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Title: A Description of the Bar-and-Frame-Hive

Author: William Augustus Munn

Release date: September 18, 2006 [eBook #19319]
                Most recently updated: January 1, 2021

Language: English

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A DESCRIPTION OF THE BAR-AND-FRAME-HIVE,

Invented by

W. AUGUSTUS MUNN, ESQ.

With an Abstract of Wildman's Complete Guide for the Management
of Bees Throughout the Year.







  Ipsa autem, seu corticibus tibi suta cavatis,
  Seu lento fuerint alvearia vimine texta,
  Angustos habeant aditus; nam frigore mella
  Cogit hiems, eademque calor liquefacta remittit.

  Virgil, _G. lib._ iv.


London:
John Van Voorst, Paternoster Row.
M.DCCC.XLIV.

London
Printed by S. & J. Bentley, Wilson, and Fley,
Bangor House, Shoe Lane.




PREFACE


Having been frequently requested to explain the use of the
_bar-and-frame-hive_, in the management of bees, I have been induced to
print the following pamphlet, to point out the advantages this new hive
possesses over the common ones.

I have added extracts from various authorities to show the importance
of transporting bees for a change of pasturage, and thus prolonging the
honey harvest. Regarding the natural history of the bee, I have merely
stated a few of the leading facts connected with that interesting
subject, drawn from Wildman's Book on Bee-management.

_London, April, 1844._


[Illustration: PLATE I. _FIG. 1._]




EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.


PLATE I, FIGURE 1.


A B C D E F and E F, the oblong box as shown in fig. 1, Plate I.

A B C D, the top lid of the oblong box; G H, the half of it made to fall
back, and supported at an angle by the hinges, _h h_; _l_, the upper
part of the lock of the box; _i k_, the two gable ends of the roof; _i_,
the perforated zinc shown as secured in a triangular frame; and _k_, the
outside appearance of the ventilator.

Q Q, the two quadrants, supporting the table, I J, which is formed by
the side of the box, A C E E, being let down; _a a a_, &c., fifteen
holes made to receive the back bolt, _m_, of the observation-frame, Z;
_b b_, two bolts to fasten into the holes, _c_ and _d_, when the table
I J, is closed, _f_, being the other part of the lock.

T, one of the handles of the box (the other not seen).

U, one of the blocks (the other not shown) to keep the bottom of the box
from the ground, when the four legs L L L L, are unscrewed from the four
corners of the box.

X X B D, the front of the box; _e_, the alighting board, four inches
wide, extending the whole length from F to F; X _2_, shows a small ledge
to keep the wet from entering the bee-box, and X I, one of the slides
_s_, drawn out, and extending beyond the end of the box; the other half
slide, _s_, on the _left_ hand side, not drawn out in the sketch, the
part under X 1, shows the opening for the ingress and egress of the bees.

R, one of the two pieces of red cedar at the inside of the box, fixed at
the ends, E F. E F. The Q Q, quadrants being made to work between the
red cedar and the outer case or box; _v v_, the fillet fixed in the
length of the box, on a level with the tops of red cedar; _c d_, the
holes for the bolts _b b_, in the table I J.

W W, pieces of perforated zinc laid upon the tops of the bee-frames
resting on the fillets, _v v_.

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, six of the 15 grooves, half an inch deep, 9-1/2 long,
and 1-1/2 of an inch broad, formed on the floor-board: the holes shown
in the floor-board above the figures being made for the reception
of the two pins, _a b_, in the observation-frame. No. 8, shows the
"division-frame" run into the eighth groove of the floor-board, and
No. 14 and 15, the bee-frames run into their respective grooves, and
the 1-1/8 of an inch openings in the back closed by the slips of tin,
_q q q q_, &c.

Y Y, the bar of mahogany with corresponding grooves, X X X X, &c. to
those on the floor-board, at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, and 15-2/8 holes for
the top bolt, _r_, of the observation-frame, Z, to fix into. _t, t, t_,
the screw nuts at the backs of the bee-frames, &c., for the screw at the
end of the spindle, S, to work into, and thus hold and draw out of the
grooves the bee-frames; _w_, the bee-frame containing comb and bees,
drawn partly into the observation-frame, Z.






A DESCRIPTION OF THE BAR-AND-FRAME-HIVE.




THE BAR-AND-FRAME-HIVE.


By first giving a general description of the "bar-and-frame-hive,"
the details of its construction can be better explained afterwards.

An oblong box is formed of well seasoned wood of an inch in thickness,
about thirty inches long, sixteen inches high, and twelve inches broad;
but the size may be varied to suit the convenience or taste of different
apiarians. Instead of the lid of the box being flat, it is made in the
shape of the roof of a cottage, and with projecting eaves to throw
off the wet more effectually. One of the long sides of the box is
constructed to open with hinges, and to hang on a level with the
_bottom_ of the box, and is held up by means of two quadrants. As many
grooves, half of an inch broad, half an inch deep, and about 9-1/2
inches long, are formed, 1-1/8 of an inch apart, in the inside of the
bottom of the box as its length will admit.

In the other side, a long half inch slip is cut for the egress and
ingress of the bees, having a piece of wood about an inch thick, and
four inches wide, fastened on the outside, just under the opening, to
form the alighting board for them.

At the top, of the side of the box which is made to let down, a four
inch piece of mahogany the length of the inside of the box is secured
in, having corresponding grooves formed, half an inch broad, 1-1/8 of an
inch deep, and half an inch apart, to those made in the bottom of the
box, leaving just _twelve_ inches between the bottom grooves and the
upper bar grooves.

When the four legs are screwed into the four corners of the box, the
small "bee-house" is ready for the reception of the "bee-frames" and
the bees. The "bee-frames" are made of half inch mahogany, being twelve
inches high, nine inches long, and not more than half of an inch broad,
so that these frames will fit into the box, sliding into fifteen grooves
formed on the bottom, and kept securely in their places by the upper
grooves in the mahogany bar.

