, in order to screw a few
halfpence extra and daily out of the poor wretch, put grains of paradise
in his gin and coculus indicus in his malt liquor!  And, more insatiable
than the leech, you are not content with cheating him to the extent of
twenty-five per cent. by means of abominable mixtures and adulteration,
you must pass him through the mill, and cut him yet a little finer when
he comes to scale!  You must file your weights and dab lumps of grease
under the beam, and steal an ounce or so out of his pound of bacon.  If
you did this after he left your premises, if you dared follow him
outside, and stealthily inserting your hand into his pocket abstracted a
rasher of the pound he had just bought of you, and he caught you at it,
you would be quaking in the grasp of a policeman in a very short time,
and branded in the newspapers as a paltry thief, you would never again
dare loose the bar of your shop shutters.  But by means of your dishonest
scales and weights, you may go on stealing rashers from morning till
night, from Monday morning till Saturday night that is, and live long to
adorn your comfortable church pew on Sundays.

I must be excused for sticking to you yet a little longer, Mr. Shopkeeper
Thief, because I hate you so.  I hate you more than ever, and you will be
rejoiced when I tell you why.  A few months since, there seemed a chance
that your long career of cruel robbery was about to be checked.  An
excellent lord and gentleman, Lord E. Cecil, made it his business to call
the attention of the House of Commons to the state of the law with
respect to false weights and measures, and the adulterations of food and
drinks.  His lordship informed honourable members that the number of
convictions for false weights and measures during the past year amounted
to the large number of _thirteen hundred_, and this was exclusive of six
districts, namely: Southwark, Newington, St. George’s, Hanover Square,
Paddington, and the Strand, which for reasons best known to the local
authorities, made no return whatever.  In Westminster alone, and within
six months, a hundred persons were convicted, and it was found that of
these twenty-four or nearly one-fourth of the whole were licensed
victuallers, and forty-seven were dairymen, greengrocers, cheesemongers,
and others, who supplied the poor with food, making in all seventy per
cent. of provision dealers.  In the parish of St. Pancras, the
convictions for false weights and measures exceed those of every other
parish.  But in future, however much the old iniquity may prevail, the
rogue’s returns will show a handsome diminution.  This has been managed
excellently well by the shrewd vestrymen themselves.  When the last batch
of shopkeeper-swindlers of St. Pancras were tried and convicted, the ugly
fact transpired that not a few of them were gentlemen holding official
positions in the parish.  This was serious.  The meddlesome fellows who
had caused the disagreeable exposure were called a “leet jury,” whose
business it was to pounce on evil doers whenever they thought fit, once
in the course of every month.  The vestry has power over this precious
leet jury, thank heaven! and after sitting in solemn council, the
vestrymen, some of them doubtless with light weights confiscated and
deficient gin and beer measures rankling in their hearts, passed a
resolution, that in future the leet jury was to stay at home and mind its
own business, until the vestry clerk gave it liberty to go over the
ground carefully prepared for it.

Alluding to the scandalous adulteration of food, Lord E. Cecil remarked,
“The right hon. gentleman, the President of the Board of Trade, in one of
his addresses by which he had electrified the public and his
constituents, stated that the great panacea for the ills of the working
class was a free breakfast table.  Now he, Lord E. Cecil, was the last
person in the world to object to any revision of taxation if it were
based upon really sound grounds.  But with all due deference to the right
hon. gentleman, there was one thing of even more importance, namely, a
breakfast table free from all impurities.”  And then his lordship
proceeded to quote innumerable instances of the monstrous and dangerous
injustice in question, very much to the edification of members assembled,
if reiterated “cheers,” and “hear, hear,” went for anything.  This was
promising, and as it should be.  As Lord Cecil remarked, “when I asked
myself why it is that this great nation which boasts to be so practical,
and which is always ready to take up the grievances of other people, has
submitted so tamely to this monstrous and increasing evil, the only
answer I could give was that what was everybody’s business had become
nobody’s business.”  Doubtless this was the view of the case that every
member present on the occasion took, and very glad they must have been
when they found that what was everybody’s business had become somebody’s
business at last.

And what said the President of the Board of Trade when he came to reply
to the motion of Lord Cecil: “That in the opinion of the House it is
expedient that Her Majesty’s Government should give their earliest
attention to the wide-spread and most reprehensible practice of using
false weights and measures, and of adulterating food, drinks, and drugs,
with a view of amending the law as regards the penalties now inflicted
for those offences, and of providing more efficient means for the
discovery and prevention of fraud”?  Did the right hon. President
promptly and generously promise his most cordial support for the laudable
object in view?  No.  Amazing as it may appear to the great host of
working men that furnish the shopkeeping rogue with his chief prey, and
who to a man are ready to swear by the right hon. gentleman, he did
nothing of the kind.  He started by unhesitatingly expressing his opinion
that the mover of the question, quite unintentionally of course, had much
exaggerated the whole business.  And further, that although there might
be particular cases in which great harm to health and much fraud might
possibly be shown, yet general statements of the kind in question were
dangerous, and almost certain to be unjust.

“Now, I am prepared to show,” continued the hon. gentleman, “that the
exaggeration of the noble lord—I do not say intentional exaggeration, of
course—is just as great in the matter of weights and measures as in that
of adulteration.  Probably he is not aware that in the list of persons
employing weights that are inaccurate—I do not say fraudulent; no
distinction is drawn between those who are intentionally fraudulent and
those who are accidentally inaccurate, and that the penalty is precisely
the same and the offence is just as eagerly detected.  Now the noble lord
will probably be surprised to hear that many persons are fined annually,
not because their weights are too small, but because they are too large.”

Probably, however, his lordship, who has evidently given much attention
to the subject, is master of this as well as all other branches of it,
and is not so much surprised as it may be assumed the less knowing
President of the Board of Trade was when the anomaly was brought under
his notice.  Probably Lord Cecil is aware, that in a very large number of
businesses, articles are bought as well as sold by weight by the same
shopkeeper and at the same shop, in such case it is nothing very
wonderful to discover a weight of seventeen ounces to the pound.
Moreover, it may be unknown to Mr. Bright, but it is quite a common trick
with the dishonest shopkeeper to have means at hand for adjusting his
false weights at the very shortest notice.  It is not a difficult
process.  Weights are, as a rule, “justified” or corrected by means of
adding to, or taking from, a little of the lead that is for this purpose
sunk in the hollow in which the weight-ring is fixed.  This leaden plug
being raised by the point of a knife, nothing is easier than to add or
withdraw a wedge of the same material.  The knife point raises the leaden
lid, the knife handle forces it down at a blow, and the trick is done.
At the same time, the coolest rogue with a knowledge that the “leet” is
only next door, cannot always manage his conjuring deftly, and this may
in not a few instances account for the weight _more_ than just.  Besides,
taking the most liberal view of the matter, it would be manifestly
dangerous to allow a system of “averages” to do duty for strict and rigid
justice.  The relations between customer and shopkeeper would speedily
fall into a sad muddle if the latter were permitted to excuse himself for
selling fifteen ounces instead of a full pound of butter to-day, on the
ground that he has a seventeen ounce weight somewhere about, and the
probability that what he is short to-day the customer had over and above
in the pound of lard he bought yesterday.

Again, let us listen to Mr. Bright as an advocate of self-protection.
“If the corporations and the magistrates have not sufficient interest in
the matter, if the people who elect the corporation care so little about
it, I think that is fair evidence that the grievance is not near so
extensive and injurious and burdensome as it has been described by the
noble lord.  My own impression with regard to adulteration is, that it
arises from the very great and, perhaps, inevitable competition in
business; and that to a large extent it is prompted by the ignorance of
customers.  As the ignorance of customers generally is diminishing, we
may hope that before long the adulteration of food may also diminish.  It
is quite impossible that you should have the oversight of the shops of
the country by inspectors, and it is quite impossible that you should
have persons going into shops to buy sugar, pickles, and cayenne pepper,
to get them analysed, and then to raise complaints against shopkeepers
and bring them before magistrates.  If men in their private business were
to be tracked by government officers and inspectors every hour in the
day, life would not be worth having, and I should recommend them to
remove to another country where they would not be subject to such
annoyance.”

With a knowledge of the source from which this expression of opinion as
to commercial morality emanates, one is apt to mistrust once reading it.
Surely a line has been inadvertently skipped, a line that contains the
key of the puzzle, and reveals the refined sarcasm that lurks beneath the
surface.  But no—twice reading, thrice reading, fails to shed any new
lights on the mystery.  Here is Mr. John Bright, the President of the
Board of Trade, the working man’s champion, and the staunch upholder of
the right of those who sweat in honest toil, to partake plentifully of
untaxed food and drink, putting forth an extenuation for those who, under
guise of honest trading, filch from the working man, and pick and steal
from his loaf, from his beer jug, from his sugar basin, from his
milk-pot, in short, from all that he buys to eat or drink.  “My own
impression is,” says the Right Hon. President, “that adulteration arises
from competition in business.”  Very possibly, but does _that_ excuse it?
We are constantly reminded that “competition is the soul of trade,” but
we should be loth to think that such were the fact if the term
“competition” is to be regarded as synonymous with adulteration, or, in
plain language, robbery.  “It is quite impossible that you should have
persons going about endeavouring to detect the dishonest tradesman in his
peculations, with a view to his punishment.”  Why is it impossible?  Must
not the repose of this sacred “soul of business” be disturbed, on so
trivial a pretext as the welfare of the bodies of a clodhopping people,
who are not commercial?  So far from its being “impossible” to substitute
vigilant measures for the detection of the petty pilferer who robs the
poor widow of a ha’porth of her three penn’orth of coals, or the
fatherless child of a slice out of its meagre allowance of bread, it
should be regarded by the Government as amongst its chief duties.  Other
nations find it not impossible.  In France a commissary of police has the
right to enter any shop, and seize any suspected article, bearing of
course all the responsibility of wrongful seizure.  In Prussia, as Lord
Cecil informed the House, “whoever knowingly used false weights and
measures was liable to imprisonment for three months, to be fined from
fifty to a thousand thalers, and to suffer the temporary loss of his
rights of citizenship.  Secondly, where false weights and measures were
not regularly employed, a fine of thirty thalers may be imposed, or the
delinquent sent to prison for four weeks.  Thirdly, the adulteration of
food or drink is punishable with a fine of 150 thalers, or six weeks’
imprisonment.  Fourthly, if poisonous matter or stuff be employed, the
offender is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years.
Fifthly, where adulteration was proved to have caused severe physical
injury, a sentence of from ten to twenty years’ imprisonment might be
passed.  And yet in this country offences of this nature could only be
punished by the imposition of a penalty of a fine of £5, with costs.”
These are not laws of yesterday.  They have stood the test of many years,
and French and Prussians find it not “impossible” to continue their
salutary enforcement.  But it is curious the extraordinary view men in
authority amongst us at times take of the licence that should be
permitted the “trader.”  I remember once being present at a County Court,
and a case tried was that between a wholesale mustard dealer and a
cookshop keeper.  The cookshop keeper declined to pay for certain mustard
delivered to him on the ground that his customers would not eat it.
Indeed, it could hardly be called mustard at all, being little else than
flour coloured with turmeric, and, backed by medical testimony, the
defendant mainly relied on this point, _i.e._, that it was not mustard at
all, for a verdict.  But the judge would not hear of this; in his summing
up he remarked that it was idle to contend that the stuff was _not_
mustard; _it was mustard in a commercial sense_, whatever might be its
quality, and thereon gave a verdict for the plaintiff, and for the amount
claimed.

I must confess that at the time I had my doubts as to this being sound
law, but after the declaration of the President of the Board of Trade, I
am bound to admit the possibility of my being mistaken.  “Competition is
the soul of commerce;” competition is the parent of adulteration;
adulteration is theft as a rule,—murder as an exception.  The loaf that
is composed of inferior flour, rice, potatoes, and alum, is the “wheaten
bread” of “commerce.”  The poisonous liquid composed of a little malt and
hops, eked out with treacle and _coculus indicus_, is the beer of
“commerce.”  And, according to the same ruling, a lump of lard stuck
under the butter-shop scale, or the inch snipped off the draper’s yard,
or the false bottom to the publican’s pot, constitute the weights and
measures of “commerce.”  All these little harmless tricks of trade are,
it seems, within the scope of a tradesman’s “private business,” and
according to the President of the Board of Trade, if a tradesman in
pursuit of his private business is to be watched and spied over for the
malicious purpose of bringing him within the grasp of the law, why the
sooner he quits the country, and settles amongst a more easy-going
people, with elbow-room proper for his commercial enterprise, the better
for him.

Undoubtedly, the better for him and the better for us.  I would make this
difference, however.  When his iniquity was discovered, he should not go
altogether unrewarded for his past services.  He should be assisted in
his going abroad.  He should not be called on to pay one penny for his
outward passage, and, what is more, he should be supplied with
substantial linsey-wolsey clothing, and his head should be cropped quite
close, so that the scorching sun of Bermuda or Gibraltar might not upset
his brain for future commercial speculation.

It needs, however, something more persuasive than the “mustard of
commerce” to induce us to swallow with satisfaction the President’s
assertion, that “to a large extent adulteration is promoted by the
ignorance of customers,” nor are we immensely consoled by the suggestion
that “as the ignorance of the customer diminishes, the adulteration of
food will also diminish.”  Decidedly this is a bright look out for the
ignorant customer!  There is to be no help for him, no relief.  He must
endure to be cheated in weight and measure, and slowly poisoned in the
beer he drinks, and the bread he eats, until he finds time and money to
provide himself with a scientific education, and becomes an accomplished
scholar in chemistry, able to detect adulteration at sight or smell.  Is
this what the President of the Board of Trade means, or what is it?  He
cannot mean that the imposture is endured because the consumer will not
take the trouble to avail himself of the laws made for his protection,
because he is distinctly informed that although there are such laws, they
are rendered inoperative because of the “impossibility” of having
inspectors and detectives going about prying into the “private business”
of the shopkeeper, and annoying him.  If the ignorance of the honest man
is to be regarded as the fair opportunity of the rogue, then there
appears no reason why the immunity enjoyed by the fraudulent shopkeeper
should not likewise be the indulgence allowed to the professional thief.
It is the “ignorance of the customer” that enables the cheat to impose on
him bad money for good, or a forged signature for one that is genuine.
It is the ignorance of the green young man from the country as regards
the wicked ways of London, that enables the skittle sharper to fleece him
with ease and completeness.  Undoubtedly, if we were all equally “wide
awake,” as the vulgar saying is, if no one had the advantage of his
neighbour as regards cunning, and shrewdness, and suspicion, and all the
other elements that constitute “a man of the world,” then the trade of
cheating would become so wretched a one that even ingrain rogues would
for their life-sake cultivate the sort of honesty that was prevalent as
the best policy, though very much against their natural inclination; but
it might possibly be found that there are thousands and tens of thousands
of simple people who would prefer to remain in “ignorance,” having no
desire to become “men of the world” in the sense above indicated, and
electing for their souls’-sake to be lambs with a fleece to lose, than
ravening wolves, whose existence depends on the fleecing of lambs.

_Apropos_ of the practice of cheating by means of the adulteration of
foods and drinks, it may not be out of place here to mention that during
the discussion a member in whom Mr. Bright expressed great confidence,
announced that the use of alum in bread, so far from being injurious, was
_positively beneficial_.  Doctor Letheby, however, is of a somewhat
different opinion.  Recently, at the Society of Arts, he read a paper on
the subject.  Here are his opinions on the matter:

    “By the addition of alum, inferior and even damaged flour may be made
    into a tolerable looking loaf.  It is the property of alum to make
    the gluten tough, and to prevent its discoloration by heat, as well
    as to check the action of the yeast or ferment upon it.  When,
    therefore, it is added to good flour, it enables it to hold more
    water, and so to yield a larger number of loaves; while the addition
    of it to bad flour prevents the softening and disintegrating effect
    of the yeast on the poor and inferior gluten, and so enables it to
    bear the action of heat in the progress of baking.  According to the
    quality of flour, will be the proportion of alum, and hence the
    amount will range from 2 ozs. to 8 ozs. per sack of flour.  These
    proportions will yield from 9 to 37 grains of alum in the quartern
    loaf, quantities which are easily detected by chemical means.
    Indeed, there is a simple test by which much smaller quantities of it
    may be readily discovered.  You have only to dip a slice of the bread
    into a weak solution of logwood in water, and if alum be present, the
    bread will speedily acquire a red or purplish tint.  Good bread
    should not exhibit any black specks upon its upper crust; it should
    not become sodden and wet at the lower part by standing; it should
    not become mouldy by keeping in a moderately dry place; it should be
    sweet and agreeable to the taste and smell; it should not give, when
    steeped, a ropy, acid liquor; and a slice of it taken from the centre
    of the loaf should not lose more than forty-five per cent. by
    drying.”

Again, speaking of the cruelty and dishonesty of the various
“sophistications” practised by the vendors of food as regards the
inefficacy of the laws made for its suppression, the good doctor says:

    “Parliament has attempted to deal with the matter by legislation, as
    in the ‘Act for Preventing the Adulteration of Articles of Food or
    Drink’ of 1860; but as the Act is only permissive, little or no
    effect has been given to it.  Even in those places, as in the City of
    London, where it has been put into operation, and public analysts
    have been appointed, no good has resulted from it; in fact, it stands
    upon the statute-book as a dead letter.  Speaking of the City, I may
    say that every inducement has been offered for the effective working
    of the Act, but nothing has come of it.  In olden times, the remedies
    for such misdemeanours were quick and effectual.  In the _Assisa
    panis_, for example, as set forth in _Liber Albus_, there are not
    only the strictest regulations concerning the manner in which the
    business of the baker is to be conducted, but there are also
    penalties for failing in the same.  ‘If any default,’ it says, ‘shall
    be found in the bread of a baker in the city, the first time, let him
    be drawn upon a hurdle from the Guildhall to his own house through
    the great streets where there be most people assembled; and through
    the great streets which are most dirty, with the faulty loaf hanging
    about his neck.  If a second time he shall be found committing the
    same offence, let him be drawn from the Guildhall, through the great
    street of Chepe in manner aforesaid to the pillory, and let him be
    put upon the pillory and remain there at least one hour in the day;
    and the third time that such default shall be found, he shall be
    drawn, and the oven shall be pulled down, and the baker made to
    forswear the trade within the city for ever.’  It further tells us,
    that William de Stratford suffered this punishment for selling bread
    of short weight, and John de Strode ‘for making bread of filth and
    cobwebs.’  One hoary-headed offender was excused the hurdle on
    account of his age and the severity of the season; and it would seem
    that the last time the punishment was inflicted was in the sixteenth
    year of the reign of Henry VI., when Simon Frensshe was so drawn.  A
    like punishment was awarded to butchers and vintners for fraudulent
    dealings; for we are told that a butcher was paraded through the
    streets with his face to the horse’s tail for selling measly bacon at
    market, and that the next day he was set in the pillory with two
    great pieces of his measly bacon over his head, and a writing which
    set forth his crimes.  In the judgments recorded in _Liber Albus_
    there are twenty-three cases in which the pillory was awarded for
    selling putrid meat, fish, or poultry; thirteen for unlawful dealings
    of bakers, and six for the misdemeanours of vintners and wine
    dealers.  Verily we have degenerated in these matters.”

And while we are on the subject of thieves non-professional, and their
easy conversion to the article legally stamped and recognised, it may not
be amiss briefly to remark on the odd ideas of honesty entertained and
practised by thousands of our hard-fisted, and except for the singular
weakness hinted at, quite worthy and decent “journeymen.”  It is curious
how much of hallucination prevails amongst us on the subject of “common
honesty.”  It is as though there were several qualities of that virtue,
“common,” “middling,” and “superfine,” as there are in household bread;
and that, carrying out the simile, although the “superfine” is
undoubtedly nicer, and what one would always use if he could afford it,
the honesty dubbed “common” is equally wholesome, and on the whole the
only sort on which it is possible for a working man to exist.

“I am as honest as I can afford to be,” is an observation common in the
mouth of those who really and truly earn their bread and acquire a
creditable reputation by the sweat of their brow.  It never seems to
occur to them that such an admission is equal to a confession of
dishonesty, and since it is simply a matter of degree, that the common
thief on the same grounds may claim the privilege of shaking them by the
hand as their equal.  The man who fixes the standard of his honesty at no
greater height becomes an easy prey to temptation.  “If he is as honest
as he can afford to be,” and no more, it simply means that his means not
being equal to his necessities he has already admitted the thin end of
the wedge of dishonesty to make good the gap, and that should the said
gap unhappily widen, the wedge must enter still further in until a total
splitting up of the system ensues, and the wedge itself becomes the only
steadfast thing to cling to.

That this melancholy consummation is not more frequently attained is the
great wonder, and would tend to show that many men adopt a sort of
hobbling compromise, walking as it were with one foot on the path of
rectitude, and the other in the miry way of petty theft, until they get
to the end of life’s tether and both feet slip into the grave.

It is a fact at once humiliating, but there it stands stark and stern,
and will not be denied, that there are daily pursuing their ordinary
business, and passing as honest, hundreds and thousands of labouring
folk, who, if their various malversations were brought to light, and they
were prosecuted, would find themselves in prison ere they were a day
older.  Nor should this startle us very much, as we are well aware of it,
and mayhap are in no small degree responsible for it, since it is mainly
owing to our indolent disregard that the evil has become so firmly
established; at the same time it should be borne in mind, that this no
more excuses those who practise and profit on our indifference to small
pilferings than a disinclination to prosecute a professional pickpocket
mitigates the offence of the delinquent.

The species of dishonesty alluded to, as not coming within the official
term “professional,” has many aliases.  Ordinarily it is called by the
cant name of “perks,” which is a convenient abbreviation of the word
“perquisites,” and in the hands of the users of it, it shows itself a
word of amazing flexibility.  It applies to such unconsidered trifles as
wax candle ends, and may be stretched so as to cover the larcenous
abstraction by our man-servant of forgotten coats and vests.  As has been
lately exposed in the newspapers, it is not a rare occurrence for your
butler or your cook to conspire with the roguish tradesman, the latter
being permitted to charge “his own prices,” on condition that when the
monthly bill is paid, the first robber hands over to the second
two-shillings or half-a-crown in the pound.  It is not, however, these
sleek, and well-fed non-professional thieves that I would just now speak
of, but rather of the working man—the journeyman tailor for example.

Did anyone ever yet hear of a working tailor who was proof against
misappropriation of his neighbour’s goods, or as he playfully designates
it, “cabbage?”  Is it not a standard joke in the trade this “cabbage?”
Did one ever hear of a tailor being shunned by his fellow-workmen, or
avoided by his neighbours, on account of his predilection for “cabbage?”
Yet what is it but another word for “theft?”  If I entrust a builder with
so much timber, and so much stone, and so many bricks, to build me a
house, and I afterwards discover that by clever dodging and scheming he
has contrived to make me believe that all the material I gave him has
been employed in my house, whereas he has managed to filch enough to
build himself a small cottage, do I accept his humorous explanation that
it is only “cabbage,” and forgive him?  No.  I regard it as my duty to
afford him an opportunity of explaining the matter to a magistrate.  But
if I entrust my tailor with stuff for a suit, and it afterwards comes to
my knowledge that he has “screwed” an extra waistcoat out of it, which he
keeps or sells for his own benefit, do I regard it as a serious act of
robbery?  I am ashamed to say that I do not; I may feel angry, and
conceive a contempt for tailors, but I take no steps to bring the rogue
to justice.  I say to myself, “It is a mean trick, but they all do it,”
which is most unjust to the community of tailors, because though I may
suspect that they all do it, I have no proof of the fact, whereas I have
proof that there is a dishonest tailor in their guild, and I have no
right to assume but that they would regard it as a favour if I would
assist them in weeding him out.

And it is almost as good a joke as the calling downright theft by the
comical name of “cabbage,” that the tailor will do this and all the time
insist on his right to be classed with honest men.  He insists on this
because he was never known to steal anything besides such goods as
garments are made out of.  As he comes along bringing your new suit home
he would think it no sin to call at that repository for stolen goods the
“piece broker’s,” and sell there a strip of your unused cloth for a
shilling, but you may safely trust him in the hall where the hats and
umbrellas and overcoats are.  He would as soon think of breaking into
your house with crowbars and skeleton keys, as of abstracting a
handkerchief he saw peeping out of a pocket of one of the said coats.

As with the tailor, so it is with the upholsterer, and the dressmaker,
and the paperhanger, and the plumber, and all the rest of them.  I don’t
say that every time they take a shred of this, or a pound weight of that,
that they have before their eyes the enormity of the offence they are
about to commit.  What they do they see no great harm in.  Indeed, point
out to them and make it clear that their offence has but to be brought
fairly before the criminal authorities to ensure them a month on the
treadmill, and they would as a rule be shocked past repeating the
delinquency.  And well would it be if they were shocked past it, ere
misfortune overtake them.  It is when “hard up” times set in, and it is
difficult indeed to earn an honest penny, that these rudimentary
exercises in the art of pillage tell against a man.  It is then that he
requires his armour of proof against temptation, and lo! it is full of
holes and rust-eaten places, and he falls at the first assault of the
enemy.



CHAPTER X.
CRIMINAL SUPPRESSION AND PUNISHMENT.


_Lord Romilly’s Suggestion concerning the Education of the Children of
Criminals_.—_Desperate Criminals_.—_The Alleys of the Borough_.—_The
worst Quarters not_, _as a rule_, _the most Noisy_.—_The Evil Example of_
“_Gallows Heroes_,” “_Dick Turpin_,” “_Blueskin_,” _&c._—_The Talent for_
“_Gammoning Lady Green_.”—_A worthy Governor’s Opinion as to the best way
of_ “_Breaking_” _a Bad Boy_.—_Affection for_ “_Mother_.”—_The Dark Cell
and its Inmate_.—_An Affecting Interview_.

NO less an authority than Lord Romilly, discoursing on the alarming
prevalence and increase of crime, especially amongst the juveniles of the
criminal class, remarks: “It is a recognised fact, that there is a great
disposition on the part of children to follow the vocation of their
father, and in the case of the children of thieves there is no
alternative.  They become thieves, because they are educated in the way,
and have no other trade to apply themselves to.  To strike at the root of
the evil, I would suggest, that if a man committed felony, all his
children under the age, say of ten, should be taken from him, and
educated at the expense of the State.  It might perhaps be said, that a
man who wanted to provide for his children, need in that case only to
commit felony to accomplish his object, but I believe that the effect
would be just the contrary.  I believe that no respectable person would
commit felony for such a purpose, and that if we knew more about the
feelings of thieves, we should find that they had amongst them a species
of morality, and displayed affection for their children.  My opinion is,
that to take their children away from them would be an effectual mode of
punishment; and though the expense might be great, it would be repaid in
a few years by the diminution in crime.”

Although Lord Romilly’s opinions on this subject may be somewhat in
advance of those commonly prevalent, there can be no question that they
tend in the right direction.  Crime may be suppressed, but it can never
be exterminated by simply lopping the flourishing boughs and branches it
puts forth; it should be attacked at the root, and the thief child is the
root of the adult growth, tough, strong-limbed, and six feet high.
Precisely the same argument as that used as regards the abolition of
neglected children applies in the case of the infant born in crime.  The
nest in which for generations crime has bred should be destroyed.  It is
only, however, to the initiated that the secluded spots where these nests
may be found is known.  A correspondent of the _Times_ lately made an
exploration, from the report of which the following is an extract.

    “I was shown in the east and south sides of London what I may almost
    say were scores of men, about whom the detectives, who accompanied
    me, expressed grave doubts as to my life being safe among them for a
    single hour, if it were known I had £20 or £30 about me; and above
    all, if the crime of knocking me on the head could be committed under
    such circumstances as would afford fair probabilities of eluding
    detection.  I don’t mean to say that these desperate criminals are
    confined to any particular quarter of London; unfortunately they are
    not, or if they were, there is only one particular quarter in which
    we should wish to see them all confined, and that is Newgate.  But no
    matter how numerous they may be elsewhere, there is certainly one
    quarter in which they are pre-eminently abundant, and that is around
    the alleys of the Borough.  Here are to be found, not only the lowest
    description of infamous houses, but the very nests and nurseries of
    crime.  The great mass of the class here is simply incorrigible.
    Their hand is against every man; their life is one continuous
    conspiracy against the usages of property and safety of society.
    They have been suckled, cradled and hardened in scenes of guilt,
    intemperance, and profligacy.  Here are to be found the lowest of the
    low class of beershops in London, and probably in the world, the
    acknowledged haunts of “smashers,” burglars, thieves and forgers.
    There is hardly a grade in crime, the chief representatives of which
    may not be met among the purlieus of the Borough.  There are people
    who have been convicted over and over again, but there are also
    hundreds of known ruffians who are as yet unconvicted, and who, by
    marvellous good luck, as well as by subtle cunning, have managed up
    to the present time to elude detection.  It is the greatest error to
    suppose that all, or even a majority of the criminal classes are
    continually passing through the hands of justice.  Griffith, the
    hank-note forger, who was tried, I think, in 1862, stated in prison
    that he had carried on the printing of counterfeit notes for more
    than 15 years.  Of course this man was sedulous in concealing his
    occupation from the police, but there are hundreds of others who
    almost openly follow equally criminal and far more dangerous pursuits
    with whom the police cannot interfere.  Our present business should
    be to look up these vagabonds, and our future vocation to destroy
    their recognised haunts.  It is no good killing one wasp when we
    leave the nest untouched.  Thieves, it must be remembered, are a
    complete fraternity, and have a perfect organization among
    themselves.  The quarter round Kent Street, in the Borough, for
    instance, is almost wholly tenanted by them, and the houses they
    occupy are very good property, for thieves will pay almost any amount
    of rent, and pay it regularly, for the sake of keeping together.  The
    aspect of this quarter is low, foul and dingy.  Obscurity of language
    and conduct is of course common to all parts of it, but it is not as
    a rule a riotous neighbourhood.  Thieves do not rob each other, and
    they have a wholesome fear of making rows, lest it should bring the
    police into their notorious territory.  These haunts are not only the
    refuges and abiding places of criminals, but they are the training
    colleges for young thieves.  Apart from the crimes which arise, I
    might say almost naturally from passion or poverty—apart also from
    the mere relaxation of moral culture, caused by the daily exhibition
    of apparent success in crime, it is known that an organized
    corruption is carried on by the adult thieves among the lads of
    London.”

It is by laying hands on these children, and providing them with
employment, the pleasurable exercise of which shall of itself convince
them how infinitely superior as a “policy” honesty is to be preferred to
that which consigned their father to Portland, that we may do more good
than by the concoction of as many legislative enactments as have had
birth since Magna Charta.  Of the children who are not the progeny of
thieves, but who somehow find their way into the criminal ranks, it is
undoubtedly true that pernicious literature, more than once alluded to in
these pages, does much to influence them towards evil courses.  This is a
belief that is justified, not alone by observation and inference, but by
the confession of juvenile prisoners themselves.  It is a fact that at
least fifty per cent. of the young thieves lodged in gaol, when
questioned on the subject, affect that it was the shining example
furnished by such gallows heroes as “Dick Turpin” and “Blueskin,” that
first beguiled them from the path of rectitude, and that a large
proportion of their ill-gotten gains was expended in the purchase of such
delectable biographies.

This, however, is ground that should be trod with caution.  Useful as
such revelations may be in guiding us towards conclusions on which
vigorous action may be based, it should be constantly borne in mind that
it is not all pure and untainted truth that proceeds from the mouths of
the juvenile habitual criminal in gaol any more than from his elders
under the same conditions.  A talent for gammoning “Lady Green,” as the
prison chaplain is irreverently styled, is highly appreciated amongst the
thieving fraternity.  Boys are as quick-witted as men in their way, and
on certain matters much quicker.  They are less doggedly obstinate than
most adults of the same class, and more keenly alive to mischief,
especially when its practice may bring them some benefit.  I have
witnessed several instances of this, and many others have been brought
under my notice by prison officials.  As, for instance, in a certain gaol
that shall be nameless, the governor has a fixed conviction that the one
huge fountain head of juvenile depravity is the tobacco pipe.  And ample
indeed are his grounds for such conclusion, since almost every boy that
comes into his custody testifies to his sagacity.  His old customers
never fail.  He invariably questions the male delinquent on the subject,
and as invariably he gets the answer he expects, and which favours his
pet theory: “It is all through smoking, sir; I never knowed what bad
’abits was afore I took to ‘bacca.’”  The probabilities, however, are
that the little villains are aware of the governor’s weakness, and humour
it.

It would seem so the more, because these same boys when quartered in
another gaol, the master of which rode a hobby of another pattern, alter
their tune so as to meet the emergency.  There is a prison in the suburbs
of London, one of the largest, and as far as I have had opportunity of
judging, one of the best managed and conducted; but the governor of it
has his boy-weakness.  He is quite convinced in his own mind that the
main spring of crime is the perusal of the sort of literature herein
alluded to.  This is a fact generally known among the juvenile criminal
population, and they never fail to make the most of it when the time
comes.  I went the rounds of his gaol with this governor on one occasion,
when the “boy wing” was occupied by about forty tenants, and in each case
was the important question put, and in the majority of cases it was
answered, “It was them there penny numbers what I used to take in, sir,”
or words to that effect, and the little humbug was rewarded by a pat on
the head, and an admonition “always to speak the truth.”

The same gentleman has another peculiarity; it does not deserve to be
stigmatised a weakness, its nature is so amiable.  He has a firm belief
that the best way of “breaking” a bad boy, is to appeal to his bygone
affection for his mother.  “The boy who is callous to an appeal of that
sort is past hope in my opinion,” said the worthy governor, and in
justice to the lads at the time in his keeping, I must confess that there
was not a callous one amongst them, for they all most dutifully wept, in
some cases bellowed as loudly as the stern restriction of the silent
system would permit, as soon as the delicate subject was broached.

The effect of this talisman was curiously exhibited in the case of a boy,
about as depraved and hardened a little wretch as it is possible to
imagine.  He had only been admitted the previous day, and already he was
incarcerated in a dark cell for outrageous conduct.

I had never before seen a dark cell, and therefore had no idea of the
horrible place it was.  A cell within a cell.  The interior of the first
is so black that when the governor entered it I speedily lost sight of
him, and I was only made aware of his opening an inner door by hearing
the key clicking in the lock.

“Come out here, lad,” he exclaimed firmly, but kindly.

The lad came out, looming like a small and ragged patch of twilight in
utter blackness until he gradually appeared before us.  He was not a big
lad, not more than thirteen years old, I should say, with a short-cropped
bullet-head, and with an old hard face with twice thirteen years of vice
in it.

The prison dress consisted of a sort of blouse and trousers, both of a
stout woollen material of slate colour.  It was evening, and evidently,
the captive, hopeless of release that night, had, previously to our
disturbing him, composed himself for slumber.  His method, doubtless
derived from frequent experience of so disposing his attire as to get as
much warmth out of it as possible, was somewhat curious: he had released
his trousers of their braces, so that they descended below his feet, and
the collar of his blouse was pulled up high over his ears.  Owing to his
embarrassed habiliments, he shambled out of the pitchy blackness at a
snail’s pace, his white cotton braces trailing behind like a tail, and
completing his goblin-like appearance.

“This is a very bad lad, sir,” remarked the governor sternly; “he only
came in yesterday, and to-day while out for exercise with the others, he
must misconduct himself, and when the warder reproved him, he must swear
some horrible oath against him.  It is for that he is here.  How many
times have you been here, lad?”

_Lad_ (gulping desperately).  “Three times, sir!”

_Governor_ (sternly).  “What! speak the truth, lad.”

_Lad_ (with a determined effort to gouge tears out of his eyes with his
knuckles).  “Four times, sir.”

_Governor_.  “Four times! and so you’ll go on till you are sent away, I’m
afraid.  Can you read, lad?”

_Lad_ (with a penitential wriggle).  “Yes, sir; I wish as I couldn’t,
sir.”

_Governor_.  “Ah! why so?”

_Lad_ (with a doleful wag of his bullet-head).  “Cos then I shouldn’t
have read none of them highwaymen’s books, sir; it was them as was the
beginning of it.”

_Governor_.  “Ah!” (a pause)  “Have you a mother, my lad?”

_Lad_.  “Boo-oh!”

_Governor_.  “Answer me, my lad, have you a mother?”

_Lad_ (convulsively clasping the corners of his collars, and hiding his
eyes in them).  “Ye-ye-ess, sir!”

_Governor_.  “Ah, I thought so! where does she live?”

_Lad_.  “Man-manchester, please, sir!” (a tremulous sniff, indicative of
the impending explosion).

_Governor_.  “And what do you think would be her feelings could she see
you as you now are?”

_Lad_.  “Boo-ooh” (here a writhe so agonized that a hand had to be spared
from his eyes to save his trousers from slipping down).  “Boo-ooh!  I was
just a thinkin’ on her when you opened the cell, sir!  Boo-oo-ooh!”

_Governor_.  “You were thinking of your mother, eh?  Well, well, I’m glad
to hear that.  If I let you go back to your own cell, will you promise
never to swear again?”

_Lad_.  “Booh! yes, sir.”

_Governor_.  “You may go, then.”

And with a countenance almost radiant with his unexpected stroke of good
luck, the incorrigible young thief grasped his trouser legs, and scuttled
up the long dim corridor till, except for his white tail, he was lost in
the darkness.

“They don’t like the dark cell,” remarked the humane governor, as he
gazed after the retreating figure; “anything rather than that.”

“The younger prisoners especially, I should say,” I returned.

“Oh, I don’t know that,” said the governor, at the same time, however,
shaking his head rather as a man who _did_ know, but did not care to say.



CHAPTER XI.
ADULT CRIMINALS AND THE NEW LAW FOR THEIR BETTER GOVERNMENT.


_Recent Legislation_.—_Statistics_.—_Lord Kimberley’s_ “_Habitual
Criminals_” _Bill_.—_The Present System of Licence-Holders_.—_Colonel
Henderson’s Report_.—_Social Enemies of Suspected Men_.—_The Wrong-Headed
Policeman and the Mischief he may Cause_.—_Looking Out for a
Chance_.—_The Last Resource of Desperate Honesty_.—_A Brotherly
Appeal_.—“_Ginger will Settle Her_.”—_Ruffians who should be Imprisoned
for Life_.

REGARDING the terms professional thief and habitual criminal as
synonymous, now that we come to consider briefly what are at present the
means adopted for the reformation of criminals and the suppression and
punishment of crime, and what the most recent and plausible suggestions
for amendment and improvement, we find the work already done to our hand,
and naught remains but to cull from the shoals of evidence _pro_ and
_con_ that have been lately set before the public.

The total cost of our prisons and prisoners for the year 1867, was
£657,129, distributed as follows: (1) Extraordinary charges for new
buildings, &c., £177,553 19s. 9d.  (2) Ordinary charges £108,218 15s.
11d.  (3) Officers’ salaries, &c., £213,285 15s. 5d., and (4) Prisoners’
diet, sick allowances, clothing, &c., £158,071 5s. 3d.  The average
yearly charge per prisoner under each head of costs, was as follows:—(1)
Extraordinary charges £9 17s. 4d.  (2.) Ordinary annual charges £6 0s.
3d. (making together £15 17s. 7d.).  (3) Officers and attendants £11 17s.
1d.  (4) Prisoners’ diet £6 11s. 1d., and clothing £2 4s. 7d. (together
£8 15s. 8d.), making a total per prisoner of £36 10s. 4d., or omitting
the extraordinary charge for buildings, &c., £26 13s.  The average of £36
10s. 4d. is higher than the corresponding average for 1865–6 by £2 1s.
8d.  The average of £26 13s. is higher than the corresponding average by
15s. 1d.  These averages are calculated upon the total amounts under each
head of expenditure, and the total daily average number in all the
prisons.  The average cost per prisoner naturally shows great variation
in different prisons.  The highest is at Alnwick, viz.: £114 3s. 2d.
against £110 1s. 2d. in 1865–6, £108 2s. 5d. in 1864–5, and £88 15s. 11d.
in 1863–4, _with a daily average of one prisoner in each year_!  At
Oakham, the average cost for 1866–7 is £80 13s. 3d., with a daily average
of 10 prisoners against £93 16s. 2d. in 1865–6, and £87 1s. 9d. in
1864–5, with the daily average of 8 prisoners in each of those years; at
Appleby £70 2s. with a daily average of 6 prisoners; at Ilford £51 6s.
with a daily average of 20 prisoners.  The lowest averages are as
follows: At Hull £16 17s., with a daily average of 173 prisoners; at
Salford £16 17s. 8d., with a daily average of 568 prisoners; at Liverpool
£18 8s. 9d. with a daily average of 952 prisoners; at Devonport £18 12s.
4d., with a daily average of 58 prisoners; at Durham £18 16s. 9d., with a
daily average of 433 prisoners; and at Manchester £19 1s. 3d., with a
daily average of 631 prisoners.  The following are the comparative costs
per prisoner for the whole of the prisons for each of the last six
years:—£24 3s. 4d., £23 7s. 5d., £23 7s. 10d., £24 3s. 3d., £25 17s.
11d., and £26 13s.

The total number of police and constabulary for the same year, is set
down at 24,073 as against 23,728 in the year preceding.  The total cost
for the year is £1,920,505 12s. 2d. as against £1,827,105 16s. 7d. in
1866, an increase of upwards of 5 per cent. following an increase of
£78,647 17s. 1d., or 4.5 per cent. upon the amount for 1864–5.  As
compared with the total costs for 1856–7, the first year for which
returns were made under the Act; the increase in 1866–7 amounts to
£654,926, or upwards of 51 per cent.  The increase in the number of the
police and constabulary during the same period is 4,886, or upwards of 25
per cent.

The number of persons committed for trial in 1867 was less than the
number for any of the four years immediately preceding 1866.  The
increase in 1867, as compared with 1866, is in the number of males, viz.,
328.  In the number of females there is a _decrease_ of 206.  The
following are the numbers committed for trial in each of the last 20
years:—

   1848     30,349     1855     25,972     1862     20,001
   1849     27,816     1856     19,437     1863     20,818
   1850     26,813     1857     20,269     1864     19,506
   1851     27,960     1858     17,855     1865     19,614
   1852     27,510     1859     16,674     1866     18,849
   1853     27,057     1860     15,999     1867     18,971
   1854     29,359     1861     18,326

As already intimated in these pages, Lord Kimberley is responsible for
introducing the broad and important subject of Criminal Law Reform to the
legislature for its reconsideration and reformation.  In introducing this
bill for the suppression of crime, his lordship reminded the peers
assembled that in the year 1853, after a very full discussion with
respect to transportation it was resolved, partly on account of the evils
of the system, and partly on account of the strong remonstrances of our
Australian colonists to whom our convicts had been sent, that it should,
to a considerable extent cease, and that accordingly an Act was passed
imposing for the first time the sentence of penal servitude as a
substitute for transportation in the greater number of cases.  From that
time transportation was limited to Western Australia and the Bermudas.
The numbers sent to Western Australia did not average more than 460 per
annum.  The colonists, however, despite this moderate consignment, felt
by no means flattered by the distinction conferred on them, and in
consideration of their strong remonstrances, in the course of a few years
transportation to Australia entirely ceased.

Penal servitude was the arrangement substituted, and the chief feature of
it was the ticket-of-leave.  The system promised well, but no sooner was
it fairly at work than the public took alarm at the number of convicts
scattered over the country holding these tickets, and then another change
was resolved on.  A commission, presided over by Lord Carnarvon, was
appointed to examine the whole question of penal servitude, and the
result was a report containing several important recommendations.
Foremost of these was that sentences of penal servitude which had been as
short as three years, should not, in future, be passed for shorter terms
than seven years.  Another, almost equally important, was to the effect
that convicts sentenced to penal servitude should be subjected in the
first place to nine months separate imprisonment, and then to labour on
public works for the remainder of the term for which they were sentenced,
but with a power of earning by industry and good conduct an abridgment of
this part of punishment.  The provision under which police supervision
has since been carried out, and the conditions under which licences
should be earned by good conduct, were also laid down.  As further stated
by his lordship, when the Act of 1864 was under consideration, great
doubts were expressed whether it was possible to carry out a satisfactory
system by which the good conduct of convicts and their industry when
employed on public works could be so measured that they should earn an
abridgment of their sentences.  Experience, however, showed that the
system in its working was to a great extent successful, especially when
the management of the business in question fell into the hands of Colonel
Henderson, who succeeded the late Sir Joshua Jebb.  Under Colonel
Henderson’s supervision it has been found possible to exact from convicts
the really hard and patient industry which is necessary before they can
obtain a remission of their sentences.  The value of the work performed
by convicts at the three convict prisons—Portsmouth, Portland, and
Chatham—was during the year 1868, £106,421; while the cost of maintaining
those establishments was £110,532, so that the earnings nearly equalled
the whole expense to which the country was put; indeed, as regards
Chatham, where there are great facilities for remunerative work in making
bricks for public works, there was an actual profit.  In 1867 the average
daily number of convicts at Chatham was 990, and the value of their
labour was £40,898 7s., while the cost of their maintenance and
supervision was £35,315 18s., there being thus a surplus of £5,582 9s.
Under this new and improved system, in which the feature last quoted
shows so satisfactorily, crime decreased.  In 1865–6 the indictable
offences committed numbered 50,549, and in 1866–7 they were 55,538,
showing an increase of 4,989, or something under 10 per cent.  From 1856
to 1862, the convictions excluding summary ones, the annual average was
13,859, while in 1867 the number was 14,207.  His Lordship explained that
he began with 1856, because in the previous year the Criminal
Jurisdiction Act was passed, enabling a considerable number of crimes to
be dealt with summarily.  Although this shows an apparent increase from
13,859 to 14,207, it must be remembered that in the interval the
population increased by nearly two and a-half millions, so that there is
a decrease rather than an increase in proportion to the population.
Satisfactory, however, as was this result, it appeared to Lord Kimberley
that, as we naturally obtain fresh experience from year to year, fresh
opportunities of committing crime being discovered, and fresh means of
meeting these offences, it is necessary from time to time to re-adjust
our system, and make it more complete.  Another reason for carefully
scrutinising, and seeing whether we cannot improve our system, is the
complete cessation of transportation; for though during the last few
years we have not sent out to our colonics any very large number of
convicts, it is obvious that for 500 convicts a year to remain in this
country involves a considerable increase of the convict population.  The
number of males now on licence is 1,566, and of females 441, in 1870 it
will probably be 1,705, and about ten years hence it will probably be
something under 3,000.

These, however, form but a small portion of the great criminal class.  Of
this latter the average of 1865–6, 1864–5 and 1863–4, shows the following
results:

Known thieves and depredators 22,959, receivers of stolen goods 3,095,
prostitutes 27,186, suspected persons 29,468, vagrants and tramps 32,938,
making a total of 122,646.  In the metropolis alone there were in 1866–7,
14,648 persons living by dishonest means, and 5,628 prostitutes.  The
number in 1865–6 being 14,491 and 5,554.

The above being in the main Lord Kimberley’s grounds of justification for
bringing forward his “Habitual Criminals’ Bill,” let us take its first
provision, that applying to convicts, who on the strength of a
ticket-of-leave are in the enjoyment of conditional liberty, and inquire
what is precisely the system it is intended to supersede, and what are
the practical results of the workings of this last mentioned system,
viz.: that which on the recommendation of the committee, under the
presidency of Lord Carnavon, became law in 1864.  The following
memorandum as to the present system of licence holders reporting
themselves to the police, under the Penal Servitude Amendment Act, 1864,
was issued recently by Colonel Henderson, Commissioner of Police of the
Metropolis:—

    “A male licence holder is required personally to report himself at
    the principal police-station of the district in which he resides
    within three days of his liberation.  A printed descriptive form of
    the licence holder is sent from the prison to the police with the
    address where the man, previous to his liberation, stated he intended
    to reside.  The officer on duty, when the licence holder reports
    himself, instructs him in what he is required to do, and also
    delivers to him a printed notice.  No further steps are then taken by
    the police for a month from that date, when, if the licence holder
    again reports himself, he is considered as complying with the law.

    “After inquiry to ascertain if the address given is a correct one, no
    further supervision is kept over him by the police, and his lodgings
    are not again visited.

    “If a licence holder neglects to report himself as above, or is seen,
    or suspected of leading an irregular life, then the police make quiet
    inquiry, and, as is frequently the case, if it is found that he has
    left the address he was living at, his description is inserted in the
    _Police Gazette_ with directions for apprehension.

    “The employers are never informed by the police that they are
    employing a licence holder.

    “Licence holders apprehended for offences have complained to the
    magistrates that the police harass them, but on investigation such
    statements have always proved to be without foundation.

    “No case has ever been known of police levying black mail on licence
    holders.

