An Abridgement of the Architecture of Vitruvius.

Article 1.

F the great merits of Vitruvius, and the Excellencies of his Works .Page 1.

Art. 2. Of the method of the Works of Vitruvius, with short Arguments of every Book .9.

A division of his whole Works into three parts, whereof 1. treats of Building, 2. Gnomonical, 3. Mechanical. A second division into three parts, 1. of Solidity, 2. of Convenience, and 3. of Beauty. The Arguments of the Ten Books. 11, 12, &c.

The first occasion of Architecture; the Models of the first Architects, 19. The Inventers of the four Orders of Architecture, 20.

Definition of it; an Architect ought to have the knowledge of eleven things, viz. Writing, Designing, Geometry, Arithmetick, History, 24. Philosophy, moral and natural, 25. Physick, Law, Astronomy, and Musick. 26.

There are eight parts in Architecture, viz. 1. Solidity, 27. 2. Convenience, 3. Beauty, 4. Order, 5. Disposition, 28. 6. Proportion, 7. Decorum, 8. Oeconomy, 32.

Vitruvius speaks of five sorts of Materials, 1. Stone, 33. 2. Bricks, 34. 3. Wood, whereof divers sorts are used, as Oak, Fir, Poplar, Alder, 35. Pine, Cypress, Juniper, Cedar, Larch, 36. and Olive; 4. Lime; 5. Sand and Gravel, 37. of which several sorts, Pit, River, and Pozzalane, 38.

Of the Preparation of Stone, 39. Of Wood, 40. Of Bricks, 41. Lime and Sand, 43.

In Foundations, to take care that the Earth be solid, 45. Of the Masonry, 46.

Six sorts of Masonry, 48, 49. Precautions to be used in binding the Walls, to strengthen them with Wood, 50. That they be exact perpendicular, 51. to ease them of their own weight, by Timber or Arches over doors and windows, and by Butresses in the earth, 53.

Of Flooring upon the Ground, 54. between Stories, 55. Open to the Air as Terrass, &c., 57. the Roof, 58. Cornice, 59.

For great Walls, For Fresco, 60. for Partitions, 61. For moist places, 61.

That a place be convenient, it ought to be fertile, accessible, in a wholsom Air, not on low Ground or marshy, 64. How to know a wholsom Climate, 65.

The Streets and Houses of a City to be the most advantagiously expos'd in respect to the Heavens and Wind, 65, 66. The scituation of each Room to be according to the use of it; of Dining-rooms, Libraries, Closets, &c. 67, 68.

The Dispositions of Buildings to be according to the use of the House, either publick or private; of Merchants Houses; of Country Houses; Of the several Apartments, 70. Of Lights, 71.

Of the Walls of Cities; Form of publick places, 72. which were different among the Greeks and Romans; of Stairs and Halls, 72.

Two sorts of beauty in Buildings; 1st, Positive, which consists in the Symmetry, Materials, and Performance, 75. 2d. Arbitrary, which is of two sorts; 1. Prudence, 2. Regularity; which consist in the proper providing against Inconveniences, and observing the Laws of Proportion, 76. The beauty is most seen in the proportion of these principal parts, viz. Pillars, Piedments, and Chambrantes, 78. From these things result two other, Gender and Order, 79.

The five sorts are Pycnostyle, Systile, 80. Diastyle, Areostyle, Eustyle, 81. The Genders to be always agreable to the Orders of Architecture, 82.

The distinction and difference in the several Orders; consists in the Strength and Ornament; Vitruvius speaks but of three Orders, 85.

There are seven things common to all Orders, viz. Steps, 85. Pedastals, 86. the diminution of Pillars, the Channelings of Pillars, which is of three sorts, 89. the Piedemont, 90. Cornices, and Acroteres, 93.

The Tuscane Order consists in the Proportion of Columns, in which there are three parts, the Base, the Shaft, and the Capital, 94. Of Chambrantes; and of the Piedement, 95.

The Dorick Order consists in the proportion; of the Columns, which have been different at diverse times, and in diverse Works, 96, 97. The parts of the Column are the Shaft; the Base which it anciently wanted, but hath since borrowed from the Attic; the proportion of the Base, 97. and the Captial, 98. the Archiatrave, which hath two parts, the Platbands and the Gouttes, 98. the Frise, in which are the Triglyphs and the Metops, 98. the Proportion of them, 99. Of the Cornice, its proportion, 99.

The preportion of Pillars of this Order, 101. The Pillars set upon the Bases two ways, perpendicular, and not so, 101. Proportion of the Base, divided into its parts the Plinthus, the Thorus, the Scotia upper and lower, with the Astragals, 102. Of the Capital, its proportion and parts, 103. Of the Architrave, wherein to be considered, the proportion it must have to the Pedestals, and to the heighth of the Column, 105. to the breadth at the bottom, 106. and to the jetting of the Cymatium, 106. Of the Frise and Cornice, 107.

This Order different from the Ionick in nothing but in the Capitals of Pillars, being otherwise composed of the Dorick and Ionick; the proportion of the Capital, 109. in which are to be consider'd its heighth, its breadth at the bottom, the Leafs, Stalks, the Volutes, and the Roses, 109. Of the Ornaments, 110.

The Compound is not described by Vitruvius, it being a general Design, and borrows the parts of the Capital (which is the only distinction it has) from the Corinthian, Ionick, and Dorick Orders, 111.

In Fortification four things are consider'd; the disposition of the Ramparts; the Figure of the whole place, 114. the building of the Walls; thickness, materials, and terrass; the figure and disposition of the Towers, 115, 116.

Temples divided in the Greek and Tuscan Fashion; of the Greek some were round, and some square; in the square Temples of the Greeks three things are to be considered; 1. the Parts, which are five, the Porch, the Posticum, 117. the Middle, the Portico, and the Gates, which were of three sorts, viz. Dorick, 118. Jonick, 120. and Attick, 120. 2. The Proportion, 121. and 3. The Aspect, in respect to the Heavens, 122. and to its own parts, which were different in Temples with Pillars, and those without Pillars; of Temples with Pillars there are eight sorts, 122, 123, 124. Round Temples were of two sorts, Monoptere, 125. Periptere, 126. Temples of the Tuscane Fashion, 126. The Ancients had fourteen sorts of Temples, 127.

Art. 3. Of publick Places, Basilica’s, Theatres, Gates, Baths, and Academies, 127.

The Fabricks for publick Convenience were of six sorts, I. Market-places of the Greeks of the Romans, 128. their Proportions; II. Basilica’s, their Proportions, Columns, Galleries, and Chalcediques, 128. III. Theatres composed of three parts; the Steps or Degrees which enclosed the Orchestra, 129. the Scene which had three parts, the Pulpit, the Proscenium, 130. and the Palascenium, 131. And the Walking-places, 131. IV. Gates, which were either natural or artificial, built three ways, 132. V. Baths, consisting of many Chambers, their Description, 133, 134. VI. Academies composed of three parts, the Peristyle, 134. the Xystile, 135. and the Stadium, 136.

The Courts of Houses were of five sorts, four whereof were made with jettings out, or Pent-houses of four sorts. the Tuscan, 137. the Corinthian, the Tetrastyle, the Vaulted, 138. the fifth sort uncoverted, 138.

The proportion of the Vestibulum was taken three ways, for the length, breadth, and heighth, 139. Of the Alley in the middle, 140.

Three sorts of Halls, the Corinthian, the Ægyptian, and the Cyzican, 141.

The Distribution of the Apartments different among the Greeks and Romans; what the Difference was, 142.

The manner the Ancients used to take the Level exactly, 143. The Water was brought by Aqueducts, or by Pipes of Lead, or Potters Work, 144.

The Precautions the Ancients used in digging their Wells, to discover bad Water, and in making their Cisterns, 145.

Art. 3. Of Machines for carrying and lifting up great Stones and Burthens, 146.

Machines for drawing Pillars, 147. Architraves, 147. for raising great Weights, three sorts; first, with a Handmill; second, with a Windlas, 147. third, with several Ropes, to be drawn by Mens Hands, 148.

Five sorts; I. The Tympan, 149. II. A Wheel with Boxes. III. A Chain with Buckets. IV. The Vice of Archimedes. V. The Pomp of Cresibius, 151.

Three sorts of Water-Machines; first, for shewing the hour, 153. Second, Organs, 154. Third, for measuring the Way by Water, 154. by Land, 155.

Three kinds; I. To dart Arrows, &c. 155. II. To batter down Walls, 157. III. To cover them in their Approaches to the Walls of the Besieged, 158.

ARTICLE I.

here are so many things in the Works of Vitruvius that do not directly appertain to Architecture, that one would 2 think they were less fitted to Instruct those that have a design to learn the Precepts of this Art, than to perswade the World that the Author was the most knowing Architect that ever was, and a Person of the greatest Merit: He had the Honour to serve Julius Cæsar and Augustus, the two Greatest and most Magnificent Princes of the World, in an Age when all things were come to the highest degree of Perfection.

For one may see in reading his Works, which are full of a wonderful variety of Matters, which he treats of with a singular Erudition, that this great Man had acquired that Profound Knowledge which is necessary for his Profession by more excellent Methods, and more capable of producing something excellent, than the bare exercise and ordinary practice Lib. 6.
Preface. of a Mechanical Art could possibly do; being compleat in all the Liberal Arts and Sciences, and his great Wit being accustomed, even from his Cradle, to understand the most difficult Matters: He had ac3quired a certain Facility which meer Artizans have not, of penetrating the deepest Secrets, and all the difficulties of so vast an Art, as that of Architecture.

Now as it’s true that in the Practice and Exercise of Arts, one does not Lib. 2.
Pref. always easily distinguish the Abilities of those that work in them. The great Capacity of Vitruvius before the publishing of his Book, which he Composed when he was in Years, had not all the Esteem it deserved; which Lib. 6.
Preface. he complains of in his Preface, and in the Age he lived; though it was full of the most refined Wits, yet he had the fortune of others, to find few to defend him from the Surprizes and Attacks of false Reasoning, and from the injustice that prejudice creates, to those who apply themselves more to cultivate the Talents they possess, than to make parade of them.

Lib. 2.
Pref.

Lib. 6.
Pref.

Lib. 3.
Pref.

Lib. 3.
Pref.

Lib. 6.
Pref. Vitruvius was a Man, who, as to the exteriour, made a small Figure, and who had not heaped up great Riches by the practice of his Profession;4 and having, as it were, buried himself in study, and wholly given himself over to the Contemplation of Sciences, understood little of the Arts of the Court, or the Crafty Slights of pushing on his Fortune and making himself considerable; for though he was bestowed upon, and recommended to Augustus, by the Princess Octavia his Sister, we cannot find that he was employed in any Works of great Importance. The Noblest Edifice that we can learn that Augustus caused to be built, was, the Theatre of Marcellus; and this was done by another Architect: And the only Fabrick we can find he was employed in was not at Rome, but at Fano, a very little City; insomuch, that the greatest part of the Architects of that Age, who had gained the general Vogue, being so ignorant, that they did not know even (as himself is forced to declare) the first Principles of their Art: The Quality of a mere Architect was become so Contemptible, that if his Books had not carried all the Marks of an ex5traordinary Knowledge, and rare abilities, and undeceived the World by taking away the prejudice that his small employ created him, the Precepts he has left us would have wanted that Authority that was necessary to support them.

For Architecture being an Art that has scarce any other Rule to walk by, in performing all those Excellencies her Works are capable of, than what we call a Good Fancy, which truly distinguishes that which is Beautiful and Good from that which is not so; it’s absolutely necessary that one be perswaded that the Fancy he follows is better than any other; to the end, that this Perswasion insinuating it self into them that study this Art, it may form in them a Correct and Regular Idea, which without this Perswasion, would be always floating and uncertain; so that to establish this Good Fancy, it’s necessary to have one to whom we give great deference, and who has merited great Credit by the Learning that is found in his Writings; and is believed to have6 had sufficient abilities of chusing well among all Antiquity, that which is most solid and capable of founding the Precepts of Architecture.

The Veneration we have for the first Inventers of Arts, is not only Natural, but it’s founded upon Reason; which makes us judge, that he that had the first Thought, and first invented any Thing, must needs have had a fitter Genius, and a better Capacity for it, than all those that afterwards laboured to bring it to its utmost Perfection. The Greeks, who were the Inventers of Architecture, as well as of other Sciences, having left many Works behind them as well in Building as in Books, which were looked upon in the time of Vitruvius, as the Models of what was perfect and accomplished in this Art, Vitruvius chiefly followed and imitated them; and in the Composition of his Book, gathered from them all that was to be found Excellent and Rare in all their Works; which makes us believe, that he has omitted nothing that was necessary, to form the Ge7neral Idea of Good and Beautiful, since there is not the least probability that any thing could escape so Rare a Wit, Illuminated with so many different Lights.

But because at present the Reputation of Vitruvius is so generally established, that all Ages have placed him in the first Rank of great Wits, and that there is nothing necessary to recommend the Precepts of Architecture, but to prove they were drawn out of his Works: We having here designed to make only an Abridgment of his Works, we thought it would be necessary to cut off many things that this Famous Author has drawn out of an infinity of Writers, whose Works are now lost, and only gives a short Account of the Contents of every Book, in the beginning of this Abridgment; handling only in this Book, those Things that directly belong to Architecture; disposing the Matter in a different Method from that of Vitruvius, who often leaves off the Matter he is treating of, and takes it up again in another place.

8 The Order we have proposed to our selves in this Abstract, is, That after having given an Account in few words of what is contained in the whole Book; we Explain more particularly what we judge may be serviceable to those that study Architecture. This Treatise is divided into Two Parts; The First contains the Maxims and Precepts that may be accommodated to Modern Architecture; the Second contains all that appertains to the Ancient and Antique Architectures; which, though often affected, have little that’s now made use of, may yet nevertheless serve to form the Judgment, and regulate the Fancy, and serve for Examples of things that may be useful.

I make a Distinction between the Ancient Architecture, and the Antique Architecture, and the Modern; for we call that Architecture Ancient of which Vitruvius has writ, and of which we may as yet see many Examples in the Fabricks that remain in Greece. The Architecture which we call Antique, is that which may be9 found in the Famous Edifices, which, since the Time of Vitruvius, were built at Rome, Constantinople, and many other places. The Modern, is that which being more accommodated to the present use, or for other Reasons, has changed some of the Dispositions and Proportions which were observed by the Ancient and Antique Architects.

ART. II.

ll his Works are divided into Three Parts: The First Lib. 1.
Chap. 3. Treats of Building; The Second is Gnomonical, and treats at large of Astronomical and Geometrical Affairs. The Third gives Rules and Examples for making Machines or Engines serviceable, either in War or Building. The First Part is treated of in the Eight first Books: The Second in the Ninth: The Third in the Last.

10 The First Part which relates to Building is twofold, for they are either publick or private. He speaks of private Buildings in the Sixth Book; and as to that which relates to publick Buildings, it’s likewise divided into Three Parts, viz. That which has Relation to Security, which consists in Fortifications, described in the Third Chapter of the First Book; That which appertains to Religion, of which he treats in the Third and Fourth Books, and that which relates to publick Conveniencies, as Town-Houses, Theatres, Baths, Academies, Market-places, Gates; of which he treats in the Fifth Book.

The Third Part which treats of Machines, is treated of in the Tenth and Last Book.

Besides these particular Matters of Architecture, there are Three things that appertain to all sort of Edifices, which are, Solidity, Convenience, and Beauty. He speaks of Solidity in11 the Eleventh Chapter of the Sixth Book; of Convenience, in the Seventh Chapter of the same Book; and of Beauty through the whole Chapter of the Seventh Book; which contains all the Ornaments that Painting and Sculpture are capable of giving to all sorts of Fabricks; and as to Proportion, which ought to be esteemed one of the principal Foundations of Beauty, it’s treated of throughout all his Works.

But to make it better understood, in what Method every Book explains those things, we must tell you, That in the First Book, after having treated of those things that belong to Architecture in General, by the Enumeration of the Parts that compose it, and of those that are required in an Architect, the Author explains in particular what choice ought to be made of the Seat where we ought to Build, as to Health and Convenience; after he speaks of the Foundations and of the Building of Fortifications, and the Form of Towers and Walls of Cities, he dilates himself12 upon the Air and Healthiness of the Situation.

In the Second Book, he speaks of the Original of Architecture, and what were the first Habitations of Mankind; after he treats of the Materials, viz. of Brick, Sand, Lime, Stones, and Timber: After which he treats of the different Methods of laying, binding, and Masonry of Stones. He Philosophizes upon their Principles, and upon the Nature of Lime, upon the choice of Sand, and the time of cutting of Wood.

The Third Book treats of the Proportion of the Temples, and of seven sorts of them which are those called Antes, Prostyle, Amphiprostyle, Periptere, Pseudiptere, Diptere and Hypæthre. After he speaks of the Different spaces that ought to be betwxit every Pillar, to which he gives the Five Names following, (which in the latter Part of this Book shall be more fully explained, as well as divers Terms of Art) viz. Pycnostyle, Systyle, Diastyle, Aræostyle and Eustyle. After that, he13 gives in particular the Proportions of the Ionick Order, and demonstrates that it has a Proportion with Humane Bodies.

The Fourth gives the Proportion of the Corinthian and Dorick Orders for Temples, with the Proportions of all the Parts that compose them.

The Fifth treats of Publick Fabricks, viz. of Market-places, Theatres, Palaces, Baths, Schools for Sciences, and Academies for Exercises, and in Conclusion, of Sea-Ports; and after occasionally discourses at large upon Musick, because, speaking of Theatres, he gives an account how the Ancient Architects, were in some places of the Theatre wont to place Vessels of Brass to serve for several sorts of tunable Echo’s, and augmenting the Voice of the Comedians.

In the Sixth he teaches what were the Proportions and Forms of private Houses among the Greeks and Romans, as well in the City as Country; and describes all the parts of the House, viz. the Courts, Porches,14 Halls, Dining Rooms, Chambers, Cabinets and Libraries.

In the Seventh he treats of the manner of making use of Mortar for Plaster and Floors; how Lime and the Powder of Marble ought to be prepared to make Stuck. He speaks likewise of the Ornaments that are common to all sorts of Buildings, as Painting; and all sorts of Colours, as well Natural as Artificial, that the Ancients made use of.

In the Eighth he speaks of Waters, and Rivers, and Fountains; viz. of their Springs, of their Nature, and Properties; how they are to be sought; and of the Conduits that are to bring them to Cities and Villages.

The Ninth is wholly Gnomonical, and teaches the manner of making Sun-Dials, and gives an account of the Rules of Geometry, how to measure solid Bodies. He discourses at large of the Course of the Stars, and the particular Description of those that are called Fixed Stars.

15 The Last is taken up wholly in the Description of making Machines to lift up great Weights, and others for several uses; viz. for the Elevation of Water for Corn-Mills, Water-Organs and Measuring the Way as well by Sea as by Land; but it chiefly treats of Machines fit for the use of Building and War.