When the fifteen, or whatever number of the bee-frames intended to be
used, have been run into the grooves, sheets of perforated zinc are
placed on the tops of them; the 1-1/8 of an inch openings at the backs
of the frames being closed with slips of tin.

One of the bee-frames is made solid, with sheets of zinc being fixed
in it; this frame can then be used as a divider between any number of
the bee-frames, and thus form the box into two compartments, either to
augment or diminish the space in the box according to the size of the
swarm, or the increasing wants of the bees for more room.

The bees are then introduced into the hive (having first closed the
backs of the bee-frames with the slips of tin, and fastened the side
lid of the box against them, and also removed one of the sheets of
perforated zinc from the tops of the bee-frames) by dislodging the bees
from the straw-hive in which they had been previously collected, or
shaken from the boughs of the tree, where they may have settled, so as
to fall upon the tops of the frames within the box; when the bees have
all congregated within the bee-frames by crawling through the open
spaces at the top, the perforated sheet of zinc is placed over them; the
bees can then only escape through the long slip or entrance which was
made for them in the front of the box.

The top lid can be closed and locked, when the bees will be secure from
the gaze of the inquisitive, or the bad intentions of thieves.

Before I proceed to give any directions for the construction of the
"bar-and-frame-hive" I am _anxious_ to _warn_ all amateur carpenters,
and those who delight to superintend the labours of a "cheap working
country carpenter," against the fatal error of using unseasoned wood;
for, unless the "bottom board" and the "bee-frames" are made of
mahogany, or some well-seasoned, hard, or close-grained wood, the
advantages of the bar and frame-hive will be quite destroyed, as the
great object is to have the bee-frames to slide in and out of the
grooves with the _greatest facility_. Throughout the whole of the making
of the hive or box, no glue should be used, unless further secured with
small SCREWS OR NAILS.[1]

[Footnote 1: Mr. John Milton of No. 10, Great Marylebone-street, has
some well constructed bar and frame bee-hives of various prices.]

The oblong box, A B C D, E F and E F (Plate I, fig. 1), is to be made of
well-seasoned poplar, fir, or deal, of an inch in thickness; the inside
dimensions are 28 inches and 5/8 of an inch long from A to C, 10-1/2
inches broad from A to B, and sixteen inches deep from A to E.

The top lid A B C D is formed in the shape of a common roof, and made
to project an inch, before, behind, and at the two gable ends, like the
eaves of a cottage to throw off the wet.

The half of this roof G H, is made to open and fall back with hinges
_h h_.

The two gable ends of the roof have holes cut in them, _i, k_, to admit
the circulation of air; and secured with perforated zinc withinside to
prevent the intrusion of wasps, or any other enemies to bees; the gable
marked _i_, shows the perforated zinc framed into the gable, and _k_ the
outside appearance of the ventilator.

The side of the box marked A C E E, is made to let down and form a table
I J, hung on hinges P P, and supported by the quadrants Q Q, one inch
_below the level of the bottom board_.

Two handles are fixed in the ends of the box, one shown in the sketch
at T.

Two blocks of wood are screwed on the bottom of the box (one shown at U)
to keep it off the ground, &c., when the four legs, L L L L, at the four
corners of the box are unscrewed for the convenience of packing, &c. In
the opposite side or front of the box at X X, is fixed a piece of board
_e_, four inches broad, and an inch thick, extending the whole length
from F F; this is secured at an angle with the bottom of the box, so as
to form a slightly inclined plain _e_, for the alighting board, which
would be always dry for the bees to land upon. A half inch opening is
made from F to F, just above the alighting board, for the ingress and
egress of the bees. Slides are made _s s_, to regulate the extent of the
openings, or to entirely close the entrance to the box; these slides can
be drawn out when it is necessary to clean the bottom board, &c.

Within-side the box, two pieces of red cedar of half an inch in
thickness, 12-1/8 inches long, 9-1/2 inches broad, are nailed on to
each end at E F, and E F (one of the pieces of red cedar shown at R).
The quadrants, Q Q, being made to work between them and the outer case.
A fillet, _v v_, is fastened on a level with the tops of the two pieces
of red cedar, to form a ledge of about a 1/4 of an inch all round, to
support the sheets of perforated zinc, as shown at W W.

Sixteen pieces of mahogany, 1-1/8 of an inch broad, and half an inch
deep, are to be screwed to the mahogany floor board, commencing against
the piece of red cedar, R, and leaving a space between each piece, half
of an inch, and finishing against the other piece of red cedar with the
last; there will then be formed fifteen grooves, half of an inch in
width, half an inch in depth, and 9-1/2 inches long on the floor-board
as shown at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

A bar of mahogany, Y Y, about two inches square, having grooves,
X X X X, &c., corresponding to those on the floor-board, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, &c., is let in, and fastened between A and C, having a clear space of
twelve inches between the floor-board, and this top bar; the object of
these grooves being to receive, and keep steadily in their places, the
fifteen bee-frames, when introduced into them.