    “The Discharged Prisoners’ Aid Society, 39, Charing Cross, with the
    sanction of the Secretary of State, undertakes the care of licence
    holders.

    “The licence holders who wish to place themselves under the care of
    this Society are required to report themselves, on liberation, at the
    King Street Police Station, Westminster, where they are served with a
    notice.

    “A messenger from Millbank Prison accompanies the licence holders to
    the police-station, and after this form is gone through, all local
    police supervision ceases until a report is made from the Society to
    the Commissioner.

    “Of 368 male licence holders discharged into the Metropolitan Police
    district in 1868, 290 placed themselves under the care of the
    Discharged Prisoners’ Aid Society, either on discharge or
    subsequently.

    “There have been difficulties in consequence of this divided
    jurisdiction, but in the event of this bill passing, the supervision
    of convicts who place themselves in charge of the Prisoners’ Aid
    Society, will be carried on by the police, in conjunction with the
    officers of the Society, and can be so arranged as to avoid any undue
    interference with the men; in fact, it is quite as much the interest
    of the police to endeavour to assist licence holders to get honest
    work, as to arrest them if they misconduct themselves, and for this
    purpose it would be quite sufficient if the licence holder were bound
    by the conditions of his licence to report change of residence and
    employment, the monthly report being of no particular value, so long
    as proper supervision is exercised by the police.

    “As regards the arrest of licence holders, or of persons who have
    been twice convicted of felony, it is clear all must depend on the
    personal knowledge of the police constable of the person and
    antecedents of the suspected person.

    “Under ordinary circumstances, no constable interferes with any
    licence holder, nor would he arrest any man on suspicion, without
    previously reporting the circumstances to the Commissioner, who would
    order quiet inquiry to be made, and give instructions, if necessary,
    for the man’s arrest.

    “Identification would be rendered more easy than at present, by the
    proposed central registration.”

As the law at present stands, then, in the event of a ticket of leave man
failing to comply with the police regulations, and on his being conveyed
before a magistrate, it is provided that if the magistrate is satisfied
that he is not earning an honest living, he may be committed to undergo
his original term of imprisonment.  Under the restrictions of the
proposed new Bill, however, much more stringent arrangements are
suggested.  The onus of proving his honesty will rest with the man who
holds the ticket.  “A licence holder may at any time be summoned by a
police constable before a magistrate, and called upon to show that he is
earning an honest livelihood, the burden of proof resting on him; if he
cannot prove his honesty, he may be committed to undergo his original
sentence of Penal Servitude.”

Now it is evident on the face of it that the above quoted clause of the
proposed “Habitual Criminals Bill” is beset by many grave objections.  In
the first place, to vest such an amount of irresponsible power in the
police is a step hardly warranted by one’s experience of the intelligence
and integrity of the “force,” satisfactory on the whole as it may be.
There can be no question that as a rule the superintendents and
inspectors and sergeants are in every respect equal to the duties imposed
on them; only for the unenviable notoriety lately achieved by a
functionary still higher in command, commissioners also might have been
included in the favourable list.

It is equally true, too, that the great majority of the men of the
“force” discharge their duty with efficiency; at the same time it is
undeniable that there are exceptions to the good rule.  But too
frequently do our criminal records remind us that virtue’s perfect armour
is not invariably represented by the helmet and the coat of blue.  Only
lately there occurred an alarming instance of this.  A gang of plunderers
and receivers of stolen goods was apprehended, and presently there
appeared on the scene an individual, then an inspector of railway
detective police, and formerly holding a responsible position in the
Metropolitan force, taking on himself, with a coolness that bespoke his
long experience, the office of screening the thief and arranging his
escape from the law’s righteous grasp.  Richards is this fellow’s name,
and he was evidently well known to a large circle of acquaintance, whose
fame is recorded in the records of the Old Bailey.  With amazing audacity
Mr. Richards addressed himself to the two detective policemen who had the
case in hand, and offered them ten pounds each if they would accommodate
his clients by committing perjury when the day of trial came.  Happily
the integrity of the two officers was proof against the tempting bribe,
and the unfortunate negotiator found himself even deeper in the mire than
those his disinterested good nature would have aided.  At the same time
one cannot refrain from asking, is this the first time that Mr. Richards
has evinced his obliging disposition, and the still more important
question, does he stand alone, or are there others of his school?  As is
the case with all large communities, the police force must include in its
number men malicious, prejudiced, wrong-headed and foolish.  Probably
there are no serious grounds for the alarm that under the convenient
cloak the clause in question provides, the policeman, unscrupulous and
dishonest, might by levying black mail on the poor wretches so completely
in his power, reap a rich and iniquitous harvest, and render nugatory one
of the Bill’s prime provisions.  This is an objection that carries no
great weight.  No law that could be passed could put the criminal, the
burglar, and the house-breaker more at the mercy of the dishonest
policeman than he now is.  As repeatedly appears in our criminal reports,
the sort of odd intimacy that commonly exists between the thief and his
natural enemy, the policeman, is very remarkable; the latter is as well
acquainted with the haunts of the former as he is with the abodes of his
own friends and relatives.  Should the enemies meet in the street, the
acquaintance is acknowledged by a sort of confident
“I-can-have-you-whenever-I-want-you” look on the one part, and a half
devil-may-care, half deprecatory glance on the other.  When the crisis
arrives, and the thief is “wanted,” he is hailed as Jack, Tom, or Bill,
and the capture is effected in the most comfortable and business-like
manner imaginable.

Under such an harmonious condition of affairs, nothing could be easier,
were they both agreed, than bribery and corruption of the most villanous
sort, and, taking Colonel Henderson’s word, “that no case has ever been
known of police levying black mail on licence holders,” and further,
considering the inadequate pay the policeman receives for the amount of
intelligent and vigilant service required of him, the country may be
congratulated on possessing, on the whole, such an almost unexceptionally
good servant.

It is the wrong-headed policeman, probably, who would work the greatest
amount of mischief in this direction.  The busy, over-zealous man,
neither malicious, dishonest, nor vindictive, but simply a little too
anxious to win for himself a character for “shrewdness and intelligence.”
This would probably be the young policeman, desirous of making up for his
lack of experience by a display of extraordinary sagacity.  To such a
man’s home-bred, unofficially cultivated ideas of right and wrong, it
would appear of small use “suspecting” an individual, unless he
immediately set about testing him with the utmost severity to know the
extent to which the suspicion was justified.

To be sure, an attempt is made in the Bill, as it passed the Lords, to
guard against the weaknesses and shortcomings of constables by making it
incumbent on them to obtain the written authority of a superior before
they arrest and take a man before a magistrate; but really this may mean
just nothing at all.  It may be assumed that all the evidence a director
of police would require before he granted a written authority, would be
the declaration of the policeman applying for it that he had fair grounds
for making the application.  Undoubtedly he would be expected to make out
a good case; but that, as an over-zealous and prejudiced man, he would be
sure to do.  The superintendent, or whoever it was that had power to
issue a written warrant for a “suspect’s” apprehension, could not, by
examination of the prisoner, convince himself of the justice of the act
of his subordinate, to do which would be to usurp the magisterial office.
And the process would probably be attended with this disadvantage,—that
the said written order for arrest would wear an importance that really
did not belong to it.  If a man were arrested simply on the authority of
a common policeman, the chances are that the magistrate would scrutinise
the case narrowly, and be guided to a conviction solely by the evidence
and his own discretion; but the case would come under the new act before
him to a large extent prejudiced.  He is instructed that the warrant that
legalised the man’s apprehension was not issued in vague supposition that
it might he justifiable: an official of the law—a man high in
authority—has sanctioned the arrest, and here is his written testimony
that he considered the step expedient.

Again, let us for a moment contemplate the difficulties that must always
attend the proving of his honesty by a man who, according to the high
authority of the Lord Chancellor, has “no character to lose.”  “As to
what was said about the injury done to a man’s character by supervision,
he must observe that a man’s character was gone after two convictions.
It was idle to say that after two convictions a man had a character.”

In the case of a man against whom nothing criminal was ever suspected, it
might be easy enough for him to prove his honesty any day, or any hour of
the day, he might be called on to do so; but it is altogether different
with the individual who dare not even lay claim to a character for
honesty, to prove that the suspicions entertained against him are
unfounded.  It should be borne in mind that the difficulties of the poor
wretch’s condition almost preclude the possibility of his making a show
of earning his bread in a worthy manner.  In the majority of cases he
will be found to be a man without a trade, or, if he has one, he will
probably sink it, and endeavour to keep out of sight of all who knew him
and the story of his downfall, by hiding amongst the great multitude who
turn their hands to any rough-and-ready labour that will bring them a
shilling.  There are hundreds and thousands of men in London, and indeed
in all great cities, who “pick up” a living somehow—anyhow, and who,
though they all the time are honest fellows, would find it difficult to
account for, and bring forward evidence to show, how they were engaged
last Monday, and again on Wednesday, and what they earned, and whom they
earned it of.  Such men “job about,” very often in localities that, in
the case of a man under police supervision, to be seen there would be to
rouse suspicions as to his intentions.  For instance, many a shilling or
sixpence is “picked up” by men who have nothing better to do, by hanging
about railway stations and steamboat wharves, and looking out for
passengers who have luggage they wish carried.  But supposing that a man,
a “ticket-of-leave,” was to resort to such a means of obtaining a
livelihood, and that he was seen “hanging about” such places day after
day by a watchful detective who knew who and what he was,—with what
amount of credulity would the authorities receive his statement that he
was “looking out for a chance to carry somebody’s trunk or carpetbag”!
In all probability the naïve assertion would provoke a smile on the face
of the magistrate who heard the case, and there would be “laughter” in
court.

Again, as is well known, hundreds of men seek work at the docks.  It
might be supposed by their innocent lordships that nothing could be
easier than for a man to prove his employment at such gigantic and
sternly-regulated establishments as the London or St. Katherine Docks,
with their staff of liveried officials and responsible gate-keepers.  The
dock-labourer, on his admittance, is furnished with a ticket, and when he
leaves he is searched so as to make sure that he has stolen none of the
valuable goods scattered in every direction.  But it is a fact that no
system can be looser or more shambling or shabbier than that which rules
in the drudgery departments of these great emporiums for ship-loading and
warehousing.  Every morning the dock-gates are besieged by a mob
clamorous as that which in the old time swarmed about the door of the
casual-ward; and if rags and patches and hunger-pinched visages go for
anything, the quality of both mobs is much of a sort.  It is only men who
can find nothing else to do who apply at the docks for work, for the pay
is but threepence an hour, and the labour, hoisting-out and landing goods
from the holds of ships, is cruelly hard; and it is not uncommon to
employ a man for an hour and a half or two hours, and then discharge him.
But it is better than nothing, and it is the “ready penny”—emphatically
the penny—that the miserable, shamefaced, twice-convicted man, with some
remnant of conscience and good intent remaining in him, would seek as the
last resource of desperate honesty, all other sources failing him.  But
it would be next to impossible for him to prove that he had been working
at the docks; no one knows him there.  He might be there employed twenty
times, and each time in a different gang, and under a different ganger.
His workmates for the time are strangers, bearing not names, but numbers.
Were it to save his life, he would find it hard to prove that he
occasionally found a “job” at the docks, and, despite all his honest
exertions, he would he liable to have his ticket revoked, and be sent
back to finish to its full length his original sentence.

Again, it might even happen that a suspected man able to prove his
honesty would find himself almost in as complete a fix as the one who,
through circumstances over which he had no control, was unable to do so.
Under the existing system, we have Colonel Henderson’s word for it,
masters are never informed by the police that they are employing a
license-holder; but he would cease to be assured this immense advantage
if Lord Kimberley has his way with him.  As Earl Shaftesbury pertinently
remarks: “A holder of the ticket-of-leave goes before a magistrate; and
what happens?  He proves that he is earning an honest livelihood, and the
magistrate dismisses him.  He returns to his work, and his employer
dismisses him also.  It has occurred before now that men have been
dismissed by their employers under somewhat similar circumstances.  How
can you compensate a man for such a loss as that?  You cannot do it; and
yet you expose men who may be earning an honest livelihood to the danger
of that happening to them if they refuse a demand for hush-money, or in
any other way give offence to a dishonest police-constable.  I know at
the present moment a young man who, though convicted, is now in
respectable employment, and in the receipt of good wages.  He is living
in terror, lest, under the circumstances to which I have referred, he may
be brought before a police-magistrate.  Depend on it that hundreds of men
in that position are now watching the progress of this Bill.

“On the authority of the late Sir Richard Mayne it has been stated that
the police have, through the clause that insists on convicts reporting
themselves monthly, been enabled to furnish employment to a good many of
the ticket-of-leave men; this, however, is very doubtful.  That some
situations may have been obtained for these men through the exertions of
the police and the Discharged Prisoners’ Aid Society may be true; but of
this I am certain, that whatever returns the police may make of the
places they have obtained for released convicts, they have not obtained
anything like the number that those men obtained for themselves before
the adoption of so stringent a provision.”

There is undoubtedly a depth of criminality to which it is possible for a
man to descend, putting himself utterly beyond reach of anything but
human compassion.  His conversion is quite hopeless, and he is no better
than a predatory wild-beast, whose ferocity will endure just as long as
his brute-strength remains; he would probably bite his best friend at his
dying gasp.  The sort of ruffian here alluded to will perhaps be better
understood by aid of the following illustration, “drawn from life” not
many months since.  It is a case of a ruffian committed for trial for
“garotting” and nearly murdering a gentleman.  The delectable epistle was
written by garotter “Bill” to his brother; and was intrusted to a
prisoner, who had served his time and was about to quit the gaol, for
hand-delivery.  Either out of fear or forgetfulness, however, the letter
was left behind and discovered by the authorities.

    “Dundee Prison, July 18th, 1868.—Dear Brother, the only thing I am
    afraid of is that moll; if you can manage to square her I fear
    nothing; but if she swears she saw me have him by the throat it will
    not go well with me, for they are most d—d down on garotting.  Then
    again, if she says she saw him with that amount of money, by —! they
    might put me in for the robbery too; and there is seven years dead
    certain.  You don’t know what a b— like that will say.  It can surely
    to God be squared between so many of you, and only the moll to come
    against me.  If the bloke is in town he could be easily squared, I
    think; you could get him sweet, put the gloves on him, and things
    like that, and get him to say he cannot swear to me in court; that
    would be all that was wanted; or it is very easy giving that moll a
    dose.  Put Ginger up to it; who the h— would take notice of a w—
    kicking the bucket?  I would do it for you.  If any of them is
    squared, tell Ginger to just sign M. H. at the bottom of her letter,
    so as I may know.  I think it would be a good idea for my mother to
    get the bloke privately, and make an appeal to him; he would have a
    little feeling for her, I think; if you was getting him into the
    Garrick the wifey could talk to him so fine.  If you only had one of
    them squared that’s all that is wanted; for I am certain there is no
    more against me than them two.  Set your brains to work, and stick at
    nothing; tell them not to be afraid of perjury in this case; they
    can’t be brought in for it nohow; swear black is white; I must get
    off if they do the right thing; swear to anything; swear the b— wigs
    off their heads; there is no danger of being brought in for perjury
    in this case, not a d—d bit.—BILL.”

At the head of the letter the following was written across the page:

    “Poison the moll if she will not do what’s right; by C—! I would
    think d—d little of doing it to save my brother!  Ginger will fix her
    if you tell her to.”

The following was written inside the envelope of the letter:

    “They must not forget about me having a sore hand; that might help me
    too, as it would not be very likely I could seize him by the throat
    and compress the same, as it is stated in my indictment.  That will
    be a good point, I think, he being a stout man.  Tell them to be sure
    and stick to not seeing the bloke, and that I slept in the house that
    night; not likely that I could hold him with one hand; they can swear
    that my right hand was very sore, not fit to be used anyhow, as it
    was, and no mistake.”

It came out in the course of the evidence that the meaning of the word
“bloke” was “a man whom a woman might pick up in the street;” that “moll”
was the name for a woman; and that “Ginger” was a nickname for one of the
female witnesses.

To ruffians of this school, if to any, applies Lord Carnarvon’s terrible
suggestion of imprisonment for life, without hope, or possibility even,
of release.

    “It is idle to say that the subject of so many convictions is not
    absolutely and hopelessly hardened: they belong to a class of persons
    on whom punishment is only wasted, and the only thing is to shut them
    up for the rest of their lives, and keep them out of the possibility
    of doing any harm to society.  I believe that such a course is best
    for them and for society, and that no objection to it can be
    reasonably urged.  The convict-establishments of this country are
    already paying their way, and the surplus cost is very light; on the
    other hand, if you look at the cost which a criminal puts the State
    to in his detection, trial, and other criminal proceedings, it is
    perfectly clear that the cheapest course for the country would be to
    shut him up.  As far as the man himself is concerned it is also the
    most humane and the kindest course.  He exchanges a most miserable
    state of life outside the prison-walls, for one of comparative
    cleanliness and order inside.  And if you calculate the time which
    such a man has spent in prison—broken only by the shorter intervals
    during which he has been let loose and again recaptured—it will be
    found that the difference between the period actually spent in prison
    and a lifelong sentence would really be very slight in amount.”

As need not be mentioned, however, habitual criminals of the type above
quoted are by far the exception, and not the rule.  Experience teaches us
that to become a ticket-of-leave man is not invariably to be converted
from a human creature to a callous brute,—blind and deaf in vice, and
doggedly determined so to continue to the last; give him a fair chance to
amend, and in very many cases he will embrace it, thankfully even.  The
statistics of the Prisoners’ Aid Society encourage us to hope better of
even the worst of the criminal class.  As has already been shown, the
convicts themselves recognise and gratefully appreciate the advantages
held out to them by the humanitarians whose head-quarters are by Charing
Cross.  Of 368 male convicts discharged in one year, only 78 neglected to
make application for the bounty.  It appears from the Society’s most
recent return that the total number of discharged prisoners assisted by
the association since May 1857 was 5,798, but the average number had
recently decreased, because fewer prisoners had of late been released on
license.  The number of those who had applied to the Society during the
first six months of last year (1868) was 145, of whom 26 had emigrated;
44 had found good and constant employment in the metropolis; 15 had gone
to sea; 25 had been sent to places beyond the Metropolitan
Police-district, and placed under the supervision of the local police,
and 35 had been classed as unsatisfactory and bad: but these included all
those who were known to be in honest employment, but were so classed
because they failed to report themselves to the police, as required by
the Act.

It remains to be seen whether the Commons will give countenance to the
new and severe measures sought by the Lords to be adopted against the
convicted man at liberty under ticket-license.  One thing is certain, it
would be better to do away altogether with tickets-of-leave than use them
as stumbling-blocks to a man’s reformation.  The only object of a
ticket-of-leave is to give the holder a chance of returning to honest
courses some months earlier than, under the rigid term of his sentence,
he would be enabled to.  Undoubtedly it is necessary to guard against, as
far as possible, an abuse of the privilege.  Full and sufficient
opportunity should be allowed a man to follow honest pursuits, if he be
so inclined; but it is only fair that the authorities should reserve to
themselves the power of holding him in tether, so to say, so as to be
able to haul him back to fast anchorage, should his ill-behaviour make
such a step desirable; but meanwhile the tether-line should run slack and
free—it should by no means be wound about a man’s hands so as to impede
his honest use of them, or about his neck so as to strangle him.  At
Wakefield we are informed there is an organisation by which every
prisoner on his discharge—whether on a ticket-of-leave or otherwise—could
find a home for six or twelve months, till he is able to find employment
for himself, or till an employer came to look for him.  Eighty per cent
of the persons attached to the Wakefield establishment had engaged in,
and settled down to, honest employment.  Surely such a result should
encourage those in authority to found similar institutions in other parts
of the country.

                                * * * * *

To return, however, to the projected Habitual Criminals’ Bill.  It is not
the ticket-of-leave man alone who has reasons for quaking lest it should
become law; quaking for fear of injustice, not justice, that is to say.
The class its stern provisions chiefly, and, as I venture to opine,
cruelly affect are those unfortunates who have suffered two distinct
terms of imprisonment.  From the date of his second conviction a man is
to be subject to police supervision for a term of seven years.  They have
the advantage over the ticket-of-leave man, that they are not required to
report themselves periodically at a police-station; but, like the
criminal of deeper dye, any day within their seven years of supervision
they are liable to be arrested by the police and taken before a
magistrate, to prove that they are not deriving a livelihood from
dishonest sources.  Should they fail in doing so, they are to be
committed to prison for a year.  Of the question itself, “What is an
habitual criminal?” remarks the _Times_, commenting on the communication
of its correspondent, “we say, take a walk with the police, and they will
show you the class in all its varieties as easily as you could be shown
the animals in the Zoological Gardens.  Here they are,—men about whose
character and calling nobody would ever pretend to entertain a doubt.  We
have been all perplexing ourselves with the possible fate of some
contrite convict disposed to become respectable, but thwarted in his
efforts by the intervention of the police.  Why, among the real genuine
representatives of crime—among the people described by our
correspondent—there is not a man who dreams, or ever would dream, of any
honest calling . . .  The profession has its grades, like any other; and
so here is a company of first-class thieves, and another company
representing the opposite end of the scale.  At one establishment they
are fashionably attired, and not altogether ill-mannered; at another the
type is that of Bill Sykes himself, even to his bulldog.  But through all
these descriptions, whether of house or inmate, host or guest, high or
low, thief or receiver, there runs one assumption which we press upon our
readers as practically decisive of the question before us.  It is this:
that about ‘the habitual criminality’ of the whole class there is not, in
the mind of any human creature concerned, the smallest doubt whatever. .
. .  The practice of the past generation was simple: some petty offence
commonly began, then as now, a criminal career.  It was detected and
punished, and the criminal was sent back to his place in society.  A
second, and perhaps a third, act of deeper guilt followed, and the
graduate in crime was condemned to transportation beyond seas.  As long
as this punishment retained any terrors it may have been efficient; but
long before it was abandoned it had come to be recognised as an
acknowledged benefit rather than a penalty by those who were sentenced to
it.  The result was the constant secretion of a criminal class on one
hand, and the removal on the other to another sphere when they became
ripe for the voyage—the removal being viewed as an encouragement to the
commission of similar offences.  We must make the painful acknowledgment
that part of this dismal cycle cannot be materially altered.  When a man
is convicted of his first criminal act, we cannot know whether it is an
isolated deed or whether it is the first-fruit of a lifetime.  When he
has gone from less to greater, and has proved himself indurated in crime,
we are forced to protect society by removing him from it. . . .  Nor does
the proposal involve that extensive and minute system of police
_espionage_ of which some people have been apprehensive.  An honest man
can always keep out of such questionable circumstances; and unless he
places himself within them, he is as independent of the police as any
unconvicted Englishman.  When a man has been twice convicted, it is
surely no great hardship to deprive him of the privilege of attempting
and plotting crime with impunity.”




III.—Professional Beggars.


CHAPTER XII.
THE BEGGAR OF OLDEN TIME.


“_Only a Beggar_”—_The Fraternity_ 333 _Years ago_—_A Savage Law_—_Origin
of the Poor-Laws_—_Irish Distinction in the Ranks of Beggary_—_King
Charles’s Proclamation_—_Cumberland Discipline_.

WERE it not that the reader’s sound and simple sense renders it quite
unnecessary, it might be of importance to premise that to be “only a
beggar” does not constitute a human being a curse against his species.
There are those amongst the greatest and most famous who have been
beggars, and many of the mightiest, groaning under the crushing burden of
distracting power and unruly riches, have bemoaned their fate and envied
the careless beggar whose dwindled strength was at least equal to
carrying his slender wallet, whose heart was as light as his stomach, and
whose wildest dreams of wealth never soared vastly above a cosy barn to
sleep in, a warm old cast-off coat, and a sixpence.  To be sure, in many
instances these dissatisfied ones may not have given any steadfast
consideration as regards such a decided change of state as might happen
to suit them.  It is related of a King of Scotland that, wearying of the
cares of government, he slipped away from his palace and its cloying
luxuries, to taste the delights that attach to the existence of ragged
roving mendicants; but though his majesty affected to have enjoyed
himself very much, and discoursed afterwards gravely of the great moral
profit it brought him, it is not recorded that he persevered for any very
long time in the pursuit of the newly-discovered blessing, or that he
evinced any violent longing to return to it.  Perhaps, having convinced
himself of the advantages of poverty, he generously resolved to leave it
to his subjects, contenting himself with such occasional glimpses of it
as might be got by looking out o’ window.

It is now 333 years ago since the beggar ceased to be dependent on
voluntary charity, and the State insisted on his support by the parishes.
In the year 1536 was passed an Act of Parliament abolishing the
mendicant’s right to solicit public alms.  Under a penalty of twenty
shillings a month for every case of default, the parochial authorities
were bound to provide work for the able-bodied.  A poor’s-rate, as we now
understand the term, was not then thought of, the money required for
pauper relief being chiefly derived from collections in the churches, a
system that to a limited extent enabled the clergy to exercise their
pious influences as in the old times, and before the destruction of
monasteries and religious houses by Henry VIII.  It was the wholesale
spoliation in question, that occurred immediately after the Reformation,
that first made known to the people at large the vast numbers of beggars
that were amongst them.  The Act of 27 Henry VIII. c. 25, prohibited
indiscriminate almsgiving.

What the charitable townsman had to give, he was bound to distribute
within the boundaries of the parish in which he resided.  Under the old
and looser condition of affairs the beggar derived the greater part of
his gettings from the traveller; but the obnoxious Act effectually cut
off from him this fruitful source of supply, since it provided that any
parishioner or townsman who distributed alms out of his proper district,
should forfeit to the State ten times the amount given.  Whether the
recipient of the bounty was in a position to act as “informer,” with the
customary advantage of receiving half the penalty, is not stated.

Against sturdy beggars the law was especially severe.  On his first
conviction he was whipped, the second led to the slicing-off of his right
ear, and if after that he was deaf to the law’s tender admonitions,
sentence of death was executed on him.

This savage law, however, remained in force not more than ten years; one
of the earliest Acts of Edward VI. was to mitigate the penalties
attaching to beggary.  Even under this humane King’s ruling, however, a
beggar’s punishment was something very far beyond a joke.  Every person
able to work, and not willing, and declining a “job,” though for no more
tempting wages than his bare meat and drink, was liable to be branded on
the shoulder, and any man willing to undertake the troublesome charge
might claim the man as his slave for two years.  His scale of diet during
that time was more meagre than that allotted to the pauper in our own
times.  If the slave’s master was a generous man, he might bestow on him
the scraps from his table, or such meat-offal as his dogs had no relish
for; but in law he was only bound to provide him with a sufficiency of
bread and water.  If such hot feeding did not provoke him to arouse and
set to work with a will, his master might chain him and flog him to
death’s door; and so long as he did not drive him beyond that, the law
would hold him harmless.  Sometimes the poor wretch so goaded would run
away, but in the event of his being recaptured, he was branded on the
cheek, and condemned to lifelong servitude; and if this did not cure his
propensity for “skedaddling,” he was hanged offhand.  Any employer having
a fancy for such a commodity as an incorrigible runaway might have the
man so condemned as his slave for life; but if no one offered, he was
chained at the legs and set to work to keep the highways in repair.

It was speedily found, however, that under such mild laws it was
impossible to keep the begging fraternity in a proper frame of mind; and
after a trial of it for three years the old Act of Henry was restored in
full force.

In 1551 there dawned symptoms of the system that has taken more than
three hundred years to develop, and even now can scarcely lay claim to
perfection.  Collectors were appointed whose duty it was to make record
of the name, residence, and occupation of all who apparently were able to
give, as well as of those whose helpless distress entitled them to
relief.  In the words of the ancient enactment, the said collectors were
to “gently ask every man and woman, that they of their charity will give
weekly to the relief of the poor.”  To give, however, was optional, and
not compulsory; no more severe pressure was brought to bear against a
grudger than that the minister or churchwardens were sent to him to
exhort him to charity; but so many curmudgeons remained inexorable that
the voluntary system remained in force no longer than twelve years; and
then the statute regulating poor’s relief was remodelled, and it was
declared good law that any person able to contribute, and declining to do
so, might be summoned before a justice, who would tax him according to
his discretion, and commit him to gaol if he still remained obdurate.

This last Act was passed in 1563, but nine years afterwards, we find the
Government once again urged to repair what evidently had all this time
remained an unsatisfactory business.  It is evident that the arrangements
made for the support of the impotent poor tended to loosen the shackles
invented for the suppression of the professional beggar.  The
last-mentioned individual was found to be flourishing again, and it was
deemed advisable to make still shorter his restricted tether.  A law was
passed enacting that “all persons whole and mighty in body, able to
labour, not having land or master, nor using any lawful merchandise,
craft, or mystery, and all common labourers, able in body, loitering and
refusing to work for such reasonable wage as is commonly given, should
for the first offence be grievously whipped, and burned through the
gristle of the right ear with a hot iron of the compass of an inch
about.”

This mild and moderate mandate was promulgated under the sanction of the
virgin Queen Elizabeth, and it is to be observed that during the same
beneficent reign were passed laws in connection with labour and labourers
that, were they revived, would go hard with trade-unionists and strikers
in general.  By the statutes 39 of Elizabeth, cap. 3 and 4 (1598), to
refuse to work at the recognised and ordinary wages subjected the
malcontent to be “openly whipped until his body should be bloody, and
forthwith sent from parish to parish, the most straight way to the parish
where he was born, there to put himself to labour, as a true subject
ought to do.”  Under the same Acts of Elizabeth, the overseers of the
poor in every parish were empowered to raise by “taxation of every
inhabitant, parson, vicar, and other, and of every occupier of lands,
houses, tithes, mines, &c., such sums of money as they shall require for
providing a sufficient stock of flax, hemp, wool, and other ware or stuff
to set the poor on work, and also competent sums for relief of lame,
blind, old, and impotent persons.”  By virtue of the Acts in question,
justices were empowered to commit to prison the able-bodied who would not
work; and churchwardens and overseers were charged to build suitable
houses, at the cost of the parish, for the reception of the impotent poor
only.

As, however, is observed by Mr. Halliday (to whose excellent account of
the _Origin and History of the Poor-Laws_ I stand indebted for much of
the material employed in this summary) “these simple provisions were in
course of time greatly perverted, and many abuses were introduced into
the administration of the poor-law.  One of the most mischievous
practices was that which was established by the justices for the county
of Berks in 1795, when, in order to meet the wants of the labouring
population—caused by the high price of provisions—an allowance in
proportion to the number of his family was made out of the parish fund to
every labourer who applied for relief.  This allowance fluctuated with
the price of the gallon loaf of second flour, and the scale was so
adjusted as to return to each family the sum which in a given number of
loaves would cost beyond the price, in years of ordinary abundance.  This
plan was conceived in a spirit of benevolence, but the readiness with
which it was adopted in all parts of England clearly shows the want of
sound views on the subject.  Under the allowance-system the labourer
received a part of his means of subsistence in the form of a parish-gift,
and as the fund out of which it was provided was raised from the
contributions of those who did not employ labourers as well as of those
who did, their employers, being able in part to burden others with the
payment for their labour, had a direct interest in perpetuating the
system.  Those who employed labourers looked upon the parish contribution
as part of the fund out of which they were to be paid, and accordingly
lowered their rate of wages.  The labourers also looked on the fund as a
source of wage.  The consequence was, that the labourer looked to the
parish, and as a matter of right, without any regard to his real wants;
and he received the wages of his labour as only one and a secondary
source of the means of subsistence.  His character as a labourer became
of less value, his value as a labourer being thus diminished under the
combined operation of these two causes.”

In the olden time, as at present, it appears that the Irish figured
conspicuously in the ranks of beggary.  As is shown by the recent
returns, there are haunting the metropolis nearly three mendicants
hailing from the Emerald Isle to one of any other nation; and that it was
so so long ago as the reign of King Charles II. the following
proclamation will sufficiently attest:

    “A Proclamation for the speedy rendering away of Irishe Beggars out
    of this Kingdome into their owne Countrie and for the Suppressing and
    Ordering of Rogues and Vagabonds according to the Laws.

    “Whereas this realme hath of late been pestered with great numbers of
    Irishe beggars who live here idly and dangerously, and are of ill
    example to the natives of this Kingdome; and whereas the multitude of
    English rogues and vagabonds doe much more abound than in former
    tymes—some wandering and begging under the colour of soldiers and
    mariners, others under the pretext of impotent persons, whereby they
    become a burden to the good people of the land—all which happeneth by
    the neglect of the due execution of the lawes formerly with great
    providence made for relief of the true poor and indigent and for the
    punishment of sturdy rogues and vagabonds: for the reforming thereof
    soe great a mischiefe, and to prevent the many dangers which will
    ensue by the neglect thereof; the King, by the advice of his Privy
    Council and of his judges, commands that all the laws and statutes
    now in force for the punishment of rogues and vagabonds be duly putt
    in execution; and more particularly that all Irishe beggars which now
    are in any part of this Kingdome, wandering or begging under what
    pretence soever, shall forthwith depart this realme and return to
    their owne countries and there abide.”

The authorities of Cumberland and Westmoreland appear to have hit on an
expedient that has proved successful in diminishing the number of tramps
that formerly infested those counties.  A recently published report
states: “In consequence of frequent and general complaints from the
people of these two counties, as to the numerous robberies committed by
tramping vagrants, it was determined, at the end of the year 1867, to
enforce the Vagrant Act strictly.  The result has been that, in the year
ending at Michaelmas 1868, 524 persons were apprehended in the two
counties for begging from house to house, and 374 of them were committed
to prison.  The effect has been, to a certain extent, like that which
occurred in the time of the cattle-plague; when the police told the
tramps at the frontier that they must either stop or must be disinfected,
and they turned hack.  The daily average number of tramps and vagrants in
the two counties in the year ending at Michaelmas 1868 was only 150,
making a total decrease of 6935 in the year; and various petty larcenies,
burglaries, and other crimes decreased remarkably.  The chief constable
has reported that the course adopted has been attended with most
beneficial results, in checking professional mendicancy and preventing
crime; and he is persuaded that if the law were generally and uniformly
carried into effect, tramping vagrancy, as a trade, would be very soon
put an end to.  He says that, as a rule, the condition of the hands will
enable the police to judge between the professional tramp and the working
man really travelling in search of work, and that all difficulty might be
removed by requiring the latter to procure a certificate from the head of
the police of the starting-place, which would protect him against
apprehension, and which might also guarantee certain relief at appointed
places along his route.”



CHAPTER XIII.
THE WORK OF PUNISHMENT AND RECLAMATION.


_The Effect of_ “_The Society for the Suppression of Mendicity_”—_State
Business carried out by Individual Enterprise_—“_The Discharged
Prisoners’ Aid Society_”—_The quiet Work of these Societies_—_Their Mode
of Work_—_Curious Statistics_—_Singular Oscillations_—_Diabolical
Swindling_.

THE Society for the Suppression of Mendicity has done more towards
checking imposture, and bringing evildoers to punishment, than the
Government itself, notwithstanding all the elaborate and expensive
machinery at its command.  Nor, by the way, is this a solitary instance
of business peculiarly its own being shirked by the State, and handed
over to be dealt with by the skill, energy, and perseverance of a few
private individuals.  A kindred association to that, the province of
which is the better government of the beggars of London, is that which
devotes its energies to the reclamation of returned convicts.  Anyone at
all acquainted with the matter is aware of the immense amount of lasting
and substantial good that the “Discharged Prisoners’ Aid Society” has
accomplished.  That the individuals chiefly concerned—the returned
convicts themselves—fully appreciate the advantages held out by the said
Society is sufficiently proved by the fact, that out of 368
licence-holders discharged into the metropolis, 290 placed themselves in
its hands.  No doubt such arrangements do prove as convenient as
economical as regards the Government; but whether it is just to inflict a
responsibility of such magnitude on private individuals is another
question; or whether the easement it confers is cheaply purchased by our
rulers at the cost of so unmistakable a confession of their incapacity.

So quietly and unobtrusively do these self-constituted guardians of
public morality perform the arduous duties they undertake, that it may be
safely assumed not one person in a thousand is aware what their prime
objects are, let alone the means by which they are accomplished.  As
regards the Mendicity Society, there can be no doubt what is the popular
impression.  It is commonly regarded as a sort of amateur detective
association for the discovery of fraudulent begging,—a Society that has
in its employ certain cunning individuals of the detested breed of
“spies,” who earn their wages by lurking in shady places, and peeping
over men’s shoulders, and covertly listening to their private
conversation.  The full extent of the Society’s usefulness, according to
vulgar prejudice, is represented by the unfortunate “cadger” pounced on
in the act of receiving alms, and carried before a magistrate to account
for that enormous iniquity.  People, however, who know no more of the
Society than this, know only of the smallest and least important of its
functions.  It is a poor’s-relief association on an extensive scale.  It
has its labour-sheds for testing the genuineness of the mendicants that
apply at the office, to say nothing of a real treadmill of its own.
Moreover it proclaims its ability to offer suitable employment to _every_
able-bodied mendicant referred to it.  The following is the Society’s
method of dealing.  The plan of the institution is to provide subscribers
with tickets, which are intended to be distributed to street-beggars
only, and which will insure admission to the Society’s office, where the
applicant is examined by the sitting or assistant manager, who directs
such immediate relief as in his judgment may appear proper.

If the applicant appears deserving, and is without lodging, money
sufficient to procure one for the night is given.  In cases where the
applicant appears to have an immediate claim on any London parish, the
pauper is referred to the overseers of such parish.  If, as in some
cases, it is requisite for the applicant to return on a subsequent day,
he is furnished with a return-ticket, which introduces him again to the
office for further relief.  In the mean time inquiry is made, if
practicable, into the character of the pauper, by which the sitting
manager is governed in awarding proper relief.  Men are sent to the
Society’s premises to chop wood, and women and children to the
oakum-room.  During the time they are employed, men receive eightpence,
and women fourpence per day, for lodging-money, and two meals, and one
meal for each member of the family; and on Saturdays double allowance of
money, with an extra meal to take home for each, that they may have no
excuse for begging on Sunday.  Each meal in winter consists of a pint of
nutritious soup, and a sixth of a four-pound loaf of good bread; and in
summer one quarter of a pound of cheese, and the same proportion of
bread.  At the end of a week, if they apply, the order for work may be
renewed, until they have been employed a month, when the case is
discharged, unless the sitting manager considers an extension of
employment desirable; in which case it is laid before the committee, who
renew the order for another month, or give such other relief as they
think most likely to prevent the necessity of a recurrence to
street-begging.  In order to check repeated applications from the same
persons, those who habitually resort to the refuges for the houseless, or
the metropolitan workhouses, for lodging, and to the Society for food, if
males, have to perform three hours’ work at the mill; if females, three
hours’ work at oakum-picking, before food is given them; and the men may
also, if practicable, have three days’ work at stone-breaking.
Applicants of this description making more than six applications within
one year are refused further relief, unless on investigation they are
found deserving of assistance.

Persons who have not been six months in London are not considered objects
of the charity; but food is given to persons passing through London in
search of work, to assist them on their way.  In the case of mendicants
incapable of labour, the amount of daily allowance is 6_d._ for a single
man, 9_d._ for a man, his wife, and young child, and 1_s._ in any other
case; but this allowance may be doubled on Saturday night, at the
discretion of the sitting or assistant-manager.  Labourers at the mill
receive 6_d._ per day, and the wife and children of persons employed may
receive a meal.  The wives of men employed either at the mill or
stone-yard may also have work, and receive wages, provided that their
joint earnings do not exceed one shilling per day.

The Society’s “Report” recently issued shows the kind and the extent of
the business transacted through its officials up to the close of the year
1867.  It contains much that is interesting as well as instructive, and
not a little that is puzzling.  We are informed that within the year 644
vagrants were arrested and taken before a magistrate, and that of this
number 311 were committed, and 333 discharged.  From the commencement to
the close of the year 1867, upwards of 10,000 cases of “casual” relief
passed through the hands of the Society, as well as between 400 and 500
cases that are alluded to as “registered”—a term, it may be assumed, that
distinguishes the ordinary casual case from that which demands
investigation and private inquiry.  Amongst the whole number, 44,347
meals were distributed, and a considerable sum of money and some clothes;
it being no uncommon occurrence for the management to rig-out the ragged,
hard-up unfortunate applying for relief, and to start him in the world in
a way that, if he has the intention, gives him a fair chance of
recovering a decent position.

The most curious part of the affair, however, appears in the plain and
simple tabulated statement that represents the yearly number of vagrants
relieved and set to work, and consigned to proper punishment, since the
time of the Mendicity Society’s first establishment.  In the first year
of the Society’s existence, when the scheme was new, and the vagrant crop
dead-ripe for gathering, and the officers eager to get at their new and
novel employment, 385 “sturdy beggars” were caught and sent to gaol.  It
is consoling to know that in the last year (1867) this number was
decreased considerably, and that no more than 311 were sentenced.  This
may appear no vast reduction, but when we consider not only the
enormously-increased population since 1818, and, what is of equal
significance, the advance of intellect and cleverness and cunning amongst
this as every other community doomed to live by the exercise of its wits,
the result is one on which the country may be congratulated.

When, however, we come to regard the long column that at a glance reveals
the figures that pertain to vagrant committals for fifty successive
years, a decided damper is thrown on one’s hopes that the trade of the
shiftless roving vagabond is becoming surely though slowly extinguished.
As might be expected of a class so erratic in its movements, it would be
difficult to measure them by any fixed standard; but one is scarcely
prepared to discover the awful amount of uncertainty that prevails as
regards the going and coming of these impostor tramps, when there is a
dearth of them, and when their swarming may be expected.  They are like
cholera or plague, and have their seasons of sloth, and again of general
prevalence and virulence.  The laws that govern the movements of the
professional beggar are inscrutable.  You may make war on him and thin
his ranks, and prosecute him and persecute him, and by the end of the
year be able to show in plain unmistakable figures that he is not half
the formidable fellow he was last year; that you have blunted his sting
and decreased his dimensions.  You still prosecute the war of
extermination, and next year you are in a position to reveal in
black-and-white further glorious results.  The thousand has become seven
hundred, and again the seven hundred four.  At this rate, ere two more
years are elapsed, you may strip the rags from your last beggar’s back,
and hang them on the city gate as a scarecrow and a caution against a
revival of the detestable trade.

But alas for our delusive hopes!  Come another year—that which showed our
seven hundred beggars dwindled down to four—and without any apparent
cause the enemy, crippled and more than half killed as it seemed,
reappears on the stage hale and sound, and with years of life in him yet.
The four hundred has grown to six.  There are no means of accounting for
it.  Depression of trade and poverty widely prevailing will not do so,
for such are times of prosperity and fattening with the professional
beggar.  When “giving” is the order of the day, and benevolence,
sickening at the sight of privation and distress that seems endless,
shuts her eyes and bestows her gifts on all comers, then is the cadger’s
harvest, then he may pursue his shameful avocation with comparative
impunity.  If we required evidence of this, it is furnished by the
Society’s statistics.  In 1865, which was an ordinarily fair year with
the working man, the number of vagrant committals reached 586, while in
the year following, when destitution prevailed so enormously, and the
outcries of famine were so generously responded to through the length and
breadth of the land, the number of begging impostors who got into trouble
were only 372.

It will be as well, perhaps, that the reader should have set before him
the figures for the various years precisely as they stand in the
Society’s last issued Report.  As will be seen, for some reason that is
not explained, there are no returns for the four years 1830 to 1833
inclusive.  Appended to the “committed vagrant list” is a record of the
number of cases specially inquired into and “registered,” as well as a
statement of the number of meals that were in each year distributed.

 Years.    Cases registered.   Vagrants committed.    Meals given.
1818                    3,284                   385           16,827
1819                    4,682                   580           33,013
1820                    4,546                   359           46,407
1821                    2,336                   324           28,542
1822                    2,235                   287           22,232
1823                    1,493                   193           20,152
1824                    1,441                   195           25,396
1825                    1,096                   381           19,600
1826                      833                   300           22,972
1827                      806                   403           35,892
1828                    1,284                   786           21,066
1829                      671                   602           26,286
1830                      848                     —          105,488
1831                    1,285                     —           79,156
1832                    1,040                     —           73,315
1833                      624                     —           37,074
1834                    1,226                   652           30,513
1835                    1,408                 1,510           84,717
1836                      946                 1,004           68,134
1837                    1,087                 1,090           87,454
1838                    1,041                   873          155,348
1839                    1,055                   962          110,943
1840                      706                   752          113,502
1841                      997                 1,119          195,625
1842                    1,223                 1,306          128,914
1843                    1,148                 1,018          167,126
1844                    1,184                   937          174,229
1845                    1,001                   868          165,139
1846                      980                   778          148,569
1847                      910                   625          239,171
1848                    1,161                   979          148,661
1849                    1,043                   905           64,251
1850                      787                   570           94,106
1851                    1,150                   900          102,140
1852                      658                   607           67,985
1853                      419                   354           62,788
1854                      332                   326           52,212
1855                      235                   239           52,731
1856                      325                   293           49,806
1857                      354                   358           54,074
1858                      329                   298           43,836
1859                      364                   305           40,256
1860                      430                   350           42,912
1861                      446                   335           73,077
1862                      542                   411           47,458
1863                      607                   451           45,477
1864                      413                   370           55,265
1865                      774                   586           52,137
1866                      481                   372           38,131
1867                      488                   311           44,347
                       54,767                27,609        3,713,726

Assuming that the Society constantly employs the same number of officers,
and that they are always maintained in the same condition of activity, it
is difficult to account for the disparity displayed by the above-quoted
figures.  It would almost seem that the mendicity constabulary were
gifted with a prescience of what was about to happen; that they know, by
the barking of dogs or some other unmistakable token, when “the beggars
are coming to town,” and sallied out, as fishermen do at the approach of
herrings or mackerel, prepared, and fully determined to make a good haul.

It is a pity that, despite the good work it accomplishes, the Society for
the Suppression of Mendicity should have weighty reasons for lamenting
the falling-off of public support it has of late experienced.  Nothing
could be more promising than its launching.  It took the field with a
staff of eight constables only, and an income of 4,384_l._; nor could it
be said to disappoint the expectations of its patrons.  In its first year
of operation it prosecuted 385 professional vagrants.  Its success
progressed.  After a lapse of twenty-five years, in 1842 we find it with
an income of 6,576_l._; and that prosperity had not dulled its energy
appears from the fact that in the year last mentioned there occurred, in
the deep waters where that slippery and voracious fish, the incorrigible
beggar, lurks for prey, the splendid catch of over thirteen hundred.
Encouraged by so fair a stroke of business, and the kindness and
generosity of an appreciative public, the Society then added a new branch
to their business—the begging-letter branch; which, it should be
understood, did not originally come within the scope of its operations in
any shape.

At the expiration of another quarter of a century, however, we find that,
instead of an increase of income to the extent of one-third, as occurred
in the first quarter of a century of the Society’s existence, its
resources have fallen off to the extent of nearly one-half, as compared
with the income of 1842.

This is as it should not be.  As has been shown, feeding the deserving
poor as well as punishing the inveterate vagrant comprises a prominent
feature of the Society’s business, and this it is impossible to do
without adequate funds.  It might be supposed that the passing of the
Houseless Poor Act would have diminished the number of applicants to this
and other charitable societies; but there is a large class of persons
temporarily thrown out of work to whom the casual wards of workhouses are
useless, and who do not apply for assistance there.  The number of this
class who applied with tickets at the Society’s office during the past
year was more _than double the number of such applicants in the preceding
year_, being, in 1866, 4,378; but in 1867, 10,532.  Among these poor
persons 44,347 meals, consisting of 7,389 four-pound loaves, upwards of
four tons of cheese and 785 gallons of soup, have been distributed.  In
addition to this amount of food, 65_l._ 7_s._, in small sums of money,
has been given to those whose cases seemed suitable for such relief.

The apprehended cases were 644, as compared with 693 such cases in 1866;
but though a diminished constabulary force was employed for part of the
year, yet nearly as large a number of old offenders was committed by the
magistrate, being 311 compared with 372 in 1866.  The number of
begging-letters referred to the office for inquiry during the past year
was 2,019, being somewhat fewer than the return of such applications for
the year 1866.  Of the 2,019 letters 790 were from unknown applicants;
620 from persons previously known to the Society’s officials, but
requiring a more recent investigation; and 609 from persons too well
known to require any investigation.

The following cases that have occurred during the past year will show the
mode in which the Society deals with the very different classes of
applicants brought within the sphere of its operations:

    “No. 617.  F. J.—This young man, 24 years of age, came to the office
    with a subscriber’s ticket.  He stated that he had been employed last
    as a bookkeeper at Manchester, and left that situation in April, and
    had since been in London seeking a situation, in which he had failed,
    and having no friends here, had become destitute.  He was a
    well-spoken single man, and appeared to be truthful in his statements
    and anxious to return to Manchester, where he had relatives who would
    assist him.  At the instance of the presiding manager some old
    clothes were given him, which improved his appearance, and thirty
    shillings were handed to a constable to pay his fare, which was done,
    and the balance was given to him.  A few days after he wrote from
    Manchester a letter, in which he stated that he had every prospect of
    obtaining employment, and expressed much gratitude for what had been
    done for him at this office.”