PART I.

Of Architecture that is common to us with the Ancients.

CHAP. 1.

ARTICLE I.

Lib. 2.
Chap. 1.

T’s related by Historians, That Men, who in former times inhabited Woods and Caverns like wild Beasts, first assembled themselves to make Houses and Cities, which18 was occasioned by a Forest that was set on fire, which drew all the Inhabitants together by its novelty and surprizing effects; so that many Men meeting together in the same place, they found out means, by helping one another, to harbour themselves more conveniently, than in Caves and under Trees; so that it is pretended, that Architecture was the Beginning and Original of all other Arts. For Men seeing that they had success in Building, which necessity made them invent, they had the Thoughts and Courage of seeking out other Arts, and applying themselves to them.

Now even as they took Trees, Rocks and other Things that Nature her self furnished Beasts to harbour themselves under, which were made use of as Models for the first Houses, which at first were only made of green Turf and broken Branches of Trees, they made use of them afterwards, in the same manner, to arrive at something more perfect. For passing from the Imitation of the Natural to19 Lib. 4.
Chap. 2. that of Artificial, they invented all the Ornaments of Edifices that were most curiously wrought, in giving them the Form and Shape of those things that are simply necessary to the most natural Buildings: And the Pieces of Timber of which the Roofs and Floors of Houses are made, were the Original of Pillars, Architraves, Frises, Triglyphs, Mutils, Brackets, Corniches, Frontons or Piediments, which are made of Stone or Marble.

The Pillars which are to be smaller at top than at bottom, were made in Imitation of the Boles or Trunks of Trees, and their use was taken from the Carpenters' Posts that are made to support the Building. The Architraves which are laid across many Pillars, represent Summers that join many Posts together. The Frises imitate the Muring that is raised upon the Summers betwixt the ends of the Beams that are laid directly upon the Pillars. The Triglyphs represent the Ceiling or Joyner’s work which was made upon20 the ends of the Beams to conserve them. The Corniches are as it were the extream parts of the Joists. The Modillions represent the ends of the Sheers, and the Dentels represent the ends of the principal Rafter. The Frontons are made in imitation of the Firms or Girders, upon which is laid the Roof of the House.

There is likewise another Original of Architecture, which is taken from the Inventers of the several Orders, and those that added the Ornaments to embellish them. For it’s the common Lib. 4.
Chap. 2. Opinion, that the first Fabrick that was made, according to any of the Orders, was the Temple that King Dorus built in Honour of Juno in the City Argos. And it obtained the name of the Dorick Order, when Ion the Conducter of a Colony, which he established in Asia, made many Temples be built according to the Model of the Temple built by Dorus in Greece.

But the Ionians having changed some of the Proportions and Ornaments of the Dorick Order, were the21 Authors of another Order, which was called the Ionick, according to which, they built a Temple in Honour of Diana. The reason of this change was, that this Temple being dedicated to a Divinity, which they represented under the Shape of a Young Lady, they thought it was proper to make their Pillars more tapering, the better to represent the airy Stature of this Goddess, and for this reason they adorned it more delicately, adding Bases which represent the Buskin'd Ornaments of the Legs and Feet, according to the Mode of that time; and Made the Channellings deeper to represent the Foldings and Plaits of a fine light Garment. They put likewise Volutes or Scrowls upon the Capital, pretending that they imitated the Head-Dress of a Young Lady, whose Hair Beautifully descending from the top of her Head, was folded up under each Ear.

Afterwards Calimachus an Athenian, embellished the Capitals of the Pillars, adding to them more Beautiful22 Volutes or Scrowls, and more in number, enriching them with the Leaves of Brank Ursine and Roses. It’s said, That this Capital, which, according to Vitruvius, makes all the Distinction betwixt the Corinthian and Ionick Order, was invented by this ingenious Artisan upon this occasion. Having seen the Leaves of the above-mentioned Plant grow round about a Basket which was set upon the Tomb of a Young Corinthian Lady, and which, as it happened, was set upon the middle of the Plant. He represented the Basket by the Tambour or Vase of the Capital, to which he made an Abacus to imitate the Tile with which the Basket was covered, and that he represented the Stalks of the Herb by the Volutes or Scrowls, which were ever after placed upon the Corinthian Capital. See Table the IXth.

This great Artist likewise invented other Ornaments, as those we call Eggs, because of the Ovals in the Relief which are in the Mouldings of the Corniches and are like Eggs.23 The Ancients called this Ornament Echinus, which signifies the sharp prickly shell of Chestnuts, because they found these Ovals represented a Chestnut half open, as it is when it’s ripe.

Lib. 3.
Chap. 2.He likewise makes mention of another Famous Author, who found out the proportion of all the Parts of a Fabrick, which was Hermogenes; to whom he attributes the Invention of the Eustyle, Pseudodiptere, and of all that is beautiful and excellent in Architecture.

ART. II.

Rchitecture is a Science which ought to be accompanied with the Knowledge of a great many other Arts and Sciences, by which means Lib. 1.
Chap. 1. it forms a correct Judgment of all the Works of other Arts that appertain to it. This Science is acquired24 by Theory and Practice. The Theory of Architecture is that Knowledge of this Art which is acquired by study, travelling and discourse. The Practick is that knowledge that is acquired by the Actual Building of great Fabricks. These Two Parts are so necessary, that never any came to any great Perfection without them both. The one being lame and imperfect without the other, so they must walk hand in hand.

Besides, the Knowledge of things that particularly belong to Architecture, there are infinite other things that are necessary to be known by an Architect.

For, First, it’s necessary that he be able to couch in writing his intended Building, and to design the Plan, and make an excellent Model of it.

He must be knowing in History, and be able to give a reason for the greatest part of the Ornaments of25 Architecture which are founded upon History. For Example, if instead of Pillars he support the Floors of the House with the figures of Women, which are called Cariatides, he ought to know that the Greeks invented these Figures to let Posterity know the Victories they obtained over the Cariens, whose Wives they made Captives, and put their Images in their Buildings.

It’s necessary likewise, that he be instructed in the Precepts of Moral Philosophy; for he ought to have a great Soul, and be bold without Arrogance, just, faithful, and totally exempt from Avarice.

The Architect also ought to have Lib. 1.
Chap. 11. a great Docility which may hinder him from neglecting the advice that is given him, not only by the meanest Artist, but also by those that understand nothing of Architecture; for not only Architects, but all the World must judge of his Works.

Lib. 1.
Chap. 2. Natural Philosophy is likewise necessary for him for to discover what26 are the Causes of many things which he must put a remedy to.

He ought also to know something of Physick, to know the qualities of the Air, which makes Places Healthful and Habitable, or the quite contrary.

He should not be ignorant of the Laws and the Customs of Places for the Building of Partition Walls, for prospect and for the conveying of Waters and Sewers.

It was necessary among the Ancients, that an Architect should have skill in Musick to make and order Catapults and other Machines of War, which were strung with strings made of Guts, whose sound they were to observe, that they might judge of the strength and stiffness of the Beams which were bended with those Strings. Musick was also necessary in those days for the placing musically Vessels of Brass in the Theatres, as we have said before.

ART. III.

Here are Three Things which ought to meet in every Fabrick, viz. Solidity, Convenience and Beauty, which Architecture gives them; by the due ordering and disposition of all the Parts that compose the Edifice, and which she rules by a just Proportion, having regard to a true Decorum, and well regulated Oeconomy; from whence it follows, that Architecture has Eight Parts, viz. Solidity, Convenience, Beauty, Order, Disposition, Decorum, Oeconomy.

Solidity depends upon the goodness of the Foundation, choice of Materials, and the right use of them; which ought to be with a due order, disposition and convenient Proportion of all Parts together, and of one in respect of another.

28 Convenience likewise consists in the ordering and disposition, which is so good that nothing hinders the use of any part of the Edifice.

Beauty consists in the excellent and agreeable form, and the just proportion of all its parts.

Order is that which makes, that all the parts of an Edifice have a convenient bigness, whether we consider them apart or with Relation to the whole.

Disposition is the orderly Ranging and agreeable Union of all the parts that compose the Work; so that as Order respects the Greatness, Disposition respects Form and Situation, which are Two Things compriz'd under the word Quality, which Vitruvius attributes to Disposition, and opposes to Quantity, which appertains to Order. There are three ways by which the Architect may take a view beforehand of the Fabrick he is to build, viz. First, Ichnography, which is the Geometrical Plan; Orthography, which is the Geometrical Elevation, and Scenography, which is Perspective Elevation.

29 Proportion, which is also call'd Eurythmy, is that which makes the Union of all parts of the Work, and which renders the Prospect agreeable, when the Height answers the Breadth, and the Breadth the Length; every one having its just measure. It is defin'd, the Relation that all the Work has with its Parts, and which every one of them has separately to the Idea of the whole, according to the measure of any Part. For as in Humane Bodies there is a Relation between the Foot, Hand, Finger and other Parts; so amongst Works that are Perfect, from any particular Part, we may make a certain Judgment of the Greatness of the whole Work: For Example, the Diameter of a Pillar, or the Length of a Triglyph, creates in us a right Judgment of the Greatness of the whole Temple.

And here we must remark, that to express the Relation that many things have one to another, as to their Greatness or different Number of Parts, Vitruvius indifferently makes30 use of three words, which are Proportion, Eurythmy and Symmetry. But we have thought it proper only to make use of the word Proportion, because Eurythmy is a Greek word, which signifies nothing else but Proportion; and Symmetry, although a word commonly used, does not signifie in the Vulgar Languages what Vitruvius understands by Proportion; for he understands by Proportion, a Relation according to Reason; and Symmetry, in the vulgar Languages, signifies only, a Relation of Parity and Equality. For the word Simmetria signifies in Latin and Greek Relation only. As for Example, as the Relation that Windows of Eight Foot high, have with other Windows of Six Foot, when the one are Four Foot broad, and the other Three: and Symmetry, in the Vulgar Languages, signifies the Relation, for Example, That Windows have one to another, when they are all of an equal height and equal breadth; and that their Number and Distances are equal to the Right and the Left;31 so that if the distances be unequal of one side, the like inequality is to be found in the other.

Decorum or Decency, is that which makes the Aspect of the Fabrick so correct, that there is nothing that is not approv'd of, and founded upon some Authority. It teaches us to have regard to three things, which are, Design, Custom and Nature.

The Regard to Design makes us chuse for Example, other Dispositions and Propertions for a Palace than for a Church.

The Respect we have to Custom, is the Reason, for Example, That the Porches and Entries of Houses are adorned, when the Inner Parts are Rich and Magnificent.

The Regard we have to the Nature of Places, makes us chuse different Prospects for different Parts of the Fabrick, to make them the wholsomer and the more convenient: For Example, the Bed-Chambers and the Libraries are exposed to the Morning Sun; the Winter Apartments,32 to the West; the Closets or Pictures and other Curiosities, which should always have equal Light, to the North.

Oeconomy teaches the Architect to have regard to the Expences that are to be made, and to the Quality of the Materials, near the Places where he Builds, and to take his Measures rightly for the Order and Disposition; viz. to give the Fabrick a convenient Form and Magnitude.

These Eight Parts, as we have said, have a Relation to the Three first, viz. Solidity, Convenience, Beauty, which suppose, Order, Disposition, Proportion, Decorum and Oeconomy. This is the reason that we divide this first Part only into Three Chapters; the first is of the Solidity; the second of the Convenience; the third of the Beauty of the Fabrick.

CHAP. II.

ARTICLE I.

HE Materials of which Vitruvius speaks are, Stone, Brick, Wood, Lime, and Sand.

All the Stones are not of one sort, for some are soft, some harder, and some extreamly hard.

Those that are not hard are easily cut, and are good for the Inner Parts of the Buildings, where they are cover'd from Rain and Frost which brings them to Powder, and if they be made use of in Buildings near the34 Sea, the Salt Particles of the Air and Heat destroys them.

Those that are indifferently hard, are fit to bear Weight; but there are some sorts of them, that easily crack with the heat of the Fire.

There is likewise another sort of Stone, which is a kind of Free-Stone; some are Red, some Black, and some White, which are as easily cut with a Saw as Wood.

The best Bricks are those which are only dry'd and not baked in the Fire; but there are many Years required to dry them well: and for this Reason, at Utica, a City of Africa, they made a Law, That none should make use of Bricks which had not been made five Years: For these sort of Bricks, so dry'd, had their Pores so close in their Superficies, that they would swim upon Water like a Pumice-Stone; and they had a particular Lightness, which made them very fit for all sorts of Buildings.

The Earth of which these Bricks were usually made was very Fat, and a sort of White Chalky Clay without35 Gravel or Sand, which made them Lighter and more Durable; they mixed Straw with them to make them better bound and firmer.

The Woods which were made use of in all Buildings, are Oak, Poplar, Beech, Elm, Cypress, Firr; but some of them are not so proper for Building as others.

The Firr, because it has great plenty of Air, and Fire, and but little Earth and Water, is light, and does not easily bend; but is very subject to Worms and Fire.

The Oak which is more Earthy lasts for ever under Ground; but above Ground is apt to cleave.

The Beech which has little of Earthiness, Humidity and Fire, but great plenty of Air, is not very solid and easily breaks.

The Poplar and the Linden Trees are only good for light Work, they are easily cut and so finest for Carving.

36 The Elm and the Ash have this property, that they do not easily cleave, and that they are pliable.

The Yoke-Elm is likewise pliable, and yet very strong; this is the Reason that they made Yokes for their Oxen of them in Old Time.

The Pine and the Cypress have this defect, that they easily bend under any Weight, because of their great Humidity; but they have this Advantage, that their Humidity does not engender Worms, because of their Bitterness which kills them.

The Juniper and the Cedar have the same Vertue of hindering Corruption: the Juniper by its Gum, which is call'd Sandarax, and the Cedar by its Oil call'd Cedrium.

The Larch-Tree has likewise the same Vertue, but its particular property is, that it will not burn. There is a remarkable Story of this Wood, which is, That when Julius Cæsar besieg'd a Castle at the Foot of the Alpes, there was a Tower built of this Wood, which prov'd the Principal Defence of the Place. He37 thought to take it easily by making a great Fire at the Foot of the Tower, but for all this great Fire, the Tower did not suffer the least Damage.

The Olive-Tree is likewise very serviceable, if it be put in the Foundations, and Walls of Cities; for after it has been singed a little, and interlaced among the Stones, it lasts for ever, and is out of all danger of Corruption.

Lime is made of White Stones or Flinty Pebbles, the harder the Stones are which 'tis made of, the better it is for Building. That which is made of soft Spongy Stones, is proper for Plastring.

There are five sorts of Sand; viz. Sand that is dug out of the Ground, River Sand, Gravel, Sea-Sand, and Pozzolana, which is a Sand peculiar to some Parts of Italy.

The best Sand is that which being rubb'd between the Hands makes a little Noise, which that Sand does not, which is Earthy, because it is not rough. Another Mark of good Sand is, that when 'tis put upon any38 Thing that is White and shak'd off, it leaves no Mark behind.

The Sand which is dug out of the Earth has all these Qualities, and is esteem'd the best. Vitruvius makes four sorts of it; viz. White, Black, Red, and Bright like a Carbuncle.

If it happen that there be no good Place to dig Sand in, we may make use of Sea-Sand, or River-Sand, which is likewise better for Plastering than the Sand which is digged, which is excellent for Building, because it drys quickly. Gravel likewise is very good, provided the grosser Parts be taken away. Sea-Sand is worst of all, because 'tis long adrying; and for this Reason, where 'tis made use of in Building, they are forc'd to desist sometimes till it dry.

The Sand which is found near Naples call'd Pozzolana is so proper to make good Mortar, if it be mixed with Lime, that not only in the ordinary Fabricks, but even in the very bottom of the Sea it grows into a wonderful hard Body. In Old Times they made use of it for Moles or Ports39 of the Sea, for after having made with Piles and Boards a Partition, they fill'd up the whole Compass of the Partition with this Mortar, which dry'd of it self in the middle of the Water and became a solid Body.

ART. II.

HE first thing we should have a Care of before we begin to build, is, to have the Stones dug out of the Quarry before they be used, and to expose them in some open Place, to the end that those which are endamaged by the Air, during this Time, may be put in the Foundation, and those that prove Durable and Good may be kept for the Walls above Ground.

We must likewise have a great care of the Wood which we make use of; That it be cut in a seasonable Time, which is in Autumn and40 Winter; for then it is not full of that superfluous Humidity which weakened it in dilating its Fibers, but it is firm and well closed by the Cold. This is so true, that the Wood of Trees which grow and become very great in a little Time, by reason of their great Humidity, is tender and apt to break, and very unfit for Building Which Experience shows us particularly in those Firrs call'd Supernates, which grow in Italy, on that side the Apennine, towards the Adriatick-Sea, for they are great and beautiful, but their Wood is not good for Building; whereas those on the other side of the Mountain, which are exposed to Heat and Dryness, call'd Infernates, are very good for Building.

This superfluous Humidity endamages Trees so much, that we are sometimes constrain'd to make a hole at the foot of the Tree and let it run out, which is the occasion of the Practice which is observ'd in cutting of Wood for Building, to Tap that Tree at the Foot, cutting not only the41 Bark, but even some part of the Wood it self, and so leave it for some time before it be Fell'd.

It is likewise easie to judge of what great Importance the draining of this superfluous Humidity is for strengthning Lib. 1.
Chap. 5. the Timber, and hindring Corruption, from this, That those Piles which are interlaced among the Stones in the Walls and Fortifications of Towns endure for ever without Corrupting, when they have been burnt a little on the outside.

Lib. 1.
Chap. 11.

Lib. 2.
Chap. 8. Bricks ought not to be made use of but in very thick Walls; for this reason they did not build with Brick in Rome, for to save Ground; they were not permitted to make the Walls of their Houses above a Foot and a Half thick, which Makes about 16 Inches and a half of our Foot.

They likewise never made the top of their Walls with Brick; for the Brick of the Ancients not being baked, this part of the Wall would have been easily endamaged; for this reason they built it with Tiles, a foot and a half high, comprizing the42 Cornish or Entablature which was made likewise of Tiles to cast off the Water and defend the rest of the Wall. They likewise chose for these Cornishes the best Tiles, viz. those that had been long on the top of the Houses, and given sufficient Proof that they were well baked and made of good Matter.

The Walling with Brick was so much esteem'd among the Ancients, that all their Fabricks, as well publick as private, and their most beautiful Palaces were built with them. But that which principally made this sort of Building be esteem'd, was its great Duration; for when expert Architects were called to make an Estimate of Buildings, they always deducted an 80th. part of what they judged the Building cost for every Year that the Wall had been standing, for they supposed that the Walls could not ordinarily endure more than Fourscore Years; but when they valued Buildings of Brick, they always valued them at what they cost at first, supposing them to be of an Eternal Duration.