[Illustration: _Fig. I._]

The "bee-frames" are made of mahogany, nine inches long, twelve inches
high, and half an inch broad. Each frame is _dove-tailed_ to make it
strong at the angles, and to keep it true; the upper part is formed of
one inch mahogany, and _bevelled_ off (as the carpenters call it) to the
eighth of an inch, in the centre, as shown at _a_, fig. 1: on the two
sides of this triangular bar, _b b_, pieces of glass, extending the
length of the bar, are fixed with red lead. The two sides of the frame,
_d, d_, are to increase in size, from half an inch at the top, to 1-1/2
inches at the bottom. The bottom piece, _c_, is half an inch in depth.
The back of each frame has a piece of tin, about the thickness of a
card, fixed on it, of the exact size, viz. twelve inches long, and half
an inch broad, _e, e_. In the centre of the back of each frame, _f_,
a screw-nut is let in, which is made to fit a screw at the end of a
long spindle, S, Plate I, fig. 1. This spindle with a handle, Z, will
screw equally well into the screw-nuts of the fifteen bee-frames and
division-frame. The use of this spindle being, to draw in and out of the
grooves the fifteen bee-frames when required. When the bee-frames have
been put into the grooves in the box, slips of tin about thirteen inches
long, and and a half broad, are slipped into their backs (being run in
between the backs of the bee-frames, and the pieces of thin tin fixed
upon them), to close the 1-1/8 of an inch openings. And three or four
sheets of perforated zinc are laid upon the tops of the bee-frames,
resting on the fillets. Thus, then, when a swarm of bees has been
introduced into this box, the bees have to build their combs within
the fifteen bee-frames, or whatever number may have been run into the
grooves for that purpose. The bees cannot escape from above the frames,
as the sheets of perforated zinc prevent them, nor from the 1-1/8 of an
inch openings at the backs of the frames, as they have been closed with
the slips of tin; the only open part being the long narrow slip, just
above the alighting board, which was originally left for their ingress
and egress.

The division-frame is made of half inch mahogany, twelve inches high,
9-1/2 long, and half of an inch broad. So that it will run into any of
the grooves formed for the bee-frames; but made to fit close to the box
at the end, by means of a slip of wood, C C, fig. 2, to prevent the bees
crawling between the frame and the outer-box, as they can do round the
bee-frames.

[Illustration: _Fig. II._]

The division-frame itself is closed by having two sheets of zinc run
into it as shown in fig. 2, the one marked _b b b b_, and partly drawn
out, being of solid sheet zinc; and _a a_, the other in the frame, of
perforated zinc; _d_, being the screw-nut (like those in the bee-frames)
by means of which it can be drawn out into the observation-frame, &c.
Thus, wherever this division-frame is run into the bee-box, (except of
course at No. 1, and No. 15 grooves) it cuts off all communication with
the bee-frames on the right or left of it; and two colonies of bees may
be kept in the same box, and still have distinct frames to work upon,
and separate entrances, &c.

If then bees have been put into one of the bar-and-frame-hives, and
sufficient time has been given them to build their combs within "the
bee-frames," the frames with their contents can be drawn out into the
"observation-frame," (which will be more fully described) whenever it
is wished to examine the bees, &c., as the 1-1/8 of an inch spaces
between the grooves will allow of a sufficient distance to be preserved,
between the lateral surfaces of the perpendicular combs formed in the
"bee-frames," and thus permit them to slide by each other with facility.

[Illustration: _Fig. III._]

The "observation-frame," fig. 3, is a mahogany frame, fourteen inches
high, eleven inches long, and about four inches wide, having a single
groove half an inch deep, and half an inch broad, running within its
whole length of eleven inches. The two largest sides have panes of glass
fixed in them with small brads. The top, bottom, and one end (this end
forming the back) of this frame, are made of solid wood; the back having
a small hole, _f_, 2/8 of an inch in diameter in the middle, to allow
the spindle before mentioned to pass through it. The end which forms the
front of the frame is open, so that any one of the bee-frames can be run
into the observation-frame, but may be closed by a piece of tin (_d_)
being slipt into the small grooves at _c c_. The observation-frame has
two pins, _a, b_, to fit into the 2/8 holes made along the bottom board
of the bee-box, shown by the figures, 1, 2, 3, &c., see Plate I, fig. 1,
and also two small bolts _r_ and _m_; _r_, the upper one to fix into the
holes above X X X, &c., in the mahogany bar; (but this bolt is only used
during the operation of drawing out the bee-frames into the observation
frame); and the other bolt _m_ at the back of the frame, to fasten into
the 2/8 holes, _a, a, a_, &c., made in the lid, I J. When the two pins
and the bolts of the observation-frame have been adjusted and fixed, the
groove in it will be in a straight line with one of the grooves formed
in the bottom board of the box, consequently a bee-frame can be made to
slide, by means of the long spindle, in and out of the box, into the
observation-frame.

The use of this "observation frame" must now be explained more fully:
the top lid of the bee box, Plate I, fig. 1. G. H. being thrown up,
will screen the "operator" from the bees, which are flying in and out
in the front of the hive or box. The back lid, I. J., is let down, and
supported by the quadrants Q. Q., and forms a table, the box having been
raised from the ground by the four legs, L L L L. The observation frame
is placed opposite to whichever bee-frame is to be examined; the two
pins, _a, b_, fig. 3, running into the holes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, &c., made
in the bottom board. The small bolts, Plate I, secured at the top, as
at _r_, and the back _m_: the long spindle, S, is run through the 2/8
hole in the back of the observation frame, as at Z, and the end of the
spindle screwed into the screw socket _t_, at the back of the bee-frame
_w_; the two pieces of tin on the right and left of the bee-frame are
pulled out (of course the observation frame being empty, and having the
piece of tin from its front taken out), the operator holding by the
handle, _z_, of the spindle, gradually draws out the bee-frame into the
observation frame, and after examining the bees and comb, gently returns
the bee-frame into its groove in the floor-board: the two slips of
tin are then replaced in the backs of the bee-frames: the spindle is
unscrewed and withdrawn, the bolts are unfastened, the observation frame
being kept firmly in its place, held by the left hand of the operator,
whilst with the right he runs in the long slip of tin, _d_, fig. 3, into
the front of the observation frame, to keep the bees (escaped from the
returned bee-frame), until the observation frame is again fixed opposite
to another bee-frame, when the tin is withdrawn and the bolts fastened
as before. It has been shown that by these means, each bee-frame, and
the bees and comb contained in it, can be easily drawn out and examined,
without interfering with any other part of the hive, or occasioning the
loss of a single bee.