    “No. 883.  S. F.—This woman, 37 years of age, applied to the Society
    with a subscriber’s ticket, alleging her distress to have been caused
    by the desertion of her husband and her own inability to procure
    employment, owing to the want of decent clothing.  She was sent to
    the Society’s oakum-room to work, and while there saved enough money
    to purchase several articles of wearing apparel.  Inquiry was made;
    and it being found that her statements were true and her character
    good, a situation was found her, in which she still is, apparently
    giving satisfaction to her employers, and likely to obtain a
    respectable living for the future.”

    “No. 169,150.  S. W. G.—This poor woman, the widow of a labourer, and
    aged 45 years, had done her best to bring up her family in credit, by
    keeping a small coal and greengrocery shop, making ginger-beer, &c.
    during the summer months; and several of the children were nearly
    providing for themselves, when she lost her sight, and was found in a
    state of distress.  Her eldest daughter had been obliged to leave her
    situation to look to the house; but having a knowledge of the
    sewing-machine and a prospect of obtaining work at home, it was
    decided to recommend the case for liberal relief, in order that a
    machine might be obtained and the daughter thus enabled to assist in
    rearing the younger children at home, which object there is reason to
    hope has been accomplished.”

    “No. 54,494.  C. T., _alias_ S.—A well-dressed woman was apprehended
    on a warrant, charging her with obtaining charitable contributions by
    false pretences; she had been known to the Society’s officers for
    years, and a number of complaints had been lodged at the office
    against her during that time; when apprehended on previous occasions
    no one could be found willing to appear against her.  In the present
    instance she had applied to a lady residing at Rutland-gate for a
    loan of 2_l._ to enable her to take her brother to Scotland, whom she
    represented as having just left the Brompton Hospital very ill, and
    that she had been advised to get him to his native air, where they
    had friends.  To strengthen her appeal she mentioned the names of two
    or three persons known to the lady to whom she was applying, and as
    having been sent by one of them to her; on the faith of the
    representations made she was assisted with 2_l._ 6_s._; but
    subsequent inquiry convinced this lady that the statement was false.
    At the time the prisoner was taken into custody she had 5_l._ 8_s._
    5½_d._ on her person; and being made acquainted with the charge
    confessed herself guilty of these offences, and offered to repay the
    money; but on the case being stated to the magistrate he sentenced
    her to three months’ imprisonment, and the money found in her
    possession to be applied to her maintenance while there.”

    “No. 42,064.  T. B., with a number of aliases, was again apprehended
    by one of the Society’s constables; he had been known as a
    begging-letter impostor for upwards of twenty years, and during that
    period had been three times transported, and as many times liberated
    on tickets-of-leave.  On this occasion (in company with a woman whom
    he represented as a district visitor) he applied to a gentleman
    residing in Eaton-square, stating he was ‘Mr. Bond,’ one of the
    overseers of St. Marylebone parish, and gave in his card to that
    effect.  On obtaining an interview, he said he and the lady with him
    had interested themselves on behalf of a ‘Mrs. Cole,’ a widow with
    six children, a native of Ledbury in Herefordshire, who wished to
    return home, where she would be able to obtain a living for herself
    and family, and he was seeking subscriptions to purchase the family a
    little clothing and funds to defray the expense of their transit.
    The gentleman knowing Ledbury well, and believing the prisoner’s
    statement to be true, gave him 10_s._; but afterwards finding that he
    had been imposed on, obtained a warrant for his apprehension, and the
    case being clearly proved, he was sentenced to three months’
    imprisonment; and the magistrate remarked that a more hardened
    criminal had never been brought before him, and that the Home
    Secretary should be applied to to cause him to finish his unexpired
    term of two years and three months.”

    “No. 54,889.  M. W.—A woman with an infant in her arms was
    apprehended by one of the Society’s constables for endeavouring to
    obtain money by false pretences from a gentleman residing in
    Portland-place, by stating that her husband was at the Bournemouth
    Sanatorium, and produced a letter purporting to be from the medical
    officer of the institution, which was as follows: ‘National
    Sanatorium, Bournemouth, Hants.—The resident surgeon wishes to inform
    Mrs. W. that her husband, having ruptured a blood-vessel, is in a
    very precarious state.  James W. is very desirous of seeing his wife,
    and begs she will come as early as possible.’  This note was signed
    as by the resident medical officer.  She stated to the prosecutor
    that having no means of paying her railway fare, she had applied to
    him for assistance, as he had been kind to her husband on previous
    occasions.  Being apprehended and detained for inquiries, she
    admitted the truth of the charge made against her; and the case being
    clearly proved, she was sentenced to three months’ imprisonment.  The
    prisoner and her husband had been carrying on this system of
    imposition for a long time, but owing to parties declining to come
    forward to prosecute, had not previously been convicted.”

But there remains yet to notice one member of the begging-letter-writing
fraternity, compared with whom all the rest are mere innocent and
harmless scribblers.  After an experience so long and varied, and so many
conflicts sharp and severe with their natural enemies the officers of the
“Society,” and so many exposures and defeats, it might be reasonably
hoped that the professional beggar whose genius takes an epistolary turn
must find his ingenuity well-nigh exhausted; but, as recent revelations
have disclosed, the machinery brought against him for his suppression has
but sharpened his wits and rendered him more formidable than ever.
Although but recently discovered, it is hard to say for how long a time
this diabolical desire for swindling the unwary has existed.  Very
possibly, many a “dodge” of minor calibre has been invented and run the
length of its tether, and died the death of all dodges, while the one in
question has lurked in the dark, and grown fat and prospered.

It would be next to impossible for the imagination most fertile in wicked
invention to conceive anything more devilish and mischievous, or an evil
that might be perpetrated with less fear of detection.  The mainspring of
the pretty scheme is not to impose on the benevolence and credulity of
the living, but to blast and vilify the character of the dead.  To
obliterate from the hearts of those who were nearest and dearest to
him—the husband dead and buried—all kindly remembrance of him; to tear,
as it were, from his poor honest body the white shroud in which tender
hands had enveloped it, and show him to have lived and died a traitor, a
hypocrite, and an impostor, false to that very last breath with which he
bade his wife, his “only darling,” farewell; and this that some
cold-blooded ruffian may extort from the wronged man’s duped indignant
survivors a few miserable pounds or shillings, as the case may be.

The process by which the villany in question may be accomplished is much
more simple than would at first appear.  The prime condition of the
impostor’s success is that he must reside at a long distance from those
it is his intention to dupe.  The swindler lives in France or Germany,
sometimes as far away as America.  The first “move” is to look into the
newspaper obituary notices for a likely victim.  A gentleman who dies
young, leaving a wife and a numerous family to bemoan their bitter
bereavement, is not uncommonly the case fixed on.  If, during his
lifetime, he was a man who, from his station in life, must have been
tolerably well known, so much the better.  It is a woman who writes the
letter.  She writes of course to the individual as though not in the
least suspecting that he is dead.  The following _genuine_ copy of such a
letter will, better than anything, illustrate the cold, cruel, subtle
villany essential to the success of the “Dead-man’s lurk,” as in the
profession it is styled:

    “My ever-dearest Robert,—It is only after enduring the sickening
    disappointment that has attended my last three letters sent to the
    old address, that I venture to write to your private abode, in the
    fervent hope that this my desperate appeal to your oft-tried
    generosity may fall into no other hands but your own.

    “I cannot think that my boy’s father can have grown cold towards her
    whose whole life is devoted to him, who fled from home and friends,
    and took up her abode in a foreign land and amongst strangers, that
    her darling might not be troubled,—that his _home_ might be peace.
    Alas! what is _my_ home?  But I will not upbraid you.  Were I alone,
    I would be content to die rather than cause you a single pang of
    uneasiness; but, as my dear Robert knows, I am _not_ alone.  God
    still spares our boy to me, though I much fear that the doctor’s
    prediction that he would get the better of his ailments when he had
    turned the age of ten will not be verified.  Sometimes as I sit of
    nights—long, weary, thoughtful nights—watching my sick darling, and
    thinking of those old times of brief bitter sweetness, I wish that
    you could see him, so like your own dear self; but the thought is at
    once hushed, when I reflect on the pain it would cause you to
    contemplate our poor _fatherless_ boy.  I am almost tempted to thank
    God that he cannot remain much longer on earth; but it is hard,
    cruelly hard, to see him suffer from _want_ as well as from his
    painful malady.  Do, for the sake of the _old times_, send me a
    little money, though only a few pounds.  There is no other resource
    for us but the workhouse.  At any rate, pray send me an answer to
    this, and relieve the dreadful suspense that haunts me.

    “P.S.  As I have been, from reasons too painful to disclose to you,
    compelled to quit the lodgings in V.-street, please direct
    Post-office, —.  Yours, ever true and faithful,

                                                             ELIZABETH —.”

As it happened, the gentleman to whom this villanous epistle was
addressed had, till within a few years of his demise, resided in a
far-away quarter of the globe, and under such conditions as rendered a
ten-years-ago intimacy with any English Elizabeth utterly impossible; but
unfortunately his survivors were content to treat the attempted imposture
with silent contempt, and a likely opportunity of bringing to proper
punishment one of a gang of the most pestiferous order of swindlers it is
possible to conceive was lost.  It was probably only the _very_ peculiar
and exceptionally conclusive evidence that the letter could not apply to
Mr. Robert —, that saved his friends from painful anxiety, and perhaps
robbery.  It is so much less troublesome to hush-up such a matter than to
investigate it.  To be sure, no one would have for a moment suspected,
from the precise and proper behaviour of the man dead and gone, that he
could ever have been guilty of such wickedness and folly; but it is so
hard to read the human heart.  Such things have happened; and now that
one calls to mind—

That is the most poisonous part of it,—“now that one calls to mind!”
What is easier than to call to mind, out of the ten thousand remembrances
of a man whose society we have shared for twenty years or more, one or
two acts that at the time were regarded as “strange whims,” but now,
regarded in the light that the damnable letter sheds on them, appear as
parts of the very business so unexpectedly brought to light?  Perhaps the
man was privately charitable, and in benevolent objects expended a
portion of his income, without making mention of how, when, and where, or
keeping any sort of ledger account.  How his means so mysteriously
dwindled in his hands was a puzzle even to his most intimate
friends—_now_ it is apparent where the money went!  But there, it is no
use discussing that now; he has gone to answer for all his sins, and it
is to be devoutly wished that God, in the infinite stretch of His mercy,
will forgive him even this enormous sin.  Meanwhile it will never do to
have this base creature coming as a tramping beggar, perhaps with her
boy, and knocking at the door, desperately determined on being cared for
by the man who was the cause of her ruin and her banishment.  Better to
send her ten pounds, with a brief note to the effect that Mr. — is now
dead, and it will be useless her troubling again. This is what did _not_
happen in the case quoted, and for the reasons given; but it might, and
in very many cases it doubtless has happened; and it would be worth a
whole year’s catch of common begging-letter impostors if the Society for
the Suppression of Mendicity could trap a member of the “Dead-lurk” gang,
and hand him over to the tender mercies of the law.



CHAPTER XIV.
BEGGING “DODGES.”


_The Variety and Quality of the Imposture_—_Superior Accomplishments of
the Modern Practitioner_—_The Recipe for Success_—_The Power of_
“_Cheek_”—“_Chanting_” _and the_ “_Shallow Lay_”—_Estimates of their
Paying Value_—_The Art of touching Women’s Hearts_—_The Half-resentful
Trick_—_The London_ “_Cadger_”—_The Height of_ “_The Famine Season_.”

THE “dodges” to which an individual resolved on a vagrant life will
resort are almost past reckoning; and, as a natural consequence, the
quality of the imposture in modern practice is superior to that which
served to delude our grandfathers.

It can be no other.  As civilisation advances, and our machinery for the
suppression and detection of fraud improves, so, if he would live at all,
must the professional impostor exert all the skill and cunning he is
endowed with to adjust the balance at his end of the beam.  It is with
vagrancy as with thieving.  If our present system of police had no more
formidable adversaries to deal with than lived and robbed in the days of
those famous fellows, Richard Turpin and Master Blueskin, Newgate might,
in the course of a few years, be converted into a temperance hotel, and
our various convict establishments into vast industrial homes for the
helplessly indigent.  So, if the well-trained staff under the captaincy
of that shrewd scenter of make-believe and humbug—Mr. Horsford—was called
on to rout an old-fashioned army of sham blindness, and cripples whose
stumps were fictitious; and of clumsy whining cadgers, who made filthy
rags do duty for poverty, who painted horrid sores on their arms and
legs, and employed a mild sort of whitewash to represent on their
impudent faces the bloodless pallor of consumption,—we might reasonably
hope to be rid of the whole community in a month.

It is scarcely too much to say, that the active and intelligent
opposition brought to bear of late years against beggars has caused the
trade to be taken up by a class of persons of quite superior
accomplishments.  I well recollect, on the memorable occasion of my
passing a night in the society of tramps and beggars, hearing the matter
discussed seriously and at length, and that by persons who, from their
position in life, undoubtedly were those to whose opinion considerable
weight attached.  The conversation began by one young fellow, as he
reclined on his hay-bed and puffed complacently at his short pipe,
relating how he had “kidded” the workhouse authorities into the belief
that he had not applied for relief at that casual-ward for at least a
month previously, whereas he had been there for three successive nights.
Of course this was a joke mightily enjoyed by his audience; and a friend,
wagging his head in high admiration, expressed his wonder as to how the
feat could be successfully accomplished.  “How!” replied the audacious
one; “why, with cheek, to be sure.  Anything can be done if you’ve only
got cheek enough.  It’s no use puttin’ on a spurt of it, and knocking
under soon as you’re tackled.  Go in for it up to the heads of your —
soul bolts.  Put it on your face so gallus thick that the devil himself
won’t see through it.  Put it into your eyes and set the tears a-rollin’.
Swear God’s truth; stop at nothing.  They’re bound to believe you.  There
ain’t nothing else left for ’em.  They think that there’s an end
somewhere to lyin’ and cheekin’, and they’re — fools enough to think that
they can tell when that end shows itself.  Don’t let your cheek have any
end to it.  _That’s_ where you’re right, my lads.”

I have, at the risk of shocking the reader of delicate sensibilities,
quoted at full the terms in which my ruffianly “casual” chamber-fellow
delivered himself of his opinion as to the power of “cheek” illimitable,
because from the same experienced source presently proceeded as handsome
a tribute to the efficiency of the officers of the Mendicity Society as
they could desire.

“What shall you do with yerself to-morrow?” one asked of another, who,
weary of song and anecdote and blasphemy, preparatory to curling down for
the night was yawning curses on the parochial authorities for supplying
him with no warmer rug.  “It ain’t much you can do anyhows atween the
time when you finish at the crank and go out, till when you wants to come
in agin.  It feels like frost; if it is, I shall do a bit of chanting, I
think.”  (“Chanting” is vagrant phraseology for street singing.)

“I’m with you,” replied his friend; “unless it’s cold enough to work the
shaller; that’s the best game.  ’Taint no use, though, without its
perishin’ cold; that’s the wust on it.”

(It may be here mentioned that the “shaller,” or more properly “shallow”
dodge, is for a beggar to make capital of his rags and a disgusting
condition of semi-nudity; to expose his shoulders and his knees and his
shirtless chest, pinched and blue with cold.  A pouncing of the exposed
parts with common powder-blue is found to heighten the frost-bitten
effect, and to excite the compassion of the charitable.)

“There you are wrong,” broke in the advocate of “cheek;” “that isn’t the
wust of it.  The wust of it is, that there’s no _best_ of it.  It don’t
matter what you try; all games is a-growing stale as last week’s tommy”
(bread).

“It’s ’cos people get so gallus ’ard-’arted, that’s wot it is,” remarked
with a grin a young gentleman who shared the bed of the ‘cheeky’ one.

“No, that ain’t it, either; people are as soft-’arted and as green as
ever they was; and so they would shell-out like they used to do, only for
them —” (something too dreadful for printing) “lurchers of the S’ciety.
It’s all them.  It ain’t the reg’lar p’lice.  They’re above beggars,
’cept when they’re set on.  It’s them Mendikent coves, wot gets their
livin’ by pokin’ and pryin’ arter every cove like us whenever they sees
him in the street.  They gives the public the ‘office’” (information),
“and the public believes ’em, bust ’em!”

These observations evidently set the “cheeky” one thinking on times past;
for he presently took up the subject again.

“Things ain’t wot they was one time.  Talkin’ about the shallow lay; Lor’
bless yer, you should have knowed what it was no longer ago than when I
was a kid, and used to go out with my old woman.  Ah, it was summat to
have winter then!  I’ve heerd my old woman say often that she’d warrant
to make enough to live on all the rest of the year, if she only had three
months’ good stiff frost.  I recollect the time when you couldn’t go a
dozen yards without hearing the flying up of a window or the opening of a
door, and there was somebody a-beckoning of you to give you grub or
coppers.  It was the grub that beat us.”

“How d’ye mean?  Didn’t you get enough of it?”

“Hark at him! enough of it!  We got a thunderin’ sight too much of it.  A
little of it was all very well, ’specially if it was a handy-sized meaty
bone, wot you could relish with a pint of beer when you felt peckish;
but, bust ’em, they used to overdo it.  It don’t look well, don’t you
know, to carry a bag or anythink, when you are on the shallow lay.  It
looks as though you was a ‘reg’lar,’ and that don’t ‘act.’  The old gal
used to stow a whacking lot in a big pocket she had in her petticut, and
I used to put away a ‘dollop’ in the busum of my shirt, which it was tied
round the waist-bag hid underneath my trousers for the purpose.  But,
Lor’ bless yer, sometimes the blessed trade would go that aggravatin’
that we would both find ourselves loaded-up in no time.  Lor, how my old
woman would swear about the grub sometimes!  It used to make me larf; it
was a reg’lar pantermime.  She’d be reg’lar weighed down, and me stuffed
so jolly full that I daren’t so much as shiver even, lest a lump of tommy
or meat should tumble out in front, and all the while we’d be pattering
about us not having eat a mouthful since the day afore yesterday.  Then
somebody ’ud beckon us; and p’r’aps it was a servant-gal, with enough in
a dish for a man and his dawg.  And the old woman ’bliged to curtchy and
look pleased!  They ought to have heard her!  ‘D— and b— ’em!’ my old gal
used to say between her teeth, ‘I wish they had them broken wittles
stuffed down their busted throats; why the — can’t they give us it in
coppers!’  But she couldn’t say that to them, don’t yer know; she had to
put on a grateful mug, and say, ‘Gord bless yer, my dear!’ to the gal, as
though, if it hadn’t been for that lot of grub turning up that blessed
minute, she must have dropped down dead of starvation.”

“But scran fetched its price in them times, didn’t it, Billy?  There was
drums where you might sell it long afore your time, don’t you know,
Billy?”

“Course I know.  It fetched its price, cert’inly, when you could get away
to sell it; but what I’m speaking of is the inconwenience of it.  We
didn’t want no grub, don’t you see; it was the sp’iling of us.  S’pose
now we was served like what I just told you; got reg’lar loaded-up when
we was a couple of miles away.  What was we to do?  We couldn’t go on a
swearin’ as how we was starvin’ with wittles bustin’ out of us all round.
We was ’bliged to shoot the load afore we could begin ag’in.  Sometimes
we had to do the ‘long trot’” (go home) “with it, and so sp’iled a whole
arternoon.  If we got a chance, we shot it down a gully, or in a dunghole
in a mews.  Anythink to get rid of it, don’t you see.  I should like to
have just now the rattlin’ lot of grub we’ve been ’bliged to get rid of
in that there way.”

Despite the decline of the trade of “shallowing,” however, as the reader
must have observed, it is one that is regarded as worth resorting to in
“season.”  A more favourite “dodge” at the present is to appear before
the public not in rags and tatters and with patches of naked flesh
disgustingly visible, but in sound thorough labour-stained attire, and
affect the style either of the ashamed unaccustomed beggar or that of the
honest working mechanic, who, desperately driven by stress of poverty,
shapes his loud-mouthed appeal in tones of indignant remonstrance that
rich and prosperous England should permit a man such as he is to be
reduced to the uncomfortable plight in which you now behold him.  He is a
solitary cadger, and gets himself up in a manner so artful, that it is
only when you pay attention to his “speech,” and find that he repeats
precisely the same words over and over again, that you begin to have a
suspicion that he is not exactly what he seems.  Like the “shallow cove,”
he prefers a very cold or a very wet and miserable day.  He does not
enter a street walking in the middle of the road, as the common
“chanting” or “pattering” beggar does; he walks on the pavement with slow
and hesitating gait, and at frequent intervals casts hasty and nervous
glances behind him, as though fearful that he is watched or followed.
Possibly he is so afraid.  At all events, should a policeman by rare
chance steal round the corner, his steps will increase in length, and he
will pass out of the street just as an ordinary pedestrian might; but
should he be free to play his “little game,” he will set about it as
follows.

After looking about him several times, he proceeds to make himself
remarkable to any person or persons who may happen to be gazing
streetward from the window.  He will stand suddenly still, and button-up
his coat as though determined on some desperate action.  With a
loud-sounding “hem!” he clears his throat and advances towards the
roadway; but, alas, before his feet touch the pavement’s boundary his
courage falters, and he dashes his hand across his eyes and shakes his
head, in a manner that at once conveys to beholders the impression that,
much as he desires it, he is unequal to the performance of what a moment
ago he contemplated and thought himself strong enough to perform.  At
least, if this is not made manifest to the beholder, the actor has missed
his object.  On he goes again just a few faltering steps—a very few—and
then he cries “hem!” again, louder and fiercer than before, and dashes
into the middle of the road.

If you had pushed him there, or set your dog at him and he had bounded
there to escape its fangs, the injured look he casts up at you could not
be surpassed.  He says not a word for a full minute; he simply folds his
arms sternly and glares at you up at the window, as though he would say
not so much “What do you think of me standing here?” as “What do you
think of yourself, after having driven me to do a thing so ignominious
and shameful?”  These necessary preliminaries accomplished, in a loud
impassioned voice he opens:

“WHAT!”—(a pause of some seconds’ duration)—“WHAT! will a man not do to
drive away from his door the WOLF that assails the wife of his bosom and
his innocent horfspring?”

He appears to await an answer to this, as though it were a solemn
conundrum; though from the moody contraction of his eyebrows and the
momentary scorn that wrinkles the corners of his mouth as he still gazes
all round at the windows, he seems to be aware that it is one which on
account of your complete ignorance of such matters you will never guess.

“Doubtless, my friends, you are astonished to see me in this humiliating
attitude, addressing you like a common beggar.  But what else am I?  What
is the man who implores you to spare him from your plenty—ay, and your
luxury—a _penny_ to save from starving those that are dearer to him than
his HEART’S blood, but a beggar?  But, my friends, a man may be a beggar,
and still be not ashamed.  _I_ am not ashamed.  I might be, if it was for
myself that I asked your charity; but I would not do so.  I would die
sooner than I would stoop to do it; but what is a HUSBAND to do, when he
has a wife weak and ill from her confinement; who is dying by HINCHES for
that nourishment that I have not to give her?”  (Here a violent blowing
of his nose on a clean cotton pocket-handkerchief.)  “What, my dear
friends, is a FATHER to do, when his little ones cry to him for BREAD?
Should he feel ashamed to beg for them?  Ask yourselves that question,
you who have good warm fires and all that the heart can desire.  I am
_not_ ashamed.  It is a desperate man’s last resource; and I ask you
again, as my fellow-creatures, will you turn away from me and deny me the
small assistance I beg of you?”

Generally he is successful.  Women—young mothers and old mothers
alike—find it hard to resist the artless allusion to the wife, “weak and
ill from her confinement,” and the amazingly well-acted sudden outburst
of emotion that the actor is so anxious to conceal under cover of blowing
his nose.  To be sure he is not a prepossessing person, and his style of
appeal is somewhat coarse and violent; but that stamps it, in the eyes of
the unwary, as genuine.  If he “knew the trade,” he would know that he
should be meek and insinuating, not loud-mouthed and peremptory.  In
short, his behaviour is exactly that of a man—a hard-working fellow when
he has it to do—driven to desperation, and with a determination to raise
enough to buy a loaf somehow.  It would be a monstrous thing to refuse
such a poor fellow because of his blunt inapt way of asking; and so the
halfpence come showering down.  It is several months ago since I last saw
this worthy; but I have no doubt that his wife has not yet recovered from
her confinement, that his children are yet crying for bread, and that he
is still not ashamed to solicit public charity to save them from
starving.

There are other types of the shy, blunt-spoken beggar, who affect almost
to resent the charity they solicit.  These abound, as indeed do all
street-beggars, chiefly in the severest months of winter.  As long as one
can remember, gangs of men have perambulated the highways in the frosty
months, but until recently they were invariably “chanters,” with a legend
of coming “all the way from Manchester.”  But song is eschewed in modern
times.  It is found better to avoid old-fashioned forms, and appear as
men destitute and down-trodden perhaps, but still with self-respect
remaining in them.  There is no occasion for them to give you a song for
your money; they are not called on to give a lengthy and humiliating
explanation as to how they came there; _you_ know all about it.  You must
have read in the newspapers, “that, owing to the many stoppages of public
and private works, there are at the present time hundreds of able-bodied
and deserving labouring men wandering the streets of London, driven to
the hard necessity of begging their bread.”  Well, these are of the
number.  Observe the unmistakable token of their having laboured on a
“public work,” to wit, a railway-cutting, in the clay baked on their
“ankle-jacks” and fustian trousers.  Regard that able-bodied individual,
the leader of the gang, with his grimy great fists and the smut still on
his face, and for a moment doubt that he is a deserving labouring man.
He is an engineer, out of work since last Christmas, and ever since so
hard-up that he has been unable to spare a penny to buy soap with.  If
you don’t believe it, ask him.  But to this or any other detail himself
or his mates will not condescend in a general way.  All that they do, is
to spread across the street, and saunter along with their hands in their
pockets, ejaculating only, “Out of work!”  “Willin’ to work, and got no
work to do!”  If you followed them all day, you would find no change in
their method of operation, excepting the interval of an hour or so at
midday spent in the tap-room of a public-house.  If you followed them
after that, your steps in all probability would be directed towards
Keate-street, Spitalfields, or Mint-street in the Borough, in both of
which delightful localities common lodging-houses abound; and if you were
bold enough to cross the threshold and descend into the kitchen, there
you would discover the jolly crew sitting round a table, and dividing the
handsome spoil of the day, while they drank “long lasting to the frost”
in glasses of neat rum.

At the same time, I should be very sorry for the reader to misunderstand
me, as wishing to convey to him the impression that in every instance the
gangs of men to be met with in the streets in winter-time are vagrants
and impostors.  It is not difficult to imagine a company of hard-up poor
fellows genuinely destitute; mates, perhaps, on the same kind of work,
resorting to this method of raising a shilling rather than apply at the
workhouse for it.  An out-o’-work navvy or a bricklayer would never think
of going out to beg alone, whereas he would see no great amount of
degradation in joining a “gang.”  He thus sinks his individuality, and
becomes merely a representative item of a depressed branch of industry.
There can be no doubt that a sixpence given to such a man is well
bestowed for the time being; but it would be much better, even though it
cost many sixpences, if the labourer were never permitted to adopt this
method of supplying his needs.  In the majority of cases, it may be, the
out-o’-work man who resorted to the streets to beg for money would, when
trade improved, hurry back to work, and be heartily glad to forget to
what misfortune had driven him; but there are a very large number of
labourers who, at the best of times, can live but from hand to mouth as
the saying is, and from whom it is desirable to keep secret how much
easier money may be got by begging than working.  To a man who has to
drudge at the docks, for instance, for threepence an hour—and there are
thousands in London who do so—it is a dangerous experience for him to
discover that as much may be made on an average by sauntering the
ordinary length of a street, occasionally raising his hand to his cap.
Or he may know beforehand, by rumour, what a capital day’s work may be
done at “cadging,” and in bitter sweat of underpaid labour complain that
he is worse off than a cadger.  It is as well to provide against giving
such a man an excuse for breaking the ice.

There are, however, other impostors amongst the begging fraternity
besides those who adopt the professional dress of vagrancy, and
impudently endeavour publicly to proclaim their sham distress and
privation.  The terrible condition of want into which thousands of the
working population of London were plunged the winter before last
developed the “cadger” in question in a very remarkable degree.  This
personage is not a demonstrative cheat.  His existence is due entirely to
the growing belief in decent poverty, and in the conviction that in
frosty “hard-up” times much more of real destitution is endured by those
whose honest pride will not permit them to clamour of their wants, and so
make them known.  There can be no doubt but that this is perfectly true,
and, despite all that horridly blunt philanthropists say to the contrary,
it is a quality to be nurtured rather than despised.  As everybody knows,
of late years it _has_ been nurtured to a very large extent.  At the
East-end of the town, in Poplar and Shadwell, where, owing to the
slackness in the trade pertaining to the building of ships, poverty was
specially prevalent, quite a small army of benevolently-disposed private
individuals were daily employed going from house to house, and by
personal inquiry and investigation applying the funds at their disposal
quietly and delicately, and to the best of then ability judiciously.
There can be no question that by these means a vast amount of good was
done, and many a really decent family provided with a meal that otherwise
would have gone hungry; but an alarming percentage of evil clung to the
skirts of the good.  It is a positive fact that in the most squalid
regions—those, indeed, that were most notorious for their poverty—the
value of house-property increased considerably.  The occupants of
apartments, who during the previous summertime were unable to meet the
weekly exactions of the collector, now not only met current demands, but
by substantial instalments rapidly paid-up arrears of rent.  Landlords
who for months past had been glad to take what they could get, now became
inexorable, and would insist on one week being paid before the next was
due.  They could afford to indulge in this arbitrary line of behaviour
towards their tenants.  Rents were “going up;” rooms that at ordinary
times would realise not more than 2_s._ or 2_s._ 3_d._ each, now were
worth 3_s._ 6_d._  Ragman’s-alley and Squalor’s-court and Great and
Little Grime’s-street were at a premium.  They were localities famous in
the newspapers.  Everybody had read about them; everybody had heard the
story of the appalling heart-rending misery that pervaded these
celebrated places.  Day after day gentlefolks flocked thereto, and
speedily following these visitations came tradesmen’s porters bearing
meat and bread and groceries.  To be a Squalor’s-alleyite was to be a
person with undoubted and indisputable claims on the public purse, and to
be comfortably provided for.  To be a denizen of Great Grime’s-street was
to reside in an almshouse more fatly endowed than the Printers’ or the
Drapers’ or the Fishmongers’.

It was impossible for such a paradise to exist without its fame being
blown to the most distant and out-of-the-way nooks of the town.  North,
west, and south the cadgers and impostors heard of it, and enviously
itched to participate in the good things.  And no wonder!  Here was bread
and meat and coals being furnished to all who asked for them, at the rate
of twenty shillingsworth a-week at the least; nay, they were provided
without even the asking for.  It was unnecessary to cross the threshold
of your door to look after them, for those whose happy task it was to
distribute the prizes came knocking, and in the tenderest terms made
offer of their assistance.  All that was needful was to secure a lodging
in Ragman’s-court or Little Grime’s-street, and pay your rent regularly,
and sit down and await the result.  And lodgings were so secured.  It is
positively true that at the height of the “famine season” at the East-end
of London, when day after day saw the columns of the daily newspapers
heavily laden with the announced subscriptions of the charitable,
hundreds of questionable characters, “working men” in appearance, quitted
other parts of the metropolis, and cheerfully paid much more rent than
they had been accustomed to pay, for the privilege of squatting down in
the midst of what was loudly and incessantly proclaimed to be “a colony
of helpless out-o’-works, famine-stricken, and kept from downright
starvation only by the daily and hourly efforts of the charitable.”

This much might of course be expected of the professed beggar and the
cadger by education and breeding; but it would be interesting to learn
how many shiftless ones—those semi-vagabonds who labour under the
delusion that they are idle men only because work is denied them, and who
are continually engaged in the vague occupation of “looking for a
job”—gave way before the great temptation, and became downright cadgers
from that time.  With such folk the barrier to be broken down is of the
flimsiest texture, and once overcome, it is difficult indeed to erect it
again.  Not sweeter to the industrious is the bread of their labour than
to the idle and dissolute the loaf unearned, and the free gift of tobacco
to be smoked at ease in working hours.  It is terribly hard to struggle
out of a slough of laziness in which a man has lain for a length of time,
with nothing to do but open his mouth and permit other people to feed
him.  It is extremely unlikely that such a man would make the struggle
while there remained but half a chance of his maintaining his comfortable
position.  Having grown so far used to the contamination of mire, he
would be more likely to struggle a little deeper into it, if he saw what
he deemed his advantage in doing so, and by swift degrees he would
speedily be engulfed in that hopeless bog of confirmed beggary from which
there is no return save those of the prison statician.



CHAPTER XV.
GENTEEL ADVERTISING BEGGARS.


_The Newspaper Plan and the delicate Process_—_Forms of Petition_—_Novel
Applications of Photography_—_Personal Attractions of the
Distressed_—_Help_, _or I perish_!

BESIDES those I have enumerated, there are at least two other specimens
of the beggar tribe that deserve mention.  They are genteel impostors
both.  One avails himself of the advertising columns of the newspaper to
apprise the benevolent of his modest desires, while the other prefers the
more private and delicate process insured by our modern postal system.
Both affect the “reduced gentleman,” and display in their appeals an
amount of artlessness and simple confidence in the charity of their
fellow-creatures that tells unmistakably of their ample possession of
that Christian virtue, while at the same time it conveys to the reader an
idea of the select and highly-exclusive position they should properly
occupy, and from which they have so disastrously descended.  It is
evident at a glance that they know nothing of the rough-and-ready ways of
the world, or of its close-fistedness or proneness to suspicion.  We know
this, and pity them; otherwise we might be inclined to class them with
those “cheeky” ones in whose praise the young gentleman before mentioned,
of “shallow” extraction, was so hearty, and to treat their impudent
attempts as they deserve.  But the touching simplicity of the unfortunate
creatures at once disarms us of suspicion.  For instance, who could
refrain from immediately responding to the subjoined “petition,” which is
copied strictly from the original?  It was delivered through the post,
and was attached as a fly-leaf to a card on which was affixed the
portraits of six young children, each of whom had evidently been “got up”
with extreme care, as regards hair-curling and arrangements of dress and
ribbons, for the photographic process.

    “_Children to save_.—Advertisement sent to a few taken from the
    London Directory.  The father of these British-born Protestant
    children is an elderly gentleman, ruined by competition in business,
    and past beginning life again; and the mother is in a very precarious
    state of health.  To seek for adopters is against parental instinct;
    and besides it might ultimately come to that, as by the time their
    schooling is over, in ten or fifteen years, they would most likely be
    orphans, and their willing adopters would be quite welcome to it
    (_sic_).  At present the father, in his alarm for the fate of these
    creatures, seeks for some that would pay, not to the father, but to
    good boarding-schools, for their clothing, keeping, and tuition, and
    after school-time to see that they should not want.  Willing
    benefactors are therefore requested to state what they would feel
    inclined to do for each child, by one of the numbers given at foot,
    to ‘Alphabet, till called for, at the Post-office, No. 1
    Liverpool-street, Moorfields, E.C.,’ enclosing card or addressed
    envelope to insure correct address, if a reply should be wished.”

Another method of applying the photographic art to the bolstering-up of a
spurious begging petition takes a form even more outrageous than that
which was adopted to exhibit the personal attractions of the distressed
six British-born Protestant children.  In the second case it is the
portrait of a handsome young lady, aged about twenty, with a profusion of
lovely hair, and an expression of countenance strikingly artless and
captivating.  Accompanying the portrait was a note, as follows:

    “Dear Sir,—I am sure, when you learn the cause, that you will pardon
    the liberty I take in addressing myself to you.  I am impelled to do
    so, not only on account of your known humanity, but because I have
    seen you and read in your face that you will not turn a deaf ear to
    an appeal frankly and trustingly made to you.  The fact is, my dear
    sir, I am absolutely in want of a sixpence to procure a meal.  I am
    the only child of a father whom _misfortune_ has reduced to a
    condition of abject beggary.  Mother I have none.  One day I may have
    an opportunity of narrating to you the peculiar causes of our present
    embarrassment.  I should feel it incumbent on me to do so, were I so
    fortunate as to make you our creditor for a small sum.  Pray spare me
    the pain of detailing more minutely the purport of this letter.  I am
    aware of the boldness of the step I am taking, but the misery of my
    wretched father must plead for me in excuse.  I enclose my likeness
    (taken, alas, in happier times, though scarcely six months since), so
    that you may see that I am not a _common beggar_.  Should my appeal
    move your compassion towards me, will you kindly send a note
    addressed, Adelaide F. T., Post-office, —?”

The gentleman to whom the above artful concoction was addressed is well
known for his philanthropy, and his name appears frequently in the
newspapers.  He is an elderly gentleman, and has grown-up sons and
daughters, consequently he was not a likely person to be trapped by the
lovely Adelaide, who would “feel it incumbent on her to seek out and
personally thank her benefactor,” in the event of his forwarding to her a
pound or so.  But it might have been different, if, instead of a
plain-sailing shrewd man of the world, he had been a person afflicted
with vanity.  Here was this poor young handsome creature, who had seen
him and read in his face that which induced her to make to him such a
pitiful avowal of her poverty—her _peculiar_ poverty!  Why, the story of
the “peculiar cause” that led to the sudden downfall of such a family
must be worth a pound to listen to!  Was it justifiable to dishonour the
promise his face had assured to the poor young woman?  These or similar
reflections might have betrayed the better judgment of a less experienced
person than Mr. L—.  As it was, the artful note served but to ponder over
as one of the latest curiosities in the begging-letter line; while as for
the portrait, it furnished ample food for moralising on how marvellously
deceptive appearances were—especially female appearances.

And if this were the end of the story, the good reader, with all his
honest British inclination for giving the accused the benefit of a doubt,
might be tempted to exclaim, “And, after all, who knows but that the
appeal to this known philanthropist might have been genuine?  To be sure,
the shape it assumed was one that might well excite the suspicion of an
individual alive to the surpassing cleverness and cunning of begging
impostors; but at the same time there was sufficient of probability in
the application to protect it from the stigma of impudent fraud.”  Such
readers will be glad to hear that all doubts on the matter were set at
rest, and in the following singular, and for one party concerned somewhat
unpleasant, manner.  The portrait in question fell into the hands of a
relative of Mr. L—, a gentleman with a hard heart for begging impostors,
and sturdy resolution to put them down and punish them whenever he
encountered them.  He was particularly set against mendicants of the
genteel class, and was very severe in his strictures on the abominable
cheat attempted by “Adelaide F. T.”  One afternoon, while walking along
Oxford-street, lo, the original of the pictured culprit appeared before
him, artlessly and innocently gazing into a linendraper’s window, and
accompanied by another lady.  The resemblance between the first lady and
the photograph was so striking as to place her identity beyond a doubt;
yet in order to make _quite_ sure, our friend withdrew the latter from
his pocketbook, and covertly compared it with the original.  It was as
certain as that he had eyes in his head.  There was the hair of golden
hue massed behind and raised from the temples; there was the straight
nose, the small winning mouth, and the delicately-rounded chin.  The
stern exposer of imposture, however, was not to be moved to mercy by a
pretty face; his course of duty was plain before him, and stepping up to
the lady, he addressed with undisguised severity, “Miss Adelaide T., I
believe?”  “You are mistaken, sir.”  “Not at all, madam; a friend of mine
was lately favoured with a letter from you enclosing your likeness.”  It
was scarcely to be wondered at, that an expression of terror took
possession of the lady’s face, though it was misinterpreted by the
gentleman.  Thinking that she was addressed by a drunken man or a maniac,
the lady prudently retreated into the shop the window of which she had
been regarding.  More than ever convinced that he was not mistaken, L—’s
friend followed her; and goodness knows what serious consequences might
have ensued, had not the lady been a known customer of the draper as the
daughter of a gentleman of wealth and station.  This, of course, led to
an explanation, and to the most earnest and humble apologies on the part
of the pursuer of imposture.  The photograph was produced, and
undoubtedly it was a likeness of the lady.  How it had got into the hands
of the designing “Adelaide F. T.” no one could tell, but doubtless it was
selected on account of its beauty and prepossessing artlessness.  An
endeavour was made to secure the cheats; but from some cause or another
they took alarm, and the decoy letter, addressed “Post-office —,”
remained there until it was returned through the Dead-letter Office.

By the bye, the idea of begging “not for myself, but for another,” is a
dodge not confined to the epistolary impostor.  In the neighbourhood in
which I reside, some little time since there made her appearance a very
fine specimen of disinterested generosity of the kind in question: a
little old lady dressed in black, with kid-gloves on her hands, and a
cloak soberly trimmed with black crape.  She knocked the knock of a
person used to the genteel fingering of a knocker, and might she be
permitted to speak with the lady of the house?  It happened that, at that
moment, the gentleman of the house was going out, and he, hearing the
application, suggested that possibly he might do as well.  Undoubtedly,
though it was a trivial matter with which to occupy the attention of a
gentleman.  The simple fact was, that the little old lady was bound on a
mission of charity for a poor soul recently left destitute with nine
small children: her aim being the purchase of a mangle and a few
washing-tubs, that the widow might earn an honourable livelihood for her
numerous brood.  “I am too poor to supply her with _all_ the money out of
my own slender little purse,” said the old lady, “but I have plenty of
leisure, and I think that you will agree with me, sir, it cannot be
employed more worthily.  I do not ask for any large sum on the poor
creature’s behalf; I only ask one single penny.  I will not take more
than a penny.  I put the pence in this little bag, you see, and by
perseverance I trust that I shall soon accomplish my aim.”  As the little
old lady spoke, she cheerfully produced from the folds of her cloak a
stout linen bag heavy with copper money, and containing, I should say, at
least twelve shillings.  The little old lady’s manner was plausible and
smooth, and well calculated to impose on the “lady of the house” nine
times out of ten.  But unfortunately for her it had been my lot to make
the acquaintance of many strange little old ladies as well as of
gentlemen, and I had my suspicions.  I closed the outer door and
confronted her on the mat.  “I beg your pardon, but have we not met
before?” I asked her.  She looked up suddenly and sharply, with no little
alarm on her wizened old face.  “I—I think not, sir,” she faltered.  “Do
you happen to know a gentleman named Horsford?” was my next inquiry.  The
little old lady looked still more embarrassed.  “I did not come here to
discuss my own affairs, sir,” said she with a sorry affectation of
indignation, “nor to answer questions that bear no relation to my
charitable object.  I wish you a good-morning, sir!”  And with that she
opened the door, and let herself out; and descending the steps quickly,
trotted up the street with guilty speed, and turned the corner, and was
out of sight before I could make up my mind what to do with her.

Of advertising beggars there is a large variety.  A great many of them
breathe a pious spirit, or rather gasp;—for it is seldom that these
distressed ones muster courage to cry out until they have endured their
distress even to death’s-door.  Not unfrequently the headings or
“catch-lines” of these printed appeals are culled from the Bible.  Here
is one, for example:

    “‘HELP, OR I PERISH!’—The advertiser (in his sixty-seventh birthday)
    was once blessed with a handsome fortune.  Drink—he confesses it—has
    been the cause of his ruin.  He still drinks; not now for pleasure
    and in luxury, but to benumb the gnawing of an aroused conscience.
    Unless this horrid propensity is checked, the advertiser feels that
    he must perish body and soul!  Who will save him?  He has two sons in
    Canada, who are striving men and total abstainers, and who would
    receive him with open arms, could he but raise money enough to
    purchase some poor outfit, and to pay for the voyage.—Address, X.,
    Prescott-street, Whitechapel.”

One cannot help reflecting, that, before contributing towards a fund to
assist the emigration of the aged toper—who appears only to have awoke to
a sense of his abasement now that he is stinted of his gin—he would like
to have the opinion of those striving men, his sons, the total abstainers
in Canada.  Possibly they would prefer to honour him at a distance.
According to the ingenious old gentleman’s own showing, he only regards
his sons as possible props to keep him out of a drunkard’s grave; and if,
fettered under the weight imposed on them, they sank with their father
into the same dishonourable sepulchre, it would turn out to be money
decidedly ill invested.  All this, supposing the appeal to be genuine,
which in all probability it is not.  Were it investigated, the only
truthful hit in the appeal would very likely he found to consist in the
three words, “he still drinks.”

Here is another of more recent date, in the emigration line:

    “A lady has an opportunity of going to America, where she could
    obtain a good situation as governess, but has not the means of
    procuring an outfit.  She would be very thankful to anyone who would
    lend her 10_l._, which she would promise to return with interest at
    the end of the year.”

This is cool, but almost feverish compared with the annexed:

    “‘MONEY WITHOUT SECURITY!’—Doubtless these mocking words have struck
    many readers besides the advertiser.  In his desperate situation he
    has often put to himself the question, Is there to be found in this
    cruel world a good Samaritan who would confer on a fellow-creature a
    boon so precious?  Is there one who, blessed with means, can find
    delight in raising from the slough of despond a poor wretch stranded
    on the bank of the black river of despair?  Is there one who will
    account it cheap by _lending_ ten pounds, for three months, at
    twenty-five per cent interest, to elevate to manly altitude a human
    creature who, for want of such a sum, is groaning in the dust?  If
    so, let him send a Beam of Sunshine to G. S. R., No. 17 Model Lodging
    Houses, —.”

One cannot but ask the question, is G. S. R. a madman, or simply an
idiot, who can regard it as a “joke” to waste five shillings for the
privilege of seeing so many lines of empty rubbish in print?  Or, again,
are there really any grounds of five shillingsworth for supposing that
amongst the fifty thousand readers of a daily newspaper one may be met
with silly or eccentric or whimsical enough to entertain G. S. R.’s
proposition?  It is hard to believe in such a possibility.  Still, there
_are_ strange people in the world; every day furnishes evidence of this
fact.  Not more than a month ago it came to light that an old lady
residing at Clapham has for years past been in the habit of paying an
organ-grinder thirty shillings a-week—a half-sovereign on the evening of
every Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday—to come and play for half-an-hour
under her window.  Supposing a rupture between the lady and her musician,
and she had put an advertisement in the _Times_—“A lady, a resident in a
quiet suburb, is desirous of engaging with an organ-grinder.  Terms of
service, three half-hours per week, 75_l._ a-year”—who would have
regarded it but as a silly joke?

Here is another begging advertisement of the simple and affecting type:

    “A WIDOW’S ONLY COMFORT.—The advertiser begs the kind assistance of
    the kind-hearted and benevolent to rescue her pianoforte from the
    hands of the broker.  It is but a poor old affair (valued only at
    12_l._), but it has been her only consolation and solace since the
    death of a darling only daughter, whose instrument it was, and it
    would break her heart to part with it.  Its music and her prayers
    should combine to thank any one who was generous enough to restore it
    to her.  Address — Colebrook-row.”

One more instance, and we will have done with the advertising beggar:

    “TO THE AGED AND UNPROTECTED.—A young man, aged twenty-two,
    well-built, good-looking, and of a frank and affectionate
    disposition, is desirous of acting the part of a son towards any aged
    person or persons who would regard his companionship and constant
    devotion as an equivalent for his maintenance and clothes and support
    generally.  The parents of the advertiser are both dead, and he has
    not a relative in the wide world.  Affluence is not aimed at, no more
    than that degree of comfort that moderate means insure.  Address, O.
    D., —.”

Although it is difficult without a struggle to feel an interest in this
young gentleman’s welfare, we cannot help feeling curious to know what
success his advertisement brought him.  Is he still a forlorn orphan,
wasting his many virtues and manly attributes on a world that to him is a
wilderness; or has he happily succeeded in captivating “some aged person
or persons,” and is he at the present time acting the part of a son
towards them, and growing sleek and fat “on that degree of comfort that
moderate means insure”?  Were his initials J. D. instead of O. D., we
might imagine that it was our ancient friend Jeremiah Diddler turned up
once more.  O. D. stand for Old Diddler, but Jeremiah the ancient must be
aged considerably more than twenty-two.  We may rest assured, however,
that the advertiser is an offshoot of that venerable family.




IV.—Fallen Women.


CHAPTER XVI.
THIS CURSE.


_The Difficulty in handling it_—_The Question of its Recognition_—_The
Argyll Rooms_—_Mr. Acton’s visit there_—_The Women and their
Patrons_—_The Floating Population of Windmill-street_—_Cremorne Gardens
in the Season_.

