TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

BULLETIN NO. 102.

JANUARY 1908

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DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY.

College Station, Texas.

Honey Bee on Horse-mint

TEXAS HONEY PLANTS.

C. E. Sanborn,
U. S. Cooperative Entomologist and Acting State Entomologist.

E. E. Scholl,
Assistant State Entomologist and Apiarist.

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Postoffice,
COLLEGE STATION, BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS.

TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS

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OFFICERS.

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GOVERNING BOARD.

(Board of Directors A. & M. College.)

K. K. LEGGETT, President	Abilene
T. D. ROWELL, Vice President	Jefferson
A. HAIDUSEK	La Grange
J. M. GREEN	Yoakum
WALTON PETEET	Dallas
R. T. MILNER	Austin
L. L. McINNIS	Bryan
W. B. SEBASTIAN	Breckenridge

STATION OFFICERS.

H. H. HARRINGTON	LL. D., President of the College and Director
J. W. CARSON	Assistant to Director and State Feed Inspector
W. G. WELBORN	Vice Director and Agriculturist
M. FRANCIS	Veterinarian
E. J. KYLE	Horticulturist
JOHN C. BURNS	Animal Husbandry
R. L. BENNETT	Cotton Specialist
O. M. BALL	Botanist
G. S. FRAPS	Chemist
C. E. SANBORN	Co-Operative Entomologist
N. C. HAMNER	Assistant Chemist
E. C. CARLYLE	Assistant Chemist
L. McLENNAN	Deputy Feed Inspector
A. T. POTTS	Deputy Feed Inspector
J. H. RODGERS	Deputy Peed Inspector
H. E. HANNA	Deputy Feed Inspector
C. W. CRISLER	Chief Clerk
W. L. BOYETT	Clerk Feed Control
F. R. Navaille	Stenographer
A. S. Ware	Stenographer

STATE SUB-STATIONS.

W. S. HOTCHKISS, Superintendent	Troupe, Smith County
S. A. WASCHKA, Superintendent	Beeville, Bee County

NOTE—The main station is located on the grounds of the Agricultural and Mechanical College, in Brazos County. The postoffice address is College Station, Texas. Reports and bulletins are sent free upon application to the Director.

PREFACE.

This preliminary bulletin on Texas Honey Plants represents work of the Department of Entomology dating through the office tenures of Professors Mally, Newell, Sanderson and Conradi. They each have authorized and aided in the collection of the flora and data contained in this publication.

To Mr. Louis H. Scholl, of New Braunfels, Texas, Assistant and Apiarist from 1902 until 1906, the Department is directly indebted for the material contained herein, except as is otherwise designated.

Mr. Ernest Scholl, now Assistant and Apiarist, has furnished material as shown herein. He is now working on a continuation of the subject.

Mr. D. C. Milam, of Uvalde, formerly Foul Brood Inspector, has also contributed, as is shown.

The main body of the work, however, has been accomplished through the services of Mr. Louis H. Scholl, and much credit is due him, since he has done more in this Department, and perhaps more than any other person in helping to build up the Bee Industry of Texas. His data are followed by this mark *

INTRODUCTION.

This publication treats of many of the Texas honey plants in a brief technical manner. In addition, wherever possible, the common name is used in connection with the description.

The sequence followed by Coulter in his Botany of South West Texas is herein mainly followed. In some instances quotations from Small's Botany of Texas were used, as is shown in the publication. The plants are discussed by families.

Not only is the honey producing qualities of the plants mentioned, but frequent mention is also made of the respective quality and yield of pollen and propolis. Data are included in many instances concerning the weather conditions and its effects upon the yield of certain plants.

It is hoped that this will be a great help to apiarists in selecting locations for bees, since the value of bees depends entirely on the environment under which they may be placed. Again it may help in selecting certain plants to be planted that might prove to be very beneficial to an established apiary.

The geographical distribution is given in a general brief way, so that one is less apt to be confused concerning the abundance in nature of certain plants. In this connection it must be remembered, however, that on account of extended cultivation in Texas, some of the common wild plants are becoming less numerous than formerly, while cultivated varieties are becoming more common.

Two indices are contained in this bulletin. The first contains all the common or vernacular names, and the second contains the latin or technical names. The latter is complete, since some plants are known only by the technical appellation.

"On gravelly slopes and foothills from the Gulf coast to the Limpia mountains." (Coulter). Hunter, gravelly hills; honey yield abundant, also pollen; fine for early brood rearing. January and February.*

"Abundant in valleys and along dry hillsides." (Coulter). Roadsides, waste fields and prairies. Honey yield unimportant, but abundance of pollen during the dearth of summer. May and July.*

"This plant is abundant along the Brazos valley. Bees work heavily on it in June, carrying heavy loads of pollen, which they store in nearly every comb, thus making it disagreeable in the honey combs sometimes." (E. Scholl).