The whole of the interior of the hive is thus open to inspection at any
moment, and a choice can be made of the combs containing the most honey,
or the bee owner enabled to trace the devastation of the honey moth,
and ascertain the presence of any other enemy, and this without the
assistance of smoke, which must be injurious both to the bees and their
brood.

When the bee-frame is returned and secured, the observation-frame is
removed; then the lid, I J, being shut up and bolted, and the upper lid,
G H, closed, the box may be locked up. When the bees have been shut in
with the slide in the front, the hive or box is ready to be transported
anywhere, to procure new pasturage for them, which, as every experienced
bee-keeper knows, is of the greatest benefit to prolong their
honey-harvest.

Perfect protection from wet and the vicissitudes of temperature, is
partly ensured by the external bee-box being made of well-seasoned wood;
poplar is recommended as of a looser grain than fir, deal, &c., and
consequently, not so great a conductor of heat; but the objection to
wooden bee-hives or boxes, for being more easily affected by the
variations of the temperature, is removed by the construction of the
"bar frame-hive;" for the bee-frames form, as it were, a smaller box
within the oblong box, and are not in immediate contact with the
external air, but have a half inch space nearly all round them, which
will to a certain extent maintain an equable temperature for the bees,
both in summer and winter.

Any moisture condensed from the heated air generated by the bees, is
carried off through the perforated sheets of zinc above the frames, and
cool store-room for the honey is also thus secured.

A feeding trough is made on the principle of a bird-glass: with a tin
feeder and a small bottle for the liquid food to be put into.

[Illustration: _Fig. IV._]

The tin feeder is six inches by 7-1/2 long, and one inch deep, and just
fits on to the top of the bee-frames, where the perforated sheets of
zinc are laid; within this feeder a half inch opening is cut at the
bottom, fig 4, _a_, and an inclined plane _b_, reaching half way up
the depth of the trough; and a sheet of perforated tin, _c_ (placed
horizontally from point _b_,) through which the bees suck the food,
which is kept at the same level by atmospheric pressure; for as the food
is drawn down below the mouth of the bottle, _d_, air forces itself into
the bottle, and the same quantity of food trickles down into the feeder,
a piece of glass, _e_, exactly the same size as the feeder, is placed
over it, through which the bees may be seen whilst feeding, and the
feeding trough will be nearly of the same temperature as the interior
of the box or hive, and prevent the bees being chilled, as they would
be in winter, if compelled to descend for their food; and besides, the
bees are less likely to be attacked by wasps or strange bees when fed
from above, as the intruders would have to ascend through the mass of
bees in the box, which would be attended with danger to them.

The bees can be fed when necessary by one of the sheets of perforated
zinc being drawn on one side, and the feeding trough, with the bottle of
food in it, being placed over the opening; when the bees will ascend
through the half inch space at _a_, and feed themselves with the liquid,
or carry it away and store it up for future use.




HIVES AND BEE-BOXES.


Having given a description of the bar-frame-hive, it will be as well to
enter into the comparative advantages of using wooden boxes and straw
hives.

Some apiarians confine themselves to the use of straw hives, others to
wooden boxes, and a third party use both; but as far as the bees are
concerned it matters little what kind of hive is given them, for if the
season be favourable, and the bee-pasturage rich with flowers, they
collect and store up the honey in their combs in any receptacle of any
shape or size, provided it affords them shelter from the weather.

Hives made of straw are generally preferred for an out-of-door apiary,
as being less liable to be over-heated by the rays of the sun, and
in the winter they exclude the cold better than hives made of other
materials, while the moisture arising from the bees is more quickly
absorbed within the hive, and does not run down the sides as it
generally does in wooden hives or boxes; at the same time they are
always to be obtained from their cheapness, and from their simplicity
easily understood and made use of; wooden boxes can only be used with
advantage in a bee-house, they stand firmer on the bottom boards, or
one upon another, they admit of having glass windows, through which
to observe the operations of the bees, and they are not so liable to
harbour moths, spiders, and other insects, as the straw hives.

The objects to be attained in the construction and management of an
apiary, are, to secure the prosperity and multiplication of the colonies
of bees, to increase the amount of their productive labour, and to
obtain their products with facility, and with the least possible
detriment to the stock. It is to the interest of the owner, therefore,
that he provide for the bees shelter against moisture, and the extremes
of heat and cold--especially, sudden vicissitudes of temperature,
protection from their numerous enemies, every facility for constructing
their combs and for rearing their brood, and that the hive should be so
constructed as to allow of every part of the combs to be inspected at
any moment, and capable of removal when requisite: and while attention
is paid to economy, it should be made of materials that will secure its
durability.

These observations apply equally to the straw hives, boxes, or whatever
the bees may be lodged in or hived. Some cultivators of bees have been
chiefly anxious to promote their multiplication, and to prevent the
escape of the swarms in their natural way, by forming artificial swarms,
by separating a populous hive previous to its swarming, into two parts,
and allowing to each greater room for the construction of their works.
Others, and the most numerous class, have contemplated only the
abundance of the products which they yield, and the facility of
extracting them from the hive, without showing any particular solicitude
as to the preservation of the bees themselves. Another class of
apiarians have, on the other hand, had it more particularly in view,
to facilitate the prosecution of researches in the natural history and
economy of bees.

Then, again, amongst apiarians a diversity of opinion exists regarding
the system to be adopted in the management of the hives, whether the
bees are to be kept in single hives, caps or bell-glasses, and extra
boxes, which may be added at the top, which is called the _storifying_
system; or inserting additional room at the bottom, called _nadering_;
or whether adding boxes at the sides, called the _collateral_ system,
should be followed out; and a plan of ventilating the boxes has been
added to the last system, but experience has proved that it is utterly
useless, as in spite of ventilating tubes and thermometers, the bees
have swarmed, and the queen-bee has deposited her eggs in the collateral
boxes and destroyed the purity of the honey.