THE only explanation that can be offered to the supersensitive reader,
who will doubtless experience a shock of alarm at discovering this page’s
heading, is, that it would be simply impossible to treat with any
pretension to completeness of the curses of London without including it.

Doubtless it is a curse, the mere mention of which, let alone its
investigation, the delicate-minded naturally shrinks from.  But it is a
matter for congratulation, perhaps, that we are not all so
delicate-minded.  Cowardice is not unfrequently mistaken for daintiness
of nature.  It is so with the subject in question.  It is not a pleasant
subject—very far from it; but that is not a sufficient excuse for letting
it alone.  We should never forget that it is our distaste for meddling
with unsavoury business that does not immediately and personally concern
us, that is the evil-doers’ armour of impunity.  The monstrous evil in
question has grown to its present dimensions chiefly because we have
silently borne with it and let it grow up in all its lusty rankness under
our noses; and rather than pluck it up by the roots, rather than
acknowledge its existence even, have turned away our heads and inclined
our eyes skyward, and thanked God for the many mercies conferred on us.

And here the writer hastens to confess, not without a tingling sense of
cowardice too, perhaps, that it is not his intention to expose this
terrible canker that preys on the heart and vitals of society in all its
plain and bare repulsiveness.  Undoubtedly it is better at all times to
conceal from the public gaze as much as may be safely hid of the blotches
and plague-spots that afflict the social body; but if to hide them, and
cast white cloths over them, and sprinkle them with rose-water answers no
other purpose (beyond conciliating the squeamish) than to encourage
festering and decay, why then it becomes a pity that the whole foul
matter may not be brought fairly to board, to be dealt with according to
the best of our sanitary knowledge.

The saving, as well as the chastening, hand of the law should be held out
to the countless host that constitute what is acknowledged as
emphatically _the_ social evil.  It has been urged, that “to take this
species of vice under legal regulation is to give it, in the public eye,
a species of legal sanction.”  Ministers from the pulpit have preached
that “it can never be right to regulate what it is wrong to do and wrong
to tolerate.  To license immorality is to protect and encourage it.
Individuals and houses which have a place on the public registers
naturally regard themselves, and are regarded by others, as being under
the law’s guardianship and authority,—not, as they ought to be, under its
ban and repression.”

Against this grim and essentially unchristian doctrine, let us set the
argument of a learned and brilliant writer, who some years since was
courageous enough to shed a little wholesome light on this ugly subject,
from the pages of a popular magazine.

    “It is urged that the ‘tacit sanction’ given to vice, by such a
    _recognition_ of prostitution as would be involved in a system of
    supervision, registration, or license, would be a greater evil than
    all the maladies (moral and physical) which now flow from its
    unchecked prevalence.  But let it be considered that by ignoring we
    do not abolish it, we do not even conceal it; it speaks aloud; it
    walks abroad; it is a vice as patent and as well-known as
    drunkenness; it is already ‘tacitly sanctioned’ by the mere fact of
    its permitted, or connived-at, existence; by the very circumstance
    which stares us in the face, that the legislative and executive
    authorities, seeing it, deploring it, yet confess by their inaction
    their inability to check it, and their unwillingness to prohibit it,
    and virtually say to the unfortunate prostitutes and their
    frequenters, ‘As long as you create no public scandal, but throw a
    decent veil over your proceedings, we shall not interfere with you,
    but shall regard you as an inevitable evil.’  By an attempt to
    regulate and control them, the authorities would confess nothing more
    than they already in act acknowledge, viz. their desire to mitigate
    an evil which they have discovered their incompetency to suppress.
    By prohibiting the practice of prostitution _under certain
    conditions_, they do not legalise or authorise it under all other
    conditions; they simply announce that, _under these certain
    conditions_, they feel called upon promptly to interfere.  The
    legislature does not forbid drunkenness, knowing that it would be
    futile to do so: but if a man, when drunk, is disorderly, pugnacious,
    or indecent, or in other mode compromises public comfort or public
    morals, it steps forward to arrest and punish him; yet surely by no
    fair use of words can it be represented as thereby sanctioning
    drunkenness when unaccompanied by indecorous or riotous behaviour,
    for it merely declares that in the one case interference falls within
    its functions, and that in the other case it does not.”

No living writer, however, _dare_ bring the subject before the public as
it should be brought.  A penman bolder than his brethren has but to raise
the curtain that conceals the thousand-and-one abominations that find
growth in this magnificent city of ours, but an inch higher than
“decorum” permits, than the eyes of outraged modesty immediately take
refuge behind her pocket-handkerchief, and society at large is aghast at
the man’s audacity, not to say “indecency.”  Warned by the fate of such
daring ones, therefore, it shall be the writer’s care to avoid all
startling revelations, and the painting of pictures in their real
colours, and to confine himself to plain black-and-white inoffensive
enumerations and descriptions, placing the plain facts and figures before
the reader, that he may deal with them according to his conscience.

It should incline us to a merciful consideration of the fallen-woman when
we reflect on the monotony of misery her existence is.  She is to herself
vile, and she has no other resource but to flee to the gin-measure, and
therein hide herself from herself.  She has no pleasure even.  Never was
there made a grimmer joke than that which designates her life a short and
_merry_ one.  True, she is found at places where amusement and wild
reckless gaiety is sought; but does she ever appear amused, or, while she
remains sober, recklessly gay?  I am not now alluding to the low
prostitute, the conscienceless wretch who wallows in vice and mire and
strong liquor in a back street of Shadwell, but to the woman of some
breeding and delicacy, the “well-dressed” creature, in fact, who does not
habitually “walk the streets,” but betakes herself to places of popular
resort for persons of a “fast” turn, and who have money, and are desirous
of expending some of it in “seeing life.”  Such a woman would be a
frequent visitant at the Argyll Rooms, for instance; let us turn to Mr.
Acton, and see how vastly she enjoys herself there.

    “The most striking thing to me about the place was an upper gallery
    fringed with this sort of company.  A sprinkling of each class seemed
    to be there by assignation, and with no idea of seeking
    acquaintances.  A number of both sexes, again, were evidently
    visitors for distraction’s sake alone; the rest were to all intents
    and purposes in quest of intrigues.

    “The utter indifference of the stylish loungers in these shambles
    contrasted painfully with the anxious countenances of the many
    unnoticed women whom the improved manners of the time by no means
    permit to make advances.  I noticed some very sad eyes, that gave the
    lie to laughing lips, as they wandered round in search of some
    familiar face in hope of friendly greeting.  There was the sly
    triumph of here and there a vixenish hoyden with her leash of patrons
    about her, and the same envy, hatred, and malice of the neglected
    ‘has-been’ that some have thought they saw in everyday society.  The
    glory of the ascendant harlot was no plainer than the discomfiture of
    her sister out of luck, whom want of elbow-room and excitement threw
    back upon her vacant self.  The affectation of reserve and gentility
    that pervaded the pens of that upper region seemed to me but to lay
    more bare the skeleton; and I thought, as I circulated among the
    promiscuous herd to groundlings, that the sixpenny balcony would
    better serve to point a moral than the somewhat more natural, and at
    all events far more hilarious, throng about me.  As far as regarded
    public order, it seemed an admirable arrangement; to the proprietor
    of the rooms, profitable; of most of its cribbed and cabined
    occupants, a voluntary martyrdom; in all of them, in making more
    plain their folly and misfortunes, a mistake.

    “The great mass of the general company were on that occasion
    males—young, middle-aged, and old, married and single, of every shade
    of rank and respectability; and of these again the majority seemed to
    have no other aim than to kill an hour or two in philosophising,
    staring at one another and the women about them, and listening to
    good music, without a thought of dancing or intention of ultimate
    dissipation.  A few had come with companions of our sex to dance, and
    many had paid their shillings on speculation only.  Some pretty
    grisettes had been brought by their lovers to be seen and to see; and
    once or twice I thought I saw ‘a sunbeam that had lost its way,’
    where a modest young girl was being paraded by a foolish swain, or
    indoctrinated into the charms of town by a designing scamp.  There
    were plenty of dancers, and the casual polka was often enough, by
    mutual consent, the beginning and end of the acquaintance.  There was
    little appearance of refreshment or solicitation, and none whatever
    of ill-behaviour or drunkenness.  It was clear that two rills of
    population had met in Windmill-street—one idle and vicious by
    profession or inclination, the other idle for a few hours on
    compulsion.  Between them there was little amalgamation.  A few dozen
    couples of the former, had there been no casino, would have concocted
    their amours in the thoroughfares; the crowd who formed the other
    seemed to seek the place with no definite views beyond light music
    and shelter.  Many, whose thorough British gravity was proof against
    more than all the meretriciousness of the assembly, would, I fancy,
    have been there had it been confined to males only.  I am convinced
    they were open to neither flirtation nor temptation, and I know
    enough of my countryman’s general taste to affirm that they ran
    little hazard of the latter.”

Again, Cremorne Gardens “in the season” would seem a likely place to seek
the siren devoted to a life mirthful though brief.  Let us again
accompany Mr. Acton.

    “As calico and merry respectability tailed off eastward by penny
    steamers, the setting sun brought westward hansoms freighted with
    demure immorality in silk and fine linen.  By about ten o’clock age
    and innocence—of whom there had been much in the place that day—had
    retired, weary of amusement, leaving the massive elms, the
    grass-plots, and the geranium-beds, the kiosks, temples, ‘monster
    platforms,’ and ‘crystal circle’ of Cremorne to flicker in the
    thousand gaslights there for the gratification of the dancing public
    only.  On and around that platform waltzed, strolled, and fed some
    thousand souls, perhaps seven hundred of them men of the upper and
    middle class, the remainder prostitutes more or less _prononcées_.  I
    suppose that a hundred couples—partly old acquaintances, part
    improvised—were engaged in dancing and other amusements, and the rest
    of the society, myself included, circulated listlessly about the
    garden, and enjoyed in a grim kind of way the ‘selection’ from some
    favourite opera and the cool night breeze from the river.

    “The extent of disillusion he has purchased in this world comes
    forcibly home to the middle-aged man who in such a scene attempts to
    fathom former faith and ancient joys, and perhaps even vainly to
    fancy he might by some possibility begin again.  I saw scores, nay
    hundreds, about me in the same position as myself.  We were there,
    and some of us, I feel sure, hardly knew why; but being there, and it
    being obviously impossible to enjoy the place after the manner of
    youth, it was necessary, I suppose, to chew the cud of sweet and
    bitter fancies; and then so little pleasure came, that the Britannic
    solidity waxed solider than ever even in a garden full of music and
    dancing, and so an almost mute procession, not of joyous revellers,
    but thoughtful careworn men and women, paced round and round the
    platform as on a horizontal treadmill.  There was now and then a bare
    recognition between passers-by: they seemed to touch and go like ants
    in the hurry of business.  I do not imagine for a moment they could
    have been aware that a self-appointed inspector was among them; but,
    had they known it never so well, the intercourse of the sexes could
    hardly have been more reserved—_as a general rule_, be it always
    understood.  For my part I was occupied, when the first chill of
    change was shaken off, in quest of noise, disorder, debauchery, and
    bad manners.  Hopeless task!  The picnic at Burnham Beeches, that
    showed no more life and merriment than Cremorne on the night and time
    above mentioned, would be a failure indeed, unless the company were
    antiquarians or undertakers.  A jolly burst of laughter now and then
    came bounding through the crowd that fringed the dancing-floor and
    roved about the adjacent sheds in search of company; but that gone
    by, you heard very plainly the sigh of the poplar, the surging gossip
    of the tulip-tree, and the plash of the little embowered fountain
    that served two plaster children for an endless shower-bath.  The
    function of the very band appeared to be to drown not noise, but
    stillness.”



CHAPTER XVII.
THE PLAIN FACTS AND FIGURES OF PROSTITUTION.


_Statistics of Westminster_, _Brompton_, _and Pimlico_—_Methods of
conducting the nefarious Business_—_Aristocratic Dens_—_The High
Tariff_—_The Horrors of the Social Evil_—_The Broken Bridge behind the
Sinner_—“_Dress Lodgers_”—_There’s always a_ “_Watcher_”—_Soldiers and
Sailors_—_The_ “_Wrens of the Curragh_.”

LET US in the first place consider the extent to which the terrible
malady in question afflicts us.  I am not aware if more recent returns
have been made than those I have at hand.  Were it possible to obtain
exact statistics of this as of almost every other branch of social
economy, I should have been at the trouble of inquiring for them further
than I have; but I find that the calculations made differ so widely one
from the other, and are, as a whole, so irreconcilable with probability,
that it will be better to take an authentic return, albeit ten years old,
and make allowance for time since.  The Metropolitan-Police authorities
are responsible for the accompanying figures.

It appears that at the date above indicated there were within the
Metropolitan-Police district the enormous number of 8600 prostitutes, and
they were distributed as follows:

                                          Brothels.     Prostitutes.
Within the districts of Westminster,              153              524
Brompton, and Pimlico, there are
St. James, Regent-street, Soho,                   152              318
Leicester-square
Marylebone, Paddington, St.                       139              526
John’s-wood
Oxford-street, Portland-place,                    194              546
New-road, Gray’s-inn-lane
Covent-garden, Drury-lane, St. Giles’s             45              480
Clerkenwell, Pentonville, City-road,              152              349
Shoreditch
Spitalfields, Houndsditch,                        471             1803
Whitechapel, Ratcliff
Bethnal-green, Mile-end, Shadwell to              419              965
Blackwall
Lambeth, Blackfriars, Waterloo-road               377              802
Southwark, Bermondsey, Rotherhithe                178              667
Islington, Hackney, Homerton                      185              445
Camberwell, Walworth, Peckham                      65              228
Deptford and Greenwich                            148              401
Kilburn, Portland, Kentish, and Camden             88              231
Towns
Kensington, Hammersmith, Fulham                    12              106
Walham-green, Chelsea, Cremorne                    47              209

Without entering into repulsive detail, I will endeavour to give the
reader some idea of the different methods under which the nefarious
business is conducted.  The “houses of ill-fame” differ as widely in the
extent and quality of their dealings as the houses of honesty and fair
commerce.  There are houses of “ill-fame” in the most fashionable
quarters of the town, just as there are in Wapping—houses that are let
and sub-let until they reach a rental as high as three and four hundred
pounds a-year.  It is not in those aristocratic dens of infamy, however,
that women suffer most; none but the most costly wares are on sale at
such establishments, and it is to the interest of the hucksters who
traffic in them to deal with them delicately as circumstances will
permit, to humour and coax and caress them as pet animals are coaxed and
humoured.  Nor would the creatures themselves tolerate anything in the
shape of brutal treatment at the hands of those who harbour them.  They
“know their value,” and as a rule are exacting, imperious, and insolent
towards their “landlords.”  Unlike their sister unfortunates lower sunk
in iniquity, they would experience no difficulty in procuring new
“lodgings.”  The doors of a hundred establishments such as that she now
honours with residence are open to her.  With a handsome face and a full
purse, the whole of the devilish crew of brothel-keepers are her slaves,
her fawning, cringing slaves, ready to lick the dust from her shoes, so
that she pays regularly her rent of ten guineas a-week, and fails not to
induce her “friends” to drink champagne at a guinea a bottle.

Possibly the gay lady may come to the “bitter end” some day, but at
present, except from the moral point of view, she is not an object for
commiseration.  She at least has all that she deliberately bargains
for—fine clothes, rich food, plenty of money, a carriage to ride in, the
slave-like obedience of her “inferiors,” and the fulsome adulation of
those who deal with her for her worth.  Very often (though under the
circumstances it is doubtful if from any aspect this is an advantage) she
finds a fool with money who is willing to marry her; but whether she is
content to accept the decent change, and to abide by it, of course
depends on her nature.  Whether her husband adheres to his rash bargain
is a question that time only can solve.  He at least, if he be a vicious
man as well as a fool, may argue that she will be little the worse than
when he found her if he leaves her; while possibly she may gather
consolation from the same method of argument.

Anyway, she has a long way to descend before she may be branded as
“common.”  At present she is not even included in the police-returns.
Any blue-coated guardian of the peace, in humble hope of earning a
sixpence, would be only too eager to touch his hat to her and open her
carriage-door to-morrow, and that even at the door of her genteel
residence, which is in a neighbourhood much too respectable to permit it
to be stigmatised as a “brothel.”

The police-report just quoted specifies that the 8600 prostitutes
infesting the metropolis include 921 well-dressed and living in houses of
ill-fame.  This on the face of it, however, is significant of how very
little the police really know of the matter they venture to report on.
The women here alluded to are of the unobtrusive and orderly sort, the
mainstay of whose occupation is to pass as respectable persons.  They
would be the last to resort for permanent lodging at houses whose fame
was so ill that the greenest policeman on beat could point them out.  It
is altogether too hard to fasten the imputation of infamous on the
holders of the houses in which this class of unfortunate seeks lodging.
In very many cases the women are actuated by a twofold reason in gaining
admission to the house of a householder who does not suspect her real
character.  In the first place, and as already stated, she wishes to pass
in the immediate neighbourhood as respectable; and in the next place she
not unnaturally seeks to evade payment of the monstrously high rate of
rent that the common brothel-keeper would impose on her.  Moreover, the
peculiar branch of the terrible business she essays prospers under such
management, where it would not if it were otherwise conducted.  As a
body, the women in question must be regarded as human creatures who have
not gone _altogether_ to the bad; and though in grim truth it may be in
the highest degree absurd for anyone to cast herself deliberately into a
sea of abomination, and then to affect a mincing manner of seriousness,
much allowance should be made for the possibility that the fatal leap was
not taken with cool forethought, or that the urging to it was due to some
devilish genius whom there was no resisting.  Anyhow, it would be hard on
them, poor wretches, to compel them to give up their endeavours to
conceal their degradation if, apart from mercenary motives, they are
heartily desirous of concealing it.

    “A vast proportion of those who, after passing through the career of
    kept mistresses, ultimately come upon the town, fall in the first
    instance from a mere exaggeration and perversion of one of the best
    qualities of a woman’s heart.  They yield to desires in which they do
    not share, from a weak generosity which cannot refuse anything to the
    passionate entreaties of the man they love.  There is in the warm
    fond heart of woman a strange and sublime unselfishness, which men
    too commonly discover only to profit by,—a positive love of
    self-sacrifice, an active, so to speak, an _aggressive_ desire to
    show their affection by giving up to those who have won it something
    they hold very dear.  It is an unreasoning and dangerous yearning of
    the spirit, precisely analogous to that which prompts the surrenders
    and self-tortures of the religious devotee.  Both seek to prove their
    devotion to the idol they have enshrined, by casting down before his
    altar their richest and most cherished treasures.  This is no
    romantic or over-coloured picture; those who deem it so have not
    known the better portion of the sex, or do not deserve to have known
    them.”

It would soften the hearts of many, and hold the hands of those who would
break down the bridge behind the sinner, could they know the awful misery
that frequently attends the life of a fallen woman.  The 921 questionably
quoted as “well dressed, and living in houses of ill-fame,” do not at all
represent the horrors of the social evil in all its ghastly integrity.
Such women are at least free to a certain extent to act as they please.
No restriction is set on their movements; they may remain at home or go
abroad, dress as they please, and expend their miserable gains according
to their fancy.  But they have sisters in misfortune to whom the smallest
of these privileges is denied.  They are to be found amongst the unhappy
2216 who are described as “well dressed, and walking the streets.”
Unlike the gay lady, who makes her downynest in the topmost branches of
the deadly upas-tree, and is altogether above suspicion or vulgar
reproach, this poor wretch is without a single possession in the wide
world.  She is but one of a thousand walking the streets of London, the
most cruelly used and oppressed of all the great family to which they own
relationship.  They are bound hand and foot to the harpies who are their
keepers.  They are infinitely worse off than the female slaves on a
nigger-plantation, for they at least may claim as their own the rags they
wear, as well as a share of the miserable hut common to the gang after
working-hours.  But these slaves of the London pavement may boast of
neither soul nor body, nor the gaudy skirts and laces and ribbons with
which they are festooned.  They belong utterly and entirely to the devil
in human shape who owns the den that the wretched harlot learns to call
her “home.”  You would never dream of the deplorable depth of her
destitution, if you met her in her gay attire.  Splendid from her
tasselled boots to the full-blown and flowery hat or bonnet that crowns
her guilty head, she is absolutely poorer than the meanest beggar that
ever whined for a crust.

These women are known as “dress lodgers.”  They are poor wretches who
somehow or another are reduced to the lowest depths of destitution.
Sometimes illness is the cause.  Sometimes, if a girl gets into a bad
house, and is as yet too new to the horrible business to conform without
remonstrance to the scandalous extortions practised by the
brothel-keeper, she is “broken down and brought to it” by design and
scheming.  A girl not long since confided to a clergyman friend of mine
the following shocking story.  Rendered desperate by the threats of the
wretch who owned her, she applied to him for advice.  “I was bad enough
before, I don’t deny it; but I wasn’t a thief.  I hadn’t been used to
their ways for more than a month, and had a good box of clothes and a
silver watch and gold chain, when I went to lodge there, and it was all
very well while I spent my money like a fool, bought gin, and treated ’em
all round; but when I wouldn’t stand it any longer, and told her (the
brothel-keeper) plain that I would pay her the rent and no more (nine
shillings a-week for a small back room), she swore that she’d break me
down, and ‘bring me to her weight.’  I didn’t know that at the time; I
didn’t hear of it till afterwards.  She was fair enough to my face, and
begged me not to leave her, flattering me, and telling me she would be
ruined when her customers found out that the prettiest woman had left
her.  That’s how she quieted me, till one day, when I came home, she
accused me of robbing a gentleman the night before of a diamond
shirt-pin, and there was a fellow there who said he was a ‘detective,’
and though my box was locked he had opened it before I came home, and
swore that he had found the pin, which he showed me.  It was all a lie.
I had been with a gentleman the night before, but he wore a scarf with a
ring to it; that I could swear to.  But it was no use saying anything; I
was the thief, they said, and I was to be taken into custody.  What was I
to do?  I begged of the detective not to take me; I implored Mother H— to
intercede for me, and she pretended to.  She went into another room with
the detective, and then she came back and told me that the man would take
ten pounds down to hush it up.  I’ve seen that man since; he is a ‘bully’
at a bad house in the Waterloo-road, but I truly believed that he was a
private-clothes policeman, as he said he was.  Of course I didn’t have
ten pounds, nor ten shillings hardly; but Mother H— said that she would
lend the money ‘on security;’ and I made over to her—sold to her, in
fact—in writing, every scrap of clothes that I had in my box and on my
back.  ‘Let’s have them too, Meg,’ Mother H— said, ‘and then you’re safe
not to run away.’  I made over to her the box as well, and my watch, and
gave her an I O U besides for five pounds, and then she ‘squared’ it with
the detective, and he went off.

“That’s how I came to be a ‘dress lodger.’  She didn’t wait long before
she opened her mind to me.  She up and told me that very night: ‘You’ve
got a new landlady now, my fine madam,’ said she; ‘you’ve got to _work_
for your living now; to work for _me_, d’ye understand?  You can’t
work—can’t earn a penny without you dress spicy, and every rag you’ve got
on is _mine_; and if you say one wry word, I’ll have ’em off and bundle
you out.’  So what could I do or say?” continued the poor wretch, tears
streaming down her really handsome face; “all the girls there were ‘dress
lodgers,’ and I believe that they were glad to see me brought to their
level.  They only laughed to hear Mother H— go on so.  I’ve been a ‘dress
lodger’ ever since, not being able to get a shilling for myself, for she
takes away all I get, and besides is always threatening to strip me and
turn me out, and to sue me for the five pounds I owe her.”

My informant asked her, “How does she exercise this amount of control
over you?  She is not always with you; you leave her house to walk the
streets, I suppose?”

“So I do, but not alone.  Dress lodgers are never allowed to do that,
sir.  I haven’t been one long, but long enough to find that out.  There’s
always a ‘watcher.’  Sometimes it’s a woman—an old woman, who isn’t fit
for anything else—but in general it’s a man.  He watches you always,
walking behind you, or on the opposite side of the way.  He never loses
sight of you, never fear.  You daren’t so much as go into a public for a
drain of gin but he is in after you in a minute, and must have his glass
too, though he isn’t allowed to do it—to have the gin, I mean; and _you_
ain’t allowed it either, not a drop, if the old woman knows it.  You’re
supposed to walk about and look for your living, and the watcher is
supposed to see that you do do it—to take care that you look sharp, and
above all that you don’t take customers anywhere but _home_.  And what do
you get for it all?  You’re half fed, and bullied day and night, and
threatened to be stripped and turned out; and when you’re at home, the
watcher is generally hanging about, and he’ll ‘down’ you with a ‘one’r’
in the back or side (he won’t hit you in the face, for fear of spoiling
it) if Mother H— only gives him the wink, though perhaps you’ve risked
getting into trouble, and stood many a glass of gin to him the night
before.”

It is difficult, indeed, to imagine a human creature more deplorably
circumstanced than the one whose sad story is above narrated, and who is
only “one of a thousand.”  There are those of the sisterhood who appear
in a more hideous shape, as, for instance, the horde of human tigresses
who swarm in the pestilent dens by the riverside at Ratcliff and
Shadwell.  These may have fallen lower in depravity, indeed they are
herded in the very mud and ooze of it, but they do not _suffer_ as the
gaily-bedizened “dress lodger” does.  They are almost past human feeling.
Except when they are ill and in hospital, they are never sober.  As soon
as her eyes are open in the morning, the she-creature of “Tiger Bay”
seeks to cool her parched mouth out of the gin-bottle; and “— your eyes,
let us have some more gin!” is the prayer she nightly utters before she
staggers to her straw, to snore like the worse than pig she is.

Soldiers’ women are different from sailors’ women.  As a rule, they are
much more decent in appearance, and they are insured against habits of
bestial intoxication by the slender resources of the men on whose bounty
they depend.  It is not possible to dip very deeply into the wine-cup or
even the porter-pot on an income of about fourpence-halfpenny per diem,
and it painfully illustrates what a wretched trade prostitution may
become that it is driven even to the barracks.

Beyond the barracks; out on to the wild bleak common, where, winter and
summer, the military tents are pitched.

A year or so since there appeared in the pages of the _Pall Mall Gazette_
three graphic and astounding letters concerning the dreadful condition of
a colony of women who “squatted” amongst the furze of Curragh Common, and
subsisted on such miserable wage as the soldiers there quartered could
afford to pay them.  These creatures are known in and about the great
military camp and its neighbourhood as “wrens.”  They do not live in
houses, or even huts, but build for themselves “nests” in the bush.  To
quote the words of the writer in question, these nests “have an interior
space of about nine feet long by seven feet broad; and the roof is not
more than four and a half feet from the ground.  You crouch into them as
beasts crouch into cover, and there is no standing upright till you crawl
out again.  They are rough misshapen domes of furze, like big rude
birds’-nests, compacted of harsh branches, and turned topsy-turvy upon
the ground.  The walls are some twenty inches thick, and they do get
pretty well compacted—much more than would be imagined.  There is no
chimney—not even a hole in the roof, which generally slopes forward.  The
smoke of the turf-fire which burns on the floor of the hut has to pass
out at the door when the wind is favourable, and to reek slowly through
the crannied walls when it is not.  The door is a narrow opening, nearly
the height of the structure—a slit in it, kept open by two rude posts,
which also serve to support the roof.  To keep it down and secure from
the winds that drive over the Curragh so furiously, sods of earth are
placed on top, here and there, with a piece of corrugated iron (much used
in the camp, apparently—I saw many old and waste pieces lying about) as
an additional protection from rain.  Sometimes a piece of this iron is
placed in the longitudinal slit aforesaid, and then you have a door as
well as a doorway.  Flooring there is none of any kind whatever, nor any
attempt to make the den snugger by burrowing down into the bosom of the
earth.  The process of construction seems to be to clear the turf from
the surface of the plain to the required space, to cut down some bushes
for building material, and to call in a friendly soldier or two to rear
the walls by the simple process of piling and trampling.  When the nest
is newly made, as that one was which I first examined, and if you happen
to view it on a hot day, no doubt it seems tolerably snug shelter.  A
sportsman might lie there for a night or two without detriment to his
health or his moral nature.  But all the nests are not newly made; and if
the sun shines on the Curragh, bitter winds drive across it, with
swamping rains for days and weeks together, and miles of snow-covered
plain sometimes lie between this wretched colony of abandoned women and
the nearest town.  Wind and rain are their worst enemies (unless we
reckon-in mankind) and play ‘old gooseberry’ with the bush-dwellings.
The beating of the one and the pelting of the other soon destroy their
bowery summer aspect.  They get crazy, they fall toward this side and
that, they shrink in and down upon the outcast wretches that huddle in
them, and the doorposts don’t keep the roof up, and the clods don’t keep
it down.  The nest is nothing but a furzy hole, such as, for comfort, any
wild-beast may match anywhere, leaving cleanliness out of the question.”

In each of these wretched lairs, the writer—who, be it borne in mind, was
an eye-witness of what he describes—goes on to inform us, companies of
these awful “birds,” varying in number from three to six, eat, drink,
sleep, cook, and receive company.  As regards the furniture and domestic
utensils with which each hut is provided, “the most important piece of
furniture was a wooden shelf running along the back of the nest, and
propped on sticks driven into the earthen floor.  Some mugs, some plates,
some cups and saucers, a candlestick; two or three old knives and forks,
battered and rusty; a few dull and dinted spoons; a teapot (this being
rather a rich establishment), and several other articles of a like
character, were displayed upon the shelf; and a grateful sight it was.  I
declare I was most thankful for the cups and saucers; and as for the
teapot, it looked like an ark of redemption in crockery-ware.  If they
were not—as I told myself when my eyes first rested on them—the only
human-looking things in the place, they did give one a comfortable
assurance that these wretched and desperate outcasts had not absolutely
broken with the common forms and habits of civilised life.

    “Beneath it was heaped an armful of musty straw, originally smuggled
    in from the camp stables: this, drawn out and shaken upon the earth,
    was the common bed.  A rough wooden box, such as candles are packed
    in, stood in a corner; one or two saucepans, and a horrid old
    tea-kettle, which had all the look of a beldame punished by drink,
    were disposed in various nooks in the furzy walls; a frying-pan was
    stuck into them by the handle, in company with a crooked stick of
    iron used as a poker; and—undoubtedly _that_ was there—a cheap little
    looking-glass was stuck near the roof.  These things formed the whole
    furniture and appointments of the nest, if we exclude a petticoat or
    so hung up at intervals.  There was not a stool in the place; and as
    for anything in the shape of a table, there was not room even for the
    idea of such a thing.  Except for the cups and saucers, I doubt
    whether any Australian native habitation is more savage or more
    destitute: _he_ can get an old saucepan or two, and knows how to
    spread a little straw on the ground.  Nor were any of the other nests
    (and I believe I looked into them all) better or differently
    furnished.  The only difference was in the quantity of crockery.  In
    every one the candle-box was to be found.  I discovered that it was
    the receptacle of those little personal ornaments and cherished
    trifles which women, in every grade of life, hoard with a sort of
    animal instinct.  In every one an upturned saucepan was used for a
    seat, when squatting on the earth became too tiresome.  In all, the
    practice is to sleep with your head under the shelf (thus gaining
    some additional protection from the wind) and your feet to the
    turf-fire, which is kept burning all night near the doorway.  Here
    the use of the perforated saucepan becomes apparent.  It is placed
    over the burning turf when the wrens dispose themselves to rest, and
    as there is no want of air in these dwellings, the turf burns well
    and brightly under the protecting pot.  Another remembrance of a
    decent life is seen in the fact, that the women always undress
    themselves to sleep upon their handful of straw, their day-clothes
    serving to cover them.”

The “wrens” themselves are described as being almost all young, and all,
without an exception, Irish.  They range from seventeen to twenty-five
years old, and almost all come out of cabins in country places.
Occasionally a delicate-looking “wren” may be met, but as a rule they are
sturdy, fine-limbed women, full of health and strength; many are
good-looking.  In their style of dress, no less than undress, they are
peculiar.  “All day they lounge in a half-naked state, clothed simply in
one frieze petticoat, and another, equally foul, cast loosely over then
shoulders; though, towards evening, they put on the decent attire of the
first girl I met there.  These bettermost clothes are kept bright and
clean enough; the frequency with which they are seen displayed on the
bushes to dry, shows how often they are washed, and how well.  These
observations apply to the cotton gown, the stockings, the white petticoat
alone; frieze and flannel never know anything of soap-and-water at all,
apparently.  The ‘Curragh-petticoat’ is familiarly known for miles and
miles round; its peculiarity seems to be that it is starched, but not
ironed.  The difference in the appearance of these poor wretches when the
gown and petticoat are donned, and when they are taken off again (that is
to say, the moment they come back from the ‘hunting-grounds’), answers
precisely to their language and demeanour when sober and when tipsy.”
The communistic principle governs each “nest;” and share-and-share alike
is the rule observed.  “None of the women have any money of their own;
what each company get is thrown into a common purse, and the nest is
provisioned out of it.  What they get is little indeed: a few halfpence
turned out of one pocket and another when the clean starched frocks are
thrown off at night, make up a daily income just enough to keep body and
soul together.”

Inquiry careful and judicious disclosed to the daring literary
investigator that the “wrens” take it in turns to do the marketing and
keep house while their sisters are abroad “on business.”  As need not be
mentioned, it is the youngest and best-looking women who engage in the
money-getting branch.  Considering how severe are their privations, and
the unceasing life of wretchedness they lead, it is not without surprise
that we hear that many of the “wrens” have occupied the ground they still
squat on during the past eight or nine years.  “I asked one of these
older birds how they contrived their sleeping-accommodation before
‘nests’ were invented.  Said she, ‘We’d pick the biggest little bush we
could find, and lay under it, turnin’ wid the wind.’  ‘Shifting round the
bush as the wind shifted?’  ‘Thrue for ye.  And sometimes we’d wake wid
the snow covering us, and maybe soaked wid rain.’  ‘And how did you dry
your clothes?’  ‘We jist waited for a fine day.’”

The above and much more information concerning the habits and customs of
these bushwomen of the Curragh was obtained in the daytime; but this was
not enough for the plucky _Pall-Mall_ adventurer.  He was well aware that
the wren was a night-bird, and could only be seen in her true colours by
candle-glimmer within her nest, or by the light of the stars or moon
while abroad hunting for prey.  Setting out after dark, our friend made
his way across the common towards the nests he had visited the day
before, and particularly to one known as No. 2 nest, the inmates of which
had shown themselves very civil and obliging.

“As I approached it,” says the writer, “I saw but one wretched figure
alone.  Crouched near the glowing turf, with her head resting upon her
hands, was a woman whose age I could scarcely guess at, though I think,
by the masses of black hair that fell forward upon her hands and backward
over her bare shoulders, that she must have been young.  She was
apparently dozing, and taking no heed of the pranks of the frisky little
curly-headed boy whom I have made mention of before; he was playing on
the floor.  When I announced myself by rapping on the bit of corrugated
iron which stood across the bottom of the doorway, the woman started in
something like fright; but she knew me at a second glance, and in I went.
‘Put back the iron, if ye plaze,’ said the wren as I entered; ‘the wind’s
blowing this way to-night, bad luck to it!’ . . .  I wanted to know how
my wretched companion in this lonely, windy, comfortless hovel, came from
being a woman to be turned into a wren.  The story began with ‘no father
nor mother,’ an aunt who kept a whisky-store in Cork, an artilleryman who
came to the whisky-store and saw and seduced the girl.  By and by his
regiment was ordered to the Curragh.  The girl followed him, being then
with child.  ‘He blamed me for following him,’ said she.  ‘He’d have
nothing to do with me.  He told me to come here, and do like other women
did.  And what could I do?  My child was born here, in this very place;
and glad I was of the shelter, and glad I was when the child died—thank
the blessed Mary!  What could I do with a child?  His father was sent
away from here, and a good riddance.  He used me very bad.’  After a
minute’s silence the woman continued, a good deal to my surprise, ‘I’ll
show you the likeness of a betther man, far away, one that never said a
cross word to me—blessed’s the ground he treads upon!’  And fumbling in
the pocket of her too scanty and dingy petticoat, she produced a
photographic portrait of a soldier, enclosed in half-a-dozen greasy
letters.  ‘He’s a bandsman, sir, and a handsome man he is; and I believe
he likes me too.  But they have sent him to Malta for six years; I’ll
never see my darlint again.’  And then this poor wretch, who was half
crying as she spoke, told me how she had walked to Dublin to see him just
before he sailed, ‘because the poor craythur wanted to see me onst more.’

“From this woman, so strangely compounded, I learned that she had
suffered so much privation last winter, that she had made up her mind not
to stay in the bush another such a season.  ‘At the first fall of snow
I’ll go to the workhouse, that I will!’ she said in the tone of one who
says that in such an event he is determined to cut his throat.  ‘Why,
would you belave it, sir?—last winter the snow would be up as high as our
little house, and we had to cut a path through it to the min, or we’d
been ruined intirely.’

“. . .  Presently the report of a gun was heard.  ‘Gunfire!’ cried my
companion.  ‘They’ll be back soon now, and I hope it’s not drunk they
are.’  I went out to listen.  All was dead quiet, and nothing was to be
seen but the lights in the various bushes, till suddenly a blaze broke
out at a distance.  Some dry furze had been fired by some of the soldiers
wandering on the common, and in search of whom the picket presently came
round, peeping into every bush.  Presently the sound of distant voices
was heard; it came nearer and nearer, and its shrillness and confusion
made it known to me that it was indeed a party of returning wrens, far
from sober.  They were, in fact, mad drunk; and the sound of their voices
as they came on through the dense darkness, screaming obscene sounds
broken by bursts of horrible laughter, with now and then a rattling
volley of oaths which told that fighting was going on, was staggering.  I
confess I now felt uncomfortable.  I had only seen the wren sober, or
getting sober; what she might be in that raging state of drunkenness I
had yet to find out, and the discovery threatened to be very unpleasant.
The noise came nearer, and was more shocking because you could
disentangle the voices and track each through its own course of swearing,
or of obscene singing and shouting, or of dreadful threats, which dealt
in detail with every part of the human frame.  ‘Is this your lot?’ I
asked my companion with some apprehension, as at length the shameful crew
burst out of the darkness.  ‘Some of ’em, I think.’  But no, they passed
on; such a spectacle as made me tremble.  I felt like a man respited when
the last woman went staggering by.  Again voices were heard, this time
proceeding from the women belonging to the bush where I was spending such
an uncomfortable evening.  Five in all,—two tipsy and three comparatively
sober,—they soon presented themselves at the door; one of them was
Billy’s mother.  At the sound of her voice the child woke up and cried
for her.  She was the most forbidding-looking creature in the whole
place; but she hastened to divest herself outside of her crinoline and
the rest of her walking attire (nearly all she had on), and came in and
nursed the boy very tenderly.  The other wrens also took off gown and
petticoat, and folding them up, made seats of them within the nest.  Then
came the important inquiry from the watching wren, ‘What luck have you
had?’ to which the answer was, ‘Middling.’  Without the least scruple
they counted up what they had got amongst them—a poor account.  It was
enough to make a man’s heart bleed to hear the details, and to see the
actual money.

“In order to continue my observations a little later in a way agreeable
to those wretched outcasts, I proposed to ‘stand supper,’ a proposition
which was joyfully received, of course.  Late as it was, away went one of
the wrens to get supper, presently returning with a loaf, some bacon,
some tea, some sugar, a little milk, and a can of water.  The women
brought all these things in such modest quantities that my treat cost no
more (I got my change, and I remember the precise sum) than two shillings
and eightpence-halfpenny.  The frying-pan was put in requisition, and
there seemed some prospect of a ‘jolly night’ for my more sober nest of
wrens.  One of them began to sing—not a pretty song; but presently she
stopped to listen to the ravings of a strong-voiced vixen in an adjoining
bush.  ‘It’s Kate,’ said one, ‘and she’s got the drink in her—the devil
that she is.’  I then heard that this was a woman of such ferocity when
drunk that the whole colony was in terror of her.  One of the women near
me showed me her face, torn that very night by the virago’s nails, and a
finger almost bitten through.  As long as the voice of the formidable
creature was heard, everyone was silent in No. 2 nest—silent out of fear
that she would presently appear amongst them.  Her voice ceased: again a
song was commenced; then the frying-pan began to hiss; and that sound it
was, perhaps, that brought the dreaded virago down upon us.  She was
heard coming from her own bush, raging as she came.  ‘My God, there she
is!’ one of the women exclaimed.  ‘She’s coming here; and if she sees you
she’ll tear every rag from your back!’  The next moment the fierce
creature burst into our bush, a stalwart woman full five feet ten inches
high, absolutely mad with drink.  Her hair was streaming down her back;
she had scarcely a rag of clothing on; and the fearful figure made at me
with a large jug, intended to be smashed upon my skull.  I declare her
dreadful figure appalled me.  I was so wonder-stricken, that I believe
she might have knocked me on the head without resistance; but, quick as
lightning, one of the women got before me, spreading out her petticoat.
‘Get out of it!’ she shouted in terror; ‘run!’  And so I did.  Covered by
this friendly and grateful wren, I passed out of the nest, and made my
way homeward in the darkness.  One of the girls stepped out to show me
the way.  I parted from her a few yards from the nest, and presently
‘lost myself’ on the common.  It was nearly two o’clock when I got to
Kildare from my last visit to that shameful bush-village.”



CHAPTER XVIII.
THE PRESENT CONDITION OF THE QUESTION.


_The Laws applying to Street-walkers_—_The Keepers of the Haymarket
Night-houses_—_Present Position of the Police-magistrates_.—_Music-hall
Frequenters_—_Refreshment-bars_—_Midnight
Profligacy_—“_Snuggeries_”—_Over-zealous Blockheads_.

SIX or seven years since, such alterations were made in the laws applying
to nocturnal street-walkers and disorderly persons generally, as enabled
the London magistrates, with the assistance of the police, to reduce the
great Haymarket disgrace to manageable dimensions.  To completely abolish
so renowned and prodigious a nuisance at a blow was more than could be
expected; but the public generally were quite satisfied with the gradual
and successful working of the plans adopted for the final extinction of
the infamous “oyster-shops,” and cafés, and wine-shops, that in the olden
time made night hideous from St. James’s-street to Piccadilly.  Suddenly,
however, the good work has received a serious check.  According to the
usual custom, the keeper of a refreshment-house, on being summoned before
the magistrate (Mr. Knox) for an infringement of the Act, was fined for
the offence; and nothing else was expected but that the fine would be
paid, and, except for its salutary effect, there an end of it.  But it
would seem that the fined “night-house” keeper had cunning advisers, who
assured him that the conviction was bad, and that he had only to appeal
to a superior court to insure its being set aside.  The course suggested
was adopted, and crowned with success.  Mr. Knox’s decision was reversed,
it not being clearly shown that the loose women discovered on the
premises were really assembled for an immoral purpose.

The _Times_, commenting on this, says: “It is matter for general regret,
since its probable result will be that in future the keepers of the
Haymarket ‘night-houses’ will do pretty much what they please, without
let or hindrance.  It was decided by Sir William Bodkin and his brother
magistrates sitting at the Middlesex Sessions, on an appeal brought from
Marlborough-street, that no case is made out against the keeper of a
‘night-house,’ unless the police can prove that the women found in the
house were assembled there for an immoral purpose; it was possible they
might be there merely for the legitimate purpose of refreshment, and not
in prosecution of their wretched trade.  It is perfectly obvious that
this interpretation of the law, whether or not true to the letter,
utterly violates the spirit.  The character of the women who frequent
these ‘night-houses’ is perfectly well known.  They have, moreover, but
one possible object in frequenting them.  It is clear, therefore, that
they come within the spirit of the law against harbouring improper
characters quite as much as if they visited these houses actually in
company of men; and hence it follows that no new principle of
legislation, requiring long consideration and repeated discussion, would
be introduced if the law were made to reach them.  We should, in fact, be
not making a new law, but giving an old law its proper effect—an effect
actually given it, as Mr. Knox points out, for seven years, and latterly
with admirable results.  Under these circumstances, we can see no
objection to replacing the law on its former satisfactory footing by the
simple expedient of a short clause in the Habitual Criminals’ Bill.  The
Bill already deals with the low beer-houses, which are the favourite
resorts of certain dangerous classes of the community; and the addition
of a few words would enable it to deal with such ‘night-houses’ as those
we have been discussing.  This would not interfere with subsequent more
mature and more comprehensive legislation on the subject, while it would
obviate the delay which has driven the police authorities to desperation,
and which threatens to give a fresh lease to a grave national scandal,
just as it was in the way of being repressed.”

The old law alluded to by the _Times_ is the Act of Parliament of the 2d
and 3d Vict. cap. 47, and is entitled “An Act for further empowering the
Police in and near the Metropolis;” being an amendment of Sir Robert
Peel’s original statute, the 10th Geo. IV.  Clauses 44, 52, 54, 58, and
63, bear especially on the penalties incurred by disorderly fallen women.

The 44th clause runs as follows:

    “And whereas it is expedient that the provisions made by law for
    preventing disorderly conduct in the houses of licensed victuallers
    be extended to other houses of public resort; be it enacted that
    every person who shall have or keep any house, shop, room, or place
    of public resort within the Metropolitan-Police district, wherein
    provisions, liquors, or refreshments of any kind shall be sold or
    consumed (whether the same shall be kept or retailed therein, or
    procured elsewhere), and who shall wilfully or knowingly permit
    drunkenness or other disorderly conduct in such house, shop, room, or
    place, or knowingly suffer any unlawful games or any gaming
    whatsoever therein, or knowingly suffer or permit _prostitutes_, or
    persons of notoriously bad character, to meet together and remain
    therein, shall for every such offence be liable to a penalty of not
    more than five pounds.”

The 52d clause of the same statute provides:

    “That it shall be lawful for the Commissioners of Police from time to
    time, and as occasion may require, to make regulation for the route
    to be observed by all carts, carriages, horses, and persons, and for
    preventing obstructions of the streets or thoroughfares within the
    Metropolitan-Police district, in all times of public processions,
    public rejoicings, or illuminations; and also to give directions to
    the constables for keeping order and for preventing any obstruction
    of the thoroughfares in the immediate neighbourhood of her Majesty’s
    palaces and public offices, the High Court of Parliament, the courts
    of law and equity, the police-courts, the theatres, and other places
    of public resort, and in any case when the streets or thoroughfares
    may be thronged or may be liable to be obstructed.”

The 54th clause provides, in continuation:

    “That every person who, after being made acquainted with the
    regulations or directions which the Commissioner of Police shall have
    made for regulating the route of horses, carts, carriages, and
    persons during the time of divine service, and for preventing
    obstructions during public processions, and on other occasions
    hereinbefore specified, shall wilfully disregard, or not conform
    himself thereto, shall be liable to a penalty of not more than forty
    shillings.  And it shall be lawful for any constable belonging to the
    Metropolitan-Police force to take into custody, _without warrant_,
    any person who shall commit any such offence within view of any such
    constable.”

The same 54th clause also provides:

    “That every common prostitute or night-walker, loitering, or being in
    any thoroughfare or public place, for the purpose of prostitution or
    solicitation, to the annoyance of the inhabitants or passengers,
    shall be liable to a penalty of not more than forty shillings, and to
    be dealt with in the same manner.”

And again, that “every person who shall use any profane, indecent, or
obscene language to the annoyance of the inhabitants or passengers;” and
also “every person who shall use any threatening, abusive, or insulting
words or behaviour with intent to provoke a breach of the peace, or
whereby a breach of the peace may be occasioned,” may be also so dealt
with.  The 58th clause enacts:

    “That every person who shall be found drunk in any street or public
    thoroughfare within the said district, and who while drunk shall be
    guilty of any riotous or indecent behaviour, and also every person
    who shall be guilty of any violent or indecent behaviour in any
    police station-house, shall be liable to a penalty of not more than
    forty shillings for every such offence or may be committed, if the
    magistrate by whom he is convicted shall think fit, instead of
    inflicting upon him any pecuniary fine, to the House of Correction
    for any time not more than seven days.”

The 63rd clause enacts:

    “That it shall be lawful for any constable belonging to the
    Metropolitan-Police district, and for all persons whom he shall call
    to his assistance, to take into custody, without a warrant, any
    person who within view of such constable, shall offend in any manner
    against this Act, and whose name and residence shall be unknown to
    such constable, and cannot be ascertained by such constable.”

The police are, under the same Act, empowered to deal with disorder,
drunkenness, disorderly conduct brawling, loitering and obstruction,
whether coming by prostitutes or others.  Habitual loitering upon certain
fixed spots they already keep in check, generally speaking, without
tyranny; and next comes to be considered what can be done in case of what
is called “solicitation” or importunity, a prominent feature in the
general hill of indictment against prostitution.