Cultivated in flower gardens. Honey yield not important and plants few. May.*

"In all situations, Quebec to Minnesota, Kansas, Florida, Texas and Mexico. Naturalized in Europe." (Small). Found in all kinds of places; honey yield not important; some pollen. June to August.*

"Mountains of Western Texas." (Coulter). Honey yield early but not abundant; also pollen helps early brood rearing. Hunter; waste fields and fertile prairies. Honey yield early, but not abundant; also pollen; helps early brood rearing. February.*

Cultivated and sometimes escaped; bees work on the blossoms, honey and pollen. June and July.*

Cultivated and escaped; bees sometimes busy on it. June and July.*

College: cultivated on Apiary Experimental plats. Honey yield good; plants not plentiful enough for surplus. June and July.*

Cultivated in ornamental flower beds. Honey yield good as it comes during time when few others in bloom; also abundance of highly colored pollen, red, orange and yellows. June until frost.*

"A common European Mediterranean shrub which seems to have escaped in many places in Texas." (Coulter). "On roadsides, in thickets and waste places; warmer parts of Southern United States, naturalized from Southern Europe." (Small). College Station; cultivated ornamental shrub bees worked well on it, but number of trees scarce. May and June.*

"Common on prairies and in valleys." (Coulter). Hunter; prairies and lowlands. Honey yield not important; some pollen. May and June. A good pollen yielder during May at College Station.*

"From Rio Grande to the Colorado and Northeastward." (Coulter). In lowlands and along streams. June and July.* "Plentiful along Comal and Guadalupe rivers, New Braunfels, Texas. Not important." (E. Scholl).

"In various situations New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas." (Small). Cultivated ornamental, in gardens and parks; honey yield not important and plants few, but bees work busily on it; honey and pollen. May to Sept.*

"In cultivated grounds, waste places on roadsides, New York to Iowa, Florida and Texas. Widely distributed in the tropics." (Small). Waste places, fields and along roads; some honey and pollen; not important. June to August.*

"In dry soil Texas to Arizona; also in Mexico and tropical America." (Small). In dry soils; bees found upon it; yields pollen. June to August.*

Cultivated staple crop in the fields for fibre. Honey yield good, steady flow till frost, honey white and of good quality. Main source throughout cotton belt. Nectar glands on ribs of leaves and on bracts of buds, blooms and bolls. June to frost.*

College Station: Cultivated ornamental tree on campus; honey yield very heavy but of short duration some seasons longer. May and June.*

"A large and handsome tree of the Atlantic States, extending in Texas to the Valley of the San Antonio River." (Coulter). On forests of Eastern Texas, yields large quantities of excellent honey. May and June.*

Hunter: in fields and waste lands; honey yield good until noon when flowers close; also much pollen. April, August.*

"Tribulus maxima." (Coulter). "Common in dry soil throughout Southern and Western Texas." (Coulter). Hunter: in fields and waste lands. Honey yield good in morning, blossoms closing by noon except in cool weather; good as it comes in the dearth of summer; also abundance of pollen. April to August.*

"Eastern and Southern Texas." (Coulter). Waste soils and open woodlands; not plentiful for bee forage. May, August.*

"Colorado to Rio Grande." (Coulter). "Along or near the coast, Virginia

to Florida, Arkansas and Texas." (Small). Hunter: woodland prairies; honey yield good; bees work busily on it. April, June.*

"Throughout Southern and Western Texas." (Coulter). In woodlands and along rivers and creeks. Honey yield good; very good in favorable seasons where abundant. May and July.*

College: planted for hedges, scarce; honey yield fair for early brood. Bees worked on it abundantly. March.*

"In waste places and along streams, more or less extensively naturalized in the United States and Southern British America. Native of China." (Small). Hunter: cultivated for shade and escaped. Honey yield fair in good seasons, pollen; also nectar glands on leaf blades. April.*

"A favorite shade tree and extensively naturalized in Central and Southern Texas." (Coulter). Cultivated ornamental shade tree and escaped. Honey yield helps early brood rearing. February, March.*

"A species of Southern States and extending in Texas to the Valley of the San Antonio." (Coulter). College; along lowlands, creeks and streams. Honey yield good but short; in warm spring early and valuable for early brood. March, May.*

"A species of the Gulf States and extending into Texas. Limit uncertain." (Coulter). Hunter: low woodland thickets; not important. March, April.*

"From the Guadalupe to the Rio Grande and west of New Mexico." (Coulter). Hunter: in woodlands, dry soils; honey yield not very important but comes well in dearth of summer. July, August.* "Abundant along Carter's Creek. Honey yield good during May." (E. Scholl).

"A species of the Southern States extending into Texas where its western limit is uncertain." (Coulter). Along ravines and low woodlands; honey yield good, giving surplus in favorable years but dark amber colored, used in manufacturing-houses. April.*

"From the Colorado to the Rio Grande westward to New Mexico." (Coulter). Floresville, slopes, adobe hills. Honey yield good but not enough for surplus. Also some pollen. April.*

Cultivated in orchards; good for pollen. April, May.*

"Peculiar to the hilly limestone regions of Western Texas, not extending to the low country nor to the granite mountains." (Coulter.) Hunter: in woods and forests; honey yield fairly good and pollen valuable for brood rearing. March.*

"In shady places from the Colorado to the Rio Grande and westward. An ornamental vine known as "Yerba del buey." (Coulter). Hunter: along fences and edge of thickets; honey yield keeps bees out of mischief during dearth. Surplus where plentiful. April, to August.*

"Common along creeks throughout Texas from Louisiana to New Mexico and Mexico. Smaller west of the Colorado river." (Coulter). Along rivers and creeks and sometimes along uplands; honey yield good, heavy flow in favorable seasons gives surplus. June.* Evergreen shrub, blooms in April; yields quantities of honey and pollen where enough bushes." (Milam, Uvalde).

"Guadalupe to Rio Grande." (Coulter). "In thickets and waste places New Jersey, Missouri, Florida, Texas and tropical America; summer and fall." (Small). Hunter: in creek bottoms; honey yield fair but plants not abundant. April, July.*

"Common along rocky valleys and in the mountains from the Valley of the Trinity through Western Texas to New Mexico." (Coulter). Hunter: "mountainous woodlands. Honey yield good in dearth but not plentiful. July."