43 To make the right use of Lime and Sand, and to make good Mortar of them, it is necessary that the Lime be first well Quench'd, and that it be kept a long time, to the end that if there be any Piece of it that is not well burnt in the Kiln, it may, being extinguished at leasure, soften as well as the rest. This is of Great Importance particularly in Plastering and Works of Stuck, which is a Composition of Marble finely beaten with Lime. For if any little Pieces remain that are not well baked, when they come to be made use of, they crack and break the Work.

The way to know whether the Lime be well Quench'd, is thus: You Lib. 7.
Chap. 3. may thrust a Chip of Wood into it or a Knife, and if the Chip of Wood meet with any Stones, or that the Knife comes out clean without any sticking to it, it signifies the Lime was not will burnt; for when 'tis well Quench'd, it is Fat and will stick to the Knife; but the quite contrary happens to Mortar, for it is neither well prepar'd, nor well mix'd, if it stick to the Trowel.

44 For to make the right use of Lib. 2.
Chap. 4. Sand, you must first consider what it is to be employ'd in; for if it be Mortar for Plastring, you must not make use of Sand that was lately dug out, for it drys the Mortar too fast, which cracks the Plastring; but quite contrary if it be to be employ'd in Masonry, it must not have been a long time expos'd to the Air, for the Sun and the Moon do so alter it, that the Rain dissolves it, and turns it almost all into Earth.

Lib. 2.
Chap. 5. The Proportion that Sand and Lime ought to have to make good Mortar, should be three parts of Sand that is dug, or two parts of River-Sand or Sea-Sand against one of Lime, and 'twill be yet much better, if you add to the Sand of the Sea and the River a third part of Tiles well beaten.

Lib. 7.
Chap. 3. One of the Principal Things that is to be observ'd in making Mortar, is, to mix it well. The Grecian Workmen were so careful of this, that they Tewed it a great while, putting Ten Men to every Vessel wherein they45 wrought it, which gave so great a hardness to the Mortar, that when any big pieces of Plaster fell off the Old Walls, they made Tables of it.

ART. III.

Lib. 6.
Chap. 11.

HE Foundation is the most important part of the Fabrick; for the Faults committed in it cannot be so easily remedied as in other parts.

To lay the Foundation well, you Lib. 1.
Chap. 5. must dig till you come to solid Ground, and even into the solid as much as is necessary to support the Weight of the Walls; it must be larger below than above the Superficies of the Earth.

Lib. 3.
Chap. 3. When you have found firm Earth to make it more solid, you must beat it with a Rammer; but if you cannot arrive at solid Earth, but find it still soft and spungy, you must dig as far46 as you can, and drive in Piles of Alder, Olive, or Oak, a little singed, near together, and fill up the void Places between the Piles with Coal.

Lib. 1.
Chap. 5. In short, you must make all Masonry with the most solid Stone that can be found for this use.

To make the Binding of the Stones the stronger in the Foundation of great Fabricks, you must put Piles of Olive a little singed and placed very thick from one Parement or Course to another, which serves, as it were, for Keys and Braces; for this Wood so prepar'd, is not subject to Worms, and will endure for ever, either in the Earth or in the Water, without the least Damage.

Lib. 6.
Chap. 11. When you would make Cellars, the Foundations must be much larger; for the Wall that is to support the Earth requires a greater thickness to resist the strong Efforts that the Earth makes against it in Winter, at which time it swells and becomes more heavy by reason of the Water it has drunk up.

ART. IV.

Lib. 4.
Chap. 2.

HE right ordering of Stones joined with Mortar, which is call'd Masonry, is sevenfold; there are three of them which are of hewed Stone; viz. that which is in Form of a Net, that which is in Binding, that which is call'd the Greek Masonry. There are likewise three sorts of Masonry of unhewed Stones; viz. that which is of an equal Course; and that which is of an unequal, and that which is fill'd up in the middle; the seventh is compounded of all the rest.

The Net-Masonry is that which is made of Stones perfectly squar'd in their Courses, and are laid so, that the Joints go obliquely, and the Diagonals are the one Perpendicular, and the other Level. This is the most pleasing Masonry to the Sight, but48 it is apt to crack. See the Figure A. Table I.

The Masonry call'd the Bound-Masonry, is that, as Vitruvius explains it, in which the Stones are plac'd one upon another like Tiles; that is to say, where the Joints of the Beds are Level, and the Mounters are Perpendicular; so that the Joint that mounts and separates two Stones falls directly upon the middle of the Stone which is below.

Some Authors call this sort of Masonry Incertain, but they are mistaken; for they read Incerta instead of Inserta; it is not so Beautiful as the Net-work, but it is more solid and durable. See the Figure BB. Table I.

The Masonry which Vitruvius says is particular to the Greeks, is that, where after we have laid two Stones, each of which make a Parement or Course, another is laid at the end, which makes two Parements or Courses, and all the Building through observe this Order. This may be call'd Double-Binding; for the Binding is not only of Stones of the same49 Course one with another, but likewise of one Course with another Course. See Figure CC. Table I.

The manner of Walling by unequal Courses call'd Isodomum by the Ancients, differs in nothing from the Masonry call'd Bound-Masonry, but only in this, that the Stones are not hewed. See Figure D. Table I.

The other manner by unequal Courses call'd Pseudisodomum is also made of unhewed Stone, and laid in Bound-Work, but they are not of the same thickness, and there is no equality observ'd, but only in the several Courses, the Courses themselves being unequal one to another. See Figure A. Table I.

The Masonry which is fill'd up in the middle, call'd by the Ancients Emplecton, is likewise made of unhewed Stone and by Courses, but the Stones are only set in order as to the Parements or Courses, but the middle is fill'd up with Stones thrown in carelesly among the Mortar. See Fig. FF, GG, H. Table I.

50 Among all these sorts of Masonry, that will always be best which is made of Stones of an indifferent size, rather lesser than greater; to the end that the Mortar penetrating them in more parts may bind them faster, and the strength of the Mortar does not so soon decay. For we see that the Mortar which is laid in the Joints or Seams of the greater Stones with time decays and turns to Dust, which never happens to the most Ancient Fabricks which have been built of little Stones. From thence we may conclude, that it is ill Husbandry to be sparing of Mortar.

For this reason Vitruvius proposes another sort of Masonry, which may be call'd the Compound Masonry, for it is all the former together, of Stones hewed and unhewed, and fastned together with Cramp-Irons. The Structure is as follows: The Courses being made of hew'd Stone, the middle place which was left void is fill'd up with Mortar and Pebbles thrown in together; after this they bind the Stones of one Parement or51 Course to those of another with Cramp-Irons fasten'd with melted Lead. This is done to the end, that the abundance of Mortar which is in the middle may furnish and communicate a sufficient Humidity to the Joints of the great Stones which make the Parements. See the Figure K. Table I.

There are many Precautions to be given to make the Masonry more firm and durable, and these Precautions are common to all the different sorts of Masonry.

Lib. 1.
Chap. 5. When you would have the Walls very thick, for great and heavy Buildings, you must strengthen the inner part of the Wall with long Piles of singed Olive, which serves for Keys and Braces, for this Wood being so prepar'd never corrupts.

Lib. 6.
Chap. 11.

Vide Index. It is likewise of great Importance for the strength of Walls, that all be directly Perpendicular, and that the Chains, the Pillars and Pieds-droits or Piers be so situated, that solid always answer'd to the solid; for if there be any part of the Wall or any52 Pillar that carrys false, it is impossible the Work should continue long.

There are also two ways of strengthning the Walls, which are either to ease them of their own weight, or of that of the Earth which they are to support.

The first way of easing is in those Places where there are void spaces, as above Doors or Windows. These easements may be made two different ways; the first is to put over the Lintel which supports the Wall, which is over the void space of the Gates and Windows, two Beams, which lying or resting below directly upon Pieds-droits or Piers meet together above.

The other way is, to make directly over the void spaces Vaulted Arches with Stones cut corner-ways and tending to one Center. For the Walls be so strengthned by the means of these easements, that part of the Wall which is below will not sink at all being easied of the load of the part that is above, and if some de53fect should happen by tract of time, it may be mended without propping that which is above.

The second way of easing, is, for Walls that are made to support the Earth; for, besides the extraordinary thickness which they ought to have, they should have likewise Buttresses on that side next the Earth, so far distant one from another as is the breadth of the Wall; they ought likewise to have an Emparement or large Foundation which must be equal to the height of the Wall, so that they go diminishing by degrees from the bottom to the top, where they come to equal the height of the Wall.

Lib. 1.
Chap. 5. The effect of these Buttresses is not only to support the Earth by their Resistance, but likewise to lessen its Efforts when it swells, in dividing it into many parts.

Lib. 6.
Chap. 11. And it be judg'd that these Buttresses be not sufficient, the Wall also which supports the Earth must be strengthned with other Buttresses within.

ART. V.

Here are four sorts of Flooring, some are upon the Superficies of the Ground, others between two Stories, others make the Roof of the House in Plat-form, and the last is Plat-Fond.

To make those Floors that are upon the Ground, you must first make the Earth smooth and plain, if it be firm and solid, if not, it must be beaten with a Rammer with which they ram down their Piles; and after having cover'd the Earth with the first Lay or Bed, call'd Statumen by the Ancients, which was of Flinty Stones about the bigness of ones Fist, among which was mixed Mortar made of Lime and Sand. Then they laid the second Bed, which they call'd Rudus, which was made of lesser Stones, of which there were three Parts for one55 of Stone if they were new, for if they were taken out of old Buildings, five parts of Stones or Pibbles would be required for two of Lime.

The Greeks had a way of making their Lib. 7.
Cap. 4. Floors in those low places where cold and humidity ordinarily reign, which freed them from these Inconveniences. They digged the Earth two Foot deep, and after having beaten it well, they laid a Bed of Mortar or Cement a little sloping from either side to the Channel, which convey'd the Water under Ground; they laid a Bed of Coal upon the first Mortar, and having beaten them well, they cover'd them with another Cement or Mortar made of Lime, Sand and Ashes, which they made smooth when it was dry with a Polishing-Stone. These Floors presently drank up the Water that fell upon them, that one might walk barefoot without being incommoded by the Cold.

For the Floors which are between two Stories, there must be a particular care taken, that if there be any Partition below it, that it may not56 touch the Flooring for fear lest if the Flooring came to sink a little, it might be broke upon the Partition which remains firm.

To make these Floorings, the Boards must be nailed at each end upon every Joist, to the end they may not warp; these Boards or Planks being cover'd with Straw, to hinder the Lime from wasting the Timber, the first Bed must be laid, made of a mixture of Mortar and little Stones a hand breadth, which must be beaten a long time with Iron-Levers, and so it must make a solid Crust which must be nine Inches thick; upon it shall be laid the Noyau or Ame, which must be at least six inches thick: It must be made of Cement, with which must be mix'd one part Lime for two parts Lib. 7.
Cap. 4. of Cement. Upon the Ame or Noyau is placed the Parement made with the Rule, afterwards it must be scrap'd and all the Eminences and Inequality taken away: After that must be laid a Composition of Lime, Sand and beaten Marble, to fill equally all the Seams or Joints.

57 If a Flooring be to be made in the open Air, as upon Terrasses, that may endure Rain or Frost without any Damage; you must nail upon the Joists two Ranks of Boards across, one above the other; and having laid the first Bed, as is said before, it must be Paved with great Square Bricks two Foot Square, which must be hollow'd in the Ends in the Form of a half-Channel, the breadth of an Inch, which must be fill'd with Lime mixed with Oil. These Square Bricks must be higher in the middle, sloping two Inches for every six Foot; that is to say, a Forty-eighth Part. Upon these Square Bricks must be laid the Ame; upon which, after it has been well beaten, as well as the rest, must be put great Square Stones; and to hinder the Moisture from hurting the Boards, it is good to pour as much of the Lees of Oil as they will soak up.

The under part of the Flooring, and the Plat-Fonds, must be made also with great Care. To make the Plat-Fonds or Flat-roofs, in the58 Form of a Vault, you must nail to the Joists of the Boards, or to the Lib. 5.
Chap. 10. Rafters of the Roof, from two Foot to two Foot pieces of crooked Timber, and Choice must be made of Timber that is not apt to rot; such as, viz. Cypress, Box, Juniper, and Olive; no Oke must be made use of, because it will warp and crack the Work. The Joists being fastened to the Suntmers, you must fix to them Spanish-Broom with Greek-Reeds well beaten. These Reeds are in stead of Laths, which at present are made use of to make the Eaves of Houses; over these Reeds must be laid a Plaster of Mortar, made of Sand, to hinder the Drops of Water which may fall from above from endamaging these Plat-Fonds. After which, the under part must be Plaster'd pretty thick, making all Places equal with Mortar made of Lime and Sand, that it may be afterwards Polished with Mortar made with Lime and Marble.

The Ancients sometimes made double Lib. 5.
Chap. 10. Vaults, when they were afraid that the Humidity which is engender'd, 59 might rot the Wood which is upon by the Vapours which mount up the Vaults. This Method they principally made use of in their Baths.

The Corniches which are made use of under the Plat-Fonds, ought to be little, lest their great Jetting out, or Projecture should make them heavy, and apt to fall. For this Reason they ought to be made of pure Stuck of Marble, without any Plaster, that all the Work drying at the same time, may be less apt to break.

ART. VI.

O make Plaster that it may continue a long time, and not crack; you must take Care to lay it on Walls that are very Dry; for if the Walls be Moist, the Plastering being expos'd to the Air, and drying faster than the Walls, will crack.

60 To do this Methodically, it must be laid, Bed after Bed, or Lay after Lay, having a great Care not to lay one Bed till the other be almost dry. The Ancients put six Lays, three of Mortar made of Lime and Sand, and three of Stuck. The first Lays or Beds were always thicker than the last, and they were very careful to make use of no Mortar made either of Sand or Stuck in their Plastring, that had not been a long time beaten and mix'd together; especially the Stuck, which must be beaten and mix'd till it will not stick to the Trowel.

They took likewise a great deal of Pains to run several times over and beat the Plaster, which gave it a Hardness, a Whiteness, and Polish'd it so well, that it shin'd like a Mirror.

These Plasterings so made, serve to Paint in Fresco upon; for the Colours being laid upon the Mortar before it was dry, pierced it, and Embodied with it; so that the Painting could not be defaced though it were wash'd; which would easily be wash'd off if the Mortar were dry.

61 They likewise laid these Plasterings upon Partitions of Wood filled with fat Earth, nailing Reeds to them, as we do Laths, and daubing it over with Clay, and then putting on another row of Reeds across upon the former, and another Bed of fat Earth or Clay, upon which they laid Beds of Mortar and Stuck, as we have said before.

For the Plastering of low and moist places, they had a great many other Lib. 7.
Chap. 4. Precautions, especially within the House; for as what belonged to the Out-part of the House, they contented themselves to Plaster from the Bottom of the Wall to the height of three Feet, with Cement.

But as to the Inward-parts of the House, when the Ground without was higher than the lowermost Flooring; they run up a little narrow Wall against the great one, leaving betwixt the two Walls only the distance of a Channel or Sewer, which they made lower than the Flooring, to receive the Water which might be gather'd against the Walls, and let it run out;62 and to the End they might hinder the gathering of much Water, by the Vapours which might be enclosed between these two Walls, they made towards the top of the little Wall Vents to let it out, and this little Wall was Plastered on the Out-side with Mortar and Stuck, as we have said before.

When the Place was too narrow to permit those Counter-Walls to be made within, they put hollow Tiles one upon another against the Wall, and placed and plaster'd them over with Mortar and Stuck. These Tiles which were Pitch'd over within, and were Demi-Channels, let the Water fall down into the Sewer, which sweat from the great Wall, and so let all the Vapours, which were engendred by Humidity, go out at the Vents.

CHAP. III.

ARTICLE I.

Lib. 2.
Præs.

NE of the Principal Things the Architect ought to consider, is the Convenience of the place where he would Build the Fabrick. This is the reason that Dinocrates was blamed by Alexander, for having propos'd him an Excellent Design for Building a City in a Barren place, and incapable of Nourishing those who were to Inhabit it.

We must then choose a place that is fertile, and hath abundance of every thing; and which hath likewise Rivers and Ports capable of furnishing64 it with all the Product and Commodities of the adjacent Countries.

The Third thing to be considered is, whether the Air be wholesome; and for this End, we must choose a high situated place, that it may be less Subject to Fogs and Mists; it must be likewise far from all Morasses, because the Corruption that may be caused by the infectious Breath of Venomous Beasts which commonly are ingendred there, makes the place very unwholsom, unless these Morasses be near the Sea, and situated high, that the Water may fall easily from them into the Sea, and that the Sea may likewise sometimes overflow them, and by its Saltness kill all the Venomous Beasts.

It is likewise to be remark'd, That a City situated upon the Sea, must needs have an unwholsom Air, if it be towards the South or the West; for generally the Heat weakens Bodies, and the Cold strengthens them; and so we see by Experience, that those who go out of a Cold Country65 into an Hot, have great difficulty to keep themselves in Health; whereas on the contrary, the Inhabitants of Hot Countries who go into Colder, have generally good Health.

The Ancients were accustomed to judge of the Quality of the Air, Water and Fruits, which might render a place wholsome by the Constitution of the Bodies of those Beasts which were nourished there, and to this End they consulted their Entrails; for if the Liver was Corrupted, they conjectured that the same thing must happen to Men that should Inhabit in that place.

ART. II.

Fter having chosen a wholsome place, the Streets must be laid out according to the most Advantageous Aspect of the Heavens, and the66 Lib. 1.
Chap. 6. best way will be to lay the Streets out so, that the Wind may not come directly into them, especially where the Winds are great and cold.

The Prospect of Private Mens Houses is made more or less Commodious, by the Openings which are differently made, to receive the Air and the Light according to the Quality of the Parts that are in the Fabrick.

For the Cellars, Granaries, and generally all places that we wou'd Lib. 6.
Chap. 9. Lock up, or keep any thing in, should be exposed to the North, and receive very few Rays of the Sun.

The different Use of the Parts which Compose the Buildings, do likewise require different Situations; for the Dining-Rooms in Winter, and the Baths among the Ancients, were always turned to the West, for that Situation made them warmer, because the Sun then shone upon them, about Lib. 6.
Chap. 7. the time they were wont to make use of those Apartments.

The Libraries ought to be turned to the rising Sun, because they are generally made use of in the Morning;67 besides, the Books are not so much damnified in Libraries so situated, as in those which are turned to the South and West, which are subject to Worms and a certain Humidity which engenders Moldiness, and consequently destroys the Books.

The Dining-Rooms for the Spring and Autumn, should be turned towards the East, to the end, that being covered from the great force the Sun hath when it is near Setting, they may be cooler about the time they are to be made use of.