To a person uninitiated in the law’s subtleties, it would seem that the
clauses of the Act of Parliament above quoted armed the police with all
necessary authority, and that all that was requisite was to compel the
observance of the said clauses, strictly and without favour, to insure a
considerable mitigation of the great evil.  Indeed, as has been shown,
believing themselves justified in the course they have been for years
pursuing, the police have undoubtedly effected a vast and important
change in the aspect of the Haymarket and its neighbourhood after
midnight.  The result, however, of the Assistant-Judge’s decision appears
to have put the worthy and indefatigable Mr. Knox quite out of heart, as
may be gathered from the subjoined newspaper account of the last case
that was brought before him:

    “Rose Burton, keeper of a refreshment-house in Jermyn-street, lately
    known as Kate Franks, appeared to answer two summonses for harbouring
    prostitutes.  The police gave the usual evidence.  They visited the
    house at night.  They found men and women there; the women known
    prostitutes, some taking refreshment.  There was no disorder, and the
    usual signal by ringing a bell had been given when the police
    presented themselves at the house.  For the defence it was urged,
    that the evidence was similar to that given before the Middlesex
    magistrates on appeal, after hearing which they quashed the
    conviction, and that the magistrate should dismiss the summonses.
    Mr. Knox said he must send the case to the Sessions in order to get a
    clear declaration of what was meant.  If the judgment of the Court
    was against him, he must wash his hands of the matter.  He should
    inflict the reduced fine of 10_s._ in order that the conviction
    should be taken to the Sessions.  Mr. Froggatt asked for a decision
    in the second case.  Mr. Knox would act in it the same as in the last
    case.  It was, so to say, a last desperate effort.  If he failed, his
    honest determination was to take no further trouble in the matter;
    but to report to the Home Office that the efforts to reform the
    condition of the Haymarket had entirely broken down.  Mr. Edward
    Lewis, after some consultation with Mr. Allen jun. and Mr. Froggatt,
    said that, owing to technical difficulties, it would be impossible to
    get an appeal to Quarter Sessions before the 24th July.  Mr. Knox
    said that would be too late for Parliament to deal with the matter,
    as the session would most probably close early in August.  There was
    no help for it; the nighthouse-keepers must go on in their own way;
    the police might give up their supervision and refrain from taking
    out summonses, as he certainly should decline to convict.  He should
    cancel the three convictions that day, and dismiss the summonses; he
    was powerless, and therefore disinclined to enforce what for seven
    years had been considered as law, but what had been suddenly upset at
    Quarter Sessions.  Mr. Knox then requested Mr. Superintendent Dunlop
    to communicate what had occurred to the Commissioners of Police.”

At the same time, it is no more than fair to lay before the reader the
explanation given by the Assistant-Judge on the last occasion of the
matter coming before him.  It should be understood that the case in
question was not that of “Rose Burton,” but of another of the fraternity
who had been fined by Mr. Knox.  The party in question gave notice of
appeal, and the police authorities intimated their intention of
supporting the magistrate in his conviction.  From some unexplained
cause, however, at the last moment the Commissioners of Police withdrew
altogether from the case, leaving it all undefended to be dealt with by
Mr. Bodkin.  The judgment of the learned Assistant-Judge was as follows:

    “There are two cases in the paper of appeals against convictions by
    Mr. Knox for causing or allowing prostitutes to assemble; and upon
    these two cases being called, counsel intimated that the solicitors
    of the Commissioners of Police had written a letter to say that they
    should not support these convictions.  Under those circumstances no
    other course was open to us but to quash them.  But I mention the
    fact now because these convictions have been the subject of
    considerable comment and of interrogation in the House of Commons.  I
    can only say that there is no law in these cases at all.  It is
    entirely a question of fact, and each case must stand upon its own
    merits.  On one occasion we quashed a conviction on the hearing, and
    upon that decision a great deal has been said.  The sole evidence
    there was, that a policeman went into the house between twelve and
    one and found men and women having refreshment, some of the women
    being prostitutes.  No question was asked; and there was nothing to
    show that the person who kept the house knew they were prostitutes.
    There was nothing to show that any warning had been previously given
    against harbouring or encouraging them to come.  There was no ringing
    of any bell to give notice of the approach of the police.  In fact,
    there was nothing but the mere incident that the police, before the
    hour of one, when these houses should be closed, found persons in
    them taking refreshments—some of those persons being prostitutes.
    Although I do not shrink from taking on myself the chief
    responsibility, there were many magistrates present who formed their
    own opinion upon the question, which was a question of fact; and it
    seemed so clearly not to be a case which satisfied the requirements
    of the law, that we did not call upon the counsel for the appellants,
    but at once quashed the conviction.  Indeed, after all that has been
    said, I have no hesitation in stating that if another case came here,
    and was presented to us in such a bald and unsatisfactory manner, we
    should again quash the conviction.  We are as desirous as Mr. Knox to
    put an end to any nuisance, whether in the Haymarket or elsewhere;
    but we cannot forget that we are in a court of law, bound to act upon
    such testimony as is sworn before us, and not to embark upon
    inquiries of another kind.  There was not a tittle of evidence as to
    ringing a bell, or of anything more than persons taking refreshment
    within the hours allowed by law, some of those persons being
    ‘unfortunates.’  I do not think that any bench of magistrates in the
    kingdom could, under the circumstances, have arrived at a different
    conclusion.  If other cases come before us, we shall treat them as we
    treated the last, according to the effect of the sworn evidence in
    court, and in no other way.  I am very sorry if our decision should
    have induced Mr. Knox, for whom I entertain a great respect, to
    abstain from convicting in other cases, unless those were cases of
    the same bald and unsatisfactory character as that which we decided.”

From one point of view maybe it is difficult to overrate the importance
of this judgment, especially if, as the _Times_ predicts, it will have
the effect of giving the keepers of the Haymarket haunts of infamy
liberty to do pretty much as they please.  Laying too much stress on this
Haymarket business, however, may be harmful in another direction.  It may
lead the public to the decidedly wrong conclusion that the well-known
thoroughfare indicated, and the taverns and refreshment-houses it
contains, are the head-quarters, the one main source, from which flows
the prodigious stream of immorality that floods the town with
contamination.

Now this is very far from being the fact.  The extent to which the
Haymarket haunts are criminal is equalled, and in many cases far
excelled, in a dozen different parts of London every night between the
hours of ten and one—and that without remonstrance or hindrance on the
part of the police authorities or anyone else.  I allude to the London
music-halls.  One of the most disreputable was burnt down the other day;
and it would be a matter for rejoicing—for public thanksgiving almost—if
the score or so of similar places of popular amusement, polluting every
quarter of the metropolis, shared a similar fate.  To be sure, the
music-halls keep within the letter of the law in the matter of closing
their doors before one o’clock; but in every other respect their
operation is as mischievous as any of the prosecuted dens at the
West-end.  And I beg of the reader to distinctly understand that I am not
quoting from hearsay.  There is not a single music-hall—from the vast
“Alhambra” in Leicester-square, to the unaristocratic establishment in
the neighbourhood of Leather-lane, originally christened the “Raglan,”
but more popularly known as the “Rag”—that I have not visited.  And I am
bound to confess that the same damning elements are discoverable in one
and all.

At the same time it must be admitted—shameful and disgraceful as the
admission is—that it is not the music-hall of the vulgar East-end or
“over the water” that presents in special prominence the peculiar
features here spoken of, and which, in plain language, are licentiousness
and prostitution.  He who would witness the perfection to which these
twin curses may be wrought under the fostering influences of “music,”
&c., must visit the west, and not the east or south, of the metropolis.
He must make a journey to Leicester-square, and to the gorgeous and
palatial Alhambra there to be found.  What he will there discover will
open his eyes to what a farcical thing the law is, and how within the
hour it will strain at gnats, and bolt entire camels without so much as a
wry face or a wince, or a wink even.

I speak fearlessly, because all that I describe may be witnessed
to-night, to-morrow, any time, by the individual adventurous and curious
enough to go and see for himself.  There is no fear of his missing it; no
chance of his fixing on a wrong night.  It is _always_ the same at the
music-hall.  Its meat is other men’s poison; and it can fatten and
prosper while honesty starves.  The bane and curse of society is its main
support; and to introduce the purging besom would be to ruin the
business.

At the same time, I would wish it to be distinctly understood, that I do
not desire to convey to the reader the impression that the numerical
majority of music-hall frequenters are persons of immoral tendencies.  On
the contrary, I am well convinced that such places are the resort of a
vast number of the most respectable portion of the working-class.  This,
I believe, is a fact carefully treasured by music-hall proprietors, and
elaborately displayed by them whenever their morality is attacked.  They
point to the well-filled body of the hall, the sixpenny part, where
artisans and working-men congregate, and not unfrequently bring with them
their wives and daughters; and triumphantly inquire, “Is it likely that
the music-hall can be what slanderers represent, when it is so
patronised?”  And it is quite true that a very large number of honest and
intelligent folk are attracted thither in search of harmless amusement.
Let them bless God for their ignorance of the world’s wicked ways if they
succeed in finding it.  It is not impossible.  Provided they look neither
to the right nor left of them, but pay their sixpence at the door, and
march to the seats apportioned them; and, still at eyes right, direct
their gaze and their organs of hearing towards the stage, from which the
modern “comic vocalist” doles out to a stolen tune feeble jingling
idiotcies of “his own composing,”—if they are steadfast to this, they may
come away not much the worse for the evening’s entertainment.  But let
him not look about him, especially if he have his wife or daughters with
him, or he may find himself tingling with a feeling it was never his
misfortune to experience before.

The honest believer in the harmlessness of music-halls would, if he
looked about him as he sat in the sixpenny “pit,” discover in more
quarters than one that which would open his innocent eyes.  If his vision
were directed upwards towards the boxes and balconies, there he would
discover it.  Brazen-faced women blazoned in tawdry finely, and curled
and painted, openly and without disguise bestowing their blandishments on
“spoony” young swells of the “commercial” and shopman type, for the sake
of the shilling’s-worth of brandy-and-water that steams before them, and
in prospect of future advantages.  There is no mistaking these women.
They do not go there to be mistaken.  They make no more disguise of their
profession than do cattle-drovers in the public markets.  They are there
in pursuit of their ordinary calling, and, splendid creatures though they
appear, it is curious to witness the supreme indifference to them of the
door-keepers as they flaunt past them.  It makes good the old proverb
about the familiarity that breeds contempt; besides, as a customer in
simple, the painted free-drinking lady is not desirable.  I should not
for a moment wish to impute without substantial proof so dastardly a
feature of “business” to any spirited music-hall proprietor in
particular; but I am positively assured by those who should know, that on
certain recognised nights loose women are admitted to these places
_without payment_.  I know as a fact, too, that it is no uncommon thing
for these female music-hall frequenters to enlist the services of cabmen
on “spec,” the latter conveying their “fare” to the Alhambra or the
Philharmonic without present payment, on the chance that she will in the
course of the evening “pick up a flat,” who will with the lady require
his services to drive them to the Haymarket or elsewhere.  How much of
extortion and robbery may be committed under such a convenient cloak it
is not difficult to guess.  The evidence not being quite so
unobjectionable as it might be, I will not mention names; but I was
recently informed with apparent sincerity by one of those poor bedizened
unfortunates—a “dress lodger” possibly—that a certain music-hall
proprietor issued to women of her class “weekly tickets” at half-price,
the main condition attaching to the advantage being that the holder did
not “ply” in the low-priced parts of the hall; that is to say, amongst
those who could afford to pay for nothing more expensive than pints of
beer.

But it is at the refreshment-bars of these palatial shams and impostures,
as midnight and closing time approaches, that profligacy may be seen
reigning rampant.  Generally at one end of the hall is a long strip of
metal counter, behind which superbly-attired barmaids vend strong
liquors.  Besides these there are “snuggeries,” or small private
apartments, to which bashful gentlemen desirous of sharing a bottle of
wine with a recent acquaintance may retire.  But the unblushing immodesty
of the place concentrates at this long bar.  Any night may here be found
_dozens_ of prostitutes enticing simpletons to drink, while the men who
are _not_ simpletons hang about, smoking pipes and cigars, and merely
sipping, not drinking deeply, and with watchful wary eyes on the pretty
game of fox-and-goose that is being played all round about them.  No one
molests them, or hints that their behaviour is at variance with “the
second and third of Victoria, cap. 47.”  Here they are in dozens, in
scores, prostitutes every one, doing exactly as they do at the infamous
and prosecuted Haymarket dens, and no one interferes.  I say, doing all
that the Haymarket woman does; and it must be so, since the gay patroness
of the music-halls does simply all she can to lure the dupe she may at
the moment have in tow.  She entices him to drink; she drinks with him:
she ogles, and winks, and whispers, and encourages like behaviour on his
part, her main undisguised object being to induce him to prolong the
companionship after the glaring gaslight of the liquor-bar is lowered,
and its customers are shown to the outer door.  If that is not “knowingly
suffering prostitutes to meet together” for the more convenient
prosecution of their horrible trade, what else is it?  And yet the
cunning schemes and contrivances for misleading and throwing dust in the
eyes of the police are not practised here.  There are no scouts and
“bells,” the former causing the latter to chime a warning on the approach
of the enemy.  The enemy, the police, that is to say, are on the spot.
In almost every case there will be found in the music-hall lobby an
intelligent liveried guardian of the public peace, here stationed that he
may take cognisance of suspicious-looking persons, and eject improper
characters.  Should he happen, as is most likely, to be a policeman whose
“beat” is in the neighbourhood, he will by sight be quite familiar with
every loose woman who for a mile round in the streets plies her lawless
trade.  He recognises them, as with a nod of old acquaintance they pass
the money-taker; he saunters to the bar, where the women gather to prime
their prey, and he witnesses their doings, but he takes no notice, and
never complains.

To be sure, the man is not to blame; were he ordered to disperse
congregations of prostitutes wherever he found them, and to warn the
persons who dispense liquors to them—just as is expected of him in the
case of the ordinary public-house—that they are harbouring bad
characters, and must cease to do so, undoubtedly the policeman would
perform his duty.  Until he receives express orders on the subject,
however, he is helpless, and very properly so.  Although one would desire
to see ample powers for the suppression of prostitution placed in the
hands of the police, it is highly necessary that the said power, in the
hands of ordinary constable X, should be scrupulously watched by those
who are set in authority over him.  Policemen make sad mistakes at times,
as witness the following monstrous instance, furnished by the
police-reports not more than a month since:

At Southwark, Mrs. Catherine C—, aged twenty-eight, the wife of a
respectable man in the employ of the South-Eastern Railway Company, but
who was described on the charge-sheet as a prostitute, was charged by
Jas. Benstead, police-constable 17 M Reserve, with soliciting
prostitution near the London-bridge railway terminus.  The constable said
that about ten o’clock on the previous night he was on duty near the
railway terminus, when he saw the prisoner accost a gentleman.  Believing
her to be a prostitute, he went up to the gentleman, and from what he
said he took her into custody for soliciting him.  The prisoner here said
she had been most cruelly used.  She was a respectable married woman, and
lived with her husband in the Drummond-road, Bermondsey.  She had been to
see her sister at Peckham, and had a return-ticket for the Spa-road; but
when she arrived at the London-bridge terminus, she was too late for the
train; consequently she determined to walk home, and as soon as she
turned into Duke-street, a gentleman stopped her and asked her whether
there was an omnibus left there for Whitechapel.  She told him she did
not know, and as soon as he left, the constable came up and took her into
custody.  She had been locked up all night.  The prisoner here produced
the half of a return-ticket for the magistrate’s inspection.  The husband
of the prisoner said he was in the employ of the South-Eastern Railway
Company, and resided at No. 190 Drummond-road, Bermondsey.  His wife left
home on the previous afternoon to visit her sister at Peckham, and he
expected her home at ten o’clock.  He was surprised at her absence, and
as soon as he ascertained she was locked up, he went to the
police-station, but was not permitted to see her.  He could produce
several witnesses to prove the respectability of his wife.  Mr. Burcham
ordered the prisoner to be discharged immediately.

And so terminated the case as far as the magistrate was concerned; but
one cannot help feeling curious to know whether no more was done in the
matter.  The outraged and cruelly-used woman was discharged, but was
Reserve-constable James Benstead permitted to retain his situation in the
police-force?  How did the monstrous “mistake” arise?  It is evident that
the poor young woman spoke the truth; Mr. Burcham settled that point by
ordering her immediate discharge.  From any point of view, James Benstead
showed himself utterly unworthy to remain a constable.  In interfering
with a decently-dressed woman, who must have been a stranger to him,
simply because he saw her “accost a gentleman,” he exhibited himself in
the light of an over-zealous blockhead.  If the woman’s statement is to
be believed, he told a wicked and malicious lie when he said that he took
her into custody “on account of what the gentleman told him.”  Where one
is left in the dark, to solve a mystery as one best may, it is not
impossible that one may guess wide of the mark; but it will under such
conditions occur to the recollection that before now “unfortunates,” new
to the life, have given deadly offence to policemen by not “paying their
footing,” as black-mail of a certain abominable kind is called; and
blundering James Benstead may have sustained a pecuniary disappointment.
It is to be sincerely hoped that that secret tribunal before which erring
policemen are arraigned (where is it?) will not let so flagrant a case
pass without notice; and if, after close investigation, policeman James
Benstead is proved to be the dangerous person he appears, that he may be
promptly stripped of his official uniform.  Even supposing that James
Benstead is nothing worse than a blundering Jack-in-office, he is just of
the sort to bring the law into contempt and ridicule, and the sooner he
is cashiered the better.



CHAPTER XIX.
SUGGESTIONS.


_Ignoring the Evil_—_Punishment fit for the_ “_Deserter_” _and the
Seducer_—_The_ “_Know-nothing_” _and_ “_Do-nothing_” _Principle_—_The
Emigration of Women of Bad Character_.

IT is easy enough to understand, if one finds the courage to face this
worst of all social evils, and inquire calmly into the many shapes its
origin takes, how very possible it is that there may be living in a state
of depravity scores and hundreds of women who are what they are out of no
real _fault_ of their own.  “Then why do they not turn, and reform their
infamous lives?” the indignant reader may ask.  “They may if they will.
Is there not this, that, and the other asylum open to them?”  Perhaps so.
Only perhaps.  But for reasons hinted at in the commencement of this
chapter, it might be clearly enough shown that, “this, that, and
t’other,” to a very large extent, really and truly represent the
substantiality of the asylums to which the curse is admitted for
purgation.  We have foolishly and blindly ignored the evil, and
consequently we have not been free to provide adequately for the
reception of those who have lived in it, and are now desirous of
returning, if they may, to decent life.  We have some asylums of the
kind; but in capacity they are about as well adapted to perform the
prodigious amount of work ready for them as a ten-gallon filter would be
to purify the muddy waters of the Thames.

Undoubtedly there are thousands of debased and wanton wretches for whom
the doors of such houses of reform and refuge, did they exist in plenty,
might in vain stand open.  But let the reader for a moment consider how
many there are at this moment whose fall was mainly due to misplaced
trust and foolish confidence, and who are kept in their degradation out
of a sort of mad and bitter spite against themselves.  As everyone can
vouch who has taken an interest in these fallen ones, and kindly
questioned them on their condition and their willingness to turn from it,
nothing is more common in their mouths than the answer, “I don’t care.
It’s a life good enough for me.  A pretty image I should appear in
well-bred company, shouldn’t I?  It’s no use your preaching to me.  I’ve
made my bed, and I must lie on it.”  And it would be found in countless
cases that these poor wretches did not in the original “make their bed,”
as they call it, and that it reveals a wonderful amount of forgiving and
generosity in them to profess that they did.  If we could discover the
truth, we might get at the real bed-makers—the villanous conjurers of
couches of roses that were so speedily to turn to thorns and briars—in
the seducer and the base deserter.  If ever the Legislature finds courage
enough to take up this great question in earnest, it is to be hoped that
ample provision will be made for the proper treatment of the heartless
scoundrel.  As says a writer in an old number of the _Westminster
Review_:

    “The _deserter_, not the seducer, should be branded with the same
    kind and degree of reprobation with which society now visits the
    coward and the cheat.  The man who submits to insult rather than
    fight; the gambler who packs the cards, or loads the dice, or refuses
    to pay his debts of honour, is hunted from among even his
    unscrupulous associates as a stained and tarnished character.  _Let
    the same measure of retributive justice be dealt to the seducer who
    deserts the woman who has trusted him_, _and allows her to come upon
    the town_.  We say the deserter—not the seducer; for there is as wide
    a distinction between them as there is between the gamester and the
    sharper.  Mere seduction will never be visited with extreme severity
    among men of the world, however correct and refined may be their
    general tone of morals; for they will always make large allowances on
    the score of youthful passions, favouring circumstances, and excited
    feeling.  Moreover, they well know that there is a wide
    distinction—that there are all degrees of distinction—between a man
    who commits a fault of this kind, under the influence of warm
    affections and a fiery temperament, and the cold-hearted, systematic
    assailer of female virtue, whom all reprobate and shun.  It is
    universally felt that you cannot, with any justice, class these men
    in the same category, nor mete out to them the same measure of
    condemnation.  But the man who, when his caprice is satisfied, casts
    off his victim as a worn-out garment or a damaged toy; who allows the
    woman who trusted his protestations to sink from the position of his
    companion to the loathsome life of prostitution, because his
    seduction and desertion has left no other course open to her; who is
    not ready to make any sacrifice of place, of fortune, of reputation
    even, in order to save one whom he has once loved from such an abyss
    of wretched infamy—must surely be more stained, soiled, and hardened
    in soul, more utterly unfitted for the company or sympathy of
    gentlemen or men of honour, than any coward, any gambler, any cheat!”

I may not lay claim to being the discoverer of this well-written outburst
of manly indignation.  It is quoted by a gentleman—a medical
gentleman—who has inquired deeper and written more to the real purpose on
this painful subject than any other writer with whom I am acquainted.  I
allude to Dr. Acton.  The volume that contains it is of necessity not one
that might be introduced to the drawing-room, but it is one that all
thinking men would do well to procure and peruse.  Dr. Acton handles a
tremendously difficult matter masterly and courageously; and while really
he is of as delicate a mind as a lady, he does not scruple to enunciate
his honest convictions respecting the prevalent evil of prostitution, as
though it were an evil as commonly recognised and as freely discussed as
begging or thieving.  In his introductory pages he says:

    “To those who profess a real or fictitious ignorance of prostitution,
    its miseries and its ill-effects, and those again who plead
    conscience for inaction, I have this one reply.  Pointing to the
    outward signs of prostitution in our streets and hospitals, I inquire
    whether we can flatter ourselves that the subject has drifted into a
    satisfactory state on the ‘know-nothing’ and ‘do-nothing’ principle.
    I hint at the perilous self-sufficiency of the Pharisee, and the
    wilful blindness of the Levite who ‘passed by on the other side,’ and
    I press upon them that, after reading this work and testing its
    author’s veracity, they should either refute its arguments or be
    themselves converted. . . .  I have little to say in the way of
    apology for my plain-speaking.  The nature of the subject has forced
    this upon me.  To have called things here treated of by another than
    their right name would have been in any writer an absurdity, in me a
    gross one.  The experiences I have collected may to optimists and
    recluses appear exaggerated.  The visions I have indulged in may be
    hard to grasp.  But this more complicated knot demands a swordsman,
    not an infant.  The inhabitants of a provincial city demanded of Lord
    Palmerston that the angel of pestilence should be stayed by a day of
    national prayer and fasting.  ‘I will fast with you and pray with
    you,’ was the statesman’s answer; ‘but let us also drain, scrub,
    wash, and be clean.’”

If by this taste of the preface to Dr. Acton’s book I induce my male
readers to dip into it for themselves, I shall feel that I have done the
cause the worthy writer has at heart good service.  It will be something
if the brief quotation bespeaks attention to the other extracts from the
same genuine source that herein appear.  On the subject of seduction and
desertion, Mr. Acton writes:

    “If I could not get imprisonment of the male party to a seduction
    substituted for the paltry fine of half-a-crown a-week, I would at
    least give to the commonwealth, now liable to a pecuniary damage by
    bastardy, some interest in its detection and punishment.  The
    union-house is now often enough the home of the deserted mother and
    the infant bastard; and the guardians of the poor ought, I think, to
    have the right, in the interest of the commune, to act as bastardy
    police, and to be recouped their charges.  I would not allow the
    maintenance of an illegitimate child to be at the expense of any but
    the father.  I would make it the incubus on him, not on its mother;
    and I would not leave his detection, exposure, and money loss at the
    option of the latter.  A young man who has a second and third
    illegitimate child, by different women, has not lived without adding
    some low cunning to his nature.  It often happens that a fellow of
    this sort will, for a time, by specious promises and presents to a
    girl he fully intends ultimately to desert, defer making any payments
    for or on account of her child.  If he can for twelve months, and
    without entering into any shadow of an agreement (and we may all
    guess how far the craft of an injured woman will help her to one that
    would hold water), stave-off any application on her part to the
    authorities, her claim at law is barred; and she herself, defied at
    leisure, becomes in due course chargeable to her parish or union.
    But not thus should a virtuous state connive at the obligations of
    paternity being shuffled on to its public shoulders, when, by a very
    trifling modification of the existing machinery, they might be
    adjusted on the proper back, permanently or temporarily, as might be
    considered publicly expedient.  I would enact, I say, by the help of
    society, that, in the first place, the seduction of a female,
    properly proved, should involve the male in a heavy pecuniary fine,
    according to his position—not at all by way of punishment, but to
    strengthen, by the very firm abutment of the breeches-pocket, both
    him and his good resolutions against the temptations and force of
    designing woman.  I would not offer the latter, as I foresee will be
    instantaneously objected, this bounty upon sinfulness—this incentive
    to be a seducer; but, on the contrary, the money should be due to the
    community, and recoverable in the county-court or superior court at
    the suit of its engine, the union; and should be invested by the
    treasurer of such court, or by the county, or by some public trustee
    in bastardy, for the benefit of the mother and child.  The child’s
    portion of this deodand should be retained by such public officer
    until the risk of its becoming chargeable to the community
    quasi-bastard should be removed by the mother’s marriage or
    otherwise; and the mother’s share should be for her benefit as an
    emigration-fund or marriage-portion.”

“We cannot imagine,” says another authority, “that anyone can seriously
suppose that prostitution would be made either more generally attractive
or respectable by the greater decency and decorum which administrative
supervision would compel it to throw over its exterior.  We know that the
absence of these does not deter one of irregular passions from the low
pursuit; and we know, moreover, wherever these are needed for the behoof
of a more scrupulous and refined class of fornicators, they are to be
found.  We are convinced also that much of the permanent ruin to the
feelings and character which results from the habit of visiting the
haunts of prostitution is to be attributed to the coarse language and the
brutal manners which prevail there; and that this vice, like many others,
would lose much of its evil by losing all of grossness that is separable
from it.  Nor do we fear that the improvement in the _tone_ of
prostitution which would thus result would render its unhappy victims
less anxious to escape from it.  Soften its horrors and gild its
loathsomeness as you may, there will always remain enough to revolt all
who are not wholly lost.  Much too—everything almost—is gained, if you
can retain _any_ degree of self-respect among the fallen.  The more of
this that remains, the greater chance is there of ultimate redemption; it
is always a mistaken and a cruel policy to allow vice to grow desperate
and reckless.”  It is for the interest of society at large, as well as
for that of the guilty individual, that we should never break down the
bridge behind such a sinner as the miserable “unfortunate” even.




V.—The Curse of Drunkenness.


CHAPTER XX.
ITS POWER.


_The crowning Curse_—_No form of sin or sorrow in which it does not play
a part_—_The_ “_Slippery Stone_” _of Life_—_Statistics_—_Matters not
growing worse_—_The Army Returns_—_The System of Adulteration_.

WHATEVER differences of opinion may arise as to the extent and evil
operation of the other curses that, in common with all other cities,
afflict the city of London, no sane man will contest the fact that
drunkenness has wrought more mischief than all other social evils put
together.  There is not a form of human sin and sorrow in which it does
not constantly play a part.  It is the “slippery stone” that in countless
instances has betrayed the foot careless or over-confident, and the
downhill-path is trod never to be retraced.  As Dr. Guthrie writes:
“Believe me, it is impossible to exaggerate, impossible even truthfully
to paint, the effect of this evil, either on those who are addicted to it
or on those who suffer from it; crushed husbands, broken-hearted wives,
and, most of all, those poor innocent children that are dying under
cruelty and starvation, that shiver in their rags upon our streets, that
walk unshod the winter snows, and, with their matted hair and hollow
cheeks, and sunken eyes, glare out on us wild and savage-like from
patched and filthy windows.  Nor is the curse confined to the lowest
stratum of society.  Much improved as are the habits of the upper and
middle classes, the vice may still be met in all classes of society.  It
has cost many a servant her place, and yet greater loss—ruined her
virtue; it has broken the bread of many a tradesman; it has spoiled the
coronet of its lustre, and sunk the highest rank into contempt.”

It is satisfactory, however, to discover that matters are not growing
worse.

In the number of persons “summarily proceeded against” for divers
offences, we find a steady decrease during the last three years in the
numbers charged with “drunkenness” and being “drunk and disorderly,” the
respective figures being 105,310, 104,368, and 100,357, showing a
diminution in the three years of nearly 5,000 cases per annum.  In the
total number of inquests for 1867, viz. 24,648, there is a decrease of
278, as compared with the number in the preceding year.  In the verdicts
of murder there is a decrease of 17, and of manslaughter 44, or 19.7 per
cent, following a decrease of 59, or 20.9 per cent, as compared with the
number in 1865.  Under “natural death,” as compared with the numbers for
1866, there is a decrease of 51, or 13.6 per cent, in the verdicts “from
excessive drinking,” following a decrease of 12 in 1866, as compared with
the number in 1865.  The number of persons committed or bailed for trial
for indictable offences during the year, as shown in the police-returns,
was 19,416, and of these it may be calculated that about 14,562 (75 per
cent being about the usual proportion) would be convicted.  To this
number is to be added (in order to show the total number of convictions
during the year) 335,359 summary convictions before the magistrates
(280,196 males and 55,163 females).  A large proportion of these cases
were, it is true, for offences of a trifling character.  They include,
however, 74,288 cases of “drunkenness” and being “drunk and disorderly”
(59,071 males and 15,217 females), and 10,085 offences against the
Licensed Victuallers’ and Beer Acts, viz. 6,506 by beershop-keepers
(5,792 males and 714 females); 3,258 by licensed victuallers (2,944 males
and 314 females); the remaining 321 (293 males and 28 females) consisting
of other offences under the above Acts.  The total number of convictions
for offences against the Refreshment Houses’ Act was 3,032, viz. 2,871
males and 161 females.

This as regards civilians and those over whom the police have control.
The army-returns, however, are not so favourable.

The last annual report of Lieutenant-Colonel Henderson, R.E., the
Inspector-General of Military Prisons, reveals the startling fact that,
“during four years the committals for drunkenness have steadily increased
as follows: 1863, 882; 1864, 1,132; 1865, 1,801; 1866, 1,926.”

The Inspector-General observes that the explanation of this increase “is
to be found in the fact that soldiers who formerly were summarily
convicted and sentenced to short periods of imprisonment in regimental
cells by their commanding officers for drunkenness are now tried by
court-martial and sentenced to imprisonment in a military prison.”  But
precisely the same explanation was given, in the report for the preceding
year, of the increase of the committals in 1865 over those in 1864.
Therefore, however applicable this consideration might have been to a
comparison with former periods when drunkenness was not dealt with by
court-martial, it totally fails to account for the further increase which
has occurred since the change was made.

It must not be supposed that the 1,926 cases in the year 1866 were cases
of simple drunkenness, such as we see disposed of in the police-courts by
a fine of five shillings.  The offence was “habitual drunkenness,” of
which there are several definitions in the military code; but much the
largest portion of the committals are for having been drunk “for the
fourth time within 365 days.”  In order, therefore, to form a just idea
of the prevalence of this vice in the army, we must add to the cases
brought before a court-martial the far more numerous instances in which
the offenders are discovered less than four times a year, and are
punished by their commanding officers, or in which they are not
discovered at all.  Drunkenness is _the_ vice of the army.  The state of
feeling which pervaded society two generations ago still survives in the
army.  That species of “good fellowship,” which is only another name for
mutual indulgence in intoxicating drink, is still in the ascendant in the
most popular of English professions, and from this vantage-ground it
exercises an injurious influence over the moral condition of the entire
community.

The following order, relative to the punishment of drunkenness in the
army, as directed by the Horse Guards, has just been published:

    “First and second acts, admonition or confinement to barracks at the
    discretion of the commanding officer.  For every subsequent act of
    drunkenness within three months of former act, 7_s._ 6_d._; if over
    three and within six months, 5_s._; if over six and within nine
    months, 2_s._ 6_d._; if over nine and within twelve months, company
    entry; if over twelve months, to be treated as the first act.  When
    the four preceding acts have been committed in twelve months, 2_s._
    6_d._ to be added to the foregoing amounts, and the _maximum_ daily
    stoppage is to be 2_d._”

Drink, strong drink, is responsible for very much of the misery that
afflicts our social state; but it is scarcely fair to much-abused
Alcohol—a harmless spirit enough except when abused—to attribute to it
all the ruin that flows from the bottle and the public-house gin-tap.
Alcohol has enough to answer for; but there can be no doubt that for one
victim to its intoxicating qualities, two might be reckoned who have
“come to their deathbed” through the various deadly poisons it is the
publican’s custom to mix with his diluted liquors to give them a
fictitious strength and fire.  Let us here enumerate a few of the
ingredients with which the beer-shop-keeper re-brews his beer, and the
publican “doctors” his gin and rum and whisky.

As is well known, the most common way of adulterating beer is by means of
_cocculus indicus_.  This is known “in the trade” as “Indian berry,” and
is the fruit of a plant that grows on the coast of Malabar.  It is a
small kidney-shaped, rough, and black-looking berry, of a bitter taste,
and of an intoxicating or poisonous quality.  It is extensively used to
increase the intoxicating properties of the liquor.

Fox-glove is a plant with large purple flowers, possessing an intensely
bitter nauseous taste.  It is a violent purgative and vomit; produces
languor, giddiness, and even death.  It is a poison, and is used on
account of the bitter and intoxicating qualities it imparts to the liquor
among which it is mixed.

Green copperas, a mineral substance obtained from iron, is much used to
give the porter a frothy top.  The green copperas is supposed to give to
porter in the pewter-pot that peculiar flavour which drinkers say is not
to be tasted when the liquor is served in glass.

Hartshorn shavings are the horns of the common male deer rasped or
scraped down.  They are then boiled in the worts of ale, and give out a
substance of a thickisk nature like jelly, which is said to prevent
intoxicating liquor from becoming sour.

Henbane, a plant of a poisonous nature, bearing a close resemblance to
the narcotic poison, opium.  It produces intoxication, delirium, nausea,
vomiting, feverishness, and death, and appears chiefly to be used to
increase the intoxicating properties of intoxicating liquors; or, in
other words, to render them more likely to produce these effects in those
who use these liquors.

Jalap, the root of a sort of convolvulus, brought from the neighbourhood
of Xalapa, in Mexico, and so called Jalap.  It is used as a powerful
purgative in medicine.  Its taste is exceedingly nauseous; and is of a
sweetish bitterness.  It is used to prevent the intoxicating liquor from
turning sour; and probably to counteract the binding tendency of some of
the other ingredients.

Multum is a mixture of opium and other ingredients, used to increase the
intoxicating qualities of the liquor.

Nut-galls are excrescences produced by the attacks of a small insect on
the tender shoots of a tree which grows in Asia, Syria, and Persia.  They
are of a bitter taste, and are much used in dyeing.  They are also used
to colour or fine the liquor.

Nux vomica is the seed of a plant all parts of which are of a bitter and
poisonous nature.  The seeds of this plant are found in the fruit, which
is about the size of an orange.  The seeds are about an inch round and
about a quarter of an inch thick.  They have no smell.  It is a violent
narcotic acrid poison, and has been used very extensively in the
manufacture of intoxicating ale, beer, and porter.

Opium is the thickened juice of the white poppy, which grows most
abundantly in India, though it also grows in Britain.  It is the most
destructive of narcotic poisons, and it is the most intoxicating.  It has
been most freely used in the manufacture of intoxicating liquors, because
its very nature is to yield a larger quantity of intoxicating matter than
any other vegetable.

Oil of vitriol, or sulphuric acid, is a mineral poison of a burning
nature.  In appearance it is oily and colourless, and has no smell.  It
is used to increase the heating qualities of liquor.

Potash is made from vegetables mixed with quicklime, boiled down in pots
and burnt—the ashes remaining after the burning being the potash.  It is
used to prevent the beer souring, or to change it, if it has become sour.

Quassia is the name of a tree which grows in America and the West Indies.
Both the wood and the fruit are of an intensely bitter taste.  It is used
instead of hops to increase the bitter in the liquor.

Wormwood is a plant or flower with downy leaves, and small round-headed
flowers.  The seed of this plant has bitter and stimulating qualities,
and is used to increase the exciting and intoxicating qualities of
liquors.

Yew tops, the produce of the yew-tree.  The leaves are of an extremely
poisonous nature, and so are the tops, or berries and seeds.  It is used
to increase the intoxicating properties of the liquors.

The quantities of cocculus-indicus berries, as well as of black extract,
brought into this country for adulterating malt liquors, are enormous.
The berries in question are ostensibly destined for the use of tanners
and dyers.  Most of the articles are transmitted to the consumer in their
disguised state, or in such a form that their real nature cannot possibly
be detected by the unwary.  An extract, said to be innocent, sold in
casks containing from half a cwt. to five cwt. by the brewers’ druggists,
under the name of “bittern,” is composed of calcined sulphate of iron
(copperas), extract of cocculus-indicus berries, extract of quassia and
Spanish liquorice.  This fraud constitutes by far the most censurable
offence committed by unprincipled brewers.

To both ale and porter an infusion of hops is added, and in general
porter is more highly hopped than ale.  New ale and porter, which are
free from acid, are named mild; those which have been kept for some time,
and in which acid is developed, are called hard.  Some prefer hard beer;
and to suit this taste, the publicans are accustomed, when necessary, to
convert mild beer into hard by a summary and simple process, to wit, the
addition of sulphuric acid.  Again, others prefer mild beer; and the
publicans, when their supply of this is low, and they have an abundance
of old or hard beer, convert the latter into mild, by adding to it soda,
potash, carbonate of lime, &c.  Various other adulterations are
practised.  The narcotic quality of hop is replaced by cocculus indicus;
sweetness and colour by liquorice (an innocent fraud); thickness by
lint-seed; a biting pungency by caraway-seed and cayenne-pepper.  Quassia
is also said to be used, with the latter view.  Treacle is likewise
employed to give sweetness and consistency; while to give beer a frothy
surface, sulphate of iron and alum are had recourse to.  Such is the
wholesome beverage of which nine-tenths of the English people daily
partake!

Nor is the more aristocratic and expensive liquid that assumes the name
of wine exempt from the “doctor’s” manipulations.  Mr. Cyrus Redding, in
his evidence before a select committee, describes the mode by which wines
are made by manufacturers in London.  He stated that brandy cowl—that is,
washings of brandy-casks—colouring, probably made of elder-berries,
logwood, salt-of-tartar, gum-dragon, tincture of red sanders or cudbear,
were extensively used in preparing an article which sells as port.  The
entire export of port-wine is 20,000 pipes, and yet 60,000, as given in
evidence, are annually consumed in this country.  As regards champagne,
the same authority says, “In England, champagne has been made from white
and raw sugar, crystallised lemon or tartaric acid, water, homemade
grape-wine, or perry, and French brandy.  Cochineal or strawberries have
been added to imitate the pinks.  Such a mixture at country balls or
dinners passes off very well; but no one in the habit of drinking the
genuine wine can be deceived by the imposition.  The bouquet of real
champagne, which is so peculiar, it is repeated, cannot be imitated—it is
a thing impossible.  Acidity in wine was formerly corrected in this
country by the addition of quicklime, which soon falls to the bottom of
the cask.  This furnished a clue to Falstaff’s observation, that there
was ‘lime in the sack,’ which was a hit at the landlord, as much as to
say his wine was little worth, having its acidity thus disguised.  As to
the substances used by various wine-doctors for flavouring wine, there
seems to be no end of them.  Vegetation has been exhausted, and the
bowels of the earth ransacked, to supply trash for this quackery.  Wines
under the names of British madeira, port, and sherry are also made, the
basis of which is pale salt, sugar-candy; French brandy and port-wine are
added to favour the deception.  So impudently and notoriously are the
frauds avowed, that there are books published called _Publicans’ Guides_,
and _Licensed Victuallers’ Director’s_, in which the most infamous
receipts imaginable are laid down to swindle their customers.  The
various docks on the Thames do not secure purchasers from the
malpractices of dishonest dealers; in this many are deceived.  It has
been naturally, yet erroneously, imagined that wine purchased in the
docks must be a pure article.  Malaga sherry is constantly shipped to
England for the real sherry of Xeres, Figueras for port, and so on.
Port-wine being sent from the place of its growth to Guernsey and Jersey,
and there reshipped, with the original quantity tripled for the English
market, the docks are no security.”

Professor C. A. Lee, of New York, informs us that “a cheap Madeira is
made by extracting the oils from common whisky, and passing it through
carbon.  There are immense establishments in this city where the whisky
is thus turned into wine.  In some of those devoted to this branch of
business, the whisky is rolled-in in the evening, but the wine goes out
in the broad daylight, ready to defy the closest inspection.  A grocer,
after he had abandoned the nefarious traffic in adulterations, assured me
that he had often purchased whisky one day of a country merchant, and
before he left town sold the same whisky back to him turned into wine, at
a profit of from 400 to 500 per cent.  The trade in empty wine-casks in
this city with the Custom-house mark and certificate is immense; the same
casks being replenished again and again, and always accompanied by that
infallible test of genuineness, the Custom-house certificate.  I have
heard of a pipe being sold for twelve dollars.  There is in the
neighbourhood of New York an extensive manufactory of wine-casks, which
are made so closely to imitate the foreign as to deceive experienced
dealers.  The Custom-house marks are easily counterfeited, and
certificates are never wanting.  I have heard,” said Dr. Lee, “dealers
relate instances in which extensive stores were filled by these
artificial wines; and when merchants from the country asked for genuine
wines, these have been sold them as such, assuring them there could be no
doubt of their purity.  It is believed,” he observes, “that the annual
importation of what is called port-wine into the United States far
exceeds the whole annual produce of the Alto-Douro.”

Mr. James Forrester, an extensive grower of wines in the Alto-Douro and
other districts of the north of Portugal, and another witness, stated
that there was a mixture called jeropiga, composed of two-thirds ‘must,’
or grape-juice, and one-third brandy, and which brandy is about twenty
per cent above British brandy-proof, used for bringing up character in
ports.  He further declared that sweetening-matter, in every variety, and
elder-berry dye, is administered for the purpose of colouring it and
giving it a body.  Moreover, Mr. Forrester testified that, by the present
Portuguese law, _no unsophisticated port-wine is allowed to reach this
country_.  “If any further colouring-matter be absolutely requisite by
the speculator—I would not suppose by the merchants (for the merchants
generally do not like, unless they are obliged, to sell very common
wines, and do not like to have recourse to these practices)—then the
elder-berry is, I believe, the only dye made use of in this country, and
_costs an enormous lot of money_.”

Dr. Munroe of Hull, the author of _The Physiological Action of Alcohol_,
and other scientific works, gives evidence as follows of the danger
attending the use of alcoholic drinks as medicine:

    “I will relate a circumstance which occurred to me some years ago,
    the result of which made a deep impression on my mind.  I was not
    then a teetotaler—would that I had been!—but I conscientiously,
    though erroneously, believed in the health-restoring properties of
    stout.  A hard-working, industrious, God-fearing man, a teetotaler of
    some years’ standing, suffering from an abscess in his hand, which
    had reduced him very much, applied to me for advice.  I told him the
    only medicine he required was rest; and to remedy the waste going on
    in his system, and to repair the damage done to his hand, he was to
    support himself with a bottle of stout daily.  He replied, ‘I cannot
    take it, for I have been some years a teetotaler.’  ‘Well,’ I said,
    ‘if you know better than the doctor, it is no use applying to me.’
    Believing, as I did then, that the drink would really be of service
    to him, I urged him to take the stout as a medicine, which would not
    interfere with his pledge.  He looked anxiously in my face, evidently
    weighing the matter over in his mind, and sorrowfully replied,
    ‘Doctor, I was a drunken man once; I should not like to be one
    again.’

    “He was, much against his will, prevailed on to take the stout, and
    in time he recovered from his sickness.  When he got well, I of
    course praised up the virtues of stout as a means of saving his life,
    for which he ought ever to be thankful; and rather lectured him on
    being such a fanatic (that’s the word) as to refuse taking a bottle
    of stout daily to restore him to his former health.  I lost sight of
    my patient for some months; but I am sorry to say that on one fine
    summer’s day, when driving through one of our public thoroughfares, I
    saw a poor, miserable, ragged-looking man leaning against the door of
    a common public-house drunk, and incapable of keeping an erect
    position.  Even in his poverty, drunkenness, and misery, I discovered
    it was my teetotal patient whom I had, not so long ago, persuaded to
    break his pledge.  I could not be mistaken.  I had reason to know him
    well, for he had been a member of a Methodist church; an
    indefatigable Sunday-school teacher; a prayer-leader whose earnest
    appeals for the salvation of others I had often listened to with
    pleasure and edification.  I immediately went to the man, and was
    astonished to find the change which drink in so short a time had
    worked in his appearance.  With manifest surprise, and looking
    earnestly at the poor wretch, I said, ‘S—, is that you?’  With a
    staggering reel, and clipping his words, he answered, ‘Yes, it’s me.
    Look at me again.  Don’t you know me?’  ‘Yes, I know you,’ I said,
    ‘and am grieved to see you in this drunken condition.  I thought you
    were a teetotaler?’

    “With a peculiar grin upon his countenance, he answered, ‘I was
    before I took your medicine.’  ‘I am sorry to see you disgracing
    yourself by such conduct.  I am ashamed of you.’  Rousing himself, as
    drunken people will at times, to extraordinary effort, he scoffingly
    replied, ‘Didn’t you send me here for my medicine?’ and with a
    delirious kind of chuckle he hiccupped out words I shall never
    forget.  ‘Doctor, your medicine cured my body, but it damned my
    soul!’

    “Two or three of his boozing companions, hearing our conversation,
    took him under their protection, and I left him.  As I drove away, my
    heart was full of bitter reflections, that I had been the cause of
    ruining this man’s prospects, not only of this world, but of that
    which is to come.

    “You may rest assured I did not sleep much that night.  The drunken
    aspect of that man haunted me, and I found myself weeping over the
    injury I had done him.  I rose up early the next morning and went to
    his cottage, with its little garden in front, on the outskirts of the
    town, where I had often seen him with his wife and happy children
    playing about, but found, to my sorrow, that he had removed some time
    ago.  At last, with some difficulty, I found him located in a low
    neighbourhood, not far distant from the public-house he had
    patronised the day before.  Here, in such a home as none but the
    drunkard could inhabit, I found him laid upon a bed of straw,
    feverish and prostrate from the previous day’s debauch, abusing his
    wife because she could not get him some more drink.  She, standing
    aloof with tears in her eyes, broken down with care and grief, her
    children dirty and clothed in rags, all friendless and steeped in
    poverty!  What a wreck was there!

    “Turned out of the church in which he was once an ornament, his
    religion sacrificed, his usefulness marred, his hopes of eternity
    blasted, now a poor dejected slave to his passion for drink, without
    mercy and without hope!

    “I talked to him kindly, reasoned with him, succoured him till he was
    well, and never lost sight of him or let him have any peace until he
    had signed the _pledge_ again.

    “It took him some time to recover his place in the church; but I have
    had the happiness of seeing him restored.  He is now more than ever a
    devoted worker in the church; and the cause of temperance is pleaded
    on all occasions.

    “Can you wonder, then, that I never order strong drink for a patient
    now?”