"A sumach of the Atlantic States extending through Eastern and Southern Texas to the Rio Grande." (Coulter). Hunter: small shrubby tree rocky hillsides and woodland prairies. Honey yield good giving surplus in favorable seasons depending upon rains. Reported as a honey plant in most of the beekeepers reports received. August.*

"From the Colorado to the Rio Grande and westward." (Coulter). In stony, hilly woodlands. Bees are some seasons busy on it. October.*

"Common lupine of Southern and Western Texas, 'covering fertile slopes with a carpet of purple blue.' (Harvard), as early as March." (Coulter). Hunter: places in open woodlands. Honey yield good; also pollen of very bright and orange colors. March, April.*

"An extensively cultivated forage plant which has long been an introduced plant in Southern and Western Texas." (Coulter). Cultivated for hay crops; honey yield fair; early summer and fall; better in irrigated regions. May, August.* "Large number of bees were seen on it at New Braunfels, Texas. June 19th, 1907. A good thing in North Texas." (E. Scholl).

"Naturalized in Western Texas." (Coulter). College: abundant on campus lawns. Honey yield sparingly in summer, not important. February to May.*

Distribution not definite. Cultivated and along fence rows; honey yield good and of fine quality; scarce and should be cultivated for honey. May to October.* "An important honey plant in North Texas." (E. Scholl).

Colorado along roadsides, escaped. Honey yield good; claimed to be superior to and earlier than M. alba by beemen. Should be cultivated on the poor soils of Texas. April to September.*

College Station: cultivated on experimental plats. Blooms in summer; not important, not much grown and deep corollas. June.*

"May be found wild in Texas." (Coulter). Along roadsides and on lawns. Cultivated at College, but did not grow as conditions were too dry. Honey yield good and one of main sources in States north of Texas. June, July.*

"Throughout Southern and Western Texas, South of the Colorado." (Coulter). Hunter: on light soils and woodlands and known as "Rock Brush" by beemen. Honey yield abundant. Blooming after heavy rains. Honey fine quality. March, May.*

"Native from Pennsylvania to Iowa, Georgia and Indian Territory. Also naturalized in the northeastern part of North America." (Small). College: cultivated on campus; honey yield good if no cold weather; bees work on it abundantly. March, April.*

Low and damp places; sandy soils; bees on it frequently but apparently of little value. July, September.*

"Prairies throughout Texas." (Coulter). Hunter: in open prairies honey yield abundant when season is favorable; drouth injures it. June.*

Honey yield good; fair quality, light color. Cultivated for forage crops and for enriching soils. June, August.*

Cultivated for forage crops and for enriching soils; honey yield good; fair quality, light color. June, August.*

Cultivated in Apiary Experimental plats; no bees on it; other plants in bloom. June, August.*

Hunter: cultivated widely; honey yield unimportant, some pollen; not visited much by bees. March, April.*

"Far Western and North Mexican species extending into Western Texas." (Coulter). Aids early brood rearing. March.*

"In rich soil Ontario to Minnesota, New Jersey, Florida and Texas." (Small). Hunter: in woodlands. Honey yield fair, aiding in early brood rearing. March, April.*

"Throughout Southern and Western Texas." (Coulter). In sandy soils and low swamps. Blooms spring and throughout summer; bees work on it more or less all summer. May, Sept.*

"An Atlantic species extending at least to the Valley of the Brazos river and common in cultivation." (Coulter). College Station: Along ravines and valleys; very heavy honey yield but of short duration. April.*

"The chief woody plant of the wooded table-lands and high valleys throughout southern and western Texas, often forming impenetrable thickets." (Coulter) Hunter: throughout the black land prairies; honey yield abundant, main source in State, good light honey. April, and again in June.*

"In Eastern and Southern Texas, extending as far up the Rio Grande as Eagle Pass." (Coulter). College, open prairies; not plentiful, bees rarely found on it; some pollen. May.*

"Found in Texas as far as San Diego and probably in the San Antonio region." (Coulter). Hunter: open prairies; honey yield not important; plants scarce; pollen. April to September.*

"From San Antonio to the Gulf Coast and lower Rio Grande." (Coulter). Very plentiful in richer soil of Southwest Texas; honey yield good for stimulating early brood rearing; also pollen. February, April.*

"From the Nueces to the Rio Grande and west to Devil's River. Common on the bluffs of the lower Rio Grande." (Coulter). On dry and rocky hills in solid masses generally. Honey yield very heavy and main surplus in Southwest Texas; fine quality, white; considered the best honey in Texas in quality. April.*

"In dry or rocky soil, Texas, New Mexico." (Small). Floresville: All over Southwest Texas. Honey yield very abundant, a main yielder of fine quality honey. April.*

"Throughout Texas south of the Colorado and west to El Paso." (Coulter). Hunter: in brushy woodlands; honey yield is heavy, of fine quality, but plants not abundant. April and May.*

"From the Guadalupe to the lower Rio Grande and west to the Pecos." (Coulter). Very plentiful throughout Southwest Texas, on prairies. Honey yield of no importance. Bees gather pollen from it occasionally in early summer.*

Hunter: in orchards and escaped. Honey yield good with "fruit bloom." Helps to build up colonies of bees. February.*

College Station: planted on campus. Honey yield good but of short duration. March.*

"In waste places and cultivated grounds throughout the United States." (Small). Cultivated in orchards; honey yield good; with "fruit bloom" builds up colonies in spring. January to April.*

Cultivated ornamental shrub. Honey yield unimportant; bees sometimes busy on it. March.*

"A Southern blackberry, apparently common in Eastern, Southern and Western Texas." (Coulter). Common wild, little cultivated; bees on it busy; honey and pollen. February, April.*