No successful plan has been yet devised to ventilate the combs where
the bees cluster; for the bees prevent the circulation of the cold air
amongst the combs by immediately forming themselves in thick rows at the
bottom of the combs; and instead of ranging the fields to gather honey
or pollen, have to collect together and idle away their time to retain
the necessary heat for the formation of the combs, or to rear their
brood.

As a single hive, Huber's leaf-hive is certainly the best; but it
requires great attention, and none but experienced apiarists can use it
for the purpose of trying experiments; but in the hands of experienced
apiarists it is invaluable. All other single hives are objectionable, as
neither the proceedings of the bees can be observed, nor the honey taken
out, without either destroying the bees, or driving them out with smoke
by which much of the brood is killed; or if rainy weather occur at the
time the bees are preparing to throw off a swarm, and the hive be filled
to its utmost limits with comb, all the bees must remain idle till the
return of fine weather for want of room.

To meet this objection, some apiarians have straw-hives with flat wooden
tops made, or use boxes, and have holes cut in them at the top, so that
small glasses may be added, when the bees require room. But this does
not prevent swarming, and besides, the flatness of the roof is
prejudicial, as it allows the moisture which exhales from the bees to
collect in the roof, and to fall in drops at different parts, to the
great injury of the subjacent contents of the hive, and, like the common
straw hive or square box, the bees cannot be examined, except partially
through the windows made in the sides.

To remedy this evil, the further plan of _storifying_ hives or boxes,
was introduced, and by this method swarming may to an extent be
prevented, and the wax and honey can be taken without destroying the
bees; and with the same view was introduced the _collateral_ system,
which is adding room at the sides (of course preserving a free
communication between the boxes and hives). But there are objections to
the _collateral_ system, as it is now a very well established fact, that
partitions of any kind are detrimental to the prosperity of the bees;
and the same applies, though perhaps in an inferior degree, to the
_storied_ system, or hives and boxes divided into stories one above
another; besides that which holds good equally to all hives or boxes,
that it is not possible to proportion the hives in all cases to the
magnitude of the swarms, or the energy with which they labour.

In single hives the honey becomes bad and discoloured from being put
into the old breeding cells. In double storied, or collateral hives,
the bees are divided, and live in different families; while their own
preservation, and that of the brood, requires them to live in the
strictest union; the heat also necessary for the secretion of wax is
lessened by the division of the bees into different groups. And,
besides, all these different hives or boxes should have some sort of
protection from the weather, either in the way of eaves or covers,
or be placed in a shed or bee-house.

They require also centre boards and division tins, &c. to separate
one hive or box from another, floor boards for them to stand upon,
as well as stands or stools to raise them from the ground, &c., for
a description of which, and a full history of all hives and boxes,
I refer the reader to Dr. Bevan's "Honey-bee."

In mentioning the defects of these different boxes and hives, I do not
mean to condemn them as useless, for they will all answer to a certain
extent the purposes for which they were intended, rewarding the
attentive bee-keeper, according to the seasons, and enabling the bees to
send forth many swarms, and collecting and storing up their treasures of
honey; but my object has been to point out briefly to those anxious for
the better, more extended, and economical mode of bee-management, the
difficulties to be provided against, and to recommend to their
consideration the advantages offered in the bar frame-hive. But,
however, I should not be doing justice to Mr. R. Golding, if I did not
particularly mention his "improved Grecian hive" by the use of which
combs may be removed from the interior of the hive and inspected at
pleasure: this improvement he has effected by carefully investigating
the laws of the insects for whose use the hives were intended, and by a
particular arrangement of the bars, (every alternate one being furnished
with guide combs,) the bees have been induced, in a manner at once
simple and beautiful, to construct a uniform range of combs. When the
hive is filled with honey, two or three, or more of the bars may be,
at any time, removed, or exchanged for unoccupied bars, without much
disturbing the brood combs, all annoyance from the bees being prevented
by a whiff or two of tobacco smoke being blown into the hive at the time
of the removal of the bars. With the protection of a bee-house these
hives can be applied to many of the systems of bee-management, and prove
equally profitable, and more manageable than some of the newly-invented
hives.




THE APIARY.


Next of importance to the kind of hive and the system to be followed, is
the proper situation of an apiary. This subject engaged the attention of
bee-keepers in ancient as much as in modern times; but the directions
given by Columella and Virgil are as good now as when they were written;
and as is observed by the writer in No. CXLI. of the Quarterly Review,
in the amusing article on "Bee-books,"--"It would amply repay (and this
is saying a great deal,) the most forgetful country gentleman to rub
up his schoolboy Latin, for the sole pleasure he would derive from the
perusal of the fourth Georgic." The aspect has been regarded as of the
first importance; but there are points of greater consequence, namely
the vicinity of good bee pasturage, the shelter of the hives from the
winds by trees or houses, and their distance from ponds or rivers, as
the high winds might dash the bees into the water.

Various aspects have been recommended, but the south, with a point to
the east or west, according to its situation as respects the shelter it
may receive from walls or trees, &c. is the best: care, however, must be
taken that neither walls, trees, nor anything else impede the going
forth of the bees to their pasturage.

"I have ever found it best," says Wildman, "to place the mouth of
the hives to the west in spring, care being taken that they have the
afternoon sun; the morning sun is extremely dangerous during the colder
months, when its glare often tempts these industrious insects out to
their ruin; whereas the mouth of the hive being then in the shade, the
bees remain at home; and as clouds generally obscure the afternoon's sun
at that season, the bees escape the temptation of going out. When food
is to be obtained, the warmth of the air continues round the hive in
the afternoon, which enables the bees to pursue their labours without
danger.

A valley is a better situation for an apiary than a hill, being more
convenient to the bees returning home with their loads; and, besides,
bees are not so apt to fly away when swarming as when on a hill: but
when swarms take a distant flight, they generally fly against the wind,
so that the stragglers of the swarms may better hear the direction of
the course taken by their fellow emigrants.