The Summer Apartments must be turned to the North, that they may be fresher and cooler.

This Situation is likewise very proper for Closets, which are adorn'd with Pictures for the Light which is always equal, represents the Colours always alike.

There must likewise great respect be had to the difference of Climates, for the Excess of Heat and Cold, require different Situations and Structures; for the Houses in the Northern parts of the World, ought to68 be Vaulted, and have few Openings, and turn'd to the South; On the contrary in Hot Countries there must be great Openings and turn to the North; to the End that Art and Industry may remedy the Defects of the place.

ART. III.

HE Disposition or Distribution of Fabricks contributes much to their Convenience, when each thing is so plac'd, that it is in a Proper place for the Use for which the Fabrick is Design'd; and for this reason the Town-House and the Market-Place Lib. 6.
Chap. 6. ought to be in the Middle of the City, unless it happen that there be a Port or a River; for the Market ought not to be far distant from those places where the Merchandize is.

The Houses of Private Men, ought to be differently disposed, according to the divers Conditions of those that69 Dwell in them: For in the Houses of Great Men, the Apartments of the Lord, must not be at the Entry, where ought to be nothing but Portico’s, Courts, Peristyles, Halls, and Gardens to receive the great Number of those who have Business with them, and make their Court to them.

The Houses of Merchants ought to have at the Entry their Shops and Magazines, and all other places where Strangers are to come about their Business.

Lib. 6.
Chap. 9. The Country Houses ought to have a different Order and Disposition from those of the City.

For the Kitchen ought to be near the Ox-house, so that from their Cratches they may see the Chimney and the rising Sun; for this makes the Oxen more Beautiful, and makes their Hair lie better.

The Baths ought likewise to be near the Kitchen, that the Water may be more conveniently heated.

The Press ought not to be far from the Kitchen, for that will much facilitate the Service that is necessary70 for the Preparation of Olives. If the Press be made of Wooden Beams, it ought to have at least for 16 Foot Breadth, 40 Foot of Length, if there be but one; or 24, if there be 2.

Not far from the Press, must the Cellar be plac'd, whose Windows must be turned to the North, because the heat spoils the Wine.

On the contrary, the Place where the Oil is kept, ought to be turned to the South; to the End, the gentle heat of the Sun may keep the Oil from freezing.

The Houses for Sheep and Goats ought to be so large, that each of them may at least have 4 Foot for his place.

The Stables must likewise be Built near the House in a warm place, but not turned towards the Chimney; for Horses that often see the Fire, are generally ill Coated.

The Barns and Granaries, as likewise the Mills, ought to be at a pretty distance from the House, because of the Danger of Fire.

71In all sorts of Fabricks, a particular Care must be taken that they be well lighted; but the Light is principally necessary in the Stair-Cases, Passages, and Dining-Rooms.

ART. IV.

HEN we are assur'd of the Convenience of the place where the City is to be Built, by the Knowledge we have of the goodness of the Air, of its Fertility, Rivers and Ports, care must be taken to make Fortifications, which do not only consist in the Solidity of the Walls and Ramparts, but principally in their Form.

The Figure or Form of a place ought neither to be Square, nor Composed of Angles too far advanc'd, but it must have a great number of Corners, to the end the Enemy may be72 seen from all Parts; for the Angles that are so far advanc'd, are ill to be defended, and more favourable to the Besiegers than the Besieged. The Approach to the Walls must be made as difficult as possible.

The most Convenient Form of Publick Places, is to have in their Breadth 2 Thirds of their Length; The Greeks made about their Publick places Double Portico’s, with Pillars near together, which Supported the Galleries above.

But the Romans finding this great number of Pillars to be inconvenient, placed them at a greater distance one from another, that they might have Shops well lighted.

The Stair-Cases of all Publick Buildings, ought to be large and streight, and to have many Entrances, to the End the People may come in and out conveniently; but we shall Lib. 5.
Chap. 3. speak of this more largely in another place.

The Halls where great Assemblies are to meet, ought to have their Ceiling very high, and to give them Lib. 5.
Chap. 2.

Lib. 6.
Chap. 6.73 their true Proportion, we must unite the Length and Breadth, and give the half of the whole for the height of the Ceiling. The Halls where the Ceiling is not so high, must have only their breadth, and half of their length for their height.

In vast and high places, to remedy the Inconvenience of the noisy Echo, about the middle of the height of the Wall, must be made a Cornish round about to break the course of the Voice; which without that, beating Lib. 5.
Chap. 2. against the Walls, would beat a Second time against the Ceiling, and cause a troublesom double Echo.

CHAP. IV.

ARTICLE I.

Uildings may have two sorts of Beauty, the one Positive, and the other Arbitrary. Positive Beauty, is that which necessarily pleaseth of her self; Arbitrary, is that which doth not necessarily please of her self, but her agreeableness depends upon the Circumstances that accompany her.

Positive Beauty, consists in Three principal Things; viz. In the Equality75 of the Relation that the Parts have one to another, which is called Symmetry, in the Richness of the Materials, in the Properness, Neatness, and Exactness of the Performance.

As to what regards the Relation of the Parts of the Fabrick one to another, Vitruvius hath not spoke of it, but only where he prefers the Netway Lib. 2.
Chap. 8.

Lib. 1.
Chap. 2.

Lib. 6.
Chap. 11. of Walling before all other sorts of Masonry, because of the Uniformity that is in that Figure, and the laying of the Stones; As to the Richness of the Materials, he leaves the Disposition to him that is at the Expences of the Building; and he acknowledges that the Beauty of the Performance depends wholly upon the Dexterousness and Industry of the Workmen.

The second sort of Beauty, which only pleases by the Circumstances that accompany it, is of two sorts; The one is called Wisdom, and the other Regularity. Wisdom consists in the reasonable use of Positive Beauties, which result from the use and convenient ranking of the Parts; for the76 Perfection of which, to a rich and precious Material, is given an Equal and Uniform Figure, with all the Property and Correctness possible.

Vitruvius gives us two Examples of this sort of Beauty; The first is, When Bosses or Relievo’s are made to hide the Joynts, putting them directly under the Bosses which hide them by their jetting or projecture, for this gives them great Beauty and an agreeable Aspect.

The second is, When we consider the Winter-Appartments, that we have a care, that upon the Ceiling there be little or no Carving, and that the Ornaments be not made of Stuck, because it hath a shining whiteness, which will not endure the least nastiness; for it is impossible to hinder the smoak of the Fire and Candles which are lighted in the Winter, from tarnishing the beautiful Colour of the Work to which the Filth will stick, and enter into the Crevises of the Carving, which cannot be wiped out.

The Regularity depends upon the77 Observation of the Laws which are Established for the Proportions of all the Parts of Architecture, the Observation of these Laws extreamly pleases those that understand Architecture, who love these Proportions for two Reasons.

The First is, That they are for the most part founded upon Reason; which requires, for example, that the parts that support and are under, be stronger than those above; as we see in Pedestalls, which are broader than the Pillars they support, and they are broader at the bottom than the top.

The other Motive is Prevention, which is one of the most usual Foundations of the Beauty of all things, for even as we love the Fashion of the Cloaths which the Courtiers wear, although this mode have no Positive Beauty, but only for the Positive Merit of the Persons that wear them; so we are accustomed to love the Proportions of the Members of Architecture, rather because of the great Opinion that we have of them that Invented them, than for any Positive78 Beauty which is found in the Works of the Ancients, where these Proportions are observ'd; for often these Proportions are against Reason; as we may see in the Thorus of the Ionick Base, in the Faces of Architraves and Chambranles, or Door-Cases, with their Mouldings, where the Strong is supported by the Weak, and many other things, which Custom only hath made supportable.

These Proportions appertain to Three principal Members, which are Pillars, Piedements, Chambranles; the Pillars taken Generically, and as opposite to Piedements, and Chambranles or Door-Cases, have Three parts, viz. The Pedestal, the Pillar, and the Ornaments. Every one of these Parts is likewise divided into Three other Parts, for the Pedestal is composed of the Basis, its Die and its Cornish; the Pillar Comprehends its Base, Shaft and Capital. The Ornaments consist in the Architrave, Frise, and Corniche.

The Piedement or Fronton, has likewise Three Parts, viz. The Tympan,79 the Corniches, and the Acroteres. The Chambranle or Door-Case is composed of two Pieds-droits, or Piers, and the Lintel which also supports a Frise, which has likewise its Cornich.

The Disposition, Form, and different Proportions of all the Parts make two things, to which all that is Beautiful in Building hath a Relation, which is Gender and Order.

Gender depends of the Proportion, which is between the thickness of the Pillars and the space betwixt them.

Order, doth likewise depend in part upon the Proportion which is between the thickness of the Pillars, and their height; but we must likewise joyn to this Proportion many other things that appertain to the principal Parts of the Pillars, and other Parts which accompany it, such as are the Gates, the Chambranles, or Door-Cases; and other things which are different in different Orders.

ART. II.

HERE are Five sorts of Fabricks; The First is called Pycnostyle, viz. where the Pillars are very close one to another, in such a Proportion that there is but from one Pillar to another, the space of a Diameter and half of the Pillar. See the Fig. AA. Tab. 2.

The Second is called Systile, viz. where the Pillars seem to be joyned together, are notwithstanding a little more distant one from another than in the Pycnostile; for the intercolumniation is two Diameters of the Pillars.

The Defect that is observ'd in the Systile as well as in the Pycnostile is, that the Entrance of the Fabricks which are placed in that distance are very narrow: So that Vitruvius remarks that the Ladies as they walk81 to the Temple hand in hand, were forced when they came thither to quit Lib. 2.
Chap. 3. one another, because they could not go two a Breast between the Pillars. See the Figure BB. Tab. II.

The Third is called Diastyle; viz. where the Pillars are further distant, the space of the Intercolumniation being three Diameters, and the Inconvenience is, that the space is so great, that the Architraves which lie upon the two Pillars are in danger of breaking; because the Ancients made them of one Stone. See Figure CC. Tab. II.

The Fourth is called Areostyle; viz. where the Pillars are set very thin, there is no certain Proportion, but the distance of one Pillar from another, Lib. 3.
Chap. 8. is much greater than that of Diastyle; and for this reason it can have no Architrave but of Wood. See the Figure DD. Tab. II.

The Fifth is called Eustyle; viz. where the Pillars are distant from one another by a more convenient Proportion than in any of the other kind. The distance consists of two Diameters82 of the Pillars, and one Fourth part of the Diameter: It has also this in particular, That the Intercolumniation in the middle is larger than the rest, having three Diameters of the Pillars; for this reason it surpasseth all others in Beauty, Solidity, and Convenience. See Tab. III.

Although the Essentials of these five Kinds, consist in the Proportion that is between the Diameter of the Pillar, and its Intercolumniation, they are also different by the Proportion which is between the Diameter of the Pillar and its height for the Genders or sorts, in which the Pillars are close one to another, ought to have the lesser Pillars; and in that kind, where the Pillars are in a greater distance one from another, they ought to be greater.

Lib. 4.
Cap. 7.But it’s true, notwithstanding that these Proportions are not always observ'd, and that very often, to the Ionick and Corinthian Pillars, which are the smallest of all, Intercolumniations are given, which are proper to those of the Thuscan Order, where the Pillars are the greatest.

83But the Ordinary Practice is, to Lib. 3.
Chap. 2. give to the Pillars of the Areostyle kind, the Magnitude of the 8th part of their height.

As to the Diastyle and Eustyle, the height is divided into Eight parts and an half, to give one to the breadth.

In the Systyle Kind, the Height is divided into Nine parts and an half, and one is given to the thickness.

In the Picnostyle, the thickness of the Pillar is the 10th part of the height, the reason of these different Proportions is founded upon this, that these Pillars do seem to lose of their thickness according as they are in Proportion great or long; and it’s likewise for this Reason, that it is thought convenient to have the Pillars in the Corners thicker by a 50th part. See Tab. II. and Tab. III.

ART. III.

HE Five Orders of Architecture are, the Thuscan, the Dorick, the Ionick, the Corinthian, and the Compound.

These Orders were Invented to satisfie the Design that might be had of making Fabricks more or less Massy, and more or less adorn'd, for the Distinction of these Orders consists in two things, that as the Thuscan and Dorick Order are more massy and less adorn'd, so the Corinthian and Compound are Slenderer and Richer, the Ionick holds the Middle, as well in its Proportions, as its Ornaments, being less massy and more adorn'd than the Thuscan and the Dorick, and more massy and less adorn'd than the Compound and the Corinthian.

85 Lib. 4.
Chap. 1.
Præf. 4.

Lib. 4.
Chap. 7. Though Vitruvius hath only divided Architecture into Three Orders; viz. The Dorick, the Ionick and the Corinthian; he doth not for all that forget to give the Proportions of the Thuscan, and speak of the Compound.

ART. IV.

Before we treat of the Differences of these Five Orders, it would be proper to speak of those Things that are common to several Orders; as are the Steps, Pedestals, the Diminution of Pillars, their Channelling, Piedements, Cornices, and Acroteres.

The Steps which are before the Temple, ought always to be of an Lib. 3.
Chap. 3. the end, that having put the right Foot in mounting the first Step, it may likewise be upon the last.

86Their breadth ought to be proportion'd to their height, and this Proportion ought to be of 3 to 4; so that if the Steps be 6 parts high, which is Lib. 9.
Chap. 2. 3 times 2, they must be 8 broad, which is 4 times 2; following the Proportion of a Triangular Rectangle invented by Pythagoras.

The Landing-places ought not to be narrower than 16 Inches and an Lib. 3.
Chap. 3. half, nor broader than 22 Inches, and all the Steps that are round about a Fabrick should be all of the same breadth.

The Pedestals which support many Pillars of the same Rank, will be much handsomer if one make them jet out before every Pillar like a Joynt-Stool; for otherwise, if the Bases were all of one size, they would resemble a Channel.

If Leaning-places, or Elbow-places are to be betwixt the Pedestals, it’s necessary that they be as high as the Pedestals, and that the Cornices of the Pedestals, and of the Leaning or Elbow-places be equal, and have a true Proportion one to another.

87All the Pillars ought to go diminishing towards the top, to augment their Strength, and render them more Lib. 5.
Chap. 1. Beautiful, imitating the Bodies of Trees, which are greater at the Bottom than at the Top. But this Diminution must be lesser in the great Pillars which have their highest part further from the Sight, and which by Consequence makes them at the top seem lesser, according to the ordinary Effect Lib. 3.
Chap. 2. of Perspective; which always diminisheth Objects according to the measure that they are distant from the Eye.

The Rule of this different Diminution is, that a Pillar that is 15 Foot high, ought to have in the upper part 5 parts of 6 in the which the Diameter of the Base of the Pillar is divided; that which is from 15 to 20 Foot, ought to have 5 and an half of the 6 and an half of the Diameter; that which is from 20 to 30, ought to have 6 of the 7 parts of the Diameter; that which is from 30 to 40, must have 6 and an half of 7 and an half of the Diameter; that which is from 40 to88 50, must have 7 of 8 of the Diameter. These Diminutions do not belong to the Thuscan Order, whose Pillars are much more diminished; as we shall show hereafter.

Besides this Diminution which is made towards the top of the Pillar, there is another below, which makes the Pillar about the middle swell like a Belly; the measure of this Lib. 3.
Chap. 3. swelling is taken from the magnitude which makes up the Distance between the Channels.

There is another sort of Diminution of Pillars, which is Lib. 3.
Chap. 2.made of one Pillar in respect of another; It is of 2 sorts, viz. when a second rank is placed upon the first, for then the second Pillar must be lesser a fourth part than those below, or when Portico’s are made that have Pillars in the Corners, for those in the middle must be less than those in the Corners, a 50th part.

The Channellings are so called, because they are as it Lib. 4.
Chap. 1.were Demi-Channels, which descend from the top of the Pillar to the bottom; they represented the Plaites of the Garments89 of Women, which the Pillars resembled.

There are three sorts of Channellings, the two first are particular and proper to the Dorick Order; the third is common to the Ionick, Corinthian Lib. 4.
Chap. 3. and Compound: The two first are more plain and simple, and fewer in number than the others.

The most Simple is that which is not hollowed at all, and which hath only Pans and flat Fronts or Faces.

The other is a little hollowed; to make this hollowness, a Square must be made, whose Side must be equal to the Pan, in which the Channelling is to be made, and having put one foot of the Compass in the middle Lib. 3.
Chap. 3. of the Square, make a crooked Line from one Angle of the Channelling to the other, both these Channellings are made up to the number of Twenty.

Lib. 4.
Chap. 1.

Lib. 4.
Chap. 4.The other Orders have 24, and sometimes 32, when it is design'd to make the Pillars seem greater than they are; for the Eye judgeth that all things are greater when they have more and different Marks, which 90 lead as it were the Sight to more Objects at once.

These Channellings are deeper than those of the Dorick Order, and the depth ought to be just so much, that a Carpenter’s Rule being put into the Cavity, touch with its Angle the bottom, and with its sides the two Corners of the Channelling. Vitruvius hath not taught us what the Proportions of the Channelling should be, in respect of the Fillet which makes up the space between the Channellings, nor what the breadth of the Fillet should be, which he hath establish'd for the rule of the swelling Belly of the Pillar.

The Piedement is composed of a Tympan and Cornices; to have the true height of the Tympan, we must divide the breadth which is between the two ends of the Cymatium of the Larmier, or Drip which supports the Piedement, into 9 parts, and give one to the Tympan.

The thickness of the Cornice being added to this 9th part, makes up the height of the whole Piedement or Fronton.

91The Tympan ought to be Perpendicular upon the Gorge of the Pillar, the things that are common to all Cornices are, that the Cornice of the Piedement must be equal to that below, excepting the last great Cymatium, which ought not to be upon the Cornice below the Piedement, but it ought to go over the Cornices which are sloping upon the Piedement or Fronton.

This great Cymatium ought to have of height an 8th part more than the Crown, or Drip, or Larmier.

In places where there are no Piedements, in the great Cymatiums of the Cornices, must be cut the Heads of Lions, at such a distance, that there must be one directly upon every Pillar, and that the other answer directly upon the great Dalles, that cover the House. These Heads of Lions are pierced through to convey the Water which falls from the Roof upon the Cornice: The Heads of the Lions which are not directly upon the Pillars, ought not to be pierced, to the end the Water may flow with the92 greater impetuosity through those which are directly upon the Pillars, and that it may not fall between the Pillars upon those who are to go into the Portico’s.

The Greeks in their great Buildings never put any Dentels under the Modillons, because the Rafters could not be under the Forces, or Sheers, and it is a great fault that That, which according to the true Rules of Building ought to be placed above, should be placed under in the Representation.

For this Reason, the Ancients never approved of Modillons in the Piedements, nor of Dentels, but only simple Cornices; for neither the Forces, Sheers, nor the Rafters can be represented in the Piedements, out of which they cannot jet but only directly out of the Eaves of the House upon which they lie sloping.