Cultivated widely; honey yield unimportant; pollen gathered from it sometimes. Spring, summer and fall.*

Cultivated in orchards; honey yield early; helps in brood rearing; good where abundant. March, April.*

A much cultivated fruit tree, important for early honey and pollen. February, March.*

"A species of the Gulf States and extending to the lower Colorado in Texas." (Coulter). In woodlands and creeks; good for honey and pollen. April.*

"A species of the Gulf States and extending to the lower Colorado in Texas." (Coulter). College Station; in woodlands and creek banks; honey yield good, bees found busily on it; also pollen. April.*

"In waste places in and near gardens; widely cultivated and sparingly naturalized from Maryland, Florida and Texas." (Small). Cultivated ornamental on campus; honey yield occasionally good and visited much by bees. June, October.*

"In streams from the San Antonio northward and eastward." (Coulter). In water edge of rivers and lakes. Not affected by drouth; it is important for bees during dearth. June to September.*

"In and about ponds, Kentucky to Kansas, Florida and Texas, also in tropical America and Asia." (Small) In water edge of pasture tanks and pools. Honey yield good; important as it is not affected by drouths but better after rains. June, August.*

Sandy soils and along creeks; honey yield good; sometimes yielding surplus in spurts when favorable season and rains prevail. June, October.*

Hunter: cultivated. Honey yield good; abundant during dewy mornings. Also pollen. Early summer to fall. Important in melon growing sections, South Texas. July and September.*

Cultivated; honey yield very good; short duration; pollen; but plants not abundant. April, July.*

Cultivated; honey yield good; abundant during dewy mornings, also pollen; from early summer to frosts in late autumn. May to October.* "Successful in honey plant plot at College in 1905." (E. Scholl).

"Abundant in the valleys of Southern and Western Texas." (Coulter). Hunter: in a variety of places. Honey yield not important; plants scattered and few, good for pollen. April, July.*

Cultivated: not important for honey, but much pollen. May, June.*

"Common throughout Southern and Western Texas. This seems to be common "prickly pear" of Texas, though all the flat-jointed opuntias bear that name. The joints are commonly spoken of as "leaves" and form an important food for grazing of animals, under the name of "nopal." The "nopal leaf" is also much used for poultices, etc." (Coulter). Hunter: over entire Southwestern Texas; Honey yield abundant; sometimes surplus; honey of rank flavor when first stored. May, June.*

"An Eastern species extending to Central Texas where the variety Drummondii is the common form." (Coulter). Lowlands and along banks; honey yield good and bees fairly roam over blossoms, but species not plentiful. March, April.*

"Moist grounds throughout Texas." (Coulter). Along rivers and wet places; honey yield good but not plentiful. April, May.*

"An Atlantic species, extending westward into Texas as far as the valley of the Guadalupe and probably the San Antonio." (Coulter). Hunter: in woodlands and forests. Honey yield good, early, valuable for brood rearing. March, April.*

"An Atlantic species extending into Texas. Near New Braunfels. (Lindheimer)." (Coulter). In woodlands along rivers and rocky soil. Honey yield good and of long duration. July, September.*

Shrubby vine; cultivated species on campus; honey yield extremely early, valuable to stimulate bees if weather is favorable; also pollen. January.*

"Abundant throughout Western Texas and especially in the mountains west of the Pecos." (Coulter). Hunter: cultivated for ornamental purposes. Honey yield good, but few plants. May, July.*

"Throughout Texas." (Coulter). College Station: on dry soils and prairies. Bees work on it well but plants not abundant. May, July.*

"Swamps and along streams throughout Texas." (Coulter). Hunter: along rivers and creeks. Bees work on it. July.*

"Sandy soil, low grounds of Texas to mouth of Rio Grande." (Coulter). Low sandy soils; honey yield good and valuable as it comes during drouth. No surplus. July, August.*

"Sterile plains throughout Texas." (Coulter). In open prairies; honey yield good in fall for winter stores; dark amber and strong flavor. September, October.*

Occurs in all parts of Texas. September. See A. B. C. 173.

"Throughout Eastern and Central Texas. Dr. Harvard remarks that it is one of the commonest weeds about the streets of San Antonio." (Coulter). Hunter: in waste places and open town lots of which it takes possession. Honey yield good in favorable seasons when not too dry. White pollen. April, November.*

"A common weed of waste grounds, extremely variable." (Coulter). Dry upland soils and waste places; probably pollen only. July, August.*

"Low grounds in Southern and Western Texas." (Coulter). Hunter: along field fences and low places. Some honey but more pollen of a resinous nature. July and August.*

"Moist river banks throughout Eastern and Central Texas." (Coulter). College: in low moist creeks and along Brazos river. Honey yield not important, but yields much pollen. July and August.*

"Alluvial shores and waste ground." (Coulter). Hunter: along creeks, in pastures and fields; not important; furnishes pollen late in the fall. September, October.*

"Dry and open ground throughout Texas." (Coulter). Waysides and prairies; of no importance; bees gather propolis from resinous heads sometimes. May, June.*

"Pine woods or sandy soil, Eastern and Southern Texas." (Coulter). "In woods and sandy soil, Arkansas to Alabama and Texas." (Small). Waysides and prairies; of no importance; bees gather propolis from resinous heads sometimes. May, June.*

"Abundant in all valleys." (Coulter). Hunter: along roadsides and in waste fields. Honey yield sometimes good in the fall but strong in flavor. Much propolis gathered from the large composite heads of the flower and stems and leaves of the plant. May, September.*

"Rich dry soil from the Mississippi and Gulf States through Texas to Mexico." (Coulter). In rich soils, lowlands and woodlands; honey yield very abundant, depending upon seasons; fine quality of honey. October.*