One of the most terrible results of hard drinking is that kind of
insanity that takes the name of “delirium tremens;” and its
characteristic symptoms may be described as follows: Muscular
tremors—more especially of the hands and of the tongue when
protruded—along with complete sleeplessness, and delirium of a muttering,
sight-seeing, bustling, abrupt, anxious, apprehensive kind.  The
afflicted patient has not the ability to follow out a train of thought,
to explain fully an illusion or perverted sensation, or to perform any
act correctly; for he may be one moment rational and the next incoherent,
now conscious of his real condition and of surrounding realities, and
then again suddenly excited by the most ridiculous fancies—principally of
a spectral kind—such as strange visitors in the shape of human beings,
devils, cats, rats, snakes, &c.; or by alarming occurrences, such as
robberies, fires, pursuits for crimes, and the like.  He is easily
pleased and satisfied by gentleness and indulgence, and much fretted and
agitated by restraint and opposition.  The face is generally of a pale
dirty colour and wearing an anxious expression; eyes startled but
lustreless, sometimes considerably suffused, and the pupils not
contracted unless considerable doses of opium have been administered, or
very decided arachnitic symptoms have supervened; skin warm and moist,
often perspiring copiously; tongue sometimes loaded, but generally pale
and moist, occasionally remarkably clean; appetite small, but the patient
will often take whatever is presented to him; thirst by no means urgent,
and seldom or never any craving for spirituous liquors; urine scanty and
high-coloured, and, in some cases which Dr. Munroe (from whose volume
this description is derived) tested, containing a large quantity of
albumen, which, however, disappears immediately after the paroxysm is
over; alvine evacuations bilious and offensive; and the pulse generally
ranges from 98 to 120, generally soft, but of various degrees of fulness
and smallness, according to the strength of the patient and the stage of
the affection.  The precursory symptoms are by no means peculiar or
pathognomonic, but common to many febrile affections, implicating the
sensorium in the way of repeatedly-disturbed and sleepless nights, with
perhaps more of a hurried and agitated manner than usual for some days
previously.  The paroxysm which is distinguished by the phenomena above
described—occurring with remarkable uniformity, independently of age and
constitution—usually runs its course, if uncomplicated and properly
treated, on the second or third day, though sometimes earlier, and it
seldom extends beyond the fifth day.  It then terminates in a profound
natural sleep, which may continue for many hours, and from which, if it
even lasts for six hours, the patient awakes weak and languid, but quite
coherent.  The casualties of the disease are convulsions or coma, which,
if not immediately fatal, are apt to leave the sufferer a wreck for the
remainder of life.



CHAPTER XXI.
ATTEMPTS TO ARREST IT.


_The Permissive Liquors Bill_—_Its Advocates and their Arguments_—_The
Drunkenness of the Nation_—_Temperance Facts and Anecdotes_—_Why the
Advocates of Total Abstinence do not make more headway_—_Moderate
Drinking_—_Hard Drinking_—_The Mistake about childish Petitioners_.

THERE has recently appeared on the temperance stage a set of well-meaning
gentlemen, who, could they have their way, though they would sweep every
public-house and beershop from the face of the land, are yet good-natured
enough to meet objectors to their extreme views a “third” if not
“half-way.”  Sir Wilfred Lawson is the acknowledged head and champion of
the party, and its news on the all-important subject are summed up in a
Permissive Prohibitory Liquor Bill.  It may be mentioned that the said
Bill was rejected in the House of Commons by a very large majority, and
is therefore, for the present, shelved.  It stands, however, as an
expression of opinion on the part of eighty-seven members of parliament,
backed by 3,337 petitions, more or less numerously signed, from various
parts of the kingdom, as to what should be done to check the advancing
curse of drunkenness, and, as such, its merits may be here discussed.

The Permissive Prohibitory Liquors Bill, as Sir Wilfred Lawson describes
it, provides that no public-houses shall be permitted in any district,
provided that two-thirds of its population agree that they should be
dispensed with.  If there are thirty thousand inhabitants of a parish,
and twenty thousand of them should be of opinion that public-houses are a
nuisance that should be abolished, the remaining ten thousand may
grumble, but they must submit, and either go athirst or betake themselves
to an adjoining and more generous parish.

Sir W. Lawson, in moving the second reading of his Bill, said “that no
statistics were needed to convince the House of Commons of the amount of
drunkenness, and consequent poverty and crime, existing in this country;
and even if here and there drunkenness might be diminishing, that did not
affect his argument, which rested upon the fact that drunkenness in
itself was a fertile and admitted source of evil.  The Bill was called a
‘Permissive Bill;’ but had the rules of the House permitted, it might
with truth be called a Bill for the Repression of Pauperism and of Crime.
The measure was no doubt unpopular in the House, but it was a consolation
to him that, although honourable members differed in opinion as to the
efficacy of the remedy proposed, they all sympathised with the object its
promoters had in view.  The trouble to which he feared honourable members
had been put during the last few days in presenting petitions and
answering letters showed the depth and intensity of the interest taken in
the question out of doors.  No less than 3,337 petitions had been
presented in favour of the Bill.  It would be remembered that in the
parliament before last a bill similar in its character had been defeated
by an overwhelming majority, all the prominent speakers in opposition to
it at that time declaring that they based their hopes as to the
diminution of drunkenness upon the spread of education.  He agreed in
that opinion, but the education, to be successful, must be of the right
sort; and while an army of schoolmasters and clergyman were engaged in
teaching the people what was good, their efforts, he feared, were greatly
counteracted by that other army of 150,000 publicans and beersellers
encouraging the people to drinking habits.  All these dealers in drink
had been licensed and commissioned by the Government, and were paid by
results; they had, consequently, a direct pecuniary interest in promoting
the consumption of as large an amount of drink as possible.  Naturally,
if a man entered into a trade, he wished to do as large a trade as
possible; and he had always felt that the advocates of temperance did
more harm than good in using hard language against the beersellers, when
it was the law which enabled them to engage in the trade, which was
primarily responsible for the result.”

The honourable member explained that the Bill did not in any way
interfere with or touch the licensing system as at present existing;
where it was the wish of the inhabitants that licenses should be granted,
licenses would continue to be granted as at present.  But what the
measure sought to do was, to empower the inhabitants of a neighbourhood,
or the great majority of them, to vote within that neighbourhood the
granting of any licenses at all—to crystallise public opinion, as it
were, into law.  The first objection that had been taken to the measure
was, that it would be impossible to carry out prohibition in England; but
why should that be impossible in this country which had been successfully
carried out in America, in Canada, and in Nova Scotia?  All he had to say
upon the revenue question was, that no amount of revenue to be derived
from the sale of intoxicating drinks should be allowed for a moment to
weigh against the general welfare of the people; and that, if the present
Bill were passed, such a mass of wealth would accumulate in the pockets
of the people, that the Chancellor of the Exchequer would meet with no
difficulty in obtaining ample funds for carrying on the government of the
country.  It was further objected that great inconvenience would be
inflicted upon the minority by the operation of the Bill; but there,
again, the balance of advantage and disadvantage must be looked at, and
the convenience of the few should not be allowed to counterbalance the
benefit that would be conferred upon the great mass of the people.  Then
it was said that every year there would be a great fight upon the
question; but was not an annual moral contest better than nightly
physical conflicts at the doors of the public-houses?  The movement in
favour of prohibiting the sale of liquor had proceeded from the poor, and
it had been supported by what he might call the aristocracy of the
working-classes.  He asked the House whether it would not be wise, when
the future of this country must be in the hands of the working-classes,
to pay some attention to their demand for a straightforward measure of
this sort, which was intended to put an end to an acknowledged evil of
great magnitude.

“What,” says the _Times_, when commenting on Sir Wilfred Lawson’s
argument, “would it matter to Sir Wilfred Lawson, or to any of the
gentlemen who figure on the temperance platform, if all the public-houses
of their districts were closed to-morrow?  Their own personal comfort
would be in no way affected; not one of them probably enters a
public-house, except at canvassing times, from one year’s end to another.
But it would matter a great deal to those humbler and poorer classes of
the population who make daily use of the public-house.  If it were
closed, their comfort would be most materially affected.  A large
proportion of them use strong liquor without abusing it, and have
therefore as much right to it, both legal and moral, as they have to
their meat or clothes.  Many of them could not get through the work by
which they gain their own and their children’s bread without it; and
their only means of procuring it is provided by the present public-house
system.  They have not usually capital enough to lay in for themselves a
stock of liquor; and even if they had, this plan would be not only
wasteful and inconvenient, but would tempt them to commit the very crime
which it was employed to avoid.  They find it both cheaper and more
comfortable to get their liquor in small quantities as they want it, and
they can only do this at a public-house.  Besides, it should not be
forgotten—though well-to-do reformers are very apt, from their
inexperience, to forget it—that to many of these poor people living in
overcrowded, ill-ventilated, ill-lighted rooms, the public-house is the
only place in which they can enjoy a quiet evening in pleasant, and
perhaps instructive, intercourse with their neighbours after a hard day’s
work.  To drive them from this genial place of resort would be in some
cases almost as great a hardship as it would be to the rich man to turn
him out of both private house and club.  We shall perhaps be told that
all this may be true, but that the question reduces itself to a choice of
evils, and that, on the whole, much more misery results to the poorer
classes from the use of the public-house than would result if they were
deprived of it.  But, even if we grant this for the sake of argument, it
seems to us strangely unjust to debar one man forcibly from a privilege
at once pleasant and profitable to him, simply because another abuses it.
The injustice, too, is greatly heightened by the fact that those who take
the most prominent and influential part in debarring him feel nothing of
the suffering they inflict.”

Following Sir Wilfred Lawson in the House of Commons came Mr. Besley, who
declared that something like one hundred millions sterling was annually
expended in this country in intoxicating drinks; and in our prisons, our
lunatic asylums, and our workhouses, large numbers of the victims of
intemperate indulgence in those drinks were always to be found.  Mr.
Besley believed that the present mode of restricting the sale of liquors
was anything but a satisfactory one.  In this respect the people would be
the best judges of their own wants—of what their own families and their
own neighbourhoods required; and he believed that if the decision was
placed in their hands, as it would be by this Bill, the evils of
intoxication would be very much mitigated.  He did not entertain the hope
that we should ever make people sober by Act of Parliament, but he did
believe that it was in the power of the Legislature to diminish the evil
to a very great extent.  Supposing the expenditure on intoxicating drinks
were reduced one-half, how usefully might not the fifty millions thus
saved be employed in the interests of the poor themselves!  He believed
that dwellings for the poor would be among the first works undertaken
with that money.  For fifty millions they might erect 250,000 dwellings,
costing 200_l._ each, and this was an expenditure which would cause an
increased demand for labour in a variety of trades.

I cannot do better than wind up these brief extracts by reproducing the
loudly-applauded objections of the Home Secretary, Mr. Bruce, to the
Permissive Prohibitory Liquor Bill.

    “The most complete remedy for drunkenness was to be found in the
    cultivation among the people of a better appreciation of their own
    interests, rather than in legislation.  This had undoubtedly been the
    cause of the almost complete disappearance of drunkenness among the
    upper classes, coupled with an increased desire for and consequent
    supply of intellectual amusement among them.  But, although education
    in its largest sense was the true remedy for drunkenness, there was
    no reason against the introduction of repressive or preventive
    measures in behalf of those in our manufacturing districts,
    especially that large class irregularly employed and often
    oscillating between starvation and occasional well-doing, to whom
    drunkenness was a refuge from despair.  The question was, in whom
    should the power of restriction be reposed?  Some thought in the
    resident ratepayers, others in the magistrates, and others in a body
    elected for the purpose.  He could not say which proposal should be
    adopted, but confessed that there was some reason in the demand, that
    the number of public-houses should be uniformly regulated according
    to the population.  He had been asked whether he would undertake to
    deal with the matter.  To deal with the matter in the manner proposed
    by the honourable baronet would at once deprive some portion of the
    people of means of enjoyment, and the owners of public-houses of
    their property.  That would be a proceeding unnecessary and unjust,
    because, although the admitted evils of drunkenness were very
    grievous, there was no doubt that public-houses, especially when well
    managed, really did furnish to a large portion of the people a means
    of social comfort and enjoyment.  His objection to the Bill was, that
    it would not only cause a great deal of disturbance in many parts of
    the country, but would almost inevitably cause riot.  Certainly the
    rigorous treatment proposed by the Bill was unsuited to people whose
    only pleasures were sensuous.  The honourable member proposed that a
    majority of two-thirds of the ratepayers of a borough should be able
    to put the Bill in operation; but in this proposal he ignored a large
    proportion of those most interested.  Two-thirds of the ratepayers
    left much more than one-third of the population on the other side,
    and the more important portion of the population as regards this
    matter, because it was made up in a great measure by those who lived
    in all the discomfort of lodgings.  Again, it was suggested that the
    settlement of the question might in each case be left to a majority
    of the population; but here, again, it might be said that the
    question would probably be decided by a majority of persons least
    interested in the question—interested, that was, only as regards
    peace and order, and careless how far the humbler classes of society
    were deprived of their pleasure.  What the Legislature had to do was,
    not to deprive the people of means of innocent enjoyment, but to
    prevent that means being used to foster crime and gross
    self-indulgence.”

However much one might feel disposed, in the main, to agree with Sir
Wilfred Lawson and his colleagues, it is not easy to grant him the
position he assumes at the commencement of his argument, that “statistics
are unnecessary.”  It is a singular fact, and one that everyone taking an
interest in the great and important question of the drunkenness of the
nation must have noticed, that amongst the advocates of total-abstinence
principles “statistics” invariably are regarded as “unnecessary.”  This
undoubtedly is a grave mistake, and one more likely than any other to
cast a deeper shade of distrust over the minds of doubters.  It would
seem either that the great evil in question is so difficult of access in
its various ramifications as to defy the efforts of the statistician, or
else that total abstainers, as a body, are imbued with the conviction
that the disasters arising from the consumption of intoxicating drinks
are so enormous, and widespread, and universally acknowledged, that it
would be a mere waste of time to bring forward figures in proof.
Perhaps, again, the drunkard is such a very unsavoury subject, that the
upright water-drinker, pure alike in mind and body, has a repugnance to
so close a handling of him.  If this last forms any part of the reason
why the question of beer-drinking _v._ water-drinking should not be laid
before us as fairly and fully as two and two can make it, the objectors
may be referred to social subjects of a much more repulsive kind,
concerning which many noble and large-hearted gentlemen courageously busy
themselves, and studiously inquire into, with a view to representing them
exactly as they are discovered.  In proof of this, the reader is referred
to the sections of this book that are devoted to the consideration of
Professional Thieves, and of Fallen Women.

There can be no question that, in a matter that so nearly affects the
domestic economy of a people, statistics are not only necessary but
indispensable.  No man’s word should be taken for granted, where so much
that is important is involved.  The man may be mistaken; but there is no
getting away from figures.  A man, in his righteous enthusiasm, may
exaggerate even, but a square old-fashioned 4 can never be exaggerated
into a 5, or a positive 1 be so twisted by plausible argument as to
falsely represent 2.  Yet, somehow, those who urge even so complete a
revolution in the ancient and sociable habit of drinking as to make it
dependent on the will of Brown and Robinson whether their neighbour Jones
shall partake of a pint of beer out of the publican’s bright pewter,
afford us no figures in support of their extreme views.

Nor is this deficiency observable only in those unaccustomed persons who
mount the platform to make verbal statements, and with whom the handling
of large and complicated numbers might be found inconvenient.  Practised
writers on teetotalism exhibit the same carelessness.  I have before me
at the present moment a goodly number of total-abstinence volumes, but
not one furnishes the desired information.  Among my books I find, first,
John Gough’s _Orations_; but that able and fervent man, although he
quotes by the score instances and examples that are enough to freeze the
blood and make the hair stand on end of the horrors that arise from
indulgence in alcoholic drinks, deals not in statistics.  Dr. James
Miller writes an excellent treatise on alcohol and its power; but he
deals in generalities, and not in facts that figures authenticate.  Here
is a volume containing a _Thousand Temperance Facts and Anecdotes_; but
in the whole thousand, not one of either tells us of how many customers,
on a certain evening, visited a single and well-used public-house, went
in sober, and came out palpably drunk.  It would be coming to the point,
if such information—quite easy to obtain—was set before us.  Lastly, I
have the _Temperance Cyclopædia_.  Now, I thought, I am sure, in some
shape or another, to find here what I seek; but I searched in vain.  The
volume in question is a bulky volume, and contains about seven hundred
pages, in small close type.  In it you may read all about the physical
nature of intemperance, and the intellectual nature of intemperance, and
of the diseases produced by the use of alcohol, and of the progress of
intemperance amongst the ancient Greeks and Romans, together with the
history and origin of the teetotal cause in America; but as to the number
of drunkards brought before the magistrates and fined, or of the number
of crimes shown at the time of trial to have been committed through
drunkenness, the _Cyclopædia_ is dumb.  This last is an oversight the
more to be deplored because we very well know that if the said numbers
were exhibited, they would make a very startling display.  It may be
urged that, since we already have the testimony of magistrates, and
jail-governors, and judges, of the enormous amount of crime that is
attributable to strong drinks, it is unreasonable to ask for more; but
this objection may be fairly met by the answer, that magistrates
themselves, even when discussing the temperance question, occasionally
make unreasonable remarks; as did a metropolitan magistrate the other
day, who in open court declared, that “if publicans were compelled to
shut up their shops, there would be no further use for his.”  He must
have known better.  If it were as the worthy magistrate stated, it was
equivalent to saying that teetotalers never appeared at his bar; but I
think that he would hardly have ventured to that length.

In my belief, it is the tremendous steam and effervescence of language
indulged in by the advocates of total abstinence that keeps them from
making more headway.  The facts they give us, like the drunkard’s grog,
are generally “hot and strong,” though with very, _very_ little of the
sugar of forbearance.  I find, for instance, in the temperance records
before me, frequent allusion to the great number of drunkards who nightly
are thrown out at the doors of public-houses where they have been passing
the evening, and left to wallow in the kennel.  Not only do we read of
this in books, we have it from the mouths of preachers in the pulpit, and
speakers on public platforms and in temperance lecture-halls.  But I
venture to declare that whoever believes anything of the kind, believes
what is not true.  Every man has a right to speak according to his
experience; and I speak from mine.  I think that I may lay claim to as
extensive a knowledge of the ways of London—especially the bye and ugly
ways—as almost any man; and I can positively say that it has never once
been my lot to witness the throwing (“throwing” is the expression) of a
man from a public-house-door, followed by his helpless wallowing in the
kennel.  What is more, it was by no means necessary for me to witness
such a hideous and disgusting spectacle to convince me of the evils of
intemperance, and of how necessary it was to reform the existing laws as
applying to the reckless granting of licenses in certain neighbourhoods.
It is quite enough, more than enough, to satisfy me of what a terrible
curse a bestial indulgence in gin and beer is, when I see a human
creature turned helpless from the public-house, and left to stagger home
as he best may.  To my eyes, he is then no better than a pig; and if he
took to wallowing in the gutter, it would be no more than one might
expect; but he does _not_ “wallow in the gutter;” and it is not necessary
to picture him in that wretched predicament in order to bring home to the
decent mind how terrible a bane strong drink is, or to shock the man
already inclined to inebriation into at once rushing off to a teetotal
club and signing the pledge.

And now I must be permitted to remark that no man more than myself can
have a higher appreciation of the efforts of those who make it the duty
of their lives to mitigate the curse of drunkenness.  What vexes me is,
the wrong-headed, and not unfrequently the weak and ineffectual, way in
which they set about it.  As I view the matter, the object of the
preacher of total abstinence is not so much the reclamation of the
drunkard already steeped and sodden, as the deterring from reckless
indulgence those who are not averse to stimulative liquors, but are by no
means drunkards.  Therefore they appeal as a rule to men who are in the
enjoyment of their sober senses, and in a condition to weigh with a
steady mind the arguments that are brought forward to induce them to
abandon alcoholic stimulants altogether.  Now, it must be plain to these
latter—sound-headed men, who drink beer, not because they are anxious to
experience the peculiar sensations of intoxication, but because they
conscientiously believe that they are the better for drinking it—it must
be evident to these that teetotal triumphs, exhibited in the shape of
converted drunkards, are at best but shallow affairs.  “Any port in a
storm,” is the wrecked mariner’s motto; and no doubt the wretched
drunkard, with his poor gin-rotted liver, and his palsied limbs, and his
failing brain, with perhaps a touch of _delirium tremens_ to spur him on,
might be glad, indeed, to escape to a teetotal harbour of refuge; and it
is not to be wondered at, if, reclaimed from the life of a beast and
restored to humanity, he rejoices, and is anxious to publish aloud the
glad story of his redemption.  As a means of convincing the working man
of the wrong he commits in drinking a pint of fourpenny, the upholder of
total-abstinence principles delights to bring forth his “brand from the
burning”—the reclaimed drunkard—and get him, with a glibness that
repetition insures, to detail the particulars of his previous horrible
existence—how he drank, how he swore, how he blasphemed, how he broke up
his home, and brutally ill-treated his wife and children.  All this, that
he may presently arrive at the climax, and say, “This I have been, and
_now_ look at me!  I have a black coat instead of a ragged fustian
jacket; my shirt-collar is whiter and more rigid in its purity even than
your own.  See what teetotalism has done for me, and adopt the course I
adopted, and sign the pledge.”

To which the indulger in moderate and honest four-penny replies, “I see
exactly what teetotalism has done for you, and you can’t be too grateful
for it; but there is no demand for it to do so much for me.  If I was
afire, as you say that you once were, and blazing in the consuming flames
of drunkenness,—to use your own powerful language—no doubt I should be as
glad as you were to leap into the first water-tank that presented itself.
But I am not blazing and consuming.  I am no more than comfortably warm
under the influence of the pint of beer I have just partaken of; and
though I am glad indeed to see _you_ in the tank, if you have no
objection, I will for the present keep outside of it.”

Again, from the tone adopted by certain total-abstinence professors,
people who are compelled to take such matters on hearsay—the very people,
by the way, who would be most likely, “for his good,” to join the
majority of two-thirds that is to shut up taverns—would be made to
believe that those who frequent the public-house are drunkards as a rule;
that though occasionally a few, who have not at present dipped very deep
in the hideous vice, may be discovered in the parlour and the taproom
bemusing themselves over their beer, the tavern is essentially the resort
of the man whose deliberate aim and intention is to drink until be is
tipsy, and who does do so.  The moderate man—the individual who is in the
habit of adjourning to the decent tavern-parlour, which is his “club,” to
pass away an hour before supper-time with a pipe and a pint of ale and
harmless chat with his friends—is well aware of this exaggerated view of
his doings; and it is hardly calculated to soften his heart towards those
who would “reform” him, or incline him to listen with any amount of
patience to their arguments.  He feels indignant, knowing the imputation
to be untrue.  He is not a drunkard, and he has no sympathy with
drunkards.  Nay, he would be as forward as his teetotal detractor, and
quite as earnest, in persuading the wretched reckless swiller of beer and
gin to renounce his bestial habit.  It is a pity that so much
misunderstanding and misrepresentation should exist on so important a
feature of the matter in debate, when, with so little trouble, it might
be set at rest.  If public-houses are an evil, it must be mainly because
the indolent and the sensual resort thither habitually for convenience of
drinking until they are drunk.  Is this so?  I have no hesitation in
saying that in the vast majority of cases it is not.  The question might
easily be brought to the test; and why has it not been done?  Let a
hundred public-houses in the metropolis be selected at random, and as
many impartial and trustworthy men be deputed to keep watch on the said
public-houses every night for a week.  Let them make note particularly of
those who are not dram-drinkers, but who go to the public-house for the
purpose of passing an hour or so there; let them mark their demeanour
when they enter and again when they emerge; and I have no doubt that, by
a large majority, the working man in search simply of an hour’s evening
amusement and sociable society will be acquitted of anything approaching
sottishness, or such an inclination towards mere tipsiness even, as calls
for the intervention of the Legislature.

And now, while we are on the subject of statistics, and the peculiar
influences it is the custom of the total abstainer to bring to bear
against his erring brother the moderate drinker, I may mention what
appears to me the highly objectionable practice of enlisting the
cooperation of boys and girls—mere little children—in the interest of
their cause.  In the parliamentary discussion on the Permissive
Prohibitory Liquor Bill, Colonel Jervis remarked, on the subject of the
3,337 petitions that were presented in its support: “I do not know
whether the petitions that have been presented in its favour are properly
signed; but certainly I have seen attached to one of those petitions
which come from my neighbourhood names that I do not recognise.  The
signatures might, perhaps, be those of Sunday-school children; but I do
not think that petitions from children should carry a Bill of this kind.”
Were it any other business but teetotal business, one might feel disposed
to pass by as meaningless the hint conveyed in Colonel Jervis’s words.
None but those, however, who are conversant with the strange methods
total abstainers will adopt to gain their ends will be inclined to attach
some weight to them.  The children are a weapon of great strength in the
hands of the teetotal.  Almost as soon as they begin to lisp, they are
taught sentences condemnatory of the evils that arise from an indulgence
in strong drink; soon as they are able to write, their names appear on
the voluminous roll of total abstainers.  At their feasts and picnics
they carry banners, on which is inscribed their determination to refrain
from what they have never tasted; and over their sandwiches Tommy Tucker,
in his first breeches, pledges Goody Twoshoes in a glass from the crystal
spring, and expresses his intention of dying as he has lived—a total
abstainer.  I am not a bachelor, but a man long married, and with a
“troop of little children at my knee,” as numerous, perhaps, as that
which gathered about that of “John Brown,” immortalised in song.  But I
must confess that I do chafe against children of a teetotal tendency one
occasionally is introduced to.  I have before made allusion to a
recently-published volume entitled _A Thousand Temperance Facts and
Anecdotes_.  This is the title given on the cover; the title-page,
however, more liberally reveals the nature of its contents.  Thereon is
inscribed, “One Thousand Temperance Anecdotes, Facts, Jokes, Biddies,
Puns, and Smart Sayings; suitable for Speakers, Penny Readings,
Recitations, &c.”  And, to be sure, it is not in the least objectionable
that the teetotaler should have his “comic reciter;” nor can there be a
question as to the possibility of being as funny, as hilarious even, over
a cup of wholesome, harmless tea as over the grog-glass.  But I very much
doubt if any but total abstainers could appreciate some of the witticisms
that, according to the book in question, occasionally issue from the
mouths of babes and sucklings.  Here is a sample:

    “A CHILD’S ACUMEN.—‘Pa, does wine make a beast of a man?’

    ‘Pshaw, child, only once in a while!’

    ‘Is that the reason why Mr. Goggins has on his sign—Entertainment for
    man and beast?’

    ‘Nonsense, child, what makes you ask?’

    ‘Because ma says that last night you went to Goggins’s _a man_, and
    came back _a beast_! and that he entertained you.’

    ‘That’s mother’s nonsense, dear!  Run out and play; papa’s head
    aches!’”

I may have a preposterous aversion to a development of cuteness of a
certain sort in children, but I must confess that it would not have
pained me much had the above brilliant little anecdote concluded with a
reference to something else being made to ache besides papa’s head.

Again: “Two little boys attended a temperance meeting at Otley in
Yorkshire, and signed a pledge that they should not touch nor give strong
drink to anyone.  On going home, their father ordered them to fetch some
ale, and gave them a can for the purpose.  They obeyed; but after getting
the ale neither of them felt inclined to carry it; so they puzzled
themselves as to what they could do.  At last they hit upon an expedient.
A long broom-handle was procured, and slinging the can on this, each took
one end of the broom-handle, and so conveyed the liquor home without
spilling it.”

One realty cannot see what moral lesson is to be deduced from these two
“funny” teetotal stories, unless it is intended to show that, from the
lofty eminence of total abstinence, a child may with impunity look down
upon and “chaff” and despise his beer-drinking parent.  It would rather
seem that too early an indulgence in teetotal principles is apt to have
an effect on the childish mind quite the reverse of humanising.  Here is
still another instance quoted from the “smart-saying” pages:

    “Two poor little children attending a school in America, at some
    distance from their home, were shunned by the others because their
    father was a drunkard.  The remainder at dinner-time went into the
    playground and ate their dinner; but the poor twins could only look
    on.  If they approached near those who were eating, the latter would
    say, ‘You go away; your father is a drunkard.’  But they were soon
    taught to behave otherwise; and then it was gratifying to see how
    delicate they were in their attention to the two little
    unfortunates.”

If such contemptible twaddle enters very largely into the educational
nourishment provided for the young abstainer, we may tremble for the next
generation of our beer-imbibing species.  It appears, moreover, that
those doughty juveniles, when they are well trained, will fearlessly
tackle the enemy, alcohol, even when he is found fortified within an
adult being; and very often with an amount of success that seems _almost_
incredible.  However, the veracious little book of temperance anecdotes
vouches for it, and no more can be said.  Here following is an affecting
instance of how, “once upon a time,” a band of small teetotal female
infants were the means of converting from the error of his ways a
full-blown drunkard:

    “We used to furnish little boys and girls with pledge-books and
    pencils, and thus equipped, they got us numerous signatures.  A man
    was leaning, much intoxicated, against a tree.  Some little girls
    coming from school saw him there, and at once said to each other,
    ‘What shall we do for him?’  Presently one said, ‘O, I’ll tell you:
    let’s sing him a temperance song.’  And so they did.  They collected
    round him, and struck up, ‘Away, away with the bowl!’  And so on, in
    beautiful tones.  The poor drunkard liked it, and so would you.
    ‘Sing again, my little girls,’ said he.  ‘We will,’ said they, ‘if
    you will sign the temperance pledge.’  ‘No, no,’ said he, ‘we are not
    at a temperance meeting; besides, you’ve no pledges with you.’  ‘Yes,
    we have, and pencils too;’ and they held them up to him.  ‘No, no, I
    won’t sign now; but do sing to me!’  So they sang again, ‘The drink
    that’s in the drunkard’s bowl is not the drink for me.’  ‘O, do sing
    again!’ he said.  But they were firm this time, and declared they
    would go away if he did not sign.  ‘But,’ said the poor fellow,
    striving to find an excuse, ‘you’ve no table.  How can I write
    without a table?’  At this one quiet, modest, pretty little creature
    came up timidly, with one finger on her lips, and said, ‘You can
    write upon your hat, while we hold it for you.’  The man signed; and
    he narrated these facts before 1,500 children, saying, ‘Thank God for
    those children!—they came to me as messengers of mercy.’”

It is to be hoped this affecting, not to say romantic, episode in the
history of “conversions,” will not be so lightly read that its chief
beauties will be missed.  It presents a picture full of the loveliest
“bits” that to be thoroughly enjoyed should be lingered over.  First of
all, let us take the drunkard, too “far gone” for locomotion, leaning
“against a tree.”  Leaning against a tree, with an idiotic leer on his
flushed and tipsy face, and maybe trying to recall to his bemuddled
memory the burden of the drinking-song that he recently heard and
participated in in the parlour of the village alehouse.  “What shall we
do with him?”  “O, I’ll tell you: let us sing him a temperance song.”
There you have a prime bit of the picture complete.  The sot with his
back to the tree, the swaying green boughs of which have tilted his
battered hat over his left eye, and the band of little girls gathered in
a semicircle about him, and rousing him to consciousness by the first
thrilling note of “Away, away with the bowl!”  The words sound as though
they would go best with a hunting-tune, a sort of “Heigh-ho, tantivy!”
and one can imagine the intoxicated one first of all mistaking it for
that roistering melody, and gently snapping his thumbs at it, he being
for the present somewhat hampered as regards his vocal abilities.  One
can imagine him chuckling tipsily and snapping his thumbs—feebler and
still more feeble as he discovers his error.  It is _not_ a hunting-song;
it is a temperance ditty of the first, the purest water!  His heart is
touched.  His now disengaged thumbs seek the corners of his eyes, and the
scalding tears steal shimmering down his red-hot nose!  “Sing—sing it
again!” he gasps.  But no; the artless chanters have gained a step, and
they mean to retain it.  “Not till you sign the pledge,” say they.
However, he begs so hard that they concede to the extent of a verse and a
half.  Still he is obdurate; but he gradually yields, till, driven into a
corner, he falters, “But you have no table.”  Then comes the crowning
triumph of the picture—the incident of the hat.  “You can write upon your
hat—we will hold it for you.”  And the deed was done!

The same volume reveals another story of so similar a kind that it would
almost seem that the children of the first story had confided their
miraculous experience to the children of the second story.

    “A CRYSTAL-PALACE INCIDENT.—The following pleasing incident was
    related to me by a youthful member of the choir, at the recent
    Crystal-Palace _fête_.  It seems that some of the young choristers
    were amusing themselves in the grounds, and saw a poor man lying on
    the grass partially intoxicated.  Their medals attracted his
    attention, and he began to dispute the motto, “Wine is a mocker.”
    This led to conversation, and the children endeavoured to induce him
    to become an abstainer, and sang several melodies.  One of the
    conductors was also present.  The man seemed much affected during the
    singing, and cried, my young informant said, until he was quite
    sober.  He confessed that he had once been a teetotaler for three
    years, during which time he had been much benefited; but had broken
    his pledge through the influence of his companions.  However, he was
    happily prevailed upon to sign again, and to put down his name in a
    pledge-book at hand, and before they separated he thanked the young
    people heartily, saying, ‘I did not come here expecting to sign the
    pledge.  I shall now be able to go home to my wife and children and
    tell them; and to-morrow I shall be able to go to my work, instead of
    being at the public-house.’  What a blessing it may prove to that
    wife and family should the poor man keep to his resolution!  Let no
    child despair of doing something towards reclaiming the drunkard, but
    let all endeavour, by loving, gentle persuasion whenever opportunity
    offers, to help to make the wretched drunkard blessed by living
    soberly.”

I should be sorry indeed to “make fun” of any attempt earnestly and
heartily made by anyone for a fellow-creature’s good, but really there is
so much that is of questionable sincerity in such effusions as those
above quoted, that one feels by no means sure it is not intended as a
joke.  Just, for instance, take that one feature of the drunkard “lying
on the grass,” and “crying himself sober,” while, led by their conductor,
the youthful members of the choir sang him all the songs they knew!  Such
a scene would make the fortune of a farce with Mr. Toole to play the
tipsy man.




VI.—Betting Gamblers.


CHAPTER XXII.
“ADVERTISING TIPSTERS” AND “BETTING COMMISSIONERS.”


_The Vice of Gambling on the increase among the
Working-classes_—_Sporting_ “_Specs_”—_A_ “_Modus_”—_Turf
Discoveries_—_Welshers_—_The Vermin of the Betting-field_—_Their
Tactics_—_The Road to Ruin_.

THERE can be no doubt that the vice of gambling is on the increase
amongst the English working-classes.  Of this no better proof is afforded
than in the modern multiplication of those newspapers specially devoted
to matters “sportive.”  Twenty years ago there were but three or four
sporting newspapers published in London; now there are more than a dozen.
It would, however, be unfair to regard the rapid growth of these
questionable prints as an undoubted symptom of the deepening depravity of
the masses.  The fact is this: that though the national passion for
gambling, for betting, and wagering, and the excitement of seeing this or
that “event” decided, has increased of late, it is chiefly because the
people have much more leisure now than of yore.  They must have amusement
for their disengaged hours, and they naturally seek that for which they
have the greatest liking.

It is a comforting reflection, however, that in their sports and pastimes
Englishmen, and especially Londoners, of the present generation, are less
barbarous than those of the last.  Setting horse-racing aside, anyone who
now takes up for perusal the ordinary penny sporting paper will find
therein nothing more repugnant to his sensibilities, as regards human
performers, than records of swimming, and cricket, and running, and
walking, and leaping; and as regards four-footed creatures, the discourse
will be of dogs “coursing” or racing, or killing rats in a pit.  In the
present enlightened age we do not fight cocks and “shy” at hens tied to a
stake at the Shrove-Tuesday fair; neither do we fight dogs, or pit those
sagacious creatures to bait bulls.  In a newspaper before me, not a
quarter of a century old, there is a minute and graphic account of a
bull-baiting, at which in the pride of his heart the owner of a bull-dog
did a thing that in the present day would insure for him twelve months of
hard labour on the treadmill, but which in the “good old time” was merely
regarded as the act of a spirited sportsman.  A white bull-dog, “Spurt”
by name, had performed prodigies of valour against a bear brought before
him and before a crowded audience.  Finally, however, the exhausted
creature bungled in a delicate act of the performance, and those who had
bet against the dog exasperated its master by clapping their hands.
“D’ye think that he can’t do it?” roared the dog’s owner; “why, I’ll take
ten to one in twenties that he does it on three legs—with one foot
chopped off.”  “Done!” somebody cried.  Whereon the valiant bulldog owner
called for a cleaver, and setting the left fore-paw of his faithful dog
on the ledge of the pit, he hacked it off at a blow.  Then instantly he
urged the creature at the bear again, and, raging with pain, it at once
sprang at its shaggy opponent and pinned it.

It cannot be denied that occasionally there still appears in the sporting
newspapers some brief account of a “mill” that has recently taken place
between those once highly-popular gentlemen—the members of the “P.R.”
But public interest in this department of “sport” is fast dying out; and
not one reader in a hundred would care to wade through column after
column of an account of how the Brompton Bison smashed the snout of the
Bermondsey Pet; and how the latter finally gained the victory by
battering his opponent’s eyes until he was blind and “came up groggy,”
and could not even see his man, let alone avoid the sledgehammer blows
that were still pounding his unhappy ribs.  There are left very few
indeed of those individuals who, as “sportsmen,” admire
Raw-Head-and-Bloody-Bones as master of the ceremonies.

All the while, however, it is to be feared that the sporting newspaper of
the present day reveals the existence of really more mischief, more
substantial immorality and rascality than ever appeared in their pages
before.  As a quarter of a century since pugilism was the main feature
with the sporting press, now it is horse-racing; not for its sake, but
for the convenient peg it affords to hang a bet on.  It may be safely
asserted that among Londoners not one in five hundred could mention the
chief qualities a racer should possess; but this goes for nothing; or
perhaps it might be said that it goes for everything.  It is each man’s
faith in the ignorance of his neighbour, and his high respect for his own
sagacity and his “good luck,” wherein resides the secret of the
horse-betting mania at the present time afflicting the nation.

As the reader will have remarked, so rapidly has the disease in question
spread during the past few years that Government has at last thought fit
to interpose the saving arm of the law between the victim and the
victimiser.  Numerous as are the sporting papers, and to the last degree
accommodating in acting as mediums of communication between the ignorant
people who stand in need of horsey counsel and the “knowing ones” of the
turf who, for a small consideration, are ever ready to give it, it was
discovered by certain bold schemers that a yet wider field of operation
was as yet uncultivated.  To be sure, what these bold adventurers
meditated was contrary to law, and of that they were well aware, and at
first acted on the careful Scotch maxim of not putting out their hand
farther than at a short notice they could draw it back again.  Success,
however, made them audacious.  Either the law slept, or else it
indolently saw what they were up to and winked, till at last, growing
each week more courageous, the new gambling idea, that took the name of
“Spec,” became of gigantic dimensions.

Throughout lower London, and the shady portions of its suburbs, the
window of almost every public-house and beer-shop was spotted with some
notice of these “Specs.”  There were dozens of them.  There were the
“Deptford Spec,” and the “Lambeth Spec,” and the “Great Northern Spec,”
and the “Derby Spec;” but they all meant one and the same thing—a
lottery, conducted on principles more or less honest, the prize to be
awarded according to the performances of certain racehorses.  All on a
sudden, however, the officers of the law swooped down on the gambling
band, and carried them, bag and baggage, before a magistrate to answer
for their delinquency.

At the examination of the first batch at Bow-street, as well as at their
trial, much curious information was elicited.  It appeared that the
originator of the scheme lived at Deptford, and that he had pursued it
for so long as six or seven years.

The drawings were on Saturday nights, when the great majority of the
working-people had received their wages, and when, it having been noised
abroad that these lotteries were going on, they were likely to attend and
to expend their money in the purchase of such of the tickets as had not
been sold already.

If all the tickets were not sold, a portion of each prize was deducted,
and the holders of prizes were paid in proportion to the number of
tickets that were sold; and, as it was impossible to know what number of
tickets had actually been sold, it could not be determined whether the
distribution had or had not been carried out with fairness, or how much
had been deducted to pay for expenses, and to afford a profit to the
promoters of the concern.  Several cabloads of tickets, result-sheets,
&c. were seized at the residences of the managers of the “spec.”

There were numerous “partners” in the firm, and they were frequently at
the chief’s residence, and were instrumental in carrying out the
lotteries.  One or other was always present at the drawing of the numbers
and at the distribution of the prizes.  One partner was a stationer in
the Strand, and at his shop were sold the tickets for these lotteries,
and also what are termed the “result-sheets,” which were sold at one
penny each, and each of which contained the results of a “draw,” setting
forth which of the ticket-holders had been fortunate enough to draw the
several prizes, and also advertising the next “spec” or lottery.  Each of
these “specs” related to a particular race, and the tickets were
substantially alike.  Each had on the top the words “Deptford Spec,” with
a number and letter, and in the corner the name of a race, as “Newmarket
Handicap Sweep,” “Liverpool Grand National Steeplechase.”  In each of
these there were 60,000 subscribers, and in that for the Thousand Guineas
75,000.  The prizes varied in proportion; but in one they were £500 for
the first horse, £300 for the second, and £150 for the third.  Among the
starters was to be divided £500, and among the non-starters £600.  There
were also 200 prizes of £1, and 300 prizes of 10_s._  It was stated on
the tickets that the prizes would go with the stakes, and that the
result-sheets would be published on the Monday after the draw.  There was
also a stipulation that, in the event of any dispute arising, it should
be referred to the editors of the _Era_, _Bell’s Life_, and the _Sporting
Times_, and the decision of the majority to be binding.  If the numbers
were not filled up, the prizes were to be reduced in proportion; with
some other details.  There was no printer’s name to the tickets or
result-sheets.

The detective police-officers, in whose hands the getting-up of evidence
for the prosecution had been intrusted, proved that, after they purchased
their tickets, they went up the stairs in a public-house about a quarter
to seven o’clock.  They went into the club-room, where about sixty or
seventy persons had assembled, and where the managers of the lotteries
were selling tickets.  The witness purchased one, and paid a shilling for
it.  It had the same form as the others, and the draw was to be held that
night.  Someone got up and said (reading from several sheets of paper in
his hand), “4,200 tickets not sold;” this he repeated twice.  He then
proceeded to read from the papers the numbers of the tickets unsold.  The
reading occupied about half-an-hour.  After the numbers were read out,
they commenced to undo a small bundle of tickets, which they placed upon
the table.  They fetched down some more bundles similar to the first, and
continued undoing them until they had undone about a bushel.  The tickets
were all numbered.  They then proceeded to place all the tickets in a
large wheel-of-fortune, after mixing them up well with a quantity of sand
to prevent their sticking together.  The wheel was a kind of barrel
revolving on axles, with a hole for the hand.  One of the managers asked
if any gentleman had got a sporting paper.  No one answered, so he
produced one himself; he (witness) believed the _Sporting Life_.  He
said, “Will any gentleman read the names of the horses for the Grand
National?”  The names of the horses were then read out by those at the
table, while tickets were drawn for each till all the horses were called.
The tickets were then put down on the table, and the defendants proceeded
to undo another packet.  They undid a heap, about a quarter the bulk of
the first lot.  They put these into another wheel-of-fortune.  Having
done so, two boys about fourteen or fifteen years old came into the room,
and after divesting themselves of their jackets and tucking up their
sleeves, each went to the wheels, which were turned by some of the
persons in the room.  One of the managers called out the numbers of the
tickets and the name of the horse to each prize.

It need only be mentioned, in proof of the popularity enjoyed by these
“specs,” that within a fortnight afterwards a similar scene was enacted
at the same public-house.  A detective went to the Bedford Arms, where he
heard that a distribution of prizes was to be made.  He went into the
club-room.  The managers were there, with about forty prizeholders.  A
person produced a ticket and handed it to one of the directors, who,
after examining it, said “All right,” and paid the money—405_l._—which
consisted of cheques, notes, and gold.  The holder of the prize got
405_l._ for a 500_l._ prize, it being supposed all the tickets were not
sold, and a reduction was made in proportion.  About forty prizes were
given away in this manner during the evening.  After the prizes were
drawn, each person was asked to put something in the bowl for the two
boys.

The prisoners were committed for trial, but were lucky enough to escape
punishment.  For years they had been defying the law, and feathering
their nests on the strength of the silly confidence reposed in them by
the thousands of dupes who ran after their precious “specs;” and the
sentence of the judge was in effect no more severe than this—it bade them
beware how they so committed themselves for the future.  Of course the
released lottery-agents promised that they _would_ beware, and doubtless
they will.  Without being called on to do so, they even volunteered an
act of noble generosity.  As before stated, the police had found in their
possession and seized a large sum of money—fourteen hundred pounds.  This
the good gentlemen of the lottery suggested might be distributed amongst
the charities of that parish their leader honoured with his residence,
and with the Recorder’s sanction, and amid the murmured plaudits of a
crowded court, the suggestion was adopted.  The oddest part of the
business was, however, that the benevolent gentlemen gave away what
didn’t belong to them, the fourteen hundred pounds representing the many
thousand shillings the believers in “specs” had intrusted to their
keeping.  However, everybody appeared to think that the discharged
“speculators” had behaved honourably, not to say nobly, and there the
case ended.

The “spec” bubble exploded, the police authorities show symptoms of
bringing the machinery of the law to bear on a wider-spread and more
insidious mischief of the same breed.  With the betting infatuation there
has naturally sprung up a swarm of knowing hungry pike ready to take
advantage of it.  These are the advertising tipsters, the “turf
prophets,” and the “betting commissioners.”  Driven from the streets,
where for so long they publicly plied their trade, they have resorted to
the cheap sporting press to make known their amiable intentions and
desires, and the terms on which they are still willing, even from the
sacred privacy of their homes, to aid and counsel all those faint-hearted
ones who despair of ruining themselves soon enough without such friendly
help.

Were it not for the awful amount of misery and depravity it involves, it
would be amusing to peruse the various styles of address from the
“prophet” to the benighted, and to mark the many kinds of bait that are
used in “flat-catching,” as the turf slang has it, as well as the
peculiar method each fisherman has in the sort and size of hook he uses,
and the length of line.

Entitled to rank foremost in this numerous family is an unassuming but
cheerful and confident gentleman, who frequently, and at an expensive
length, advertises himself as the happy originator and proprietor of what
he styles a “Modus.”  It is described as an instrument of “beauty, force,
and power,” and it is, doubtless, only that its owner, if he kept it all
to himself, and set it going at full blast, would undoubtedly win all the
money in the country, and so put an end to the sport, that he is induced
to offer participation in its working at the small equivalent of a few
postage-stamps.  In his modest description of his wonderful “Modus,” Mr.
M. says:

    “In daily realising incomparably rich winnings with this Modus,
    another great and distinguished victory was very successfully
    achieved at Newmarket Spring Meeting.  Mr. M.’s distinguished Winning
    Modus, for beauty, force, and power, has never yet failed in clearly
    realising treasures of weekly winnings and successes.  For this
    reason, this week’s eminent and moneyed success was the result with
    this Modus at the Newmarket Spring Meeting.  For acquiring an
    ascendency over any other capital-making turf discovery, either
    secret or public, it is truly marvellous.  In fact, this Winning
    Modus never deteriorates in its character, immense riches, or
    winnings, for it is strikingly and truthfully infallible and
    never-failing.  At any rate, it will win 18,000_l._ or 20,000_l._ for
    any investor ere the final close of the season.  Do not think this
    anywise fiction, for it is strict verity.  Mr. M. takes this
    opportunity to respectfully thank his patronisers for their
    compliments, congratulations, and presents.  It is needless to remind
    his patrons that an illustrious and rich success will easily be
    achieved at Chester next week, when Mr. M.’s Winning Modus will again
    realise its infallible success in thousands.”

It is to be assumed that Mr. M. has already by means of his own “Modus”
fished out of the risky waters of gambling a few of these “18,000_l._ or
20,000_l._” he speaks so lightly of; and doubtless the reader’s first
reflection will be, that he should hasten to expend a trifle of his
immense winnings in securing for himself at least as fair a knowledge of
the English language as is possessed by a “dame-school” scholar of six
years old.  It is evident that Mr. M. has all the money at his command
which he is ever likely to require, or, of course, he would not reveal
his precious secret on such ridiculously easy terms.  He would patent it,
and come down heavily on any rash person who infringed his rights, more
valuable than those that rest in Mr. Graves, or even Mr. Betts, the great
captain of “capsules.”  No, he has won all the money he is ever likely to
need; indeed, how can a man ever be poor while he retains possession of
that wonderful talismanic “Modus,” a touch of which converts a
betting-book into a solid, substantial gold-mine?  Still, he is exacting
as regards the gratitude of those whom his invention enriches.  It is his
pride to record as many instances as possible of the dutiful thankfulness
of his fellow-creatures, and as, with pity and regret, he is aware that
the only earnest of a man’s sincerity is that which takes the shape of
the coinage of the realm, he is compelled, though sorely against his own
confiding and generous nature, to attach much weight to thankofferings of
a pecuniary nature.  Every week he appends to his sketch of the working
of his “Modus” a list of those “patronisers” from whom he has most
recently heard.  It may be urged by unbelievers that in this there is no
novelty, since from time immemorial the quacks of other professions have
done precisely the same thing; but it must be admitted that this should
at least be taken as proof of Mr. M.’s indifference to the evil opinion
of the censorious.  Let us take the testimonials for the week of the
Chester Races, which, as he says, “are promiscuously selected from a vast
number:”

    “SIR,—For distinction, honour, and fame, your marvellous winning
    Modus is worthy of its renown.  I am happy in asserting it has won me
    4,220_l._ nett so quickly and readily this season.  Accept the
    200_l._ enclosed.—I am, &c.