The Acroteres are three Pedestals, which are upon the Corners and Middle of the Piedement to support Statues; those of the Corner ought to be as high as the Middle of the93 Tympan; but the Acrotere in the middle ought to be higher by an 8th part than the other.

All the Members or Parts which shall be placed upon the Capitals of Pillars, viz. Architraves, Frises, Cornices, Tympans, and Acroteres, should encline forward the 12th part of their height.

There is likewise another General Rule; which is, that all the parts that jet out, should have their Projecture equal to their Height.

ART. V.

T hath been said that all Buildings have three Parts, which may be different according to the divers Order, viz. The Pillars, the Piedements, and the Chambranles, or Door-Cases; and that the Pillars had three Parts, which are the Pedestal, the Shaft, and94 its Ornaments, viz. The Architrave, the Frise and the Cornice.

Neither the Proportion of the Pedestals, nor of the Gates and Chambranles of the Thuscan Order are to be found in Vitruvius.

Lib. 4.
Chap. 7. The Proportion of the Pillar is this, that its thickness below is the 7th part of its height, it’s Diminution is the 4th part of the Diameter of the Pillar, its Base has half of the Diameter of the Pillar for its height, the Plinthus being round, makes one half of the Base; the other half is for the Thorus, and for the Conge or Apophygis, Vid. Conge explained.

The height of the Capital is half the Diameter of the Pillar, the breadth of the Abacus is equal to the whole Diameter of the Pillar at the bottom, the height of the Capital is divided into three Parts; one of them is allowed the Plinthus, which serves instead of an Abacus; the Echine hath another; and a third Part is for the Gorge of the Capital comprehending the Astragal, the Conge, or Apophygis, which are immediately under the Echine.

95Upon the Pillars must be laid the Sabliers, or Wooden Architrave, joyned together by Tenons, in the form of a Swallows Tail.

These Sabliers ought to be distant one from another about an Inch; for if they should touch one another, the Timber would heat and corrupt.

Upon these Sabliers which serve for an Architrave, must be built a little Wall, which will serve instead of a Frise.

The Cornice which is laid upon this little Wall or Frise, has Mutal’s which jet out.

All the Crowning should have the 4th part of the height of the Pillar. The little Walls that are built between the ends of the Beams which rest upon the Pillars, must be garnished and covered with Boards, which must be nailed upon the ends of the Beams.

The Piedement, which may be either of Stone or Wood, and which must support the Faistag or Top, the Forces, and the Pans, has a particular Proportion; for it must be much96 raised to give it a sufficient sloping for the running of the Water. See Tab. V.

ART. VI.

HE Dorick Pillar has had in divers times, and in different Buildings, different Proportions; for at first it had only for its height 6 times its Diameter; this Proportion imitating that of Humane Bodies, in Lib. 4.
Chap. 1. which the length of the Foot is the 6th part of all the Body, afterwards they allowed 7 times its Diameter.

But this Proportion that the Pillars of the Temples had at the Beginning, was afterwards changed in that of the Theaters, where they were higher by half a Diameter; for they made them 15 Modules high, for in the Dorick Lib. 5.
Chap. 9. Order the Semi-Diameter of the Pillar at the bottom is the Module, which in other Orders is a whole Diameter.

97The Dorick Pillar is composed as well as the rest of a Shaft, Base and Capital, though Vitruvius makes no mention of the Base; and it’s easie to conclude, that in the Ancient Buildings this Order had none; for it is said, That when they would make the Ionick Order more Beautiful than the Dorick, they added a Base to it; Lib. 4.
Chap. 1. and there is yet to be seen in Ancient Buildings of this Order, Pillars without a Base; but when a Base is added to it, it must be Attick Base, whose Proportion is as follows.

The whole Base ought to have a Module for its height; that is to say, half the Diameter of the Pillar; this Module being divided into three parts; one is for the Plinthus; the other two parts are divided into four, of which one is allowed for the upper Torus, the three which remain, are divided into two: The half below is for the lower Torus, the other is for the Scotiæ, comprising the two little Squares or Filets. The breadth of the Basis in General is a 4th of the Diameter of the Pillar at the bottom, added98 on every side; but this jetting is excessive, and without any Example, and Vitruvius himself makes it lesser in the Ionick Base.

The height of the Capital as well as the Base is one Module, the breadth is two Modules and an half, the height of the Capital being divided into three parts, one must be allowed for the Plinthus or Abacus, with its Cymatium; Lib. 4.
Chap. 3. the other is for the Echine, with its Anulets; the third appertains to the Gorge of the Capital.

The Architrave which comprehends its Platte-Band with the Gouttes or Pendant Drops, which are under the Triglyphs, is as well as the Capital of one only Module; the Gouttes or Drops with their little Tringle, ought to have the 6th part of a Module, the breadth under the Architrave ought to be equal to that above the Pillar.

Upon the Architrave in the Friese ought to be the Triglyphs and the Metops. The Triglyphs have a Module and a half for their height, and a Module for their breadth; the Metops are as high as broad; One Triglyph must99 be placed directly upon every Pillar, and the Intercolumniation ought to have three; towards the Corners must be placed the Demi-Metops.

The breadth of the Triglyph being divided into six parts, five of them must be left in the middle, and the two halfs which remain on the right and the left, must be for Demi-Graveurs; The part in the middle, and the two last of the five, must be for the three Feet, and the two which are betwixt the three Feet, must be for the Graveurs or Channels, which must be hollowed, following the Corner of the Mason’s Rule. The Capital of the Triglyph ought to have the 6th. part of a Module.

Upon the Capital of the Triglyph is placed the great Cornice, its Jetting or Projecture, is half a Module and the 6th. part of a Module, its height is half a Module, comprising the Dorick Cymatium, which is under it.

On the Plat Fonds of the Cornice, must be hollowed little strait ways, which must answer perpendicularly to the sides of the Triglyphs,100 and the middle of the Metops.

Streight upon the Triglyphs must be cut 9 Goutes or Drops, which must be so distributed, that there may be six length-wise, and three broad-wise; in the Spaces which are betwixt the Metops, because they are greater than those between the Triglyphs: nothing must be cut unless it be Foudres. Moreover towards the border of the Crown must be Carved a Scotia.

Some advance perpendicularly above the Triglyphs, the Ends of the Forces or Principals to frame the Mutils which support the Cornices; so that as the Disposition of Beams hath caused the Invention of Triglyphs, so the jetting of the Forces hath caused the Disposition of the Mutils, which support the Cornices. See Tab. VI.

ART. VII.

He Proportion of the Pillars of the Ionick Order in the beginning had Eight Modules or Diameters for their height, but the Ancients quickly added half a Diameter, when to make this Pillar more Beautiful than the Dorick, not only for its height, but Lib. 4.
Chap. 1. also for its Ornaments, they added a Base to it, which was not used in the Dorick Order.

The Pillars must be set upon their Bases two ways; for sometimes they were perpendicularly set, and sometimes not, viz. The outward rows of Pillars; when there were more Ranks than one; for that part of the Pillar which is towards the Wall of the Fabrick must necessarily be perpendicular, and the outward part must have all the Diminution, and must lean towards the Wall.

102 Lib. 3.
Chap. 3. The Pillars that are within the porch, and are betwixt the Wall and the outward Pillar must stand perpendicularly.

The breadth of the Ionick Base is the Diameter of the Pillar, to which is added a 4th. and an 8th. part; its height is half the Diameter; its height being divided into three parts, one is allowed for the Plinthus, the rest being divided into seven parts, three are allowed to the Torus above, after equally dividing the four which remain, the two above are for the upper Scotia, with its Astragal: The two below are for the lower Scotia, which will appear greater than the upper, because it extends to the edge of the Plinthus, the Astragals must have the 8th. part of the Scotia, whose Jetting or Projecture must be the 8th. part of the whole Base joyned to the 6th. part of the Diameter of the Pillar. See Tab. VII.

As to the Capital, the Abacus must have in its Square the Diameter of the bottom of the Pillar, adding to it an 18th. part; half of the Abacus103 ought to be the height of the Capital, comprizing the Round of the Volute or Scroll, but there must be substracted from the corner of the Abacus a 12th. part and an half of the height of the Capital, and after the whole thickness of the Capital must be divided into nine parts and an half, and one and an half must be left for the thickness of the Abacus, that the Volutes or Scrolls may be made of the eight which remain; then having left under the Abacus four parts and an half of these eight, a Line must be drawn in the place which cuts the two a-cross and the Points of the Section shall be Eyes, which shall have eight parts for their Diameter; in half the space of the Eye shall be placed the Centers through which shall be drawn with a Compass the Spiral-Line of the Volute, beginning the height under the Abacus, and going into the four Quarters of the Division, diminishing till we come directly to the first Quarter, and giving to every Quarter a particular Center.

Then the thickness of the whole Capital104 must be so divided that of nine parts which it contains, the Volute has the breadth of three under the Astragal, on the top of the Pillar, which must be directly upon the Eye of the Volute, that which remains above the Astragal, must be allowed for the Abacus, Channel, and the Echine or Egge, whose jetting beyond the Square of the Abacus must be of the same bigness of the Echine or Egge.

The Girdle or Cincture, or the lateral part of the Capital, ought to advance out of the Tailhoir Abacus, as much as it is from the Center of the Eye to the height of the Echine.

The thickness of the Axis of the Volutes, which is the thickness of the Volute, seen sideway, and which makes up the extreme parts of that which is called commonly Balisters, ought not to exceed the magnitude of the Eye. See Tab. VIII.

These Proportions of the Ionick Capital, are only for Pillars of 15 Foot,105 those that are greater require other, and generally the greater Proportions are required for the Pillars that are greater; and for this reason we have said, that the higher the Pillars are, the less Diminution they must have; so when the Pillars are above 15 Foot, we must add a 9th. part to the Diameter of the Pillar for to give the breadth to the Abacus; to which is never added more than an 18th. part to Pillars of 15 Foot.

The Architraves shall be laid upon the Pillars with Jettings equal to the Pedestals, in case they be not all of one size, but in form of Joint-Stools, to the end Symmetry may be observ'd.

The height ought to be different, according to the proportion of the height of the Pillar; for if the Pillar be from 12 to 15 Foot, we must allow the Architrave the height of half a Diameter of the bottom of the Pillar, if it be from 15 to 20, we must divide the height of the Pillar into 15 parts, to the end we may allow one to the Architrave; so if it be from 20106 to 25, the height must be divided into 12 parts and an half, that the Architrave may have one; and so proportionably.

The Architrave ought to have at the bottom which lies upon the Capital, the same breadth that the top of the Pillar hath under the Capital.

The Jetting of the Cymatium of the Architrave ought to answer the bottom of the Pillar, the height of the Cymatium ought to be the 7th. part of the whole Architrave.

The rest being divided into 12 parts; three must be allowed to the first Face, four to the second, and five to that above, upon which is the Cymatium.

The Frise ought not to be so high as the Architrave by a 4th. part, unless something be carved there, for then that the Carving may be more graceful, the Frise ought to be bigger than the Architrave by a 4th. part.

Upon the Frise must be made a Cymatium of height the 7th. part of the Frise, with a Jetting equal to its height.

107 The Dentil which is upon the Cymatium, shall have the height of the Face of the middle of the Architrave, with a Jetting or Projecture equal to its height; the cutting of the Dentils ought to be so made, that the breadth of every Dentil may be the half of its height, and the Cavity of the cut which is between every Dentil may have two parts of three, which maketh the breadth of the Dentil.

The Cymatium which is upon the Dentil, must have the 3d. part of the height of the Dentil.

The Crown with its little Cymatium must have the same height with the Face of the middle of the Architrave.

The great Cymatium ought to have the height of an 8th. part more than the Crown or Drip.

The Jetting or Projecture of the whole Cornice comprehending the Dentil ought to be equal to the space that there is from the Frise, just to the top of the great Cymatium, and generally speaking all the Jettings or Projectures shall have the better grace108 when they are equal to the height of the Jetting Members. See Table VII.

ART. VIII.

HE Pillars of the Corinthian Order have no other Proportions than the Ionick, except in the Capital, whose height make them appear slenderer and higher. The other parts or Members, as the Architrave, Frise, and Cornice, borrow their Proportions Lib. 4.
Chap. 2. from the Dorick and Ionick Order, having nothing particular, for the Corinthian Modillons are imitated by the Mutils of the Dorick Order, and the Dentils are the same with the Ionick; this being so, we have nothing to do but to give the Proportions of the Capital, which are these; The Capital comprizing the Abacus, hath for its height, the breadth of the bottom of the Pillar.

109To have the true breadth of the Abacus, we must have a care that its Diagonal be double the height of the Capital, the bending that the sides of the Abacus have inward, is a 9th. part of a side, the bottom of the Capital is equal to the Neck of the Pillar. The thickness of the Abacus is a 7th. part of the whole Capital.

Two of these seven parts must be taken for the height of every Leaf, of which there are two Ranks, each of which has four Leaves.

The Stalks or little Branches are likewise composed of other Leaves, and which grow between the Leaves of the Rank above, ought to have two of these seven parts comprising the Volutes.

These Volutes begin within the Stalks, of which, those that are the greatest extend to the Extreme parts of the Angles of the Abacus; the other are below the Roses.

These Roses which are in the middle of every Face of the Abacus, ought to be as great as the Abacus is thick.

110 The Ornaments of the Corinthian Order, viz. The Architrave, the Frise, and the Cornice, do not in the least differ from those of the Ionick Order. See Tab. IX.

ART. IX.

ITRUVIUS hath not spoke of the Compound Order, as of an Lib. 4.
Chap. 1. Order distinct from the Corinthian, the Ionick and the Dorick; He only tells us, that sometimes upon the Corinthian Pillar was placed a Capital composed of several parts, which were taken from the Corinthian, the Ionick and Dorick Orders.

But a Consequence may be drawn from thence, that the Order at present called the Compound, might have been in use in the time of Vitruvius, although they then did not make a distinct Order of it; Since that, our Compound Order is not essentially different111 from the Corinthian, but by its Capital; and so one may say, that this sole difference of the Capital ought to make it a distinct Order from the Corinthian, since according to Vitruvius, the Corinthian Capital alone, made the Corinthian Order.

The parts that our Compound Order borrow from the Corinthian Order, are the Abacus, and the two Ranks of the Leaves of Branch-Ursin, which it has retained, although the Corinthian have quitted them for the Leaves of the Olive.

The other part that it takes from the Ionick, are the Volutes; which it forms in some manner according to the Model of the Volutes of the Corinthian Order, in bending them even as the Abacus; for they are direct upon the Ionick Capital, as well as the Abacus.

The Echine, or Quarter Round, which it has under the Abacus, it borrows rather from the Dorick Order, than from the Ionick; because this Echine is immediately under the Abacus, as it is in the Dorick Order,112 which is not in the Ionick, which between the Echine and the Abacus, places the Channel which makes the Volute; it may notwithstanding be said, that it imitates the Echine of the Ionick Order, in that it is cut with Oves or Eggs, which is rarely found in the Dorick Capital, but are always in the Ionick.

PART II.

CHAP. I.

ARTICLE I.

Lib. 1.
Cap. 3.

Uildings are either Publick, or Private; Those that are Publick, appertain either to Security, or Religion, or Publick Convenience. The Fortifications of Cities114 are for Security, the Temples for Religion, the Market-places, Town-Houses, Theatres, Academies are for the Publick Convenience.

The Disposition and Figures of the Ramparts were so ordered, that the Towers advanced out of the Walls to the end, that when the Enemy approached them, the Besieged which were in the Towers, might fall upon their Flank, both on the Right and the Left.

They took likewise great Care to make the Approaches to the Walls difficult, ordering their Ways so, that they came not directly, but to the Left of the Gate. For by this means, the Besiegers were constrained to present to them that were upon the Walls the Right side, which was not covered with a Buckler.

The Figure of a strong place ought neither to be Square, nor composed of Angles that advance too far. But the Ancients made them with many Sinuosities or Corners, for Angles that are too far advanc'd, are more advantageous for the Besiegers, than the Besieged.

115 The thickness of the Wall was so ordered, that two Armed Men might walk by one another upon the Wall without justling.

They made their Walls strong and durable, with sindged Beams of Olive, which bound them and kept them up.

Although there be nothing that makes the Ramparts so strong as Earth, they had not for all that the Custom of making Terrasses, unless it were in some place where some Eminency was so near the Wall, that the Besiegers might easily enter.

To make the Terrasses strong, and to hinder the Earth from pushing down the two Walls that supported it, they made Buttresses or Counter-forts which went from one Wall to another, to the end, that the Earth being divided into many parts, might not have that weight to push the Walls.

Their Towers were round, for those that are square are easily ruin'd by their War-like Engines, and their Battering easily broke down the Corners.

116 Directly against the Tower, the Wall was cut off within the breadth of the Tower, and the Walls so interrupted were only joyned with Joyces, which were not nailed down; to the end, that if the Enemy made themselves Masters of some part of the Wall, the Besieged might take up this Bridge made of Joists, and hinder their further advance.

ART. II.

HE second Sort of Publick Fabricks, which are those that belong to Religion are the Temples, Lib. 4.
Chap. 4. which among the Ancients were of two Sorts; some were after the Greek, and some after the Tuscan Fashion.

The Temples after the Tuscan Fashion were Square, the Greeks made them sometimes Round, sometimes Square; in the Square Temples of the Greeks, there are three Things to be117 considered, viz. The Parts that compose it, the Proportion of the Temple, and its Aspect.

The Parts of the Square Temples, were for the most part Five; for they had almost every one of them a Porch before the Temple called Pronaos, and another Porch behind the Temple, called Posticum, or Opisthedomos, the middle of the Temple, called Cella, or Sacos; the Portico’s or Isles, and the Gate.

The Porch was a place covered at the Entrance at the greatest part of Temples, being as broad as the whole Temple. There were three sorts of them. Some were surrounded with Pillars on three Sides; Others had only Pillars in the Front, the Sides of the Porch being made up by the continuation of the Side-Walls of the Temple; Others were made up at the Sides, partly by Pillars, and partly by the Continuation of the Side-Walls of the Temple.

The Posticum of the Temple was equal to the Porch, having likewise a Gate, but all Temples had not Posticums,118 though almost every Temple had its Pronaos, or Porch.

The Middle of the Temple, called Cella, was a place inclosed with four Walls, having no Light but at the Gate, unless it were uncovered, as we shall shew hereafter.

The Portico’s which make the Isles, were ranks of Pillars, sometimes single, sometimes double, which stood along the Sides of the Temple on the out-side: some Temples wanted this part.

The Gates of the Temples were different according to the difference of the Order of the Architecture, according to which the Temple was built: there was the Dorick, the Ionick, and the Attick.