"River bottoms, etc., extending from the Gulf and Mississippi States to Western Texas." (Coulter). College: abundant on open woodland prairies and plains of Eastern Texas. Honey yield good in favorable seasons; pollen; honey golden yellow, heavy body but very bitter, as if 50 per cent quinine and some pepper was added. June to October.*

"Extending from plains of Arkansas and Louisiana through Texas to those of Arizona and Mexico." (Coulter). Hunter: waysides and prairies. Honey yield of good quality, dark amber colored. A main yielder of surplus. May, June.*

"Borders of woods and open ground. Common in the Atlantic States and extending into Texas." (Coulter). Hunter: scattered over open prairies; honey yield unimportant; some pollen. July, August.* "Bees working heavily on it in June, 1907 along Guadalupe River, New Braunfels, Texas, where some of the pastures were literally covered with it." (E. Scholl).

"Extending from the plains of Arkansas and Louisiana through Texas to Arizona and adjacent Mexico." (Coulter). Hunter: open prairies and pastures. Not important. July, August.*

"Common everywhere; an introduction from Europe." (Coulter). See A. B. C. of Bee Culture. February.*

Cultivated in flower gardens; honey yield not important; bees only occasionally visiting it. July.*

"Valley of the lower Rio Grande." (Coulter). Specimen sent from the Nueces River. (Cotulla). June.*

"Woods along streams, Matagorda Bay to the Concho River and southward." (Coulter). "Mexicans call it "Chapote," also known as "black persimmon." Often found on rocky mesas but thrives best in canyons and on the edges of ravines." (Harvard). Hunter: in woodlands: honey yield abundant, not harmed by showers on account of bell-shaped flowers. April.*

"A common tree of the Atlantic States. Extending Into Texas to the valley of the Colorado." (Coulter). Throughout East Texas; honey yield good, not long and trees not abundant. Bell-shaped blossoms are protected in rain. April.*

"Thickets and on roadsides, Ontario to Pennsylvania and North Carolina." (Small). Ornamental shrub cultivated for hedges, etc., honey yield good; flowering trees scarce, trimmed and kept down in hedges. April, May.* "A good flow at College Station in 1906." (E. Scholl).

College Station; cultivated ornamental on campus. Honey yield abundant in narrowly funnel-shaped blossoms hanging downward. Nectar runs to mouth of flower. Protected from rains. Corolla 8mm. deep. Long-tongue bees would be of advantage. October, November.*

College Station: cultivated ornamental shrub on campus; honey yield good; bees work on blossom. April.*

Beeville; on plains and prairies. Honey yield good but pollen attaches to bee's feet and cripples them. March.*

"Throughout Texas." (Coulter). Rich places and moist woods; honey yield sparing. April, June.*

"Low prairies Arkansas and East Texas." (Coulter). On prairies Eastern Texas. March, April.*

College: cultivated; honey yield good; bees working busily on it during June. Old stalks die down in July and large lower leaves protect root stock during severe drouth and sprout out for bees to work on bloom in August. June, July.*

Most common in cultivated fields. Honey yield light, pollen. June to November.*

"Plains throughout Texas." (Coulter). Hunter: waste lands, prairies and roadsides. Honey very little; some pollen. May, October.*

"Moist soil, extending from Atlantic and Gulf States into Texas and common in cultivation." (Coulter). Cultivated and along river bottoms: honey yield of little importance; external nectar glands; pollen from flowers. July to October.*

"Waste or open grounds, extending from the Atlantic regions through Texas to tropical America." (Coulter). College Station: in waste open ground. April, August.*

"Extending from Louisiana through Texas to Southern California and Mexico." (Coulter). College: in sandy soils, honey yield sparing and scattering throughout its season. April, August.*

"Low ground extending from the Gulf States to Western Texas." (Coulter). In moist places, rivers and creeks; honey yield very light and of little importance. July.*

"Common on rocky slopes throughout Texas." (Coulter). "Foliage eaten by cattle, sheep and goats." (Harvard). All over Southwest Texas; honey yield very heavy of fine quality but very short duration, only a few days; blooms after each rain during season. May to November.*

"Extending from the Gulf States through Southeastern Texas to tropical America." (Coulter). On light soils of Southwest Texas; unimportant; bees seldom on it. April, October.*

"Rich or moist grounds, extending from Gulf States to Southern Texas." (Coulter). Brazos bottoms, College; rich soil in woods, abundant: honey yield only fair. May.*

"In light fertile soils, Western Texas." (Coulter). Hunter: rich soils in forests. Unimportant as a honey plant; not abundant; deep corollas. May, June.*

"From Gulf States to extreme Western Texas." (Coulter). Hunter: dry soil and waste places; corolla deep and visited much more frequently by bumble bees than honey bees. April, October.*

Cultivated on Apiary Experimental Plats, 1904; only a few plants grew and bloomed. A few bees visited it. Soon died. July.*

"Dry soil throughout Texas, etc." (Coulter). College: along banks of ravines. Honey yield good but plants not abundant. May, July.*

"Eastern and Southern Texas." (Coulter). Prairies and waste land; honey yield abundant; one of the main yielders; honey compared to bass-wood in flavor. May, June.*

"Sandy ground extending from the Atlantic regions to Southern and Western Texas." (Coulter). In open prairies and waste land; honey yield abundant; one of the main crop yielders; honey compared with basswood. May, July.* "A good yielder in Brazos bottoms. College Station, Texas, in 1907, June." (E. Scholl).