I recommend a hard gravel terrace for the hives to be placed upon, as
being drier both in summer and winter for the bee-master to walk upon,
when inspecting his bees, and also as less likely to afford shelter for
ants or other enemies to bees; and, besides, it is better for the bees,
which when much fatigued by their journeys, or benumbed by the cold, are
apt to fall around the hives, and would recover more quickly from the
warmth of the dry ground than if they had alighted on damp grass.

The hives should not be placed where water from the eaves of houses,
from hedges, or trees, drop upon them; but they should be near the
mansion house for the convenience of watching the bees, &c.

A small stream of water running near the hives is thought to be of
advantage, especially in dry seasons, with gently declining banks,
in order that the bees may have safe access to it.

Heaths, or places abounding in wild flowers, constitute the best
neighbourhood for an apiary, and in default of this pasturage, there
should be gardens where flowers are cultivated, and fields in which
buck-wheat, clover, or sainfoin, is sown.

But cultivating small gardens of flowers for bees is useless, except a
few early flowers near the hives for the bees to collect some pollen for
the brood, such as the common kinds of crocus, white alyssum, single
blue hepaticas, helleborus niger, and tussilago petasites, all of which
flower early; but should any of the tribe of the willows grow near,
there will be no necessity for cultivating the flowers above-mentioned,
as they yield an abundant harvest of farina, or pollen.

A rich corn country is well known to be a barren desert to the bees
during a greater portion of the year. Hence the judicious practice of
shifting the bees from place to place according to the circumstances of
the season, and the custom of other nations in this particular well
deserves our imitation.

Few places are so happily situated as to afford bees proper pasturage
both in the beginning of the season and also the autumn; it was the
advice of Celsus that, after the vernal pastures are consumed, they
should be transported to places abounding with autumnal flowers; as was
practised by conveying the bees from Achaia to Attica, from Euboea and
the Cyclad Islands to Syrus, and also in Sicily, where they were brought
to Hybla from other parts of the island.

Pliny states that the custom of removing bees from place to place for
fresh pasturage was frequent in the Roman territories, and such is still
the practice of the Italians who live near the banks of the Po, (the
river which Pliny particularly instances,) mentioned by Alexander de
Montfort, who says that the Italians treat their bees in nearly the same
manner as the Egyptians did and still do; that they load boats with
hives and convey them to the neighbourhood of the mountains of Piedmont;
that in proportion as the bees gather in their harvest, the boats, by
growing heavier, sink deeper into the water; and that the watermen
determine from this, when their hives are loaded sufficiently, and it is
time to carry them back to their places from which they came. The same
author relates that the people of the country of Juliers used the same
practice; for that, at a certain season of the year, they carried their
bees to the foot of mountains that were covered with wild thyme.

M. Maillet, who was the French Consul in Egypt in 1692, says in his
curious description of Egypt; "that in spite of the ignorance and
rusticity which have got possession of that country, there yet remain in
it several traces of the industry and skill of the ancient Egyptians."
One of their most admirable contrivances is, the sending their bees
annually into different districts to collect food, at a time when they
could not find any at home.

About the end October, all such inhabitants of Lower Egypt, as have
hives of bees, embark them on the Nile, and convey them up that river
quite into Upper Egypt; observing to time it so that they arrive there
just when the inundation is withdrawn, the lands have been sown, and the
flowers begin to bud. The hives thus sent are marked and numbered by
their respective owners, and placed pyramidically in boats prepared for
the purpose. After they have remained some time at their furthest
station, and are supposed to have gathered all the pollen and honey they
could find in the fields within two or three leagues around, their
conductors convey them in the same boats, two or three leagues lower
down, and there leave the laborious insects so long a time as is
necessary for them to collect all the riches of this spot. Thus the
nearer they come to the place of their more permanent abode, they find
the plants which afford them food, forward in proportion.

In fine, about the beginning of February, after having travelled through
the whole length of Egypt, and gathered all the rich produce of the
delightful banks of the Nile, they arrive at the mouth of that river,
towards the ocean; from whence they had set out: care is taken to keep
an exact register of every district from whence the hives were sent
in the beginning of the season, of their numbers, of the names of the
persons who sent them, and likewise of the mark or number of the boat
in which they were placed.

Niebuhr saw upon the Nile, between Cairo and Damietta, a convoy of
four thousand hives, in their transit from Upper Egypt to the Delta.
Savary, in his letters on Egypt, also gives an account of the manner of
transporting the hives down the Nile. In France floating bee-houses are
common. Goldsmith describes from his own observation, a kind of floating
apiary in some parts of France and Piedmont. "They have on board of one
barge," he says, "three score or a hundred bee-hives, well defended
from the inclemency of an accidental storm, and with these the owners
float quietly down the stream: one bee-hive yields the proprietor a
considerable income. Why," he adds, "a method similar to this has never
been adopted in England where we have more gentle rivers, and more
flowery banks, than in any part of the world, I know not; certainly it
might be turned to advantage."

They have also a method of transporting their hives by land in carts in
Germany; and particularly in Hanover travelling caravans of bees may be
seen during the season.

I have thus briefly quoted from famous authorities, to impress upon
those who keep apiaries the importance of transporting their bees from
pasture to pasture.

The advantage to weak swarms is very great, "but whilst so little of the
true principles of bee management is understood, as that the destruction
of the bees has been considered absolutely essential, in order to the
attainment of their stores, it is no wonder that so little attention
should have been paid to their cultivation in this country, and that it
should not have proved a more productive department of rural economy."

"Bees, like everything else worth possessing, require care and
attention; but persons generally think it is quite sufficient to procure
a hive and a swarm, and set it down in the middle of a garden, and that
streams of honey and money will forthwith flow; and, perhaps, commence
calculating, from the perusal of the statements of the profits made by
Thorley from a single hive, which he estimates to be 4300_l._ 16_s._
from 8192 hives kept during fourteen years! deducting ten shillings and
sixpence, the cost of the first hive!"