The height of the Dorick Gate was taken by dividing into 3 parts and an half, the space which is from below to the bottom of the Plat-fond of the Portico, which Platfond was called Lacunar: they allow'd 2 to the height of the Gate under the Lintel: this height was divided into 12 parts; 5 and an half were taken for the119 breadth of the Gate below, for above it was straiter by a 3d. part. A 4th. part, and even an 8th. part of the Chambranle or Door-Case, according to the height of the Gate, which was to be less straitened above, the higher it was. The breadth of the Chambranle or Door-Case, was the 12th. part of the height of the Opening of the Gate.

The Chambranle or Door-Case grew straiter and straiter towards the top, viz. the 4th. part of its breadth: it was only edged with a Cymatium, with an Astragal.

Upon the Cymatium above the Chambranle or Door-Case, was a Frise called Hyperthyron, which had the same breadth with the Chambranle or Door-Case. Upon this Frise was placed a Dorick Cymatium, with a Lesbian Astragal; both of them jetting out very little.

Upon the Moulures the Flat-Crown was placed, with its little Cymatium, which jetted out the whole breadth above of the Chambranle or Door-Case, with its Mould.

120 The height of the Ionick Gates was taken as those of the Dorick; but to have the right breadth, they divided the height into 2 parts and an half: To allow them one and an half below, it was straitned at the top, as the Dorick Gate was; the breadth of the Chambranle was the 14th. part of the height of the Opening of the Gate; this breadth of the Chambranle, or Door-Case, being divided into 6, one was allowed for the Cymatium, the rest being divided into 12, 3 were allowed to the 1st. Face comprising its Astragal, 4 to the 2d. and 5 to the 3d.

The Frise which is called Hyperthyron, was made with the same Proportions that are in the Dorick Order. The Consoles or Shouldering-Pieces, descended directly to the bottom of the Chambranle or Door-Case, without comprizing the Foliage or Leaf-work that they had at the bottom: The breadth above was the 3d. part of that of the Chambranle or Door-Case, and at the bottom they grew straiter by a 4th. part.

121The Attick were like the Dorick, but their Chambranles or Door-Cases had only a Plat-band under the Cymatium, and this Plat-band or Face, had only the breadth of 2 parts in 7, into which was divided all the rest of the Chambranle or Door-Case with its Mouldings.

The Proportion of the Temples was so ordered, that they were twice as long as broad, but it is not to be understood precisely, but only of Temples Lib. 3.
Chap. 3. that were without Pillars, whose length was divided into 8, and 4 were allowed for the breadth.

The Temples which had Pillars round about, could Lib. 4.
Chap. 4.

Lib. 3.
Chap. 3. not have this double Proportion; for as much as the length had only the double of the intercolumniations, and by consequence a Pillar less than the double of the Pillars before and behind.

The Aspect of the Temples signifies two things in Vitruvius, viz. The Disposition of the parts of the Temple, in respect of one another, and the Disposition in respect of the Heavens.

122 As to what regards the Disposition of the Temple in respect of the Heavens, the Ancients always observed to turn them toward the Sun-rising, if the place were not ill-disposed for it, and that some great Street obliged them to turn it otherwise.

As to what belongs to the Disposition of the parts, viz. of the Porch, Porticum, Isles or Oiles within the Temple and the Gates, it was different in the Temples which were without Pillars, and in those which had Pillars.

The Temples without Pillars, were those that were not 20 Foot broad, the length of these Temples being divided Lib. 4.
Chap. 4. into 8, 4 were allowed for the breadth, 5 for the length of the Temple within, and 3 for the Porch.

The Temples which had Pillars were of 8 sorts; The 1st. and the most Simple, was that which was called Ad Antes, because in this sort of Lib. 3.
Chap. 1. Temples, there were only 2 Pillars in the Face or Front before, betwixt 2 Antes. There was 3 sorts of these Temples.

The First and the most Simple, had123 2 Pillars before the Face of the Temple, at whose Corners there were 2 Antes, and the 2 Pillars supported a Piedement or Fronton.

The Second Sort had likewise but 2 Pillars, but they were between 2 Antes upon the same Line with the Antes; and these Antes with the 2 Pillars, made up the Face of the Porch of the Temple.

The Third Sort was, when betwixt 2 Pillars which were at the Face before, which made up the Porch, there were likewise 2 others within the Porch; these Pillars within, were not so thick as those without, although they were of an equal height; but to the end they might seem as thick as those without, they made more Channellings, for the most part 28 or 32, supposing those without had 24; this was done to get more room within the Porch. These Temples had also this particular to themselves, that the Front of the Porch was closed with Partitions of Marble or Joyner’s-Work, which ran from the Ante of one of the Corners to its neighbouring Pillar,124 and from this Ante to the other Pillar, and from this Pillar to the other Ante.

The second Sort of Temples, with Pillars, was called Prostyle; which differ'd not from the first, but in this, that besides the 2 Pillars of the Temple, Ad Antes, there were two others directly on the Angular Antes.

The Third Sort was called Amphiprostyle; because it had Pillars as well behind as before.

The Fourth Sort was the Periptere, which in the Front, as well as behind, had 6 Pillars, and 12 on every side, counting those of the Corners: the distance which was between the Pillars and the Walls, was equal to that which was between the Pillars.

The Fifth, the Pseud-diptere, viz. False Diptere, it had 8 Pillars in the Front, and as many behind, and 15 on every side, counting those of the Corners: the Pillars were distant from the Wall, the space of 2 Intercolumniations, and the thickness of a Pillar.

The Sixth Sort was the Diptere,125 which had 8 Pillars before and behind, and 2 rows round about.

The Seventh Sort was called Hypethre, because the inner part of the Temple was uncovered, it had 10 Pillars before and behind; and as to the rest, it was like the Diptere, but in this particular to it self, that all about it had two Orders of Pillars, at a little distance from the Wall, to make Portico’s, as in the Peristyles.

The Eighth was called Pseudo-Periptere, or False Periptere; for the Disposition of the Pillars was equal to that of the Pillars of the Periptere: This Temple having 6 Pillars in the Front, and behind, and 11 in the Isles or Wings; but the Disposition of the Walls of the Temple was different in this, that they extended even to the Pillars, which made no Portico, for they were joyned to the Walls, except those of the Porch which were insulated, or stood alone like Islands.

The Round Temples were of 2 sorts; The first were called Monopteres, because they had no Walls, having only an Isle or Wing; viz. Pillars which126 supported a Coupe. Their Proportion was, that dividing the whole Temple into three, one part was allowed for the Steps upon which the Pillars were placed, which had their height equal to the distance that there was from one Pillar, to that which was Diametrically opposite to it.

The Second Sort which was called Periptere, had Pillars upon their Basis round about the Temple, the space that was between the Basis and the Wall was the 5th. part of the whole Temple, and the Diameter of the Temple within, was equal to the height of the Pillar.

The Temples after the Tuscan fashion were square, having 5 parts in length and 4 in breadth; the Porch which was as great as the rest of the Temple, had 4 Pillars in the Front; the Sides were closed half by the Continuation of the Walls of the Temple, half by 2 Angular Pillars; and there were likewise 2 Pillars in the middle of the Porch: The Temple had 2 Chappels within on each Side.

We find that the Ancients had 14127 Sorts of Temples, viz. 1. The Temple without Pillars. 2. The Temple ad antes Simply. 3. The Temple ad Antes, with 2 Pillars upon the same Line with the Antes. 4. The Temple ad antes, with Pillars of an unequal Magnitude. 5. The Prostyle. 6. The Amphiprostyle. 7. The Periptere. 8. The Pseudo-diptere. 9. The Diptere. 10. The Hypethre. 11. The Pseudo-Periptere. 12. The Monoptere. 13. The Round Periptere. 14. The Tuscan. See the Tab. 2, 3, 4.

ART. III.

HE Third Sort of Publick Fabricks are those which are Built for the Convenience and Use of all Lib. 5.
Chap. 1. People; and there are Six Sorts of them, viz. Market-Places, Basilica’s, Theatres, Gates, Baths and Academies.128

The Market-Places among the Greeks were surrounded with Pillars close one against another. Among the Romans, the Pillars which environed the Market-Places, had larger Intercolumniations, for they made Peristyles, under which were Shops.

The Proportion of the Market-Places was so ordered, that having divided the length into three parts, they allowed two for the breadth; the Basilica’s had never less breadth than the third part of their length, nor more than the half.

The Pillars were as high as the Isles or Wings were broad, and these Isles or Wings had a third part of the great Vault in the middle.

There was likewise a Second rank of Pillars upon the Wings, which made high Galleries, and these Second rank of Pillars were placed upon a Pedestal in the form of a Partition, high enough to hinder those that were in the high Galleries from being seen by those that were below.

At the End of every Basilica, there was a high and great Hall called Chalcidiques129, which were joyned one to another by high Galleries: they served the Spectators while Justice was distributed.

The Theaters were composed of three parts, viz. The Steps or Degrees, which were instead of Seats for the Spectators: they were disposed in a Semi-circle, and they closed a void space in the middle and at the bottom of the whole Theater, which was called the Orchestra.

The Orchestra was made in the Græcian Theatre, to Dance the Ballets. Lib. 5.
Chap. 6. The Senators were placed in that of the Romans, because the Ballets were Danced upon the Scene.

Above and quite round the Steps Lib. 5.
Chap. 6.

Lib. 5.
Chap. 6. or Degrees was a Portico of Pillars, the Steps being separated by divers Palliers or Landing and Resting places which went round, and by streight passages which went ascending from one Palliere or Landing place to another; so that the ways which led from the second Palliere to the third, parted betwixt those of the first, and ended betwixt those of the third.130 The Steps or Degrees were 14 or 15 Inches high, and from 28 to 30 broad.

Under the Degrees, above every Palliere, there were in the great Theaters 13 Chambers, in which were Vessels of Brass, set to several Tunes, or Tones; which by their Echo augmented the Voice of the Players. The Scene or Stage, was composed of the Pulpit, the Proscenium and the Parascenium. The Pulpit was the place where the Actors played: it was raised not above five Foot at the most above the Orchestra, or Pit.

The Proscenium was the Front of the Stage, which was adorned with Pillars of several sorts one above another. These Orders were so proportioned, that the second was a fourth part lesser than the first. The third diminishing according to the same Proportion.

The Front had three Gates, that in the middle which was the greatest was called the Royal Gate, the two others were called the Gates of Strangers.

These three Gates were closed131 with Machines, made in a Triangle, and composed of three Fronts or Faces well Painted, to represent Buildings Lib. 5. in Perspective; they served for the changing of the Scenes, when these Machines were turned. And the Paintings represented three sorts of Buildings, which made three sorts of Scenes, viz. The Tragick by Magnificent Pallaces, the Comick by Private Houses, the Satyrical (i. e. the Pastoral) by Fields and Groves.

The Parascenium or Postscenium was the hinder part of the Theater, and the place whither the Actors retired and dressed themselves, and had their Rehearsals, and where the Machines were kept. Near the Theaters, were Publick Walks, in length a Stadium, which is about 90 Perches. There were Trees planted, and round about it were double Porticos, which were every one as broad as the Pillars on the out-side were high; for those within were higher by a fifth part, than those without, and they were likewise of a different Order; for those without were of the Dorick Order,132 and those within of the Ionick or Corinthian.

The Ancients built their Ports in two manners; at those which were Natural, they only made Portico’s round Lib. 5.
Chap. 13. about with Magazines and Towers at the Ends, for to shut the Port with a Chain.

Those which were Artificial, were built three several ways: The first was to make Partitions of Wood only, without emptying the Water which was within the Partitions, and they cast into the Partitions, Stone and Mortar made with Pozzolana, thrown in hand over head; for they were certain that this Mortar wou'd grow dry in the bottom of the Water. The second Way was by making Partitions with ordinary Clay, or fat Earth at the bottom of the Sea, after the Water had been emptied out by Pumps. The third Way was to build a Mole upon the Sea-Coast, and to cast it in when the Mason’s Work was sufficiently dry, which only required two Months time. That they might the better throw these Moles133 into the Sea, they built them half upon the Sea-Coast, and half upon an heap of Sand which they made close to the Sea-Coast; to the end, that this Sand which was stopped by nothing but by the Walls, built only to support it during the time that the Mole was a drying, might let it fall when the Sea came to carry away the Sand after that the Walls were beaten down.

Lib. 5.
Chap. 10. The Bathes of the Ancients consisted of many Chambers; some for Men, and some for Women.

Some of the Chambers had a moderate Heat, to warm their Bodies insensibly, and prepare them for a stronger Heat to make them Sweat.

The Chamber they were to Sweat in, was called Laconicum, and was round, and Vaulted like the ends of an Oven, pierced at the top with a round Opening, which was opened and shut with a Buckler of Brass, which hung at a Chain, by which means they augmented or diminished the Heat according to the Pro134portion that they pull'd up, or let down the Buckler.

One and the same Furnace heated both the Air and the Water, according to the Disposition of the places which were nearer or further from the Furnace, whose heat was communicated to the Chambers from under the Flooring, which was made full of little holes.

The Water was likewise diversly tempered by the different situation of three great Vessels of Brass, whose Water went from one into another, and there were Pipes that conveyed these three sorts of Water into the Bath.

The Academies of the Ancients, which they called Palæstra, was a place where the Youth learned Letters and their Exercises. They were composed of three parts, viz. Of a Peristyle, a Xyste, and a Stadium; the Peristyle was a Court surrounded with Portico’s, which were of two sorts; three of them were Simple, and one Double.

The Simple stood in a row against135 three Bodies of Lodgings, composed of many great Halls, where the Philosophers had their Disputes and Conferences.

The Bodies of the Lodgings, which was the length of the double Portico, and one part of the Bodies of Lodgings which turned in, were distributed into several parts, for the Studies and Exercises of Youth; for there they had their Classes, their Baths, their Stoves, and their Tenis-Court.

The Xyste was a place planted with Trees, and surrounded with Portico’s on every side: These Portico’s were of two sorts.

There was one double which was set against the Bodies of the Lodgings, to which the double Portico of the Peristyle was joyned.

The Simple Portico’s had two Wings, under these Simple Portico’s there were hollow Ways, where they performed their Exercises; the rest of the Portico was raised to the right and the left, for those that had a mind to Walk while the rest performed their Exercises, in the hollow ways.

136The Place which was compassed with these three Portico’s, was planted with Trees, which made Allies, where the Wrestlers exercised in Winter, when it was fair Weather.

The Stadium was on the Side of the Peristyle and the Xyste. It was an Alley of 90 Perches; on each Side it had many Steps or Degrees, which made a sort of a long Theater bending in at both ends; these Steps or Degrees were made for the convenience of seeing them that Run.

CHAP. II.

ARTICLE I.

HE Houses of the Ancients had five sorts of Courts, of which the greatest part were covered round about by the Jettings which supported the Water-Channel Lib. 6.
Chap. 3. or Gutter, in which all the Water that fell from the Roof met together.

These Courts made with Jettings, were of four sorts; The first was called the Tuscan, this Court was surrounded with a Jetting en auvent, which was laid upon four Beams, supported by other standing Beams placed in the Corners.

138The second Sort was called Corinthian; it had likewise Beams, but they were further from the Walls than in the Tuscan Court, and they were laid upon Pillars.

The third Sort was called Tetrastyle, because the Beams were supported with four Pillars which were in the place of the standing Beams that were made use of in the Tuscan Court.

The fourth Sort was called the Vaulted; because the Jetting that it had round about, was supported by Vaults.

The fifth Sort of Court that had no Jetting, and which was called the Uncovered, had the Water-Gutter directly upon the Wall, and was only covered with the Entablature.

ART. II.

HE Houses of the Ancients had Great and Magnificent Entries, they were sometimes 15 Perches long and 9 broad, and they were supported upon two ranks of Pillars, which made a Wing on each Side, the Proportion of their breadth and length was taken three Ways. The first was, when having divided the length into 5, 3 were allowed for the breadth. The second was, when having divided it into 3, 2 were allowed for the breadth. The third was, when having made an Equilateral Square, the Diagonal of this Square was taken for the length, and the Side for the breadth.

The height was equal to the length, taken from the Pavement below, to the bottom of the Plat-Fonds or Flat-Roof, which was hollowed on the140 other side the Beams, the seventh part of the whole height.

The Proportion that the Alley which was in the middle between the Pillars, had with the Wings, was different according to the Magnitude of the Vestibule or Entry, for the greater they were or the lesser, the Wings had a proportionable breadth with the Alley in the middle; So that if the Vestibule or Entry was 100 Foot long, the Wings had only for their breadth the 50th. part of the length; and when it was but 30 Foot long, they had only the 3d. part.

ART. III.

HE Ancients had three Sorts of Halls; Viz. The Corinthian, the Ægyptian, and the Cyzican.

141The Corinthian had Pillars round about against the Wall, and these Pillars supported the Floor made in form of a Vault. Surbaissee.

The Ægyptian Halls had their Pillars distant from the Wall in the manner of the Peristyle, and they supported only an Architrave without a Frise and without a Cornice; upon this Architrave there was another row of Pillars, between which were the Windows. The Floor which reached from the Pillars to the Wall, served for a Terrasse without.

The Cyzican Halls had this in particular, that they were turned to the North, and had a Prospect of the Gardens; they were principally made Lib. 6.
Chap. 6. use of by the Greeks; the Proportion of these Halls was as follows, Their length was double their breadth, and as to their height, this Rule was observed to have the height of all Sorts of Apartments that are not so broad as long, they added their length to their breadth, and took half of the sum for their height. The Apartments which were no longer than broad, had in height their breadth, and half their breadth.

ART. IV.

Lib. 6.
Chap. 10.

Lib. 6.
Chap. 3, 4.

HE Romans and the Greeks ordered and distributed differently their Apartments; for the Romans had their Courts and Entries magnificent: but the Greeks had only a narrow Entrance, through which they passed into a Peristyle; this Entry had of one Side a Porter’s Lodge, on the other Side the Stables.

The Apartments of these two Nations differed in this, the Apartments of the Women were separate from the Apartments of the Men among the Greeks; insomuch that they Dined apart. They had likewise particular Rooms reserved for Strangers apart, where they only gave them Lodging, and never treated them above one Day.

CHAP. III.

ARTICLE I.

N Order to the bringing of Waters to Towns and Cities, the Level must be exactly taken; to the end, it may be known whether the Waters can be brought thither or no. The Ancients to this end made Lib. 8
Chap. 6. use of an Instrument called Corobates, which was directed by a Lead, and by Water, when the Wind hindered them from making use of the Lead.

144They brought their Water three several ways; viz. by Aqueducts, by Pipes of Lead, and Pipes baked in a Potter’s Furnace. They allowed for the Channels or Sewers of the Aqueducts, for every 100 Foot, half a Foot of Declination or Sloping; and if any Hills were in their way, they dug through them, making Vents to give Air at convenient Distances.