"Common throughout Texas in damp rich soil." (Coulter). "On prairies, Kansas to Texas." (Small). Hunter: waste places in fields and prairies. Honey yield abundant in spring; much visited by bees. April, May.*

"A common escape in waste or open ground." (Coulter). Hunter: most all parts of the South; fertile places; fence corners and pens; honey yield abundant; steady flow; dark amber colored. Claimed bitter by some. February, July.*

College; ornament for borders, etc. Honey yield of no importance. Bees gather pollen from it only occasionally. July.*

"Throughout Texas." (Coulter). Waste lands and fields; honey yield of no importance; some pollen. July, September.*

"From Tom Green County to Laredo." (Coulter). Annual weedy herbs. In waste places and cultivated soils presumably pollen only; not important. August.*

"From the upper Pecos to the lower Rio Grande, (Ringgold)." (Coulter). Hunter. Texas; cultivated for shade on verandas; honey yield fair, bees work on it industriously, but the plants are scarce. May, September.*

Cultivated in fields in a small way; honey yield good on favorable moist mornings, not in dry weather. Honey very dark and strong in flavor; not important for bees in Texas. June, July.* "A good yielder to bridge over from early spring flower to cotton bloom at College Station, Texas." (E. Scholl).

"From Eagle Pass to Central Texas. Reported on Ulmus, Prosopis, Quercus, etc." (Coulter). Honey yield abundant and also pollen, very valuable for early brood rearing. The first source for bees in the season. December, January.* "Blooms in January and February if weather is not too cold, yields pollen and honey." (Milam, D. C, Uvalde, Texas).

"Throughout the valleys of the Pecos and Rio Grande." (Coulter). Along valleys and lowlands; honey yield of no importance. June, October.*

"On rocky bluffs of the upper Llano." (Coulter). Hunter: open places in woodland bluffs; honey yield only light, but comes in dearth and good if rains; pollen. July, August.*

"From the Pecos to Southern and Central Texas." (Coulter). Roadsides and prairies; unimportant; some pollen when no other bloom. July, September.* "Plenty of pollen at College Station in August, 1907." (E. Scholl).

"From the staked plains to Corpus Christi." (Coulter). Hunter: roadsides and fields; honey yield very light, not important. June, August.*

"Central and Southern Texas." (Coulter). Hunter: open prairies and pastures; honey yield fair, but unimportant. May, June.

"Cultivated extensively for ornament and sparingly escaped in Missouri and southwestward to Central Mexico." (Coulter). Planted for ornamental purposes; honey yield good in favorable seasons; pollen; has glands at base of leaves. March, April.*

"Extending westward to the streams of Southern and Central Texas." (Coulter). College: along moist creeks and streams; honey yield good but not very plentiful. August.*

"On streams extending to the valley of the Trinity." (Coulter). Tree with corky winged branches, along streams and low soils in woods; honey yield good sometimes giving surplus; much pollen; honey of amber color and strong characteristic aroma. August, September.*

"Very common on all mesas and foot-hills of Western and Southern Texas." (Coulter). Beekeepers value it as an important plant in Southwest Texas. March, April.*

"Extending to Central Texas." (Coulter). In woodlands; much planted for shade; honey yield fair, valuable for pollen in the spring. March, April.*

"Very common in the valleys of Western and Southwestern Texas, 'Palo Blanco'" (Coulter). In woods and valleys, planted for shade; honey yield fair, much pollen, valuable for early brood rearing. March, April.*

"Near waters from Eastern to Central and Southern Texas. Extensively used for hedges." (Coulter). Planted for hedges and timber; honey yield not important on account of scarcity of trees. April.*

"Extending from the Mississippi States to the streams of Central and Southwestern Texas as far west as Fort Concho." (Coulter). Along rivers and creeks; honey yield where plentiful; valuable for brood rearing on account of its pollen. March.*

"Extending to the Valley of the Brazos." (Coulter). College Station, Brazos River. Abundant in the sandy valley land; some honey and pollen. March.*

"Extending from the east to the valley of the Colorado and San Antonio." (Coulter). In forests, along creeks and rivers; some honey, more pollen; good to stimulate bees. March.*

"Sandy or sterile soils, extending from the Atlantic States to Central Texas." (Coulter). In sandy land sections of the country; honey yield inferior but with large amount of pollen; good for early brood rearing. March, April.*

"Common along water courses extending from the Gulf States through Southern and Western Texas to the mountains of New Mexico." (Coulter). Hunter: in forests, honey yield good, poor in quality, dark; valuable for early brood rearing; much pollen. March.*

"Extending to the valleys of the Colorado and San Antonio. Not abundant and timber poor." (Coulter). Along creeks and low-lands; scarce; pollen. March, April.*

"Low grounds extending to the valley of the Colorado." (Coulter). Forests; good honey yield and also pollen; valuable for brood rearing, March, April.*

"Wet grounds extending from the South Atlantic States to the valley of the Colorado." (Coulter). College: along creeks and streams; scarce and scattering; pollen. March.*

"Extending to the valleys of the Colorado and Nueces." (Coulter). In post oak woods in sandy sections of the country; early pollen. March, April.*

"On banks bending over the water of most streams of Western Texas." (Coulter). Along rivers and creeks; honey yield good and valuable for brood rearing, and for abundance of pollen. February to April.*

"Extending into the mountains of Western Texas." (Coulter). Lowlands and along streams; some honey but more pollen; valuable for early brood rearing. March.*

"Abundant along the Rio Grande and Pecos." (Coulter). "In thickets Massachusetts to Florida and Texas. Stretch berry." (Small). In thickets; honey yield fair; bees work on it well, but of short duration. April.*

"In waste places and salt marshes. New Brunswick to Georgia and Louisiana. Naturalized from Europe." (Small). Cultivated for its young shoots for food; honey yield of no importance, but good for pollen. March, April.*

"Moist thickets and borders of rivers southern and southwestern Texas." (Coulter). Hunter: moist fence corners and open woods; honey yield unimportant, valuable for pollen. April, May.*

"On plains or prairies, Texas." (Small). New Braunfels; in and about hedges of woodlands; honey yield unimportant but good for early pollen. March, May.*

Hunter: cultivated for hay crops, etc., valuable for abundant yield of pollen; some honey. June, August.*

"Cultivated in fields for grain; honey yield not positively known; valuable for its pollen in abundance. May, June.*

INDEX
Latin or Technical Names.