                                                        M. ARTHUR PORSON.”

    “Mr. M. undoubtedly considers his winning Modus an infallible one.
    Mr. G. Melville certainly considers it is too.  At any rate, Mr.
    Melville is the very fortunate winner of upwards of 6,400_l._
    6,400_l._ at once is a tangible criterion as to its great worth for
    procuring these heavy winnings.  Mr. Melville forwards a sum of money
    with his congratulations, as a present.  Mr. M. will please accept
    the same.”

    “SIR,—Do me a favour in accepting the enclosed cheque for 50_l._
    Through the instrumentality of your certainly very successful winning
    Modus, I am, to my infinite pleasure, quickly becoming a certain and
    never-failing winner of thousands; for already has its golden agency
    marvellously won me 3,400_l._

                                                     “C. CONYERS GRESHAM.”

In conclusion, this benefactor of his species says: “For this successful
winning ‘Modus,’ and its infinite riches, forward a stamped directed
envelope, addressed Mr. M., Rugby.”  That is all.  Forward a directed
envelope to Rugby, and in return you shall be placed, booted and spurred,
on the road to infinite riches.  If, starting as a beggar, you allow your
head to be turned by the bewildering pelting of a pitiless storm of
sovereigns, and ride to the devil, Mr. M. is not to blame.

The astounding impudence of these advertising dodgers is only equalled by
the credulity of their dupes.  How long Mr. M. has presented his precious
“Modus” to the sporting public through the columns of “horsey”
newspapers, I cannot say; but this much is certain: that according to his
success has been the proportion of vexation and disappointment he has
caused amongst the geese who have trusted him.  We are assured that
impostors of the M. school reap golden harvests; that thousands on
thousands weekly nibble at his baits; consequently thousands on thousands
weekly have their silly eyes opened to the clumsy fraud to which they
have been the victims.  But M. of Rugby flourishes still; he still vaunts
the amazing virtues, and the beauty, force, and power of his “Modus,” and
brags of this week’s eminent and moneyed success as though it were a
matter of course.  Mr. M. of Rugby is less modest than some members of
his fraternity.  Here is an individual who affects the genteel:

    “A CARD.—Private Racing Information!!—A gentleman who has been a
    breeder and owner of racehorses, and now in a good commercial
    position, attained by judicious betting, enjoying rare opportunities
    of early intelligence from most successful and dangerous stables,
    being himself debarred by partnership restrictions from turf
    speculations on his own account, thinks he might utilise the great
    advantages at his disposal by leaving himself open to correspondence
    with the racing public.  This is a genuine advertisement, and worth
    investigating.—Address, —, Post-office, Stafford.  Unquestionable
    references.  Directed envelopes.  No ‘systems’ or other fallacies.”

It will be observed that, despite the good position attained by the
advertiser by “judicious betting,” not only was he glad to escape from
the field where his fortune was founded, and to take refuge in the dull
jog-trot regions of commerce, but his “partners” prohibit him in future
from collecting golden eggs from any racing mare’s-nest whatsoever.  He
has made a fat pocket by the judicious exercise of a peculiar and
difficult science he is well versed in; but still he is tolerated by his
brother-members of the firm only on the distinct understanding that he
never does it again.  Perhaps he has grown over-rich, and the rest and
seclusion is necessary to the complete restoration of his health.
Perhaps he owes to “Modus”—but no, the retired breeder and owner of
racehorses distinctly informs us that he has no faith in “systems” or
other fallacies: “lying excepted,” is the amendment that at once occurs
to the individual of common sense.

Education is reckoned as a prime essential to success in most trades; but
in that of betting it would appear unnecessary, in order to realise a
fortune for himself or his fellow-mortals, that an advertising tipster or
betting-man should be master of the English language, let alone of the
cardinal virtues.  Here is a member of the Manchester Subscription-rooms,
in proof:

    “George D—y, member of the Manchester Subscription-rooms, attends
    personally all the principal race-meetings.  Some persons having used
    the above name, G. D. gives notice that he has not anyone betting for
    him, and anyone doing so are welshers.”

Another gentleman eschews prophecy, and would throw “Modus” to the dogs,
only that possibly his natural instincts peculiarly qualify him for
knowing that to do so would be to cast an undeserved indignity on those
respectable creatures.  He goes in for “secret information.”  He does not
seek to mystify his readers by adopting a _nom-de-plume_, such as “Stable
Mouse,” or “Earwig,” or “Spy in the Manger.”  He boldly owns his identity
as John —, of Leicester-square, London, and arrogates to himself an
“outsider” that is to beat anything else in the field.  “Do not be
guided,” says this frank and plain-spoken sportsman—“do not be guided by
the betting, but back my outsider, whose name has scarcely ever been
mentioned in the quotations, because the very clever division to which it
belongs have put their money on so quietly that their secret is known to
only a few.  I am in the swim, and know that the horse did not start for
one or two races it could have won easily, but has been expressly saved
for this.  I have several other absolute certainties, and guarantee to be
particularly successful at Chester.  Terms: fourteen stamps the full
meeting.  Many of the minor events will be reduced to certainties; and in
order to take advantage of it, I am willing to telegraph the very latest,
without charge, to those who will pay me honourably from winnings; or I
will invest any amount remitted to me, guaranteeing to telegraph before
the race is run the full particulars.—John G., Leicester-square, London.”

What a pity it is that those who flatter themselves that they are
intellectually qualified to embark in one of the most hazardous and
difficult ways of making money should not be at the pains of carefully
reading and deliberating on barefaced attempts at imposture, such as are
disclosed in the above!  John G. is one of the “clever division,” he
says.  So much for his honesty, when he admits that he is in the “swim”
with men who have been tampering with the same wonderful “outsider,” and
so manœuvering as to throw dust in the eyes of unsuspecting persons.  So
much for the wealth and position of the “swim,” when John G., a confessed
member of it, is ready to betray his confederates for the small
consideration of fourteenpence, or less, should you fall short of that
amount of faith in his integrity.  He will “leave it to you, sir,” as
does the sweeper who clears the snow from your door, or the industrious
wretch who brushes the dust from your coat on the racecourse.  Or he will
invest any sum you may feel disposed to intrust to him.  There is not the
least doubt of it; and what is more, you may rest assured that he will
invest it so as to make sure of a substantial return.  How else is he to
cut a respectable figure at Epsom or Ascot, and join the bold-faced,
leather-lunged gang, who, with a little money-pouch slung at their side,
and a little, a _very_ little money within the pouch, elbow their way
through the press, bawling, “I’ll lay” on this, that, or t’other?

J. G. of Leicester-square is not the only advertising tipster who
professes to be “in the swim,” and on that account to be in a position to
act as a traitor to his friends, and the benefactor of the strange
public.  Here is the announcement of another gentleman.

    “GREAT EVENTS!—Enormous odds!!—Two horses have been expressly saved;
    and one of the best judges on the turf tells me they are the greatest
    certainties he ever knew.  As for another event, it is quite at the
    mercy of the owner of a certain animal.  I do not hesitate to say
    that there never was, and never will be, a better chance of pulling
    off a large stake at a trifling risk; for I can obtain the enormous
    odds of 1,840_l._ to 1_l._, or 920_l._ to 10_s._, or 460_l._ to
    5_s._; or I will send the secret for fourteen stamps.”

Here is a Munchausen fit to shake hands with and claim as a brother J. G.
of Leicester-square.  He knows of a forthcoming race, and he likewise
knows of a man who intends to run in it a certain horse that will hold
the equine contest at his mercy.  It is but reasonable to assume that the
noble animal in question will obey the dictates of his nature, and not
give way to weak forbearance or foolish generosity.  Undoubtedly,
therefore, it will win the race; and the advertiser, if he puts 5_s._ on
it, is _sure_ of bagging 460_l._!  And yet he is found competing in the
same dirty field with a score of his kindred, clamouring for
fourteenpence in postage-stamps.

“Stable secrets! stable secrets!” shrieks the “Sporting Doctor;” secrets
so very precious that he cannot possibly betray them for less than
fivepence each.  Send fifteen stamps, and receive in return the “true and
certain winners of the Chester, the Derby, and the Oaks.”  The “Sporting
Doctor” hails from a back-street in the Blackfriars-road.  The
“Barber-poet” of Paddington, in touching terms, implores his noble
patrons to assist him in advising his fellow-creatures of the “good
things he has for them.”  “Show my circulars to your friends,” he says;
“it will be to my interest for you to do so.  I will give 100_l._ to any
charitable institution, if the advice I give is not in every instance the
best that money can obtain.”  The next tipster on the list goes farther
than this.  He boldly avows he will forfeit a large sum of money unless
he “spots” the identical winners “first and second.”  Of course, nothing
can be more transparent than bombast of this sort; but here it is in
black-and-white:

    “Mr. Ben W. will forfeit 500_l._ if he does not send first and second
    for the Chester Cup.  Send four stamps and stamped envelope, and
    promise a present, and I will send you the Chester Cup, Great
    Northern, Derby, and Oaks winners.—Address, —, Waterloo-road,
    London.”

Mr. Benjamin W.’s suggestion of a “promised present” is, however, no
novelty with the advertising tipster.  Many of the fraternity ask a
cash-down payment for the “tip” they send—a sum barely sufficient to buy
them a pint of beer—professing to rely contentedly on the generosity of
their “patronisers,” as Mr. Modus styles them.  Occasionally are appended
to the advertisements gentle remonstrances and reminders that the
confidence the tipster reposed in his patroniser seems to have been
misplaced.  The latter is requested “not to forget what is due from one
gentleman, though in a humble sphere, to another.”  One gentleman becomes
quite pathetic in an appeal of this kind:

    “The winners of Great Northern, Derby, and Oaks for thirteen stamps,
    or one event four stamps, with promise of present from winnings.
    Send a stamped envelope without delay.  Gentlemen are requested to
    act honourably, and send me the promised percentage on the Two
    Thousand, for the labourer is worthy of his hire.—Address, —
    Cumberland-street, Chelsea, London.”

Another gentleman, blessed with an amount of coolness and candour that
should insure him a competency if every horse were swept off the face of
the earth to-morrow, publishes the following; and the reader will please
bear in mind that these various advertisements are clipped out of the
sporting papers, and copied to the letter:

    “TAKE NOTICE!!—I never advertise unless I am confident of success.  I
    have now a real good thing for Derby at 100 to 1; sure to get a
    place, for which 25 to 1 can be obtained.—Enclose 1_s._ stamps and
    stamped addressed envelope, and secure this moral.—Remember Perry
    Down.—Address, H— Post-office, Reading.”

It may be remarked, that everything that is highly promising becomes, in
the slang of the advertising tipster, a “moral;” but there are two
dictionary definitions of the term—one affecting its relation to good or
bad human life, and the other which is described as “the instruction of a
fable.”  It is possibly in this last sense that the tipster uses the
word.  “Send for my ‘moral’ on the Great Northern Handicap,” writes Mr.
Wilson of Hull.  “It is said that the golden ball flies past every man
once in his lifetime!” cries “Quick-sight” of John-street, Brixton.  “See
it in my moral certainty for the Derby.  See it, and fail not to grasp
it.  Fourteen stamps (uncut) will secure it.”

This should indeed be glad news for those unfortunates whose vision has
hitherto been gladdened in the matter of golden balls only by seeing them
hanging in triplet above the pawnbroker’s friendly door.  Fancy being
enabled to grasp the golden ball—the ball that is to stump out poverty,
and send the bails of impecuniosity flying into space never to return, at
the small cost of fourteen postage-stamps!  They must be uncut, by the
way, or their talismanic virtue will be lost.  The worst of it is, that
you are unable either to see it or grasp it until Quicksight sees and
grasps your fourteen stamps; and if you should happen to miss the golden
ball after all, it is doubtful if he would return you your poor
one-and-twopence as some consolation in your disappointment.  He would
not do this, but he would be very happy to give you another chance.  His
stock of “golden balls” is very extensive.  He has been supplying them,
or rather the chance of grasping them, at fourteenpence each any time
during this five years, and he is doubtless in a position to “keep the
ball rolling” (the golden ball) until all his customers are supplied.

By the way, it should be mentioned, that the advertiser last quoted, as
well as several others here instanced, terminate their appeals by begging
the public to beware of welshers!

Does the reader know what is a “welsher”—the creature against whose
malpractices the sporting public are so emphatically warned?  Probably he
does not.  It is still more unlikely that he ever witnessed a “welsher”
hunt; and as I there have the advantage of him, it may not be out of
place here to enlighten him on both points.  A “welsher” is a person who
contracts a sporting debt without a reasonable prospect of paying it.
There is no legal remedy against such a defaulter.  Although the law to a
large extent countenances the practice of betting, and will even go the
length of lending the assistance of its police towards keeping such order
that a multitude may indulge in its gambling propensities comfortably, it
will not recognise as a just debt money owing between two wagerers.  It
is merely “a debt of honour,” and the law has no machinery that will
apply thereto.  The consequence is, that amongst the betting fraternity,
when a man shows himself dishonourable, he is punished by the mob that at
the time of the discovery of his defalcation may happen to surround him;
and with a degree of severity according to the vindictiveness and
brutality of the said mob.  On the occasion of my witnessing a “welsher
hunt,” I was present at the races that in the autumn of 1868 were held in
Alexandra-park at Muswell-hill.  As the race for the Grand Prize was
decided, looking down from the gallery of the stand, I observed a sudden
commotion amongst the perspiring, bawling, leather-lunged gentry, who
seek whom they may devour, in the betting-ring below, and presently there
arose the magical cry of “Welsher!”  I have heard the sudden cry of
“Fire!” raised in the night, and watched its thrilling, rousing effect on
the population; but that was as nothing compared with it.  Instantly, and
as though moved by one deadly hate and thirst for vengeance, a rush was
made towards a man in a black wide-awake cap, and with the regular
betting-man’s pouch slung at his side, and who was hurrying towards the
gate of the enclosure.  “Welsher! welsher!” cried the furious mob of the
ring, making at the poor wretch; and in an instant a dozen fists were
directed at his head and face, and he was struck down; but he was a
biggish man and strong, and he was quickly on his legs, to be again
struck down and kicked and stamped on.  He was up again, however, without
his hat, and with his face a hideous patch of crimson, and hustled
towards the gate, plunging like a madman to escape the fury of his
pursuers; but the policeman blocked the way, and they caught him again,
and some punched at his face, while others tore off his clothes.  One
ruffian—I cannot otherwise describe him—plucked at the poor devil’s shirt
at the breast, and tore away a tattered handful of it, which he flung
over to the great yelling crowd now assembled without the rails; another
tore away his coat-sleeves, and tossed them aloft; and in the same way he
lost his waistcoat and one of his boots.  It seemed as though, if they
detained him another moment, the man must be murdered, and so the
policeman made way for him to escape.

From the frying-pan into the fire.  “Welsher! welsher!”  The air rang
with the hateful word, and, rushing from the gate, he was at once
snatched at by the foremost men of the mouthing, yelling mob outside, who
flung him down and punched and beat him.  Fighting for his life, he
struggled and broke away, and ran; but a betting-man flung his tall stool
at him, and brought him to earth again for the twentieth time, and again
the punching and kicking process was resumed.  How he escaped from these
was a miracle, but escape he did; and with the desperation of a rat
pursued by dogs, dived into an empty hansom cab, and there lay crouched
while fifty coward hands were stretched forward to drag him out, or,
failing in that, to prog and poke at him with walking-sticks and
umbrellas.  At last, a mounted policeman spurred his horse forward and
came to the rescue, keeping his steed before the place of refuge.  Then
the furious mob, that was not to be denied, turned on the policeman, and
only his great courage and determination saved him from being unhorsed
and ill-treated.  Then other police came up, and the poor tattered
wretch, ghastly, white, and streaming with blood, was hauled out and
dragged away insensible, with his head hanging and his legs trailing in
the dust, amid the howling and horrible execrations of five thousand
Englishmen.

The next consideration was what to do with him.  To convey him off the
premises was impossible, since a space of nearly a quarter of a mile had
to be traversed ere the outer gate could be reached.  There was no
“lock-up” at the new grand stand, as at Epsom and elsewhere.  Nothing
remained but to hustle him through a trap-door, and convey him by an
underground route to a cellar, in which empty bottles were deposited.
And grateful indeed must have been the stillness and the coolness of such
a sanctuary after the fierce ordeal he had so recently undergone.
Whether water was supplied him to wash his wounds, or if a doctor was
sent for, is more than I can say.  There he was allowed to remain till
night, when he slunk home; and within a few days afterwards a local
newspaper briefly announced that the “unfortunate man, who had so rashly
roused the fury of the sporting fraternity at Alexandra races, was dead”!

To a close observer of the system that rules at all great horseracing
meetings, nothing is so remarkable as the child-like reliance with which
the general public intrusts its bettings to the keeping of the
“professionals,” who there swarm in attendance.  In the case of the
bettors of the “ring” they may be tolerably safe, since it is to the
interest of all that the atmosphere of that sacred enclosure, only to be
gained at the cost of half-a-guinea or so, should be kept passably sweet.
Besides, as was mentioned in the case of the unfortunate “welsher” at
Alexandra races, the said enclosure is bounded by high railings; and the
salutary effect of catching and killing a “welsher” is universally
acknowledged.  As regards the betting men themselves, it enables them to
give vent to reckless ferocity that naturally waits on disappointed
greed, while the public at large are impressed with the fact that strict
principles of honour amongst gamblers really do prevail, whatever may
have been said to the contrary.  But at all the principal races the
greatest number of bets, if not the largest amounts of money, are risked
outside the magic circle.  It is here that the huckster and small pedlar
of the betting fraternity conjure with the holiday-making shoemaker or
carpenter for his half-crown.  For the thousandth time one cannot help
expressing amazement that men who have to work so hard for their
money—shrewd, hard-headed, sensible fellows as a rule—should part with it
on so ludicrously flimsy a pretext.  Here—all amongst the refreshment
bustle, from which constantly streamed men hot from the beer and spirit
counters—swarmed hundreds of these betting harpies; some in carts, but
the majority of them perched on a stool, each with a bit of paper, on
which some name was printed, stuck on his hat, and with a money-bag slung
at his side, and a pencil and a handful of tickets.  This was all.  As
often as not the name and address on the betting man’s hat or money-bag
was vaguely expressed as “S. Pipes, Nottingham,” or “John Brown,
Oxford-street;” and who Pipes or Brown was not one man in a thousand had
the least idea.  Nor did they inquire, the silly gulls.  It was enough
for them they saw a man on a stool, ostensibly a “betting man,” bawling
out at the top of his great, vulgar, slangy voice what odds he was
prepared to lay on this, that, or t’other; and they flocked round—enticed
by terms too good to be by any possibility true, if they only were cool
enough to consider for a moment—and eagerly tendered to the rogue on the
stool their crowns and half-crowns, receiving from the strange Mr. Pipes
or Mr. Brown nothing in exchange but a paltry little ticket with a number
on it.  This, for the present, concluded the transaction; and off went
the acceptor of the betting man’s odds to see the race on which the stake
depended.  In very many cases the exchange of the little ticket for the
money concluded the transaction, not only for the present, but for all
future; for, having plucked all the gulls that could be caught, nothing
is easier than for Pipes to exchange hats with Brown and to shift their
places; and the pretty pair may with impunity renounce all
responsibility, and open a book on the next race on the programme.  To be
sure it is hard to find patience with silly people who _will_ walk into a
well; and when they follow the workings of their own free will, it is
scarcely too much to say they are not to be pitied.  But when a cheat or
sharper is permitted standing room that he may pursue his common
avocation, which is to cheat and plunder the unwary public, the matter
assumes a slightly different complexion.

Of all manner of advertising betting gamblers, however, none are so
pernicious, or work such lamentable evil against society, as those who,
with devilish cunning, appeal to the young and inexperienced—the factory
lad and the youth of the counting-house or the shop.  Does anyone doubt
if horseracing has attractions for those whose tender age renders it
complimentary to style them “young men”?  Let him on the day of any great
race convince himself.  Let him make a journey on the afternoon of
“Derby-day,” for instance, to Fleet-street or the Strand, where the
offices of the sporting newspapers are situated.  It may not be generally
known that the proprietors of the _Sunday Times_, _Bell’s Life_, and
other journals of a sporting tendency, in their zeal to outdo each other
in presenting the earliest possible information to the public, are at the
trouble and expense of securing the earliest possible telegram of the
result of a horserace, and exhibiting it enlarged on a broad-sheet in
their shop-windows.  Let us take the _Sunday Times_, for instance.  The
office of this most respectable of sporting newspapers is situated near
the corner of Fleet-street, at Ludgate-hill; and wonderful is the
spectacle there to be seen on the afternoon of the great equine contest
on Epsom downs.  On a small scale, and making allowance for the absence
of the living provocatives of excitement, the scene is a reproduction of
what at that moment, or shortly since, has taken place on the racecourse
itself.  Three o’clock is about the time the great race is run at Epsom,
and at that time the Fleet-street crowd begins to gather.  It streams in
from the north, from the east, from the south.  At a glance it is evident
that the members of it are not idly curious merely.  It is not composed
of ordinary pedestrians who happen to be coming that way.  Butcher-lads,
from the neighbouring great meat-market, come bareheaded and perspiring
down Ludgate-hill, and at a pace that tells how exclusively their eager
minds are set on racing: all in blue working-smocks, and with the grease
and blood of their trade adhering to their naked arms, and to their
hob-nailed boots, and to their hair.  Hot and palpitating they reach the
obelisk in the middle of the road, and there they take their stand, with
their eyes steadfastly fixed on that at present blank and innocent window
that shall presently tell them of their fate.

I mention the butcher-boys first, because, for some unknown reason, they
undoubtedly are foremost in the rank of juvenile bettors.  In the days
when the Fleet-lane betting abomination as yet held out against the
police authorities, and day after day a narrow alley behind the squalid
houses there served as standing room for as many “professional” betting
men, with their boards and money-pouches, as could crowd in a row, an
observer standing at one end of the lane might count three blue frocks
for one garment of any other colour.  But though butcher-boys show
conspicuously among the anxious Fleet-street rush on a Derby-day, they
are not in a majority by a long way.  To bet on the “Derby” is a mania
that afflicts all trades; and streaming up Farringdon-street may he seen
representatives of almost every craft that practises within the City’s
limits.  There is the inky printer’s-boy, hot from the “machine-room,”
with his grimy face and his cap made of a ream wrapper; there is the
jeweller’s apprentice, with his bibbed white apron, ruddy with the powder
of rouge and borax; and the paper-stainer’s lad, with the variegated
splashes of the pattern of his last “length” yet wet on his ragged
breeches; and a hundred others, all hurrying pell-mell to the one spot,
and, in nine cases out of ten, with the guilt of having “slipped out”
visible on their streaming faces.  Take their ages as they congregate in
a crowd of five hundred and more (they are expected in such numbers that
special policemen are provided to keep the roadway clear), and it will be
found that more than half are under the age of eighteen.  Furthermore, it
must be borne in mind that in the majority of cases a single lad
represents a score or more employed in one “office” or factory.  They
cast lots who shall venture on the unlawful mission, and it has fallen on
him.  Again, and as before mentioned, the _Sunday Times_ is but one of
ten or a dozen sporting newspapers published between Ludgate-hill and St.
Clement Danes; and in the vicinity of every office may be met a similar
crowd.  Let the reader bear these facts in mind, and he may arrive at
some faint idea of the prevalence of the horse-gambling evil amongst the
rising generation.

The significance of these various facts is plain to the advertising
tipster, and he shapes his baits accordingly.  He never fails to mention,
in apprising his youthful admirers, that, in exchange for the last “good
thing,” postage-stamps will be taken.  Well enough the cunning
unscrupulous villain knows that in the commercial world postage-stamps
are articles of very common use, and that at many establishments they are
dealt out carelessly, and allowed to lie about in drawers and desks for
the “common use.”  There is temptation ready to hand!  “Send fourteen
stamps to Dodger, and receive in return the _certain_ tip as to who will
win the Derby.”  There are the stamps, and the ink, and the pen, and the
envelope, and nothing remains but to apply them to the use Dodger
suggests.  It is not stealing, at least it does not seem like stealing,
this tearing fourteen stamps from a sheet at which everybody in the
office has access, and which will be replaced without question as soon as
it is exhausted.  It is at most only “cribbing.”  What is the difference
between writing a private note on the office paper and appropriating a
few paltry stamps?  It would be different if the fourteenpence was in
hard money—a shilling and two penny-pieces.  No young bookkeeper with any
pretensions to honesty would be guilty of stealing _money_ from his
master’s office—but a few stamps!  Dodger knows this well enough, and
every morning quite a bulky parcel of crummy-feeling letters are
delivered at his residence in some back street in the Waterloo-road.

This is the way that Dodger angles for “flat-fish” of tender age:

    “GREAT RESULTS FROM SMALL EFFORTS!—In order to meet the requirements
    of those of humble means, W. W—n, of Tavistock-street, is prepared to
    receive small sums for investment on the forthcoming great events.
    Sums as low as two-and-sixpence in stamps (uncut) may be sent to the
    above address, and they will be invested with due regard to our
    patron’s interest.  Recollect that at the present time there are Real
    Good things in the market at 100 to 1, and that even so small a sum
    put on such will return the speculator twelve pounds ten shillings,
    less ten per cent commission, which is Mr. W.’s charge.”

    “Faint heart never won a fortune!  It is on record that the most
    renowned Leviathan of the betting world began his career as
    third-hand in a butcher’s shop!  He had a ‘fancy’ for a horse, and
    was so strongly impressed with the idea that it would win, that he
    begged and borrowed every farthing he could raise, and even pawned
    the coat off his back!  His pluck and resolution was nobly rewarded.
    The horse he backed was at 70 to 1, and he found himself after the
    race the owner of nearly a thousand pounds!  Bear this in mind.
    There are as good fish in the sea as ever came out of it.  Lose no
    time in forwarding fourteen stamps to Alpha, John-street, Nottingham;
    and wait the happy result.”

What is this but a plain and unmistakable intimation, on the part of the
advertising blackguard, that his dupes should _stick at nothing_ to raise
money to bet on the “forthcoming great event”?  Pawn, beg,
borrow—_anything_, only don’t let the chance slip.  Butcher-boys, think
of the luck of your Leviathan craftsman, and at once take the coat off
your back, or if you have not a garment good enough, your master’s coat
out of the clothes-closet, and hasten to pawn it.  Never fear for the
happy result.  Long before he can miss it, you will be able to redeem it,
besides being in a position to snap your fingers at him, and, if you
please, to start on your own “hook” as a bookmaker.

Another of these “youths’ guide to the turf” delicately points out that,
if bettors will only place themselves in his hands, he will “pull them
through, and land them high and dry,” certainly and surely, and with a
handsome return for their investments.  “No knowledge of racing matters
is requisite on the part of the investor,” writes this quack; “indeed, as
in all other business affairs of life, ‘a little knowledge is a dangerous
thing.’  Better trust _entirely_ to one who has made it the one study of
his existence, and can read off the pedigree and doings of every horse
that for the past ten years has run for money.  Large investments are not
recommended.  Indeed, the beginner should in no case ‘put on’ more than a
half-sovereign, and as low as half-a-crown will often be sufficient, and
in the hands of a practised person like the advertiser be made to go as
far as an injudiciously invested pound or more.”

It would be interesting to know in how many instances these vermin of the
betting-field are successful, how many of them there are who live by
bleeding the simple and the infatuated, and what sort of living it is.
Not a very luxurious one, it would seem, judging from the shady quarters
of the town from which the “tipster” usually hails; but then we have to
bear in mind the venerable maxim, “Light come, light go,” and its
probable application to those harpies who hanker after “uncut” stamps and
receive them in thousands.  That very many of them find it a game worth
pursuing, there can be no doubt, or they would not so constantly resort
to the advertising columns of the newspapers.  How much mischief they
really do, one can never learn.  The newspaper announcement is, of
course, but a preliminary to further business: you send your stamps, and
what you in most cases get in return is not the information for which you
imagined you were bargaining, but a “card of terms” of the tipster’s
method of doing business.  There is nothing new or novel in this.  It is
an adaptation of the ancient dodge of the medical quack who advertises a
“certain cure” for “all the ills that flesh is heir to,” on receipt of
seven postage-stamps; but all that you receive for your sevenpence is a
printed recipe for the concoction of certain stuffs, “to be had only” of
the advertiser.

And well would it be for the gullible public if the mischief done by the
advertising fraternity of horse-racing quacks was confined to the
“fourteen uncut stamps” they have such an insatiable hunger for.  There
can be no doubt, however, that this is but a mild and inoffensive branch
of their nefarious profession.  In almost every case they combine with
the exercise of their supernatural gift of prophecy the matter-of-fact
business of the “commission agent,” and, if rumour whispers true, they
make of it at times a business as infernal in its working as can well be
imagined.  They can, when occasion serves, be as “accommodating” as the
loan-office swindler or the 60-per-cent bill-discounter, and a profit
superior to that yielded by either of these avocations may be realised,
and that with scarce any trouble at all.  No capital is required,
excepting a considerable stock of impudence and a fathomless fund of
cold-blooded rascality.

Judging from the fact that the species of villany in question has never
yet been exposed in a police-court, it is only fair to imagine that it is
a modern invention; on that account I am the more anxious to record and
make public an item of evidence bearing on the subject that, within the
past year, came under my own observation.

It can be scarcely within the year, though, for it was at the time when
an audacious betting gang “squatted” in the vicinity of Ludgate-hill,
and, owing to some hitch in the law’s machinery, they could not easily be
removed.  First they swarmed in Bride-lane, Fleet-street.  Being
compelled to “move on,” they migrated to a most appropriate site, the
waste land on which for centuries stood the infamous houses of Field-lane
and West-street, and beneath which flowed the filthy Fleet-ditch.  But
even this was accounted ground too good to be desecrated by the foot of
the gambling blackleg, and they were one fine morning bundled off it by a
strong body of City police.  After this they made a desperate stand on
the prison side of the way in Farringdon-street, and for some months
there remained.

It was at this time that I made the acquaintance of the subject of the
present little story.  I had noticed him repeatedly, with his pale
haggard face and his dull eyes, out of which nothing but weariness of
life looked.  He was a tall slim young fellow, and wore his patched and
seedy clothes as though he had been used to better attire; and, despite
the tell-tale shabbiness of his boots and his wretched tall black hat, he
still clung to the respectable habit of wearing black kid-gloves, though
it was necessary to shut his fists to hide the dilapidations at their
finger-tips.

He was not remarkable amongst the betting blackguards he mingled with on
account of the active share he took in the questionable business in which
they were engaged; on the contrary, he seemed quite out of place with
them, and though occasionally one would patronise him with a nod, it was
evident that he was “nothing to them,” either as a comrade or a gull to
be plucked.  He appeared to be drawn towards them by a fascination he
could not resist, but which he deplored and was ashamed of.  It was
customary in those times for the prosperous horse-betting gambler to
affect the genteel person who could afford to keep a “man,” and to press
into his service some poor ragged wretch glad to earn a sixpence by
wearing his master’s “card of terms” round his neck for the inspection of
any person inclined to do business.  The tall shabby young fellow’s chief
occupation consisted in wandering restlessly from one of these
betting-card bearers to another, evidently with a view to comparing
“prices” and “odds” offered on this or that horse; but he never bet.  I
don’t believe that his pecuniary affairs would have permitted him, even
though a bet as low as twopence-halfpenny might be laid.

I was always on the look-out for my miserable-looking young friend
whenever I passed that way, and seldom failed to find him.  He seemed to
possess for me a fascination something like that which horse-betting
possessed for him.  One afternoon, observing him alone and looking even
more miserable than I had yet seen him, as he slouched along the miry
pavement towards Holborn, I found means to start a conversation with him.
My object was to learn who and what he was, and whether he was really as
miserable as he looked, and whether there was any help for him.  I was
prepared to exercise all the ingenuity at my command to compass this
delicate project, but he saved me the trouble.  As though he was glad of
the chance of doing so, before we were half-way up Holborn-hill he turned
the conversation exactly into the desired groove, and by the time the
Tottenham-court-road was reached (he turned down there), I knew even more
of his sad history than is here subjoined.

“What is the business pursuit that takes me amongst the betting-men?  O
no, sir, I’m not at all astonished that you should ask the question; I’ve
asked it of myself so often, that it doesn’t come new to me.  I pursue no
business, sir.  What business _could_ a wretched scarecrow like I am
pursue?  Say that _I_ am pursued, and you will be nearer the mark.
Pursued by what I can never get away from or shake off: damn it!”

He uttered the concluding wicked word with such decisive and bitter
emphasis, that I began to think that he had done with the subject; but he
began again almost immediately.

“I wish to the Lord I had a business pursuit!  If ever a fellow was tired
of his life, I am.  Well—yes, I _am_ a young man; but it’s precious small
consolation that that fact brings me.  Hang it, no!  All the longer to
endure it.  How long have I endured it?  Ah, now you come to the point.
For years, you think, I daresay.  You look at me, and you think to
yourself, ‘There goes a poor wretch who has been on the downhill road so
long that it’s time that he came to the end of it, or made an end to it.’
There you are mistaken.  Eighteen months ago I was well dressed and
prosperous.  I was second clerk to —, the provision merchants, in St.
Mary Axe, on a salary of a hundred and forty pounds—rising twenty each
year.  Now look at me!

“You need not ask me how it came about.  You say that you have seen me
often in Farringdon-street with the betting-men, so you can give a good
guess as to how I came to ruin, I’ll be bound.  Yes, sir, it was
horse-betting that did my business.  No, I did not walk to ruin with my
eyes open, and because I liked the road.  I was trapped into it, sir, as
I’ll be bound scores and scores of young fellows have been.  I never had
a passion for betting.  I declare that, till within the last two years, I
never made a bet in my life.  The beginning of it was, that, for the fun
of the thing, I wagered ten shillings with a fellow-clerk about the Derby
that was just about to come off.  I never took any interest in
horseracing before; but when I had made that bet I was curious to look
over the sporting news, and to note the odds against the favourite.  One
unlucky day I was fool enough to answer the advertisement of a
professional tipster.  He keeps the game going still, curse him!  You may
read his name in the papers this morning.  If I wasn’t such an infernal
coward, you know, I should kill that man.  If I hadn’t the money to buy a
pistol, I ought to steal one, and shoot the thief.  But, what do you
think?  I met him on Monday, and he chaffed me about my boots.  It was
raining at the time.  ‘I wish I had a pair of waterproofs like yours,
Bobby.  You’ll never take cold while they let all the water out at the
heel they take in at the toe!’  Fancy me standing _that_ after the way he
had served me!  Fancy this too—me borrowing a shilling of him, and saying
‘Thank you, sir,’ for it!  Why, you know, I ought to be pumped on for
doing it!

“Yes, I wrote to ‘Robert B—y, Esq., of Leicester,’ and sent the
half-crown’s worth of stamps asked for.  It doesn’t matter what I got in
return.  Anyhow, it was something that set my mind on betting, and I
wrote again and again.  At first his replies were of a distant and
business sort; but in a month or so after I had written to him to
complain of being misguided by him, he wrote back a friendly note to say
that he wasn’t at all surprised to hear of my little failures—novices
always did fail.  They absurdly attempt what they did not understand.
‘Just to show you the difference,’ said he, ‘just give me a commission to
invest a pound for you on the Ascot Cup.  All that I charge is seven and
a half per cent on winnings.  Try it just for once; a pound won’t break
you, and it may open your eyes to the way that fortunes are made.’  I
ought to have known then, that either he, or somebody in London he had
set on, had been making inquiries about me, for the other notes were sent
to where mine were directed from—my private lodgings—but this one came to
me at the warehouse.

“Well, I sent the pound, and within a week received a post-office order
for four pounds eight as the result of its investment.  The same week I
bet again—two pounds this time—and won one pound fifteen.  That was over
six pounds between Monday and Saturday.  ‘This _is_ the way that fortunes
are made,’ I laughed to myself, like a fool.

“Well, he kept me going, I don’t exactly recollect how, between Ascot and
Goodwood, which is about seven weeks, not more.  Sometimes I won,
sometimes I lost, but, on the whole, I was in pocket.  I was such a fool
at last, that I was always for betting more than he advised.  I’ve got
his letters at home now, in which he says, ‘Pray don’t be rash; take my
advice, and bear in mind that great risks mean great losses, as well as
great gains, at times.’  Quite fatherly, you know!  The infernal
scoundrel!

“Well, one day there came a telegram to the office for me.  I was just in
from my dinner.  It was from B—y.  ‘Now you may bag a hundred pounds at a
shot,’ said he.  ‘The odds are short, but the result _certain_.  Never
mind the money just now.  You are a gentleman, and I will trust you.  You
know that my motto has all along been ‘Caution.’  Now it is ‘Go in and
win.’  It is _sure_.  Send me a word immediately, or it may be too late;
and, if you are wise, put a ‘lump’ on it.’

“That was the infernal document—the death-warrant of all my good
prospects.  It was the rascal’s candour that deceived me.  He had all
along said, ‘Be cautious, don’t be impatient to launch out;’ and now this
patient careful villain saw his chance, and advised, ‘Go in and win.’  I
was quite in a maze at the prospect of bagging a hundred pounds.  To win
that sum the odds were so short on the horse he mentioned, that fifty
pounds had to be risked.  But he said that there was _no_ risk, and I
believed him.  I sent him back a telegram at once to execute the
commission.

“The horse lost.  I knew it next morning before I was up, for I had sent
for the newspaper; and while I was in the midst of my fright, up comes my
landlady to say that a gentleman of the name of B—y wished to see me.

“I had never seen him before, and he seemed an easy fellow enough.  He
was in a terrible way—chiefly on my account—though the Lord only knew how
much _he_ had lost over the ‘sell.’  He had come up by express purely to
relieve my anxiety, knowing how ‘funky’ young gentlemen sometimes were
over such trifles.  Although he had really paid the fifty in hard gold
out of his pocket, he was in no hurry for it.  He would take my bill at
two months.  It would be all right, no doubt.  He had conceived a liking
for me, merely from my straightforward way of writing.  Now that he had
had the pleasure of seeing me, he shouldn’t trouble himself a fig if the
fifty that I owed him was five hundred.

“I declare to you that I knew so little about bills, that I didn’t know
how to draw one out; but I was mighty glad to be shown the way and to
give it him, and thank him over and over again for his kindness.  That
was the beginning of my going to the devil.  If I hadn’t been a fool, I
might have saved myself even then, for I had friends who would have lent
or given me twice fifty pounds if I had asked them for it.  But I _was_ a
fool.  In the course of a day or two I got a note from B—y, reminding me
that the way out of the difficulty was by the same path as I had got into
one, and that a little judicious ‘backing’ would set me right before even
my bill fell due.  And I was fool enough to walk into the snare.  I
wouldn’t borrow to pay the fifty pounds, but I borrowed left and right,
of my mother, of my brothers, on all manner of lying pretences, to follow
the ‘advice’ B—y was constantly sending me.  When I came to the end of
their forbearance, I did more than borrow; but that we won’t speak of.
In five months from the beginning, I was without a relative who would own
me or speak to me, and without an employer—cracked up, ruined.  And
there’s B—y, as I said before, with his white hat cocked on one side of
his head, and his gold toothpick, chaffing me about my old boots.  What
do I do for a living?  Well, I’ve told you such a precious lot, I may as
well tell you that too.  Where I lodge it’s a ‘leaving-shop,’ and the old
woman that keeps it can’t read or write, and I keep her ‘book’ for her.
That’s how I get a bit of breakfast and supper and a bed to lie on.”

[Since the above was written, the police, under the energetic guidance of
their new chief, have been making vigorous and successful warfare against
public gamblers and gambling agents.  The “spec” dodge has been
annihilated, “betting-shops” have been entered and routed, and there is
even fair promise that the worst feature of the bad business, that which
takes refuge behind the specious cloak of the “commission-agent,” may be
put down.  That it may be so, should be the earnest wish of all
right-thinking men, who would break down this barrier of modern and
monstrous growth, that blocks the advancement of social purity, and
causes perhaps more ruin and irreparable dismay than any other two of the
Curses herein treated of.]




VII.—Waste of Charity.


CHAPTER XXIII.
METROPOLITAN PAUPERISM.


_Parochial Statistics_—_The Public hold the Purse-strings_—_Cannot the
Agencies actually at work be made to yield greater results_?—_The Need of
fair Rating_—_The heart and core of the Poor-law Difficulty_—_My foremost
thought when I was a_ “_Casual_”—_Who are most liable to
slip_?—“_Crank-work_”—_The Utility of Labour-yards_—_Scales of
Relief_—_What comes of breaking-up a Home_.

THE following is a return of the number of paupers (exclusive of lunatics
in asylums and vagrants) on the last day of the fifth week of April 1869,
and total of corresponding week in 1868:

Unions and single                            Paupers.                           Corresponding
  Parishes (the                                                                    Total in
latter marked *).                                                                   1868.
                       In-door.             Out-door.             Total 5th
                      Adults and                                  week Apr.
                      Children.                                     1869.
                                     Adults.       Children
                                                  under 16.
WEST DISTRICT:
  * Kensington                 809       1,379           1,545           3,733           2,874
  Fulham                       364         988             696           2,048           1,537
  * Paddington                 460       1,004             660           2,124           1,846
  * Chelsea                    702         896             744           2,342           2,272
  * St. George,                753         852             642           2,247           2,127
  Hanover-square
  * St. Margaret             1,131       1,791           1,313           4,285           5,742
  and St. John
  Westminster                1,101         749             558           2,408           1,874
Total of West                5,320       7,659           6,158          19,137          18,272
Dist.
NORTH DISTRICT:
  * St.                      2,221       2,587           1,374           6,182           5,902
  Marylebone
  * Hampstead                  143         126              57             326             347
  * St. Pancras              2,141       3,915           2,847           8,903           8,356
  * Islington                  909       1,996           1,590           4,495           4,792
  Hackney                      695       2,909           2,952           6,556           5,385
    Total of North           6,109      11,533           8,820          26,462          24,782
             Dist.
CENTRAL DISTRICT:
  *St. Giles and               869         587             538           1,994           2,246
  St. George,
  Bloomsbury
  Strand                     1,054         647             387           2,088           3,069
  Holborn                      554         947             781           2 282           2,724
  Clerkenwell                  713         999             642           2,354           2,863
  * St. Luke                   965       1,245           1,045           3,255           3,165
  East London                  838       1,038             906           2,782           2,813
  West London                  598         701             542           1,841           1,965
  City of London             1,034       1,191             632           2,857           3,019
  Total of Central           6,625       7,355           5,473          19,453          21,864
                D.
EAST DISTRICT:
  * Shoreditch               1,440       1,966           1,770           5,176           5,457
  * Bethnal Green            1,510       1,265           1,389           4,164           5,057
  Whitechapel                1,192       1,234           1,700           4,126           4,315
  * St.                      1,192       1,585           1,565           4,342           3,967
  George-in-the-
  E.
  Stepney                    1,072       1,600           1,533           4,205           4,650
  * Mile End Old               547       1,228           1,055           2,830           2,705
  Town
  Poplar                     1,014       2,807           2,793           6,614           9,169
     Total of East           7,967      11,685          11,805          31,457          35,320
             Dist.
SOUTH DISTRICT:
  St. Saviour,                 537         678             678           1,893           2,000
  Southwk.
  St. Olave,                   478         393             464           1,335           1,349
  Southwark
  * Bermondsey                 712         554             752           2,018           1,860
  * St. George,                660       1,260           1,646           3,566           4,120
  Southwk.
  * Newington                  891       1,450           1,330           3,671           3,676
  * Lambeth                  1,503       2,777           3,401           7,681           8,369
  Wandsworth &                 887       1,678           1,439           4,004           3,876
  Clapham
  * Camberwell                 865       1,537           1,492           3,894           3,360
  * Rotherhithe                288         638             518           1,444           1,338
  Greenwich                  1,447       2,799           2,314           6,560           5,933
  Woolwich                —              2,506           2,173           4,679           3,110
  Lewisham                     320         595             394           1,309           1,253
    Total of South           8,588      16,865          16,601          42,054          40,244
             Dist.
Total of the                34,609      55,097          48,857         138,563         140,482
Metropolis

                                * * * * *

                    TOTAL PAUPERISM OF THE METROPOLIS.
                     (Population in 1861, 2,802,000.)

         YEARS.               Number of Paupers.        Total.
                           In-door.      Out-door.
Fifth week of April 1869        34,609       103,954     138,563
„     „     „ 1868              34,455       106,027     140,482
„     „     „ 1867              32,728        96,765     129,493
„     „     „ 1866              30,192        71,372     101,564

This as regards parochial charity.  It must not be imagined, however,
from this source alone flows all the relief that the nation’s humanity
and benevolence provides for the relief of its poor and helpless.
Besides our parochial asylums there are many important charities of
magnitude, providing a sum of at least 2,000,000_l._ a-year for the
relief of want and suffering in London, independently of legal and local
provision to an amount hardly calculable.  We content ourselves with
stating one simple fact—that all this charity, as now bestowed and
applied, fails to accomplish the direct object in view.  If the
2,000,000_l._ thus contributed did in some way or other suffice, in
conjunction with other funds, to banish want and suffering from the
precincts of the metropolis, we should have very little to say.  But the
fact is that, after all these incredible efforts to relieve distress,
want and suffering are so prevalent that it might be fancied charity was
dead amongst us.  Now that, at any rate, cannot be a result in which
anybody would willingly acquiesce.  If the money was spent, and the poor
were relieved, many people probably would never trouble themselves to
inquire any further; but though the money is spent, the poor are not
cured of their poverty.  In reality this very fact is accountable in
itself for much of that accumulation of agencies, institutions, and
efforts which our statistics expose.  As has been recently remarked: “A
certain expenditure by the hands of a certain society fails to produce
the effect anticipated, and so the result is a new society, with a new
expenditure, warranted to be more successful.  It would be a curious item
in the account if the number and succession of fresh charities, year
after year, could be stated.  They would probably be found, like
religious foundations, taking some new forms according to the discoveries
or presumptions of the age; but all this while the old charities are
still going on, and the new charity becomes old in its turn, to be
followed, though not superseded, by a fresh creation in due time.”

If it be asked what, under such circumstances, the public can be expected
to do, we answer, that it may really do much by easy inquiry and natural
conclusions.  Whenever an institution is supported by voluntary
contributions, the contributors, if they did but know it, have the entire
control of the establishment in their hands; they can stop the supplies,
they hold the purse, and they can stipulate for any kind of information,
disclosure, or reform at their pleasure.  They can exact the publication
of accounts at stated intervals, and the production of the balance-sheet
according to any given form.  It is at their discretion to insist upon
amalgamation, reorganisation, or any other promising measure.  There is
good reason for the exercise of these powers.  We have said that all this
charity fails to accomplish its one immediate object—the relief of the
needy; but that is a very imperfect statement of the case.  The fact is
that pauperism, want, and suffering are rapidly growing upon us in this
metropolis, and we are making little or no headway against the torrent.
The administration of the Poor-law is as unsuccessful as that of private
benevolence.  Legal rates, like voluntary subscriptions, increase in
amount, till the burden can hardly be endured; and still the cry for aid
continues.  Is nothing to be done, then, save to go on in the very course
which has proved fruitless?  Must we still continue giving, when giving
to all appearances does so little good?  It would be better to survey the
extent and nature of agencies actually at work, and to see whether they
cannot be made to yield greater results.

Confining ourselves, however, to what chiefly concerns the hardly-pressed
ratepayers of the metropolis, its vagrancy and pauperism, there at once
arises the question, How can this enormous army of helpless ones be
provided for in the most satisfactory manner?—This problem has puzzled
the social economist since that bygone happy age when poor-rates were
unknown, and the “collector” appeared in a form no more formidable than
that of the parish priest, who, from his pulpit, exhorted his
congregation to give according to their means, and not to forget the
poor-box as they passed out.

It is not a “poor-box” of ordinary dimensions that would contain the
prodigious sums necessary to the maintenance of the hundred thousand
ill-clad and hungry ones that, in modern times, plague the metropolis.
Gradually the sum-total required has crept up, till, at the present time,
it has attained dimensions that press on the neck of the striving people
like the Old Man of the Sea who so tormented Sinbad, and threatened to
strangle him.