The Pipes of Lead were at least 9 Foot long; they made them of bended Sheets or Plates, and of different thicknesses, according to the Proportion of the greatness of the Pipes; these Pipes had likewise their necessary Declination or Sloping, and if any Valley was in the way, they made it equal to the Level with a Wall; they likewise made many Vents, to give the Water Air, and to know where to mend the Pipes.

The Pipes of Potter’s-Work, were two Inches thick; they were joyned together with Mortar mixed with Oil, and when they had Conde or Joynt to make, they made use of a red Free Stone which they pierced145 through, to receive the two Ends of the Pipes.

ART. II.

T being remarkt oftentimes that the Water which is under the Earth hath many bad Qualities, and exhales vapours, which often stifles those which work in the Wells, after that they are dug, & the Water begins to gather together. The Ancients had this Precaution, to let a Lamp gently down into it, and if it extinguished it, they took it for an Infallible sign that the Water was bad.

The Cisterns were made to receive Rain Water in great Conservatories under Ground, whose Walls on all Sides, and at the bottom were built with Mortar of strong Lime, and Sand, and Pebbles, all well beaten together. They made several Conservatories, and the Water passed from one to ano146ther, to the end it might leave all the Dirt in the first and second; They likewise put Salt in their Cistern-Water to make it more subtile.

ART. III.

Tesiphon and his Son Metagenes, Architects of the Temple of Ephesus, invented Machines to carry great Stones, out of which Pillars and Architraves were to be made. That Lib. 10.
Chap. 6. which was made to draw the Pillars, was but a sort of a Frame as long as the Pillars, in the end of which were fastned Pins of Iron, which entred into the ends of the Frame, and served instead of an Axle-tree, the Pillar it self serving for a Wheel: And this had the desired Effect, because of the disposition of the place through which these Stones were to be drawn, which was a flat and level Country.

147The other Machine for drawing of Architraves, was the same Frame which had two Wheels at each end, which supported the Architrave; which served instead of an Axle-tree.

Lib. 10.
Chap. 2. For the raising of great Weights, they had three sorts of Machines. The first was composed of three pieces of Wood, which were joyned together at top by a Pin which went through them all; so that there were two of these pieces which were on one side, a little distance one from the other, and the third was opposite to them; The two which were together on the one side, had a Hand-Mill which drew a Rope, which passed within a Truckle with three Pullies, of which that part which had the two Pullies was fastned to the top of the Machine, and that which had but one, was fastned to the VVeight to be drawn up.

Lib. 10.
Chap. 2. The second Machine was stronger than the first, because the Moulin had more Pullies, and instead of a Moulin or Hand-Mill, it had a great Wheel, whose Axle-tree drew a Rope which passed through these Pullies, and upon148 the Wheel there was another Rope twisted, which was drawn by a Wind-glass; sometimes the great Wheel was hollow, so that Men could walk within it, and so turn it.

The third had but one long and strong piece of Wood, which was kept up and stayed by Shrowds, as the Mast of a Ship is. By the help of these Shrowds, they bended and turned this piece of Wood where they pleased, drawing the Shrowds fast on the one side, and loosening them on the other. The Moufl’s Crane as well those which were fastned to this piece of Wood, as those which were fastned to the Weight which was to be drawn up, had each of them three ranks of Pullies, which had three in every rank, that three Ropes might go through them, which were not drawn by Hand-Mills, nor by VVheels, but by Men who pulled several at one time at the same Rope: And that this might be done with the more ease, the three Ropes or Cables after having passed the last Pullies of that part of the Moufle which was at149 the top of the Machine; they descended down below, each upon one Pully, which vvas but the height of the Men: this Machine quickly povverfully lifted up the greatest VVeights.

ART. IV.

Lib. 10. The first was the Tympan, of which there were two sorts; The first elevated a great deal of Water, but not very high, for it only mounted to the Axle-tree of the Tympan, which was a great Wheel made of Planks which made two bottoms divided into eight from the Center to the Circumference, each Separation, having an opening half a Foot wide near the Circumference to draw the Water, which being elevated upon the Axle-tree, ran through the Cavities which150 were hollowed in each Separation.

The Second Machine, was a Wheel which elevated the Water as high as its Circumference, by the help of several Boxes which were fastned round about, and which poured out the Water into a Reeve as the Wheel, having mounted, began to descend.

Lib. 10.
Chap. 2. The Third Machine was a Chain with Buckets, as the one mounted, the other descended, being drawn by the Axle-tree.

The Fourth Machine was the Vice or Skrew, which is attributed to Archimedes, though Vitruvius makes no mention of the Inventor. This Vice was made of a piece of VVood, long sixteen times its Diameter: about this piece of Wood was put Obliquely a Hoop of Willow Hoop of Willow VVood besmeared with Pitch, and it was Conducted by turning from one end of the piece of the Wood to the other: Upon this Hoop others were put so that they were like the Vaulting of a Stair-Case whose ascent goes turning. This being done, this Vice was fastned and strengthned with Planks, which were151 pitched within, and covered with Iron Rings and Plates without: At the two ends of the piece of Wood, were Pins, which entring into the Suckets, made the Machine capable of Motion. This Vice or Skrew was placed according to the bent or sloping of the Triangle Rectangle of Pythagoras. This Machine elevated easily a great quantity of Water, but it could not carry it high.

The Fifth Machine, was the Pump Lib. 10.
Chap. 2. of Ctesibius; it was composed of two Bodies of Pumps, in which the Suckets having drawn the VVater when they were pulled up, they both pressed it violently into a Pipe which was fastned at the bottom of the Body of the Pump when they went down. For the VVater by the Impulsion of the Sucket, was forced to enter into these Pipes, because it could not go out by the Openings by which it entred, because of the Suckets which stopped them, these two Pipes were joyned together in a Tambour, which had likewise its Suckets, which hindred the VVater from descending in152to the Bodies of the Pumps, after it had been pressed into the Tambour, or Vase, which had another Pipe, through which the VVater was forced as high as they pleased, by Impulsion of the Suckets.

Lib. 10.
Chap. 10. All these Machines were either moved by Strength of Men, or by VVater-Mills, according to the convenience of the place.

ART. V.

Lib. 10.
Chap. 10.

Ater-Mills were moved by the help of a great VVheel which had many VVings, which were forced by the Current. The Axle-tree of this great VVheel, traversed another VVheel which had Cogs, which made the Lanterne or Trundle-head go, which was placed Horizontally, which was traversed by a Beam of Iron, which entred through above, into an Iron in form of a VVedge, which helped to fasten the Beam in the Mill-stone,153 above which was the Mill-Hopper, in form of a Funnel.

ART. VI.

HERE were many other Machines which moved by the help of the VVater, as Hour-Glasses, Organs, Machines for Measuring the VVays, and knowing the swiftness or slowness of Sailing.

The Hour-Glasses marked the Hours by the help of VVater, which passing slowly, a little hole made at the bottom of a Vessel, and falling into another, in elevating it self insensibly in the Vessel which it filled, raised a piece of Cork, which hanging at one of the ends of a Chain wrapped about an Axle-tree, and which had at the other end a little Bag full of Sand, and a little lighter than the Cork: for this Chain turning, the Axle-tree likewise turned a Pin or Hand, which marked the Hours upon a Dial.

Lib. 10.
Chap. 12. 154The Organs played by help of two Suckets, which were pulled up or let down in the Bodies of the Pump. The Suckets pushed the Air with violence into a Funnel reversed in a Copper Coffer half full of VVater, and pressed the Water, and constrained it to ascend round about within the Coffer, which made that its weight in making it re-enter into the Funnel, pushed the Air into the Pipes, and made them Play, producing the same Effects that the Bellows did.

Lib. 10.
Chap. 14. They measured the way that the Ships make by the help of a little Mill, which was fastned to the Ship, and which turned by the resistance that its VVings found in the VVater when the Ship went forward and the Axle-tree of this Mill had a little Rong or Tooth, which every round pushed forwards one of the Teeth of the great VVheel, which turned another, and that another which turned a Pin or Handle, which marked the number of turnings, that the Mill made, by which means it was easie to take an account of the Perches, and Leagues that the Ship sailed.

155They made use of the same Machine on the Land, fixing to the Nave of the VVheel of a Coach, a Tooth which made many VVheels be turned as in the above-mentioned Machine, at the last of which, was fastned a Pin or Handle, which marked the number of Perches and Leagues. This Machine had likewise a sort of a Counting VVheel, which at every Mile that the Coach went, let a Pibble fall into a Vessel of Brass, to give notice that they had gone a Mile.

ART. VII.

Lib. 10.
Chap. 15.

HE Machines of VVar of the Ancients were of three Sorts, for they were made either to Lance, Arrows, such as were the Scorpions or Javelins, such as were the Catapulta’s, or Stones, such as were Ballista’s or fiery Darts, such as were the Pyroboli, or they were made to beat down the156 VValls, such as were the battering Rams, and the Terebra, or to come covered to the VValls, and so safely Mount the Ramparts, such as were the Tortoises or Testudo’s, and the Towers of VVood.

Lib. 10.
Chap. 18. The Scorpions were a sort of great Crossbows, which were made use of to defend the VValls, and which likewise the Assailants made use of in the wooden Towers, to annoy those that defended the VValls.

The Catapulta, lanced Javelins or Javelots, from 12 to 15 Foot in length, they were made of two Trees, set one against another, like the Masts of a Ship, which were bended in drawing them with a Hand-Mill. These Trees being on a suddain unbent, furiously struck together, and forced violently the Javelin. They were bent the one after the other by the same Cord, which was made of Guts, to the end, that the Master who managed the Engine, might be assured, that the two Trees or Beams were equally bent. He knew it by sounding the Cord when both the Beams157 were bent, and when the End above was drawn even to the Capital of the Machine, where they were stayed by a Pin of Iron, which was driven out by a quick stroke of a Hammer when they unbent it. There was a Cylinder which traversed an excentrical piece, by the help of which they heightned, or let down the End of one of the Beams below, according as the Master of the Machine judged it necessary, for the augmenting or diminishing their bent, which was known by the sound of the Cord, which was alike in both, when they were equally bent. See Table XI.

The Ballista’s were bended and strung as the Catapulta’s, but instead of Javelins, they cast great Stones.

Lib. 10.
Chap. 22. The Pyroboli were Machines, which lanced or cast Darts, to vvhich vvas fixed combustible Matter, vvhich was kindled vvhen they darted it against Machines of VVar or Shipping.

The Ram vvas to beat dovvn Walls and make breaches. It vvas a great Beam headed with Iron; it vvas hung by the middle, and pushed by the Soldiery158 vvith great violence against the Walls.

The Terebra vvas something like the Ram, being a strong Beam pointed vvith Iron, but it vvas sharp pointed, and it made vvay for the Ram, splitting the Stones.

Lib. 10.
Chap. 20. The Testudo or Tortoise, vvere great large and low Towers of Wood, which were rowled upon six or eight Wheels, they were covered with raw Hides to defend them from fire. Their use was to cover them that approached the Walls to undermine them, or beat them with the battering Ram.

The Towers of Wood were made to raise the Assailants as high as the Walls, to chace the Besieged away with Arrows and Scorpions, and to lay Bridges from the Towers to the Wall; they were sometimes Thirty Fathoms high, having Twenty Stages. They were covered, as the Tortoises with raw Hides; they had each of them a Hundred Men, which were employed as well to move them, as to annoy the Besieged.

FINIS.

ADVERTISEMENT.

The Figures inserted here are those only which are chiefly necessary to the understanding of Vitruvius, that is to say, those which serve for the comprehending the Rules that Architecture gives for Buildings, now in use. The Figures of other things, of which Vitruvius treats, are omitted, it being enough to give One only, to serve as an Example of each kind, viz. one for all Temples, one for all Theatres, and one for all Machines.

THE
EXPLICATION
Of the First Table.

This Table contains the seven several sorts of Masonry; A is the first, which was called Reticulatum, because it was like the Mashes of Nets; BB is the second, it’s called Insertum, that is to say, bound Masonry, because the Stones are one bound within another, every one being bound with four, two below, and two above: CC is the third sort, which was particular to the Greeks; it may be called double binding, for it’s not only of Stones of the same course, but of two courses III. D is the fourth, called Isodomum, because the Beds or Lays are equal in height. E is the fifth, called Pseudisodomum, because they are of an equal heighth. FF, GG, H is the sixth, called Emplecton, because it was filled up any way in the middle. FF are the Stones which make the Courses. K is the seventh, which may be called Compound, because its Courses are of hewn Stone, and the middle filled up with Rubbish; and these Courses are fasten'd together with Cramp-irons.

THE
EXPLICATION
Of the second Table.

This Table contains the five sorts of Edifices: AA is the Pycnostyle; that is to say, where the Pillars are very close, the Intercolumniation being but of one Diameter, and a half of the Column: BB is the Systyle, viz. where the Pillars have two Diameters of Intercolumniation: CC is the Diastyle, viz. where the Pillars are at that distance, that they have for the Intercolumniation three Diameters: DD is the Areostyle, where the Pillars are far asunder. There is no certain Proportion; we have given in this Figure four Diameters of Intercolumniation, it may have more: The fifth sort called Eustyle, is in the third Table.

THE
EXPLICATION
Of the Third Table.

This Table contains the Plan and Elevation of the fifth sort of Edifices, called Eustyle, viz. where the Pillars are distant one from another by more convenient Proportion: Its Intercolumniations have all two Diameters and a quarter, except the Intercolumniations in the middle of the Face before and behind, which have three Diameters.

This plan shews the different parts of the ancient Temples: AA, AA, are the Isles or Wings which are Portico’s, having a rang of Pillars on the one side, and the Wall of the Temple on the other. B is the part called the Pronaos or Porch. C is the part called Posticum, viz. the hinder part of the Temple. D is that Part called Cella, or the Nave or Body of the Temple.

THE
EXPLICATION
Of the Fourth Table.

This Table contains the Plan and perspective Elevation of a Temple, called Hexastyle and Pseudodyptere, viz. Which has six Columns in the Faces, before and behind, and which has simple Portico’s, but which are as large as the two Portico’s of the Temples which have them double. This Plan and this Elevation may serve for other Temples, which as to what concerns the essential parts explained in the precedent Table, are like to this here, as are the Periptere, the Diptere, and the Hypethre, which only differ in the number of Columns, or such-like circumstances.

THE
EXPLICATION
Of the Fifth Table.

This contains the Proportions of the Tuscan Order. AA is the Base of the Column, which has for its height the first Semidiameter of the Column: It’s divided into two equal parts; that below is for the Plinth, marked I; that above, marked K, is for the Thorus, and for the Congè or Apophygis. BB is the Capital, which height is equal to its Base: It’s divided into three; the first marked L, is for the Gorge, with the Congè and the Astragal; the second, marked M, is for the Echinus or quarter-round; the third, marked N, is for the Plinthus or Abacus, called by the French Tallor. C is one of the Faces of the Sabliers which serve instead of an Architrave. EE is the under part of the Sabliers, which answers to the Diameter on the top of the Column, marked D. F is a Tenon shaped like a Swallows Tayl, which joyns the two Sabliers together. G is the little Wall which serves for a Frize. H is the Cornice.

THE
EXPLICATION
Of the Sixth Table.

This contains the Proportion of the Dorick Order; AB is the top of the Shaft of the Column; this top shews the Plan of the two sorts of Channelling or Fluting, which are particular to the Dorick Order. The one half has Channelling or Fluting that is not hollowed, and make only Flat Faces or Pans. B is the other half, which has Channelings a little hollowed, viz. one quarter of the Circle: They are formed by the help of a Square C, whose sides are equal to every one of the Pans. D E F is the Capital divided into three equal parts. D is for the Gorge; E is for the Echinus, and for the Anulets or Rings; F is for the Abacus; G is the Architrave; H is the Triglyph; I is the Metop; K is the Demi-metop; L is the Cornice; M are the six pendant Drops which are under the Triglyph; N, O are the Pendant Drops which are in the Platfond of the Cornice.

THE
EXPLICATION
Of the Seventh Table.

This contains the Proportions of the Jonick Order and the Attick Base: A is the Plinth of the Attick Base, which is the third part of the whole Base, of which the upper part is the fourth part of what remains after the Plinth is taken; the inferiour part is half of what remains, and the other half is the Scotia. C D is the Plinth of the Jonick Base, which is the third part of the height of the whole Base. E is the Thorus which contains three parts of seven, into which is divided what remains, the other four being for the two Scotia’s, and the two Astragals, which are betwixt the Thorns and the Plinth. F is the Capital, whose Proportion is explained in the eighth Table. G, H, I, K is the Architrave, which has four parts, viz. the Face marked G; the second marked H; the third marked I, and the Cymatium or Simaise, marked K; L is the Frise. M, N, O, P, Q is the Cornice. M is the first Cymatium; N is the Dentil; O is the second Cymatium; P is the Crown with its little Cymatium or Simaise.

THE
EXPLICATION
Of the Eighth Table.

This contains the Proportions of the Ionick Capital, of which only half is seen here: A B is the half of the breadth of the Abacus, which is regulated according to the breadth of the bottom of the Column, of which one half is marked B 18; for the bottom of the Column being divided into 18, 19 are allowed to the Abacus: A C is the Retreat which must be made of the Corner A, of the Abacus inwardly, to draw the Line C D, which must regulate the Eye of the Volute over which it must cross as it passes. To make this Retreat we must take one part and a half of twelve, into which is divided the height or thickness, E F, of the whole Capital, which height is equal to half the breadth of the Abacus. This height, marked C D, is divided into nine parts and a half, of which one and a half is given to the Abacus, and four and a half from the Abacus to the middle of the Eye, which is traversed by the line G H; the Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, mark the four Centers of the first four quarters of the Volute; the four second quarters, and the four third (for the Volutte has twelve) are taken in the Diagonal 1, 3, and 2, 4. H, I, is the Astragal at the top of the Pillar which answers the Eye of the Volute. K K is the Egg or Echinus; L is the Axis of the Volutes; M M is the ceinture of the lateral part of the Volutes. This relates to pag. 103.

THE
EXPLICATION
Of the Ninth Table.

This contains the Proportions of the Corinthian Capital, which makes all the distinction betwixt Jonick and the Corinthian Order, all other Members, according to Vitruvius, being the same. A is the Corinthian Capital, which has for its height only the Diameter of the bottom of the Column; B is the Capital of the Pantheon, which is higher by a seventh part, viz. the thickness of the Abacus; C D is the height of the Capital divided into seven, of which the Abacus has one, the Voluta’s and Foliages and Stalks two, the Foliage in the Range above two, and that in the Range below two. To have the breadth of the Abacus, we must give to its Diagonal E F the double of its height C D. To have the greatness and just Proportion of its bending H, we must divide the breadth of the Abacus E G into nine parts, and give it one.

At the bottom of this Table is represented the Herb Branbursine, which grows round about the Basket, which is covered with a Tile, from which Vitruvius says the Sculptor Callimachus took the first Model of the Corinthian Capital.