• Acacia amentacea
• Acacia Berlandiera
• Acacia Farnesiana
• Acacia Greggii
• Acacia Roemeriana
• Ailanthus glandulosus
• Amaranthaceae
• Amaranthus retroflexus
• Amaranthus spinosus
• Ambrosia aptera
• Ambrosia artemisiaefolia
• Ambrosia trifida
• Ampelidaceae
• Amygdalus Persica
• Anacardiaceae
• Anredera scandens
• Argemone platyceras
• Asclepiadeae
• Asclepias sp
• Asparagus officinalis
• Astragalus Mexicanus
• Berberideae
• Berberis trifoliata
• Bignoniaceae
• Berchemia scandens
• Borage officinalis
• Boragineae
• Brassica nigra
• Brassica rapa
• Bumelia angustifolia
• Callicarpa Americana
• Callirrhoe digitata
• Cactaceae
• Campsis radicans
• Caprifoliaceae
• Cardiospermum Halicacabum
• Celtis pallida
• Celtis occidentalis
• Celtis Mississippiensis
• Centaurea Americana
• Cephalanthus occidentalis
• Cercis Canadensis
• Cercis occidentalis
• Chenopodiaceae
• Cissus incisa
• Citrullus Citrullus
• Citrus trifoliata
• Cnicus altissimus
• Coleus blumei
• Columbrina Texensis
• Commelinaceae
• Commelina Virginica
• Compositae
• Condalia obovata
• Convolvulaceae
• Cornaceae
• Cornus asperifolia
• Crataegus arborescens
• Crataegus spathulata
• Croton Capitatus
• Croton monanthogynus
• Croton Sonorae
• Croton Texensis
• Cruciferae
• Cucumis Melo
• Cucumis sativa
• Cucurbitaceae
• Cucurbita foetidissima
• Cucurbita pepo
• Cupuliferae
• Daubentonia longifolia
• Diodia teres
• Diospyros Texana
• Diospyros Virginiana
• Dolichos lablab
• Ebenaceae
• Elaeagnaceae
• Elaeagnus angustifolia
• Elaeagnus argentia
• Euphorbiaceae
• Euphorbia marginata
• Eysenhardtia amorphoides
• Firmiana platinifolia
• Fagopyrum fagopyrum
• Gaillardia pulchella
• Gaura filiformis
• Geraniaceae
• Gleditschia triacanthos
• Gossypium herbaceum
• Gramineae
• Greggia camporum
• Gutierrezia Texana
• Helenium tenuifolium
• Helianthus annuus
• Hibiscus syriacus
• Hicoria alba
• Hicoria Pecan
• Houstonia angustifolia
• Hydrophyllaceae
• Ilex Caroliniana
• Ilex decidua
• Ilicineae
• Ipomoea Caroliniana
• Juglandeae
• Juglans nigra
• Jussiaea diffusa
• Jussiaea repens
• Kallstroemia maxima
• Labiatae
• Lagerstroemia Indica
• Lantana Camara
• Leguminosae
• Lepidium virginicum
• Ligustrum vulgare
• Liliaceae
• Lippia ligustrina
• Lippia nodiflora
• Lonicera albiflora
• Lonicera fragrantissima
• Loranthaceae
• Lupinus subcarnosus
• Lythraceae
• Malus malus
• Malvaceae
• Malvaviscus drummondii
• Marrubium vulgare
• Medicago denticulata
• Medicago sativa
• Meliaceae
• Melia azedarach
• Melilotus alba
• Melilotus officinalis
• Monarda clinopodioides
• Monarda fistulosa
• Monarda punctata
• Nepeta cataria
• Neptunia lutea
• Oleaceae
• Onagrarieae
• Opuntia englemannii
• Oxalis stricta
• Papaveraceae
• Papaver rhoeas
• Parkinsonia aculeata
• Parthenium Hysterophorus
• Phacelia congesta
• Phacelia glabra
• Phoradendron flavescens
• Pisum sativum
• Polygonaceae
• Populus monilifera
• Portulaceae
• Portulaca grandiflora
• Prosopis juliflora
• Prunus (sp.)
• Prunus domestica
• Ptelea trifoliata
• Pyrus communis
• Quercus aquatica
• Quercus minor
• Quercus nigra
• Quercus palustris
• Quercus rubra
• Quercus Virginiana
• Reseda odorata
• Resedaceae
• Rhamneae
• Rhus copallina
• Rhus virens
• Ricinus communis
• Robinia Pseudacacia
• Rosa
• Rosaceae
• Rudbeckia bicolor
• Rudbeckia hirta
• Rubiaceae
• Rubus trivialis
• Rutaceae
• Salicineae
• Salix nigra
• Salvia azurea
• Salvia Roemeriana
• Sambucus Canadensis
• Sapindaceae
• Sapindus marginatus
• Sapotaceae
• Schrankia angustata
• Scutellaria drummondii
• Sida spinosa
• Sida angustifolia
• Simarubaceae
• Smilax bona-nox
• Solanaceae
• Solanum rostratum
• Solidago sp. (?)
• Sorghum vulgare
• Spiraea Virginiana
• Symphoricarpos symphorlcarpos
• Tagetes patalus
• Tamariscineae
• Tamarix gallica
• Taraxacum officinale
• Tilia Americana
• Tiliaceae
• Toxylon pomiferum
• Tradescantia gigantea
• Tribulus cistoides
• Trifolium pratense
• Trifolium repens
• Ulmus Americana
• Ulmus alata
• Ungnadia speciosa
• Urticaceae
• Verbenaceae
• Verbena urticaefolia
• Verbena xutha
• Verbesina Virginica
• Vigna sinensis (Var. ?)
• Vigna (sp).
• Virburnum prunifolium
• Vitis monticola
• Vitis (?) (Varieties)
• Xanthium Canadense
• Xanthoxylum clava-Herculis
• Zea mays
• Zygophylleae