The bar and frame-hives are so constructed that they can be moved from
place to place with the greatest ease, and, perhaps, this may be an
inducement for bee-masters to try the recommendations of transporting
bees, and thus avoid one expense of feeding them during the winter.

Connected with the foregoing subject of transporting bees from place to
place, is the question of the distance to which bees extend their flight
in search of food, &c.; and the comparative excellence of the position
of an apiary depends in some measure on the greater or less distance the
bees will have to fly to their pasturage.

Dr. Chambers, and Dr. Hunter were of opinion, that the bee cannot extend
its flight beyond a mile, which idea they adopted on the authority of
Schirach; but then it must be recollected that the German mile of
Schirach is equal to about 3-1/2 English miles.

It was the opinion of Huber, that the radii of the circle of the
flight of the bee extended nearly to four English miles. And Huish says
"The travelling apiaries of Germany, particularly those of Hanover,
are regulated by the prevailing opinion, that the bee can, and does,
extend its flight to four and even five miles; and acting upon that
supposition, when the bee-masters move their apiaries, they always
travel about two _stunden_, that is, about eight miles, as they then
calculate that the bees are beyond the former range of their pasture
by four miles." And adds, "a travelling apiary of 80 or 100 hives will
exhaust the food within the area of a circle of four miles in about
a fortnight or three weeks."

"But certainly there is no reason to fear that any part of this country
will be overstocked with bees, for where one hive is now kept, fifty
might be kept without running any risk of overstocking the country; for
the average number of hives in the various apiaries does not exceed
five."

"It has been calculated" says another authority, "that the pastures of
Scotland could maintain as many bees as would produce 4,000,000 pints
of honey, and 1,000,000 lbs. of wax; and were these quantities tripled
for England and Ireland, the produce of the British empire would be
12,000,000 pints of honey, and 3,000,000 lbs. of wax per annum, worth
about five shillings per pint for the honey, and one shilling and
sixpence per lb. for the wax, making an annual produce in money of about
3,225,000_l._

But in consequence of the present neglect of this branch of rural
economy, we pay annually nearly 12,000_l._ for honey alone.

The imports and exports of wax bleached and unbleached were as follows:


                                             Returned
               Imported.      Exported.      for home          the rate
                                             Consumption.      of Duty

             1831.   1832.   1831.   1832.   1831.   1832.

                      Cwt.            Cwt.            Cwt.     £  s. d.
 Unbleached   7,005           1,878          10,002            1 10  0
                      4,349           2,536             826
 Bleached       195             504              94            3  0  0


                             Produce of Duty.

                          Unbleached    £ 10,262
                          Bleached           823


The price of wax varies (duty included) from 5_l._ to 10_l._ a cwt.

In 1831, 7,203 cwt. of wax were imported, of which 3,892 cwt. of it came
from Western Africa; 1,551, from Tripoli, Barbary, &c.; and 910 cwt.
from the United States.

In 1839, imports were 6,314 cwt., in 1841, 4,483 cwt. of wax; in 1838,
675 cwt. of honey; and in 1841, 3,761 cwt. valued at 12,000_l._ brought
principally from the West Indies, Germany, and Portugal.

The above statement proves the demand there is in this country for honey
and wax.

It is mentioned in Wildman's pamphlet that, when Corsica was subject to
the Romans, a tribute was imposed upon it of no less than two hundred
thousand pounds of wax yearly; but this is no proof of the excellence
of their honey, which, according to Ovid, was of very ill account, and
seems to be the reason why the tributary tax was exacted in wax, in
preference to honey.

The honey collected by the bees at all times retains qualities derived
from the kind of plant from whence it has been procured, as is manifest
not only by the peculiar odour of the honey, such as that collected from
leek blossoms and all the onion tribe, but by the effects produced by
the use of honey obtained from certain plants, chiefly from the subtribe
Rhodoraceæ, such as the kalmia, azalea, rhododendron, &c., which yield a
honey frequently poisonous and intoxicating, as has been proved by the
fatal effects on persons in America. It is recorded by Xenophon in his
Anabasis that, during the retreat of the ten thousand, the soldiers
sucked some honey-combs in a place near Trebizonde, and in consequence
became intoxicated, and did not recover their strength for three or four
days; and these effects are supposed to have been produced from the
honey having been extracted by the bees from the rhododendron ponticum
or azalea pontica of Linnæus.

Although many of these plants have been introduced into this country,
yet, probably from their small proportion to the whole of the flowers in
bloom, the honey collected by the bees has not been found to be injured
or to have produced any evil consequences.

The goodness and flavour of honey depend on the fragrance of the plants
from which the bees collect it, and hence it is that the honey of
different places is held in different degrees of estimation.

The honey gathered from the genus erica (termed _heather honey_) and
most labiate plants, is wholesome. That which is made early in the year
is preferred to what is collected in the latter end of the season.
Whilst on the subject of honey, I will add the directions given by
Wildman, how to separate the honey from the wax: "Take," he says, "the
combs which have been extracted from the different hives or boxes into
a close room, rather warm than otherwise, that the honey may drain more
freely, and keep the doors and windows shut, to prevent the bees from
entering, or else they will be very troublesome, and will attack and
carry away the greater part of the honey from the combs.

"Lay aside such combs as have young bees or brood in them, as they
would give your honey a bad flavour and render it unwholesome, and the
bee-brood must also be separated and melted with the brood-combs. When
you have thus separated the combs, let such as are very fine be nicely
drained by themselves, without the least pressing whatever, having been
carefully cleaned of every sort of filth, or insects, and dividing each
comb in such a manner that the cells may be open at both ends, and
placing them upon a sieve or coarse cloth, that the honey may drain
off quite pure and undefiled. The remainder of the combs from which
the honey has been thus drained, together with those which contained
the bee-bread and brood, must be put into a coarse cloth or bag, and
squeezed or pressed to get all the honey out. This will make it inferior
in quality, and unfit for many uses, therefore it should be put into
pots or bottles by itself, to feed bees with, for which purpose it will
be better than pure honey, on account of the bee-bread that will be
mixed with it, which is necessary for their subsistence.