THE
EXPLICATION
Of the Tenth Table.

This contains the Plan and Elevation of the Theatre of the Romans. AA is the Portico which went round the Theatre below. BB are the Entries through which they parted from the Portico’s into the Orchestra C. KDEDK the Pulpitum or Stage; MM the landing-place which separated the Degrees above from those below: LM the Stairs which are between the degrees. NN the Portico above in the Theatre. PP the Passage under the degrees. TT the Stairs by which they mount to the Portico’s above. KIHIK the Scene. H the royal Gate. II the Gates of Strangers. KK the Gates in returning. OOO the Machines used in changing the Scenes. GG the part of the Theatre behind.

THE
EXPLICATION
Of the Eleventh Table.

This contains the Explication of the Catapulta, which was a Machine of War used by the Ancients to dart Javelins of an extraordinary bigness. A are the two Beams one against the other, and joyn'd, which after having been drawn, pushed the Javelin with great force when they were unbent. There is one of these Beams, which is represented as being joyned to the Capital of the Machine by an Iron Pin, the other ready to be joyned when the Master of the Machine sounds the Cord with his right Hand, shall have it heightned or let down, the end marked C, as much as is necessary, to give it an equal Bent to the other. This is done by the help of an excentrical piece, which is traversed by a Cylinder, which the Master turns with a Laver, which he holds in his left Hand. D, E E is the Capital of the Catapulta. EE are the holes through which the Rope passeth to draw the Beams. F is the end of one of the Beams represented in great. G is one of the Pins which travers'd a round Eye, by the help of which the Beam is joyned to the Capital. H is the Cylinder which traverses the excentrical piece I. This Plate relates to pag. 155.

Explication of the Hardest Terms in Architecture.

Bacus, from ἄβαξ; which signifies a square Trencher: In French it’s called Talloir; it’s that quadrangular Piece commonly accompanied with a Cymatium, and serves instead of a Drip or Corona to the Capital. It supports the nether Face of the Architrave and whole Trabeation. In the Corinthian and the Compound Orders, its Corners are called the Horns, the intermediate Sweep and Curvature; the Arch, which has commonly a Rose carved in the middle.

Acroteria or Acroter’s from ἀκρόν, Summa pars; they may be properly called Pinnacles, for Pins and Battlements were made sometimes more towring; but when they stood in Ranges with Rails and Balisters: Upon flat Building they still retained their Name, with this only difference, that such as were placed between the Angular Points, were stiled the Median, or middle Acroteria.

Annulets, are little square Parts turned round in the Corinthian Capital, under the Quarter-Round, called Echinus.

Ante, is a square Pillaster, which the Ancients placed at the corners of the Walls of the Temples.

Amphiprostyle from αμφὶ, Circa, and στύλος; Columna was a sort of a Temple which had four Columns in the Front of the Temple, and four in the Face behind.

Architrave, from a Mungril Compound of two Languages, αρχη Principalis, and Trabs; it’s the first Member of that which we call Entablature; in Chimnies the Architrave is the mantle; over the Jambs of the Doors and Lintels of Windows, it’s called the Hyperthron, from the Greek ὑπὲρ, super and θὑρα, Janua or Ostium.

Astragal, from the Greek word αστράγαλος which signifies the Vertebræ, or little Joints in the Neck or Heel; hence the French call it Talon, or the Heel itself: It’s a Member of Architecture joyned to Bases, Cornices, Architraves, &c. it’s round like a Ring, and therefore it’s called by the Italians Tondino.

Attiq; signifies after the manner of the City of Athens. In Vitruvius it’s the Name of the Basis which the Moderns have given to the Dorick Pillar. We call Attiq; in our Buildings, a little Order placed upon another much greater; for instead of Pillars, this little Order has commonly nothing but Pillasters of a particular Fashion and Order, which we call Attiq;

Asilica, from the Greek word Βασιλεῖς Rex or King among the Ancients. It was a great Hall which had two Ranges of Pillars, and had two Isles or Wings, upon which were Galleries: These Halls, which at first were made for the Palaces of Kings, were afterwards turned into Courts of Justice, and after that into Churches; which Form has always been observed.

Ballustre is the lateral part of the Jonick Capital. Our Workmen have given it that name, because it somewhat resembles a Balluster.

Hanel, in the Ionick Capital, is that part which is under the Abacus, and lies upon Echinus or Egg, and which has its Contours or Turnings on every side to make the Voluta’s.

Cincture is that part which makes the middle of the Ballustre of the Ionick Voluta.

Congé in French, in Latin Apophyges, from the Greek word αποφυγή because that part of the Pillar taking as it were a rise, seems to emerge and fly from the Basis like the Proceltus of a Bone in a mans Leg, In short, it’s no more than the Rings or Ferils heretofore used at the Extremities of wooden Pillars, to preserve them from splitting, afterwards imitated in Stone-work.

Corona is properly that part of the Cornice which the French call Larmer or Drip, because it defends the rest of the Work from Wind and Weather: It is often taken by Vitruvius for all the Cornice.

Corona, called the Plat or flat Crown, is a particular Member in the Dorick Gate; it’s made by so extraordinary enlargement of the Face of the Corona or Drip, that it has six times more Breadth than Projecture. This sort of Corona is no where found among the Ancients, but only in the Writings of Vitruvius.

Cymatium, from κυμάτον, which signifies a rouling Wave; is a Member of Architecture, of which the one half is Convex and the other Concave, the one being hollow above, and the other below. There are two sorts of them, the one called the Gola or Throats, or the Doucine, whose advanced part is Concave; and the other is called by the French the Talon or Heel, whose advanced part is hollow below, as the first is above.

IE is the middle of the Pedestals, viz. that which is between their Basis and their Cornice. It’s so called, because it’s for the most part of a Cubit form, as Die’s are that are used in play.

Dentils, or Teeth, is a Member of the Jonick Cornice, which is square, and cut out at convenient distances, which gives it the form of a Set or Gang of Teeth.

Diastyle, from διὰ and στύλος: Columna is a sort of Edifice where the Pillars are distanced one from another the breadth of 3 Diameters of the Pillar.

Diptere, from δὶς and πτέρον: Ala signifies that which has a double Isle or Wing; the Ancients called so the Temples, which were surrounded with two Ranges of Pillars, for there two Ranges made two Portico’s, which they called Wings, we Isles, from the French word Ailes, which signifies Wings, because as Wings are on the sides of Birds, so these of Edifices.

Chinus, from ἀπὸ τοὺ ἐχίνου, a Hedg-hog; it is a Member of Architecture, which we call a Quarter-round; it has its name from the roughness of its Carving, resembling the prickly Rhind of the Chesnut, and not unlike the Hedg-hog; it’s commonly next to the Abacus, and carved with Ovals and Darts, sometimes called Eggs and Anchors, because these pretended Chesnuts are cut in an Oval form.

Entablature signifies properly the Flooring or Lofting with Boards; it comes from the Latin word Tabulatum. In Architecture it’s that part which is composed of the Architrave, Frise, and Cornice, for in effect this part is the extream part of the Flooring, which is supported by Pillars, or by a Wall if it have no Pillars.

Eye is the middle of the Jonick Volute, which is cut in the form of a little Rose.

Eurythmie, from εὖ bene, and αριθμὸς numera: it signifies Proportion; it’s taken in its general signification in Architecture; for in its particular signification it signifies the true measure that is observed in Dancing after Musick.

Eustyle, from εὖ bene, and στὺλος a Pillar; its the Order where Pillars are rightly placed, the Intercolumniations being two Diameters and a quarter.

Ace is a Member of Architecture, which has a great Breadth and a small Projecture; it’s in Architraves.

Fresco, and to paint in Fresco or Freth, is an Italian Phrase, and it signifies the Painting which is made upon the Plaistering before it be dry.

Nomonick is the Art of making Sun-dials; it’s derived from the Greek γνὼμων, which signifies that which shews a thing, as the Cock or Pin of the Dyal shews what a clock it is.

Gorge, or the Gule or Neck, is the narrowest part of the Dorick Capital, which is between the Astragal, above the Shaft of the Pillar and the Annulets.

Gutte, or Drops, are little parts, which to the number of six are put below every Triglyph in the Architrave of the Dorick Order.

Ydraulick, from the Greek ὕδωρ; which signifies Water, is an Engine that plays by the help of Water, especially where there are Pipes and Flutes.

Hypethre, from ὑπὸσυὸ, and αιθὴρ æther; signifies a Building whose inside is exposed to the Rain and open Air. The Ancients called so all Temples that had no Roof.

Hyperthyron, for ὑπερ super, and θύρα Janua, a Gate or Door: It signifies that which is above the Gate; it’s a large Table, which is upon the Dorick Gates in the manner of a Frise.

Chnographie, from ἴκνος vestigium, and γράφα Scribo, or Insculpo; which properly signifies the Figure that the Plane of the Foot impresses upon the Earth. By it in Architecture is understood that which is commonly called the Plan of the Edifice.

Acuner, or Platfond, is the Flooring or Planching above the Portico’s.

Laconicum was a dry Stove to sweat in: It was so called, because it was much used by the Lacedemonians.

Etope, from μετι and ὁπὴ, foramen, intervallum. Signifies the Front; it’s the Name of the empty spaces in Freeze of the Dorick Order, between the Triglyphs.

Modillion signifies in Italian a little Model, a little Measure: It’s that part which is so often repeated in the Corinthian and Compound Cornice, which supports the Projecture of the Larmier or Drip. This part is called the little Model in respect of the great Model, which is the Diameter of the Pillar; for as the Proportion of an Edifice depends on the Diameter of the Pillar, so the greatness of the Modellians, their number, and their space or distances, must have a just Proportion or true Relation to the whole Fabrick.

Module or Model is a measure that is made use of to regulate all the Proportion of the Fabrick: In the Dorick Order it’s half the Diameter of the Pillar; in other Orders the Module is the whole Diameter.

Monoptere, from μόνος solus, and πτὲρον ala; is that which has but one Wing or Isle; it was a sort of a round Temple, whose Roof was supported by Pillars only.

Mutuli, from μὺτιλος, which signifies defect, as being made thinner, and more abated above than below. It’s a sort of a Modellion in the Cornice of the Dorick Order.

Oyan is the middle part of the Flooring of the Ancients. They made it with Ciment, which they put betwixt a Lay or Bed of Pibbles, cimented with Mortar made of Lime and Sand.

Rchestra, from ὁρχὲομαι salto; signified the place where they danced; it was the lowest place in the Theatre, which was between the scene, viz. the place where the Players acted, and the Seats where the Spectators sate. It was in this place where the Greek Comedians were wont to dance.

Order, those Fabricks are said to be of different Orders, when the Proportion which is between the thickness of the Pillars and their height, with all other things which are required to this Proportion, are different.

Arascenium, from παρὰ and σκενὴ tentonum, is the back part of the Theatre or Scene.

Periptere, from περὶ circum, and πτὲρον ala, which has a Wing round about. This was a sort of a Temple, which had Pillars on all the four Parts, which was different from the Prostyle, which had only Pillars before, or In the Front, and from the Amphiprostyle, which had only Pillars before and behind, and none on the sides.

Peristyle, from περὶ circum, and στὺλος columna; signifies that which has Pillars round about: It differs from the Periptere in this, that the Pillars of the Peristyle are within, as it were round about a Court, and those of the Periptere are without, as in the Temples of the Ancients.

Pillaster is the same, with this Difference; that the Pillaster has a Base and a Capital, as a Pillar hath, which the Pied-droit has not.

Platt-band is a square Member, which terminates the Architrave of the Dorick Order, and passes immediately under the Triglyphs.

Plinthus signifies a Brick or square Tile. It’s in Architecture taken for that square Member which makes the Foundation of the Base of the Pillar.

Portico is a long place covered with a Floor or Flatfond, supported by Pillars.

Proscenium, from πρὸ and σκενινὴ tentorium; it signifies the forepart of the Scene; it was an Edifice as high as the last Portico of the Theatre, whose Face or Front was adorned with many Ranges of Pillars.

Prostyle from πρὸ and στὺλος, signifies that which has Pillars before only. This was one sort of the Temples of the Ancients.

Pseudodiptere, ψευδής mendax, δὶς bis, and πτὲρον ala; signifies a false Diptere. This was a kind of a Temple among the Ancients, which had Porticoes round about, which were every one as large as the double Portico of the Diptere.

Pseudoperiptere, from ψευδὴς mendax, and περὶ, and πτερὸν ala, was a sort of a Temple, where the Side-Pillars were part in the Wall of the inner side of the Temple, which was enlarged sufficiently to enclose within the space which was allowed the Porticoes of the Periptere.

Pulpit was the place upon which the Comedians acted, which we now call the Stage.

Picnostyle, from πὺκνος dentus, and στὺλος columna; signifies a Building where the Pillars were very close one to another; so that the Intercolumniation had but a Diameter and a half of the Pillar.

Udus was a sort of gross Mortar, which was made use of for smoothing, and equally filling and levelling the Superfices of the Walls, before the fine Plaister was laid on: It was likewise made use of for the second Bed or Lay of the Flooring.

Cene signifies a Tabernacle, Tent, or Pavillion, from the Greek σκενὴ. It was in the Theatre of the Ancients a great Face or Front of Building, adjoyned with Pillars and Statues, which had three great Openings, in which were Pictures in Perspective, which represented the Lodgings where the Tragedians and Comedians dwelt.

Scotia, from σκὸτος tenebræ, Darkness, is a Member of Architecture, hollowed as a Demi-channel: It’s particularly affected in the Bases where it’s placed, between the Torus and the Astragals; it’s sometimes put under the Drip, in the Cornice of the Dorick Order.

Statumen signifies generally whatsoever is made use of to support any thing in Architecture; it is Mortar mixt with Pibbles, which served for the first Lay or Bed in Flooring.

Systyle, from σὺν con, and στὺλος columna; signifies building where the Pillars seem to be joyned together, for the Intercolumniation is but of two Diameters of the Pillars.

Orus is a Member in the Base which is round, in the form of a great Ring; it comes from the Latin word Torus, which signifies a Bed.

Tringle is a little square Member, which is directly upon every Triglyph, under the Platt-band of the Architrave, from whence hang down the Guttæ, or pendant Drops in the Dorick Order.

Triglyph, from τρὶς ter, and γλὺφος sculptura; because it’s divided into three parts, and engraved, it is a Member in the Freeze of the Dorick Order, directly upon every Pillar, and in certain spaces in the Intercolumniations.

Tympan signifies a Drum; it’s that part of the bottom of the Frontons which answers the naked of the Freeze; it is triangular, and placed upon the Cornice of the Entablature, and covered over again with two other Cornices which slope a little.

Olute signifies wreathed, and turned about from Volvendo; it’s a part of the Capitals of the Ionick, Corinthian, and Compound Orders, which represents the bark of a Tree twisted and turned into a Spiral line.

Yste, from the Greek ζυτος, which signifies scraped; it was the place where the Wrestlers exercised; it was so called because they made their skins be scraped and rubbed smooth, to make the Sweat fall, and to make their Bodies more slippery, that their Adversaries might have the less hold of them when they closed.

To the Reader.

Abridgments of Vitruvius have been formerly printed, but none of them have followed the design which Philebert de l'Orme has given in his Third Book: He desires that in abridging Vitruvius the matters which this Author treats of confusedly should be put into order, and that the things belonging to the same Subject, which are found dispersed in divers places, should be collected together into one Chapter. This Method, which the most part of the eminent Writers have neglected, has been carefully observed in this Treatise, it serving very much to the better apprehending and retaining the things treated of. We have been exact to put in nothing that is not taken out of Vitruvius, to which end the Book and Chapter of his Works are all along quoted in the Margin; nothing being added, but some few lines here and there, to continue the Discourse, and render it more clear: Notwithstanding which precautions, some things may possibly still remain obscure, in which case the Reader must have Recourse to the whole Works of Vitruvius, where he will find all necessary Explanation.

This little Treatise is not only necessary for those who begin the study of Architecture, but will be also of great use to even Masters themselves; for it is not to be doubted, that Vitruvius being so great a Master in this Art, his Authority, together with that of all the Ancients, which is included in his Works, must be capable of instructing the Apprentices, and confirming the Masters, and thereby establish the good Maxims and certain Rules of Architecture.

Advertisement concerning this Translation.

This Abridgment having been very well received in French, we have ventured to put it in English, and doubt not but it will be as acceptable to our Nation, who are allowed to be as competent Judges of this Art as any. The Translation is very exact; the Cutts altogether as well, if not better, than in the French; and in the Table of the Explication of the Terms used in Architecture, we have added the Etymology and Derivation of them, which is not in the French.

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The Project Gutenberg eBook of An Abridgment of the Architecture of Vitruvius

AN

ABRIDGMENT

OF THE

ARCHITECTURE

OF

Vitruvius.

CONTAINING

A System of the whole WORKS of that Author.

Illustrated with divers Copper Plates, curiously engraved; with a Table of Explanation,

To which is added in this Edition

The Etymology and Derivation of the Terms used in Architecture.

A

TABLE

OF THE

CHAPTERS.

AN

ABRIDGMENT

OF THE

TEN BOOKS

OF THE

ARCHITECTURE

OF

Vitruvius.

THE

INTRODUCTION.

ARTICLE I.

ART. II.

AN

ABRIDGMENT

OF THE

TEN BOOKS

OF

ARCHITECTURE

Written by Vitruvius.

PART I.

Of Architecture that is common to us with the Ancients.

CHAP. 1.

ARTICLE I.

ART. II.

ART. III.

CHAP. II.

ARTICLE I.

ART. II.

ART. III.

ART. IV.

ART. V.

ART. VI.

CHAP. III.

ARTICLE I.

ART. II.

ART. III.

ART. IV.

CHAP. IV.

ARTICLE I.

ART. II.

ART. III.

ART. IV.

ART. V.

ART. VI.

ART. VII.

ART. VIII.

ART. IX.

AN

ABRIDGMENT

OF THE

TEN BOOKS

OF

ARCHITECTURE

PART II.

CHAP. I.

ARTICLE I.

ART. II.

ART. III.

CHAP. II.

ARTICLE I.

ART. II.

ART. III.

ART. IV.

CHAP. III.

A System of the whole WORKS
of that Author.

THE
EXPLICATION
Of the First Table.

THE
EXPLICATION
Of the second Table.

THE
EXPLICATION
Of the Third Table.

THE
EXPLICATION
Of the Fourth Table.

THE
EXPLICATION
Of the Fifth Table.

THE
EXPLICATION
Of the Sixth Table.

THE
EXPLICATION
Of the Seventh Table.

THE
EXPLICATION
Of the Eighth Table.

THE
EXPLICATION
Of the Ninth Table.

THE
EXPLICATION
Of the Tenth Table.

THE
EXPLICATION
Of the Eleventh Table.