INDEX
Vernacular or Common Names.

• Alfalfa or Lucerne
• Amaranth family
• American Knapweed
• American mistletoe
• American or White elm
• Apple
• Appodilla family
• Asparagus
• Barberry family
• Basswood. American linden
• Bean-caper family
• Bigonia family
• Black haw
• Black jack or Barren oak
• Black locust
• Black walnut
• Black willow
• Blue lupine. Bluebonnet
• Blue sage
• Blue thistle
• Blue vervain
• Borage
• Borage family
• Brasil wood
• Bridal wreath
• Broomweed
• Buckthorn family
• Buckwheat family
• Bush honeysuckle
• Button bush
• Button weed
• Cactus family
• California privet
• Cassia
• Castor-oil plant
• Catnip
• Catsclaw
• Cockle-burr. Clot-burr
• Coleus
• Common Balloon Vine
• Common cactus or Prickly pear
• Common hoarhound
• Common pigweed
• Common pumpkin
• Common Sunflower
• Common turnip
• Composite family
• Cone flower. Nigger Head
• Convolvulus family
• Coral berry. Indian currant
• Cotton
• Cottonwood. Necklace poplar
• Cow itch
• Crepe myrtle
• Cucumber
• Cultivated wine grapes
• Cow pea
• Dandelion
• Dense-flowered phacelia
• Devils claws
• Dew-berry
• Dogwood family
• Drummond's skull-cap
• Dwarf sumach
• Ebony family
• Elder
• Evening primrose family
• Eysenhardtia
• French mulberry
• Fringed poppy mallow
• Garden pea
• Geranium family
• Goldenrod
• Goosefoot family
• Gourd family
• Grass family
• Granjeno
• Greater caltrop
• Great ragweed
• Green briar. Cat briar
• Green sumach
• Greggia
• Hardy orange
• Hackberry
• Hawthorn. White thorn
• Holly family
• Honey locust
• Honey suckle family
• Hop tree
• Horse-mint
• Houstonia
• Huajilla
• Huisache
• Indian corn
• Japanese buckwheat
• Japanese delchos
• Japanese varnish tree
• Jussiaea
• Lantana
• Large-flowered caltrop
• Large-flowered verbena
• Lily family
• Linden family
• Live oak
• Loose strife family
• Madder family
• Madeira vine
• Mallow family
• Marigold
• Medick. Burr clover
• Melia family
• Mezquit tree. Screw bean
• Mexican buckeye
• Mexican ground plum
• Mexican persimmon
• Mignonette
• Mignonette family
• Milk weed family
• Mint family
• Mistletoe family
• Mockernut. Whiteheart Hickory
• Morning glory
• Mountain grape
• Musk melon
• Mustard family
• Narrow-leafed iron wood
• Narrow-leafed sida
• Nettle family
• Night-shade
• Night-shade family
• Oak family
• Oleaster family
• Olive family
• One-seeded croton
• Osage orange
• Paradise flower
• Peach
• Pear
• Pecan-nut
• Persimmon (common)
• Peppergrass. Pepperwort
• Plum
• Poppy family
• Portulaca
• Possum haw. Bear berry
• Post oak
• Prickly poppy
• Pulse family
• Purslane family
• Quassia family
• Rattan vine
• Red bud
• Red bud. Judas tree
• Red clover
• Red oak
• Retama
• Roemer's sage
• Roman wormwood
• Rose
• Rose family
• Rose of sharon. Shrubby althaea
• Round-flowered catsclaw
• Rue family
• Salt cedar
• Sensitive briar
• Silk weed
• Silver berry
• Sneeze weed. Bitter weed
• Soapberry. Wild china
• Soapberry family
• Sonora croton
• Sorgum
• Spanish apple
• Spatulate-leafed fog-fruit
• Spiderwort family
• Spring sida
• Spurge
• Spurge family
• Sumach family
• Swamp, Spanish, or Pin oak
• Sweet clover
• Sweet olive
• Tall ragweed
• Tamarisc family
• Texas croton
• Thorny amaranth
• Tooth-ache tree. Prickly ash. Sea ash. Pepperwood
• Tree of heaven
• Triple-leafed barberry
• Trumpet creeper. Trumpet flower
• Umbrella china tree
• Vervain family
• Vine family
• Virginian crown-beard
• Virginian spiderwort
• Walnut family
• Water-leaf family
• Watermelon
• Water oak
• White brush
• White clover
• White-flowered honey suckle
• Willow family
• Wild bergamont
• Wild gourd
• Wild plum
• Winged elm or Wahoo
• Yellow Wood sorrel
• Yellow sweet clover
• Youpon