In London alone the cost of relief has doubled since 1851.  In that year
the total relief amounted to 659,000_l._; in 1858 it had increased to
870,000_l._; in 1867 to 1,180,000_l._; and in 1868 to 1,317,000_l._  The
population within this time has increased from 2,360,000 to something
like 3,100,000, the estimated population at the present time; so that
while the population has increased by only 34 per cent, the cost of
relief has exactly doubled.  Thirteen per cent of the whole population of
London were relieved as paupers in 1851, and in 1868 the percentage had
increased to 16.  In 1861 the Strand Union had a decreasing population of
8,305, and in 1868 it relieved one in every five, or 20 per cent, of that
population.  Besides this, the cost of relief per head within the
workhouse had much increased within the last 15 years.  The cost of food
consumed had increased from 2_s._ 9_d._ per head, per week, in 1853, to
4_s._ 11_d._ in 1868; while we have the authority of Mr. Leone Levi for
the statement that a farm-labourer expended only 3_s._ a-week on food for
himself.

In 1853 the population of England and Wales was in round numbers
18,404,000, and in 1867 21,429,000, being an increase of 3,000,000.  The
number of paupers, exclusive of vagrants, in receipt of relief in England
and Wales was, in 1854, 818,000, and in 1868 1,034,000, showing an
increase of 216,000.  The total amount expended in relief to the poor and
for other purposes, county and police-rates, &c., was, in 1853,
6,854,000_l._, and in 1867 10,905,000_l._, showing an increase of
4,000,000_l._  This total expenditure was distributable under two heads.
The amount expended in actual relief to the poor was, in 1853,
4,939,000_l._, as against 6,959,000_l._ in 1867, being an increase of
2,020,000_l._  The amount expended, on the other hand, for other
purposes, county- and police-rates, &c., was, in 1853, 1,915,000_l._,
against 3,945,000_l._ in 1867.

And now comes the vexed question, Who are the people who, amongst them,
in the metropolis alone, contribute this great sum of _thirteen hundred
thousand pounds_, and in what proportion is the heavy responsibility
divided?  This is the most unsatisfactory part of the whole business.
If, as it really appears, out of a population of two millions and
three-quarters there must be reckoned a hundred and forty thousand who
from various causes are helpless to maintain themselves, nothing remains
but to maintain them; at the same time it is only natural that every man
should expect to contribute his fair share, and no more.  But this is by
no means the prevailing system.  Some pay twopence; others tenpence, as
the saying is.

By an examination of the statistics as to the relative contributions of
the different unions, we find the discrepancy so great as to call for
early and urgent legislation; and despite the many and various arguments
brought to bear against amalgamation and equalisation, there is no other
mode of dealing with this great and important question that appears more
just, or more likely to lead to the wished-for result.  That the reader
may judge for himself of the magnitude of the injustice that exists under
the present system will not require much more evidence than the following
facts will supply.  The metropolis is divided into five districts, and
these again into unions to the number of six-and-thirty, many of which in
their principal characteristics differ greatly from each other.  We find
the West and Central Districts relieve each between 19,000 and 20,000
poor, the Eastern District about 32,000, and the North District some
27,000; but the Southern District by far exceeds the rest, as the report
states that there are in receipt of relief no less than 43,000 paupers.
These bare statistics, however, though they may appear at first sight to
affect the question, do not influence it so much as might be imagined;
the weight of the burden is determined by the proportion that the
property on which the poor-rate is levied bears to the expenditure in the
different unions.  For example, St. George’s, Hanover-square, contributes
about the same amount (viz. 30,000_l._) to the relief of paupers as St.
George’s-in-the-East; but take into consideration the fact that the
western union contains a population of about 90,000, and property at the
ratable value of nearly 1,000,000_l._, and the eastern union has less
than 50,000 inhabitants, and the estimated value of the property is only
180,000_l._; the consequence is that the poor-rate in one union is
upwards of five times heavier than the other, being 8_d._ in the pound in
St. George’s, Hanover-square, and no less than 3_s._ 5¾_d._ in St.
George’s-in-the-East.  The reader may imagine that this great discrepancy
may arise in some degree from the fact that the two unions mentioned are
at the extreme ends of the metropolis; but even where unions are
contiguous to one another the same contrasts are found.  The City of
London is situated between the unions of East London and West London: in
the two latter the rates are not very unequal, being about 2_s._ 11_d._
in one and 3_s._ 1_d._ in the other; but in the City of London, one of
the richest of the thirty-six unions in the metropolis, the poor-rate is
only 7_d._ in the pound.  The cause of this is that, if the estimates are
correct, the City of London Union contains just ten times the amount of
rateable property that the East London does, the amounts being
1,800,000_l._ and 180,000_l._ respectively.  Again, Bethnal Green does
not contribute so much as Islington, and yet its poor-rates are four
times as high.  In general, however, we find that in unions contiguous to
one another, the rates do not vary in amount to any great extent.  In the
North, for instance, they range from 1_s._ to 1_s._ 7_d._, Hampstead
being the exception, and below the shilling.  In the South they are
rather higher, being from 1_s._ 2_d._ to 2_s._ 11_d._, Lewisham alone
being below the shilling.  In the East, as might be expected, the figures
are fearfully high, all, with one exception, being above 2_s._ 6_d._, and
in the majority of cases exceeding 3_s._  Bethnal Green, that most
afflicted of all unions, is the highest, reaching the enormous sum of
3_s._ 11_d._ in the pound, being nearly seven times the amount of the
rate in the City of London.  In the Central District, which is situated
in an intermediate position, the rates range from 1_s._ 11_d._ to 3_s._,
the City itself being excluded.

No one who reads the foregoing statistics can fail to be struck with the
inequality and mismanagement that they exhibit.  No one can deny that
this state of affairs urgently needs some reorganisation or reform, for
who could defend the present system that makes the poor pay most, and the
rich least, towards the support and maintenance of our poor?

There appears to be a very general impression that the sum levied for the
relief of the poor goes entirely to the relief of the poor; but there is
a great distinction between the sum levied and the sum actually expended
for that purpose.  Taking the average amount of poor-rates levied
throughout England and Wales for the same periods, it is found that for
the ten years ending 1860 the average was 7,796,019_l._; for the seven
years ending 1867, 9,189,386_l._; and for the latest year, 1868, when a
number of other charges were levied nominally under the same head,
11,054,513_l._  To gain an idea of the amount of relief afforded, it was
necessary to look to the amount which had actually been expended.  For
the ten years ending 1860 the average amount expended for the relief of
the poor was 5,476,454_l._; for the seven years ending 1867,
6,353,000_l._; and in the latest year, 7,498,000_l._  Therefore the
amount actually expended in the relief of the poor was, in the ten years
ending 1860, at the average annual rate of 5_s._ 9½_d._ per head upon the
population; for the seven years ending 1867, 6_s._ 1_d._; and for the
year 1868, 6_s._ 11½_d._  The average number of paupers for the year
ending Lady-day 1849 was 1,088,659, while in 1868 they had decreased to
992,640.  Thus, in 1849 there were 62 paupers for every 1,000 of the
population, and in 1868 there were but 46 for every 1,000, being 16 per
1,000 less in the latter than in the former year.  In 1834, the rate per
head which was paid for the relief of the poor was 9_s._ 1_d._  If we
continued in 1868 to pay the same rate which was paid in 1849, the
amount, instead of being 6,960,000_l._ would be 9,700,000_l._, showing a
balance of 2,740,000_l._ in favour of 1868.

The very heart and core of the poor-law difficulty is to discriminate
between poverty deserving of help, and only requiring it just to tide
over an ugly crisis, and those male and female pests of every civilised
community whose natural complexion is dirt, whose brow would sweat at the
bare idea of earning their bread, and whose stock-in-trade is rags and
impudence.  In his capacity of guardian of the casual ward, Mr. Bumble is
a person who has no belief in decent poverty.  To his way of thinking,
poverty in a clean shirt is no more than a dodge intended to impose on
the well-known tenderness of his disposition.  Penury in a tidy cotton
gown, to his keen discernment, is nothing better than “farden pride”—a
weakness he feels it is his bounden duty to snub and correct whenever he
meets with it.  It is altogether a mistake to suppose that all the worthy
strivers in the battle for bread, and who, through misfortune and
sickness, sink in the rucks and furrows of that crowded field, find their
way, by a sort of natural “drainage system,” to the workhouse.  There are
poorer folks than paupers.  To be a pauper is at least to have a coat to
wear, none the less warm because it is made of gray cloth, and to have an
undisputed claim on the butcher and the baker.  It is the preservers of
their “farden pride,” as Bumble stigmatises it, but which is really
bravery and noble patience, who are most familiar with the scratching at
their door of the gaunt wolf FAMINE; the hopeful unfortunates who are
content to struggle on, though with no more than the tips of their
unlucky noses above the waters of tribulation—to struggle and still
struggle, though they sink, rather than acknowledge themselves no better
than the repulsive mob of cadgers by profession Mr. Bumble classes them
with.

I have been asked many times since, when, on a memorable occasion, I
volunteered into the ranks of pauperism and assumed its regimentals, what
was the one foremost thought or anxiety that beset me as I lay in that
den of horror.  Nothing can be more simple or honest than my answer to
that question.  This was it—_What if it were true_?  What if, instead of
your every sense revolting from the unaccustomed dreadfulness you have
brought it into contact with, it were your lot to grow used to, and
endure it all, until merciful death delivered you?  What if these
squalid, unsightly rags, the story of your being some poor devil of an
engraver, who really could not help being desperately hard-up and shabby,
were all _real_?  And why not?  Since in all vast commercial communities
there must always exist a proportion of beggars and paupers, what have I
done that I should be exempt?  Am I—are all of us here so comfortably
circumstanced because we deserve nothing less?  What man dare rise and
say so?  Why, there are a dozen slippery paths to the direst ways of
Poverty that the smartest among us may stumble on any day.  Again, let us
consider who are they who are most liable to slip.  Why, that very class
that the nation is so mightily proud of, and apt at bragging about!  The
working man, with his honest horny hand and his broad shoulders, who
earns his daily bread by the sweat of his brow!  We never tire of
expressing our admiration for the noble fellow.  There is something so
manly, so admirable in an individual standing up, single-handed and
cheerful-hearted, and exclaiming, in the face of the whole world, “With
these two hands, and by the aid of the strength it has pleased God to
bless me with, my wife and my youngsters and myself eat, drink, and are
clothed, and no man can call me his debtor!”  He is a fellow to admire;
we can afford to admire him, and we do—for just so long as he can
maintain his independence and stand without help.  But should misfortune
in any of its hundred unexpected shapes assail him, should he fall sick
or work fail him, and he be unable to keep out the wolf that presently
eats up his few household goods, rendering him homeless, _then_ we turn
him and his little family over to the tender mercies of Mr. Bumble, who
includes him in the last batch of impostors and skulkers that have been
delivered to his keeping.  I don’t say that, as matters are managed at
present, we can well avoid doing so; but that does not mitigate the poor
fellow’s hardship.

It is to be hoped that we are gradually emerging from our bemuddlement;
but time was, and that at no very remote period, when to be poor and
houseless and hungry were accounted worse sins against society than
begging or stealing, even—that is to say, if we may judge from the method
of treatment in each case pursued; for while the ruffian who lay wait for
you in the dark, and well-nigh strangled you for the sake of as much
money as you might chance to have in your pocket, or the brute who
precipitated his wife from a third-floor window, claimed and was entitled
to calm judicial investigation into the measure of his iniquity and its
deserving, the poor fellow who became a casual pauper out of sheer
misfortune and hard necessity was without a voice or a single friend.
The pig-headed Jack-in-office, whom the ratepayers employed and had
confidence in, had no mercy for him.  They never considered that it was
_because_ he preferred to stave off the pangs of hunger by means of a
crust off a parish loaf rather than dine on stolen roast beef, that he
came knocking at the workhouse-gate, craving shelter and a mouthful of
bread!  But _one_ idea pervaded the otherwise empty region that Bumble’s
cocked-hat covered, and that was, that the man who would beg a parish
loaf was more mean and contemptible than the one who, with a proper and
independent spirit, as well as a respect for the parochial purse, stole
one; and he treated his victim accordingly.

Vagrancy has been pronounced by the law to be a crime.  Even if regarded
in its mildest and least mischievous aspect, it can be nothing less than
obtaining money under false pretences.  It is solely by false pretences
and false representations that the roving tramp obtains sustenance from
the charitable.  We have it on the authority of the chief constable of
Westmoreland, that ninety-nine out of every hundred professional
mendicants are likewise professional thieves, and practise either trade
as occasion serves.  The same authority attributes to men of this
character the greater number of burglaries, highway robberies, and petty
larcenies, that take place; and gives it as his opinion, that if the
present system of permitting professional tramps to wander about the
country was done away with, a great deal of crime would be prevented, and
an immense good conferred on the community.

There can be no question that it is, as a member of parliament recently
expressed it, “the large charitable heart of the country” that is
responsible in great part for the enormous amount of misapplied alms.
People, in giving, recognised the fact that many of those whom they
relieved were impostors and utterly unworthy of their charity; but they
felt that if they refused to give, some fellow-creature, in consequence
of their refusal, might suffer seriously from the privations of hunger
and want of shelter.  As long as they felt that their refusal might
possibly be attended with these results, so long would they open their
hand with the same readiness that they now did.  The only remedy for this
is, that every destitute person in the country should find food and
shelter forthcoming immediately on application.  Vagrancy, says the
authority here quoted, is partly the result of old habits and old times,
when the only question the tramp was asked was, “Where do you belong to?”
Instead of that being the first question, it should be the last.  The
first question should be, “Are you in want, and how do you prove it?”

In 1858 the number of vagrants was 2416; in 1859, 2153; in 1860, 1941; in
1861, 2830; in 1862, 4234; in 1863, 3158; in 1864, 3339; in 1865, 4450;
in 1866, 5017; in 1867, 6129; and in 1868, 7946.

There can be no doubt, however, that a vast number of tramps circulate
throughout the country, of whom we have no returns.  “Various means,”
says the writer above alluded to, “have been tried to check them, but in
vain.  If I venture to recommend any remedy, it must be, that repression,
if applied, must be systematic and general.  It is not of the slightest
use putting this repression in force in one part of the country while the
remainder is under a different system.  The whole country must be under
the same general system, tending to the same general result.  In the
first place, let all the inmates of the casual wards be placed under the
care of the police.  Let them be visited by the police morning and night.
Let lists be made out and circulated through the country; and in no case,
except upon a ticket given by the police, let any relief be given more
than once; and unless a man is able to satisfy the police that his errand
was good, and that he was in search of work, let him be sent back
summarily without relief.  It is the habit of all this class to make a
regular route, and they received relief at every casual ward, thus laying
the whole country under contribution.”

True as this argument may be in the main, we cannot take kindly to the
idea, that every unfortunate homeless wretch who applies at night to the
casual ward for a crust and shelter shall be treated as a professional
tramp until he prove himself a worthy object for relief.

It is not a little remarkable, that, however legislators may disagree as
to the general utility of the Poor-law under its present aspect, they are
unanimous in approving of the “labour test;” whereas, according to the
opportunities I have had of observing its working, it is, to my thinking,
one of the faultiest wheels in the whole machine.  The great error
chiefly consists in the power it confers on each workhouse-master to
impose on the tested such work, both as regards quantity and quality, as
he may see fit.  I have witnessed instances in which the “labour test,”
instead of proving a man’s willingness to work for what he receives,
rather takes the form of a barbarous tyranny, seemingly calculated as
nothing else than as a test of a poor fellow’s control of his temper.
Where is the use of testing a man’s willingness to work, if he is
compelled in the process to exhaust his strength and waste his time to an
extent that leaves him no other course but to seek for his hunger and
weariness to-night the same remedy as he had recourse to last night?
They manage these things better in certain parts of the country and in
model metropolitan parishes, but in others the “test” system is a mere
“farce.”  I found it so at Lambeth in 1866; and when again I made a tour
of inspection, two years afterwards, precisely the same process was
enforced.  This was it.  At night, when a man applied for admittance to
the casual ward, he received the regulation dole of bread, and then went
to bed as early as half-past eight or nine.  He was called up at seven in
the morning, and before eight received a bit more bread and a drop of
gruel.  This was the “breakfast” with which he was fortified previous to
his displaying his prowess as a willing labourer.

The chief of the work done by the “casual” at the workhouse in question
is “crank-work.”  The crank is a sort of gigantic hand-mill for grinding
corn.  A series of “cranks” or revolving bars extend across the
labour-shed in a double or triple row, although by some means the result
of the joint labour of the full number of operatives, forty or fifty in
number, is concentrated at that point where the power is required.  Let
us see how “crank-work” of this sort is applicable as a test of a man’s
willingness and industry.

It may be safely taken that of the, say, forty-five “casuals” assembled,
two-thirds, or thirty, will belong to that class that is, without doubt,
the very worst in the world—the hulking villanous sort, too lazy to work
and too cowardly to take openly to the trade of thieving, and who make an
easy compromise between the two states, enacting the parts of savage
bully or whining cadger, as opportunity serves.  Thirty of these, and
fifteen real unfortunates who are driven to seek this shabby shelter only
by dire necessity.  In the first place, we have to consider that the
out-and-out vagrant is a well-nurtured man, and possesses the full
average of physical strength; whereas the poor half-starved wretch, whose
poverty is to be pitied, is weak through long fasting and privation.  But
no selection is made.  Here is an extended crank-handle, at which six
willing men may by diligent application perform so much work within a
given time.  It must be understood that the said work is calculated on
the known physical ability of the able-bodied as well as the
willing-minded man; and it is in this that the great injustice consists.
Let us take a single crank.  It is in charge of six men, and, by their
joint efforts, a sack of corn, say, may be ground in an hour.  But joint
effort is quite out of the question.  Even while the taskmaster is
present the vagrants of the gang at the crank—four out of six, be it
remembered—will make but the merest pretence of grasping the bar and
turning it with energy; they will just close their hands about it, and
increase the labour of the willing minority by compelling them to lift
their lazy arms as well as the bar.  But as soon as the taskmaster has
departed, even a pretence of work ceases.  The vagrants simply stroll
away from the work and amuse themselves.  Nevertheless, the work has to
be done; the sack of corn must be ground before the overnight batch of
casuals will be allowed to depart.  But the vagrants are in no hurry; the
casual ward serves them as a sort of handy club-room in which to while
away the early hours of tiresome morning, and to discuss with each other
the most interesting topics of the day.  It is their desire, especially
if it should happen to be a wet, cold, or otherwise miserable morning, to
“spin-out” the time as long as possible; and this they well know may best
be done by leaving the weak few to struggle through the work apportioned
to the many; and they are not of the sort to be balked when they are bent
in such a direction.

The result is, as may be frequently observed, that the labour-shed is not
cleared until nearly eleven o’clock in the morning, by which time the
honest and really industrious minority have proved their worthiness of
relief to an extent that leaves them scarcely a leg to stand on.  They
have been working downright hard since eight o’clock.  The slice of bread
and the drop of gruel they received in the morning is exhausted within
them; their shaky and enfeebled limbs are a-tremble with the unaccustomed
labour; and, it being eleven o’clock in the day, it is altogether too
late to hope to pick-up a job, and nothing remains for a poor fellow but
to saunter idly the day through, bemoaning the desperate penalty he is
compelled to pay for a mouthful of parish bread and the privilege of
reposing in an uncomfortable hovel, till night comes again, and once more
he is found waiting at the casual gate.

It may be said that no one desires this, that it is well understood by
all concerned that a workhouse is a place intended for the relief of the
really helpless and unable, and not for the sustenance of imposture and
vagrancy; but that under the present system it is impossible to avoid
such instances of injustice as that just quoted.  This, however, is not
the case.  It has been shown in numerous cases that it is possible to
economise pauper-labour so that it shall be fairly distributed, and at
the same time return some sort of profit.

It appears that in Liverpool and Manchester corn-grinding by _hand-mills_
is chiefly used, as a task for vagrants or able-bodied in-door poor.  In
the absence of other more suitable employment, there is no reason why
they should not be so employed.  As, however, but one person can be
employed at the same time on one mill, and the cost of each mill,
including fixing, may be roughly stated at from 3_l._ to 4_l._, it is
clear that no very large number of persons is likely to be thus employed
in any one yard.  Despite this and other minor objections, however, it
appears that corn-grinding is as good a labour-test as you can have in
workhouses.  It is not remunerative; it is a work that is disliked; it is
really hard; and being one by which there is no actual loss by
accumulation of unsaleable stock, it has much to commend it.  At the
establishments in question a fairly strong able-bodied man is required to
grind 120 lbs. of corn daily, and this is sufficient to occupy him the
whole day.  The male vagrants at Liverpool are required to grind 30 lbs.
of corn each at night, and 30 lbs. the following morning.  At Manchester
the task for male vagrants is 45 lbs. each, of which one half is required
to be ground at night, and the remainder the next morning.  At the
Liverpool workhouse they have 36 of these mills; at Manchester, 40 at the
new or suburban workhouse for able-bodied inmates, and 35 at the house of
industry adjoining the old workhouse.  The mills at the latter are
chiefly used for vagrants, but upon these able-bodied men in receipt of
out-door relief are also occasionally employed.  The ordinary task-work
for these last is, however, either farm-labour at the new workhouse, or
oakum-picking at the house of industry, according to the nature of their
former pursuits.  During the cotton famine there was also a large
stone-yard, expressly hired and fitted-up for this class.  Another large
building was set apart during that period for the employment of adult
females in receipt of relief in sewing and knitting, and in cutting-out
and making-up clothing; a stock of materials being provided by the
guardians, and an experienced female superintendent of labour placed in
charge of the establishment.

The experiment of selecting a limited number of men from the stone-yard,
and setting them to work in scavenging the streets, has now been tried
for rather more than six months by the vestry of St. Luke’s, City-road,
with a fair amount of success; the men (fifteen from the stone-yard, and
ten from the workhouse) were entirely withdrawn from the relief-lists,
and employed by the vestry at the same rate of wages as the contractor
who previously did the work was in the habit of paying.  Of these men,
according to the latest report, fourteen are still thus employed, and
four have obtained other employment.  The remaining seven were
discharged—three as physically incapable, and four for insubordination.
The conduct of the majority under strict supervision is said to have been
fairly good, though not first-rate; and it is undoubtedly something
gained to have obtained useful work from fourteen out of twenty-five, and
to have afforded four more an opportunity of maintaining themselves by
other independent labour.

At the same time it is clear that such a course is open to two
objections: first, it must have a tendency to displace independent
labour; and secondly, if these paupers are (as in St. Luke’s) at once
employed for wages, it would, unless guarded by making them pass through
a long probationary period of task-work, tend to encourage poor persons
out of employ to throw themselves on the rates, in order thus to obtain
remunerative employment.  The better course would seem to be, where
arrangements can be made by the local authorities, for the local Board to
provide only the requisite implements and superintendence, and for the
guardians in the first instance to give the labour of the men to the
parish, paying them the ordinary relief for such work as task-work.  If
this were done—and care taken to put them on as extra hands only, to
sweep the pavements, or such other work as is not ordinarily undertaken
by the contractors—there can be no doubt that an outlet might be thus
afforded for some of the better-conducted paupers, after a period of real
probationary task-work, to show themselves fit for independent
employment, and so to extricate themselves from the pauper ranks.

    “It would undoubtedly conduce much to the utility of these
    labour-yards if the guardians comprising the labour or out-door
    relief committee would, as they now do in some unions, frequently
    visit the yard, and thus by personal observation make themselves
    acquainted with the conduct and characters of the paupers, with the
    nature of the superintendence bestowed upon them, and with the manner
    in which the work is performed.  A channel of communication may thus
    be formed between employers of labour when in want of hands and those
    unemployed workmen who may by sheer necessity have been driven to
    apply for and accept relief in this unpalatable form.  The guardians
    themselves, frequently large employers of labour, are for the most
    part well acquainted with those who are compelled to apply for parish
    work; and when they see a steady and willing worker in the yard will
    naturally inquire into his antecedents.  Where the result of these
    inquiries is satisfactory, they will, it may be expected, gladly
    avail themselves of the earliest opportunity of obtaining for such a
    one employment in his previous occupation, or in any other which may
    appear to be suited to his capacity.  The personal influence and
    supervision of individual guardians can scarcely be overrated; and
    thus a bond of sympathy will gradually arise between the guardians
    and the deserving poor, which, coupled with the enforcement of real
    work, will, it may be hoped, prove not without an ultimate good
    effect upon even those hardened idlers who have been hitherto too
    often found in these yards the ringleaders in every species of
    disturbance.”

The above-quoted is the suggestion of the Chairman of the Poor-law Board,
and well indeed would it be, for humanity’s sake, that it should be
regarded.  As matters are at present arranged, the labour-system is
simply disgusting.  Take Paddington stone-yard, for instance.  Unless it
is altered since last year, the peculiar method of doing business there
adopted is this: a man gets an order for stone-breaking, the pay for
which is, say, eighteenpence a “yard.”  At most workhouses, when a man is
put to this kind of labour he is paid by the bushel: and that is quite
fair, because a poor fellow unused to stone-breaking usually makes a sad
mess of it.  He takes hammer in hand, and sets a lump of granite before
him with the idea of smashing it into fragments; but this requires
“knack,” that is to be acquired only by experience.  The blows he deals
the stone will not crack it, and all that he succeeds in doing for the
first hour or two is to chip away the corners of one lump after another,
accumulating perhaps a hatful of chips and dust.  By the end of the day,
however, he may have managed to break four bushels, and this at
eighteenpence a “yard” would be valued at sixpence, and he would be paid
accordingly.

But not at Paddington.  I had some talk with the worthy yard-master of
that establishment, and he enlightened me as to their way of doing
business there.  “Bushels!  No; we don’t deal in bushels here,” was his
contemptuous reply to a question I put to him.  “I can’t waste my time in
measuring up haporths of stuff all day long.  It’s half a yard or none
here, and no mistake.”

“Do you mean, that unless a man engages to break at least half a yard,
you will not employ him?”

“I mean to say, whether he engages or not, that he’s got to do it.”

“And suppose that he fails?”

“Then he don’t get paid.”

“He doesn’t get paid for the half-yard, you mean?”

“He doesn’t get paid at all.  I don’t never measure for less than a
half-yard, and so he can’t be paid.”

“But what becomes of the few bushels of stone he has been able to break?”

“O, he sells ’em to the others for what they’ll give for ’em, to put
along with theirs.  A halfpenny or a penny—anything.  He’s glad to take
it; it’s that or none.”

“And do you have many come here who can’t break half a yard of granite in
a day?”

“Lots of ’em.  But they don’t come again; one taste of Paddington is
enough for ’em.”

What does the reader think of the “labour-test” in this case?

An institution has, it appears, been established by the Birmingham
guardians since the autumn of 1867, for the employment of able-bodied
women in oakum-picking for out-door relief, the result of which has been,
that not only has the workhouse been relieved of a large number of
troublesome inmates of this class, with whom it was previously crowded,
but the applications for relief have diminished in a proportionate ratio.
Every effort is made to induce the women thus employed to seek for more
profitable employment, and the applications at the establishment for
female labour are said to be numerous.  The superintendent, who was
formerly matron at the Birmingham workhouse, reports to Mr. Corbett, that
“from the opening of the establishment about fifteen months ago, nineteen
have been hired as domestic servants, ten have obtained engagements in
other situations, and two have married.”  In addition to these, some
forty have obtained temporary employment, of whom three only have
returned to work for relief at the end of the year.  The total estimated
saving on orders issued for work, as compared with the maintenance of the
women as inmates of the workhouse, during the year ending 29th September
last, is calculated to have been 646_l._ 0_s._ 7_d._  Indeed, so
satisfactory has been the working of the system during the first year of
its existence, that the guardians have resolved to apply the same test to
the male applicants for relief, and a neighbouring house has been engaged
and fitted-up for putting a similar plan in operation with respect to
men.  The total number of orders issued during the first twelve months
after this establishment for female labour was opened was 719; of which,
however, only 456 were used, the other applicants either not being in
want of the relief asked for, or having found work elsewhere.  Each woman
is required to pick 3 lbs. of oakum per diem, for which she receives
9_d._, or 4_s._ 6_d._ per week; and if she has one or more children, she
is allowed at the rate of 3_d._ a-day additional relief for each child.
The highest number paid for during any week has been 95 women and 25
children.  Some days during the summer there has been but one at work,
and in the last week of December last there were but eleven.  The house
is said to be “virtually cleared of a most troublesome class of inmates.”

The guardians of St. Margaret and St. John, Westminster, have, it
appears, adopted a system embracing that pursued both at Manchester and
Birmingham, and have provided accommodation for employing able-bodied
women out of the workhouse both in oakum-picking and needlework; and, say
the committee, “a similar course will probably be found advantageous in
other metropolitan parishes or unions, whenever the number of this class
who are applicants for relief exceeds the accommodation or the means of
employment which can be found for them within the workhouse.  At the same
time we would especially urge that provision should be made in every
workhouse for a better classification of the able-bodied women, and for
the steady and useful employment of this class of inmates.  Those who are
not employed in the laundry and washhouse, or in scrubbing, bed-making,
or other domestic work, should be placed under the superintendence of a
firm and judicious task-mistress, and engaged in mending, making, and
cutting-out all the linen and clothing required for the workhouse and
infirmary; and much work might be done in this way for the new asylums
about to be built under the provisions of the Metropolitan Poor Act.”
This plan of a large needle-room presided over by an efficient officer
has been found most successful in its results at the new workhouse of the
Manchester guardians, as well in improving the character of the young
women who remain any time in the house, and fitting them for home duties
after they leave, as in deterring incorrigible profligates from resorting
to the workhouse, as they were in the habit of doing.  Many now come into
our metropolitan workhouses who can neither knit nor sew nor darn a
stocking.  This they can at least be taught to do; and we gather from the
experience of Manchester, that while at first to the idle and dissolute
the enforced silence and order of the needle-room is far more irksome
than the comparative license and desultory work of the ordinary
oakum-room, those who of necessity remain in the house are found by
degrees to acquire habits of order and neatness, and thus become better
fitted for domestic duties.  The following scale of relief for
able-bodied paupers, relieved out of the workhouse and set to work
pursuant to the provisions of the Out-door Relief Regulation Order, is
recommended for adoption by the various Boards of Guardians represented
at a recent conference held under the presidency of Mr. Corbett:

For a man with wife and one child, 6_d._ and 4 lbs. of bread per day; for
a man with wife and two children, 7_d._ and 4 lbs. of bread per day; for
a man with wife and three children, 7_d._ and 6 lbs. of bread per day;
for a man with wife and four children, 8_d._ and 6 lbs. of bread per day;
for a man with wife and five children, 9_d._ and 6 lbs. of bread per day;
single man, 4_d._ and 2 lbs. of bread per day; single women or widows,
4_d._ and 2 lbs. of bread per day, with an additional 3_d._ per day for
each child; widowers with families to be relieved as if with wife living.

Where a widow with one or more young children dependent on her and
incapable of contributing to his, her, or their livelihood, can be
properly relieved out of the workhouse, that she be ordinarily allowed
relief at the rate of 1_s._ and one loaf for each child; the relief that
may be requisite for the mother beyond this to be determined according to
the special exigency of the case.  That widows without children should,
as a rule, after a period not exceeding three months from the
commencement of their widowhood, be relieved only in the workhouse.
Where the husband of any woman is beyond the seas, or in custody of the
law, or in confinement in an asylum or licensed house as a lunatic or
idiot, such woman should be dealt with as a widow; but where a woman has
been recently deserted by her husband, and there are grounds for
supposing he has gone to seek for work, although out-door relief may be
ordered for two or three weeks, to give him time to communicate with his
family, yet, after such reasonable time has elapsed, the wife and family
should, as a rule, be taken into the workhouse, and proceedings taken
against the husband.  That the weekly relief to an aged or infirm man or
woman be from 2_s._ 6_d._ to 3_s._ 6_d._ weekly, partly in money and
partly in kind, according to his or her necessity; that the weekly relief
to aged and infirm couples be 4_s._ to 5_s._, in money or in kind,
according to their necessities; that when thought advisable, relief in
money only may be given to those of the out-door poor who are seventy
years of age and upwards.

It appears from a recent statement that the guardians of Eversham union
applied not long since for the sanction of the Poor-law Board to a scheme
for boarding-out the orphan children of the workhouse with cottagers at
3_s._ a-week, and 10_s._ a-quarter for clothing; the children to be sent
regularly to school, and to attend divine worship on Sundays; with the
provision that after ten years of age the children may be employed in
labour approved by the guardians, and the wages divided between the
guardians and the person who lodges and clothes them, in addition to the
above payments.  In a letter dated the 3d April 1869, the Secretary of
the Poor-law Board states that, provided they could be satisfied that a
thorough system of efficient supervision and control would be established
by the guardians, and the most rigid inquiry instituted at short
intervals into the treatment and education of the children, the Board
have come to the conclusion that they ought not to discourage the
guardians from giving the plan a fair trial, though they cannot be
insensible to the fact that a grave responsibility is thereby incurred.
The Secretary mentions particulars regarding which especial care should
be taken, such as the health of the children to be placed out, the
condition of the persons to whom they are intrusted, and the necessary
periodical inspection.  The Board will watch the experiment with the
greatest interest, but with some anxiety.  They request the guardians to
communicate to them very fully the detailed arrangements they are
determined to make.  The Board cannot approve the proposed arrangement as
to wages.  The guardians have no authority to place out children to serve
in any capacity and continue them as paupers.  If they are competent to
render service, they come within the description of able-bodied persons,
and out-door relief would not be lawful.  Upon entering into service,
they would cease to be paupers, and would have the protection of the
provisions of the Act of 1851 relating to young persons hired from a
workhouse as servants, or bound out as pauper apprentices.  The
hiring-out of adults by the guardians is expressly prohibited by 56
George III., _c._ 129.

The great principle of the Poor-law is to make people do anything rather
than go into the workhouse, and the effect is to cause people to sell
their furniture before they will submit to the degradation; for
degradation it is to an honest hardworking man, and no distinction is
made.  The effect of the Poor-law has been to drive men away from the
country to the large towns, and from one large town to another, till
eventually they find their way up to London, and we are now face to face
with the large army of vagabonds and vagrants thus created.  A man, once
compelled to break-up his house, once driven from the locality to which
he was attached, and where his family had lived perhaps for centuries,
became of necessity a vagrant, and but one short step was needed to make
him a thief.

It would be a grand step in the right direction, if a means could be
safely adopted that would save a man driven to pauperism from breaking-up
his home.  The experiment has, it appears, been successfully adopted in
Manchester, and may prove generally practicable.  The guardians in that
city have provided rooms in which the furniture or other household goods
of persons compelled to seek a temporary refuge in the house may be
stored.  It would not do, of course, to enable people to treat the
workhouse as a kind of hotel, to which they might retire without
inconvenience, and where they might live upon the ratepayers until a
pressure was passed.  Perhaps the confinement and the separation of
family-ties which the workhouse involves would sufficiently prevent the
privilege being abused; but even if such a convenience would need some
limitation in ordinary times, it might be readily granted on an occasion
of exceptional pressure, and it would then produce the greatest
advantages both to the poor and to the ratepayers.  The worst consequence
of the workhouse test is, that if a poor man under momentary pressure is
forced to accept it and break-up his home, it is almost impossible for
him to recover himself.  The household goods of a poor man may not be
much, but they are a great deal to him; once gone, he can rarely replace
them, and the sacrifice frequently breaks both his own and his wife’s
spirit.  If the danger of thus making a man a chronic pauper were
avoided, the guardians might offer the test with much less hesitation;
relief might be far more stringently, and at the same time more
effectually, administered.



CHAPTER XXIV.
THE BEST REMEDY.


_Emigration_—_The various Fields_—_Distinguish the industrious Worker in
need of temporary Relief_—_Last Words_.

ALL other remedies considered, we come back to that which is cheapest,
most lasting, and in every way the best—emigration.  This, of course, as
applying to unwilling and undeserved pauperism.  These are the sufferers
that our colonies are waiting to receive with open arms.  They don’t want
tramps and vagrants.  They won’t have them, well knowing the plague such
vermin would be in a land whose fatness runs to waste.  But what they are
willing to receive, gladly and hospitably, are men and women, healthy,
and of a mind to work honestly for a liberal wage.  New Zealand has room
for ten thousand such; so has Australia and Canada.

It would be a happy alteration, if some milder term than “pauper” might
be invented to distinguish the industrious worker, temporarily
distressed, so as to be compelled to avail himself of a little parochial
assistance, from the confirmed and habitual recipient of the workhouse
dole.  As was pertinently remarked by Colonel Maude, at a recent meeting
held in the rooms of the Society of Arts, and at which the policy of
assisting willing workers to emigrate to New Zealand was argued:

    “There are people who are fond of putting forward the offensive
    doctrine, that a man who is a ‘pauper,’ as they call him, has thereby
    become unfit ever again to exercise the self-reliance and
    independence in any other country necessary to procure him a living,
    the want of which qualities has brought him to the abject condition
    he is now in.  Like most sweeping generalities, this is both false
    and cruel.  The condition of the wage-paid class is, in the nature of
    things, more dependent than that of any other; and without for a
    moment depreciating the wisdom of frugality and thrift, I would ask
    some of those who are in the enjoyment of independent incomes,
    whether their position would not be almost as desperate if their
    income were suddenly withdrawn?  And this is constantly happening to
    large masses of our artisans, in many cases entirely without fault of
    their own; and then how does the State deal with them?  It says, ‘If
    you will wait until you have parted with your last penny and your
    last article of furniture, and then come to us, we will assist you,
    but only then, and only in the following manner: The allowance of
    food, clothing, and shelter which we will give you shall be the least
    which experience proves will keep body and soul together.  We will
    break the law of God and of nature by separating you from your
    family.  We will prevent you seeking for work elsewhere by confining
    you in a house where employers are not likely to search for you, and
    whence you cannot go to seek it yourself.  The nature of the work you
    shall perform shall not be that in which you are proficient, but
    shall be of the most uninteresting and useless kind.  Owing to the
    small quantity of food we give you, you will not be able to exert
    your powers to their best advantage.  By resorting to us for
    assistance, you will be lowered in the estimation of your
    fellow-workmen; and in all probability, as experience tells us, you
    will return to us again and again, until you become a confirmed and
    helpless pauper.’

    “We are fond of pointing to Paris, and of showing how dearly the
    French pay for their system of providing work for the people; but if
    it be true, as I have lately heard, that there are one million of
    paupers at this moment in England—and besides these, I am in a
    position to state that there cannot be less than one million persons
    who would be glad of permanent employment at reasonable wages—I do
    not think we have much to boast of.  Besides, does anyone doubt that
    if the French Emperor were possessed of our illimitable colonies,
    with their endless varieties of climate, he would very soon transfer
    his surplus population to them, and be very glad of the chance?  And
    we ought to consider the cost of our paupers.  Let us take it at
    10_l._ a head per annum.  As a matter of economy, it would pay very
    well to capitalise this tax, and at two years’ purchase we could
    deport large numbers in great comfort, and thus save a good deal of
    money to the ratepayers, even supposing none of the money were ever
    refunded; but I hope to show how that amount would be more than
    repaid.  But I suppose that some people will say, ‘Your system, then,
    is transportation?’  My answer might be, ‘If you are not ashamed to
    impose the humiliating and unpleasant condition which you at present
    force upon an applicant for relief, surely when you have satisfied
    yourselves that his lot will be much happier and brighter in the new
    home which you offer him, all your compunctions should vanish.’”

I have ventured to quote Colonel Maude at length, because he is a man
thoroughly conversant with the subject he treats of, and all that he
asserts may be implicitly relied on.  And still once again I am tempted
to let another speak for me what perhaps I should speak for myself—the
concluding words of this my last chapter.  My justification is, that all
that the writer expresses is emphatically also my opinion; and I am quite
conscious of my inability to convey it in terms at once so graphic and
forcible.  The gentleman to whom I am indebted is the writer of a leader
in the _Times_:

    “Here is a mass of unwilling pauperism, stranded, so to speak, by a
    receding tide of prosperity on the barren shores of this metropolis.
    Something must be done with it.  The other object is more important,
    but not so pressing.  It is, that people who cannot get on well at
    home, and who find all their difficulties amounting only to this—that
    they have not elbow-room, and that the ground is too thickly
    occupied—should be directed and even educated to follow the
    instructions of Providence, and go to where there is room for them.
    There is no reason why every child in this kingdom should not have
    the arguments for and against emigration put before it in good time,
    before it arrives at the age when choice is likely to be
    precipitated, and change of mind rendered difficult.  Children in
    these days are taught many things, and there really seems no reason
    why they should not be taught something about the colonies, in which
    five millions of the British race are now prospering, increasing, and
    multiplying, not to speak of the United States.  But we must return
    to the object more immediately pressing.  It is surrounded by
    difficulties, as was confessed at the Mansion House, and as is
    evident on the facts of the case.  But we believe it to be a case for
    combined operation.  Everything seems to be ready—the good men who
    will take the trouble, the agency, the willing guardians, the public
    departments, or, at least, their functionaries—and the colonics will
    not complain if we send them men willing to work, even though they
    may have to learn new trades.  The Boards of Guardians and the
    Government will contribute, as they have contributed.  But they
    cannot, in sound principle, do more.  The public must come forward.
    Sorry as we are to say the word, there is no help for it.  This is
    not a local, it is a national affair.  Chance has thrown these poor
    people where they are.  It would be a good opportunity thrown away,
    if this work were not done out of hand, one may say.  Here are some
    thousands attracted to the metropolis by its specious promises of a
    long and solid prosperity.  They cannot go back.  They must now be
    passed on.  Where else to but to the colonies?

    “It must be evident by this time to the poor people themselves that
    they may wait and wait for years and years without getting the
    employment that suits them best.  The metropolitan ratepayers are
    losing temper, and making themselves heard.  The colonies are all
    calling for more men and more women, and more children approaching
    the age of work.  Several members of the Government attended the
    meeting, either in person or by letter, with promises of money,
    advice, and aid.  There is the encouragement of successful millions,
    who within our own lifetime have established themselves all over the
    world.  Every cause that operated forty years ago operates now with
    tenfold force.  At that date the only notion of an emigrant was a
    rough, misanthropical sort of man, who had read _Robinson Crusoe_,
    and who fancied a struggle for existence in some remote corner, with
    a patch of land, some small cattle, constant hardships, occasional
    disasters and discoveries, welcome or otherwise.  It was not doubted
    for a moment that arts and sciences and accomplishments must be left
    behind.  There could be no Muses or Graces in that nether world.  The
    lady, so devoted as to share her husband’s fortune in that
    self-exile, would have to cook, bake, brew, wash, sew, mend, and
    darn, if indeed she could spare time from the still more necessary
    toil of getting something eatable out of the earth, the river, or the
    sea.  That was the prevailing picture of emigrant life; and when
    missionary tracts and Mr. Burford’s dioramas indicated houses,
    streets, and public buildings, it was still surmised that these were
    flattering anticipations of what there was to be, just as one may see
    rows of semi-detached villas, picturesque drives, shrubberies,
    miniature lakes, and gothic churches in the window of a land-agent’s
    office, representing the golden futurity of a site now covered by
    cattle or corn.  Forty years have passed, and where there might be
    then a few hard settlers, there are now cities, towns, and villages
    which England might be proud of; railways, and every possible
    application of art and science on a scale often exceeding our own.
    Large congregations meet in handsome churches, stocks and shares are
    bought and sold, machinery rattles and whizzes, ladies walk through
    show-rooms full of the last Parisian fashions, dinners are given
    worthy of our clubs, and operas are performed in a style worthy of
    Covent Garden, in places where, forty, years ago, men were eating
    each other.”

                                * * * * *

                                 THE END.




ADVERTISEMENTS


              Second Edition, price 7s. 6_d._, nearly ready,

                          ROBERTS ON BILLIARDS.

                             BY JOHN ROBERTS,
                           CHAMPION OF ENGLAND.

                          EDITED BY HENRY BUCK,

                _Author of_ “_The Board of Green Cloth_.”

             WITH TWENTY DIAGRAMS, SHOWING IN A NOVEL MANNER
                      THE MODE OF “PLAYING BREAKS.”

                              CONTENTS.
   CHAP.                                  CHAP.
      I.  PRELIMINARY REMARKS.             XII.  CANNONS.
     II.  STANDARD GAMES: ENGLISH.        XIII.  PLAYING BREAKS.
    III.  „ AMERICAN.                      XIV.  A PRACTICAL LESSON.
     IV.  „ FRENCH.                         XV.  POOL AND PYRAMIDS.
      V.  INCIDENTS IN MY CAREER.          XVI.  BETTING AND
                                                 CUSTOMARY
                                                 REGULATIONS.
     VI.  SCREW AND THE SIDE TWIST.       XVII.  CURIOSITIES OF THE
                                                 GAME.
    VII.  PLAYERS I HAVE MET.            XVIII.  HANDICAPS.
   VIII.  ROOMS AND TABLES.                XIX.  DEFINITIONS OF
                                                 TERMS.
     IX.  STRENGTH.                         XX.  RULES: ENGLISH,
                                                 AMERICAN, FRENCH.
      X.  LOSING HAZARDS.                  XXI.  CELEBRATED MATCHES.
     XI.  WINNING HAZARDS.                XXII.  SHARP PRACTITIONERS.

PALL MALL GAZETTE.—“Of the many works on Billiards submitted to our
notice lately, that written by Mr. ROBERTS is the best . . .  We do not
doubt that every one practising for a month, with the diagrams by his
side, would make more progress than he could boast in a year with the aid
of any other book that we are acquainted with.”

LAND AND WATER.—“By a series of twenty admirably coloured plates, all the
most likely strokes are demonstrated . . .  Well printed and unique of
its kind, and deserving of a place in every young man’s library.”

SPORTING LIFE.—“On the whole the book may be described as the most
generally interesting on the games we have seen.  The part of it that is
original is well written, and the extracts are well selected and
amusing.”

THE SPORTSMAN.—“The Champion must be commended for having produced what
will become a standard work, and as it is moderate in price, it will
doubtless meet with a large sale.”

MANCHESTER GUARDIAN.—“He is best in the second part of the volume, which
gives valuable hints on play.  These hints have accompanying diagrams,
the execution of which leaves nothing to be desired . . .  We must give
Mr. ROBERTS credit for using great brevity, plainness, and clearness of
speech.  What he professes to teach he knows thoroughly, and can put into
the fewest words.”

THE FIELD.—“The qualification which contributes most to Mr. ROBERTS’S
success is the judgment by which he is enabled to calculate
consequences—to select the most favourable stroke when several are open
to him, and to play it with such knowledge of strength and angles as to
leave an easy stroke to follow.  It is this acquired judgment only that
any work on Billiards can teach, and to this Mr. ROBERTS wisely confines
his instructions. . . .  The plates are well executed in colours, and the
positions are clearly defined.”

                                * * * * *

                       LONDON: STANLEY RIVERS & CO.

      _Publishers of Scientific Amusements and Pastimes of Society_,
                     8 PALSGRAVE PLACE, STRAND, W.C.

                                * * * * *

                             _In the Press_.
              In crown octavo, cloth gilt, price 7_s._ 6_d._

                         STICK TO IT AND CONQUER:

               ENCOURAGEMENTS FOR YOUNG MEN IN THE EARLIER
                          DAYS OF THEIR CAREER;

                                  WITH A

                           Treasury of Anecdote

                             ILLUSTRATIVE OF

                  ENGLISH PLUCK, ENDURANCE, AND SUCCESS.

                                  BY THE
              EDITOR OF “HINTS ON THE CULTURE OF CHARACTER.”

                                * * * * *

                                 PART I.
                            EMBARKING ON LIFE.

 By the Rev. J. R. VERNON, M.A., author of “The Harvest of a Quiet Eye.”

                                 PART II.
                    MORAL COURAGE IN MOMENTS OF TRIAL.

                                PART III.
                     THE QUIET HEROISM OF DAILY LIFE.

By the Rev. FREDERICK ARNOLD, author of “The Path on Earth to the Gate of
                                 Heaven.”

                                 PART IV.
                         ENGLISH CHARACTERISTICS:
          A Treasury of Choice Anecdote and Biographical Notes.

   1.  STATESMEN.            7.  MEN OF ART.
   2.  MEN OF PEACE.         8.  MEN OF BUSINESS.
   3.  MEN OF WAR.           9.  MEDICAL MEN.
   4.  MEN OF LAW.          10.  PIONEERS & TRAVELLERS.
   5.  MEN OF LETTERS.      11.  ENGINEERS.
   6.  MEN OF SCIENCE.      12.  INVENTORS.
    13.  MEN OF ENTERPRISE, SOCIAL & PHILANTHROPIC.

                                * * * * *

                       LONDON: STANLEY RIVERS & CO.






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