"In order to obtain the wax in a pure state, what remains of the combs
after separating the honey, together with the empty combs which had been
laid aside, should be put into a copper with clean water; made to boil
gently over a slow fire, keeping it constantly stirring. When it is
melted, run it through a coarse cloth or bag made for the purpose, and
put it into a press to separate the wax from the dross. Let the wax run
from the press into a vessel placed under it, into which put some water
to prevent the wax adhering to the sides.

"If this process of boiling and pressing is repeated twice or even three
times, the wax will be much purer and consequently of greater value.
Set it in a place where it may cool by degrees, in pans of the size you
would choose your cakes to be, with some water in them, to prevent the
wax sticking to the sides whilst hot. Honey should be kept only in stone
jars, called Bristol ware, and in a cool and dry situation, but not
corked up until a week or two after it has transuded through the sieve,
&c., but should be carefully covered with perforated sheets of zinc to
keep out insects and flies, &c. after which period the jars may be
secured and put into the store-rooms.

"The only protection necessary for gentlemen,--for ladies, I presume,
would never venture to undertake the dangerous task of extracting the
honey combs from hives or boxes,--will be a pair of buckskin gloves,
with a pair of worsted gloves over them extending to the elbows; so that
the bees should not be able to creep between the gloves and the sleeves;
for the face a piece of wire pattern gauze net, made in the shape of a
bag, to draw with a string round the hat above the brim, which will keep
it from the face, and the other open end being secured under the neck
handkerchief, and with the assistance of a puff or two of smoke into any
hive intended to be operated upon, the bee-master may fearlessly turn up
the hive, and cut out combs or dislodge bees from their habitations, &c.
with impunity."




THE ENEMIES TO BEES, &c.


The proprietor having provided shelter for his bees, and as great a
plenty of pasture as he possibly can, should next be careful to guard
them from the numerous enemies which prey upon them, and destroy their
honey-combs. Bees themselves, in the autumn and spring, are very often
great enemies to one another, and rob each other's hives, especially
in dry seasons, when the honey gathering is almost over; and the bees
from over-stocked hives, not having honey sufficient for their winter's
store, will through necessity attack the old hives or stocks, which are
thinned by over swarming, carry away all their honey, and often destroy
their queens. In order to prevent this havoc, contract the entrance or
entrances of the hive attempted to be robbed, so that a few bees only
can enter at a time, by which means the old stocks will be better
able to defend themselves. If, notwithstanding this narrowness of the
passage, robbers attack a hive, the entrance should be instantly closed
and kept so till the thieves are gone, and it will be advisable in the
evening to examine the state of the hive, especially as to weight, and
if the queen be safe, remove it to another place, at least a mile from
the old locality. The person who is thus employed, at a time when the
bees are full of resentment, should be well defended from their stings.
But, should he be so unfortunate as to get stung for his interference,
the first thing is to extract the sting. To alleviate the irritation,
cooling lotions should be applied, but the pain of a sting is relieved
by applying spirits of hartshorn, or liquor potassæ, to the spot where
the sting entered.

One would imagine the moth to be an enemy of no consequence, but the
wax-moth (_Tinea mellonella_) is a most formidable enemy. She lays her
eggs under the very skirts of the hive, or in the rubbish on the floor,
or even in the combs of the bees; these eggs when hatched produce a
small whitish worm or larva, and it is in this stage that it commits its
ravages, extending its galleries through every quarter of the combs,
detaching them from the tops and sides of the hives, and causing them
to fall together.

The way to destroy them is frequently to lift up the hive in the
morning, and kill all you can see. The most effectual way is to drive
the bees into a new hive, but this can be only done in the height of
the honey season; or the affected combs may be cut out, and the bees
restored to their old habitation.

Mice are likewise very destructive to bees; sometimes they enter at the
door, but most commonly near the top of the hive; this they do generally
during winter, when the bees are in a torpid state; when this is
suspected, set a few traps about the hives.

The common bat will also sometimes take possession of a hive, and commit
very great havoc amongst the bees.

Wasps and hornets must be destroyed, if possible, either by gunpowder,
or by the more primitive mode of placing limed twigs before the holes,
when you have discovered their nests.

The spring is the time to kill the female wasps and hornets, for then,
by the death of one female, a whole nest is destroyed. Or place bottles
half full of sugar and beer where the wasps frequent; they will go in to
drink, and drown themselves in the liquor, not being able to get out of
the bottle again. Spiders must be killed, and their nets or webs broken
down, otherwise they will catch and destroy many bees.

Swallows, frogs, ants, earwigs, snails, woodlice, poultry, and small
birds of almost all kinds, are reckoned amongst their foes. And,
therefore, there should be no lack of vigilance on the part of the owner
of bees, to keep the bee-house as clean as possible from all vermin.

The signs of dysentery having commenced in any colony of bees may be
known by the floor-boards and combs being covered with stains, by the
dark coloured evacuations, producing an offensive smell, and frequent
deaths amongst the bees. "Bees," says Gelieu, "have no real disease;
they are always in good health as long as they are at liberty, are kept
warm, and provided with plenty of food. All their pretended diseases are
the result of cold, hunger, or the infection produced by a too close and
long confinement during winter, and by exposure to damp, &c."

They appear however sometimes to be seized, in the spring, with
dysentery; this is occasioned by their feeding too greedily, it is
supposed, on honey dew, without the mixture of pollen and other
wholesome nutriment.

The only remedy that has been found for this disease, is to give the
bees plenty of honey, such honey as that extracted from the refuse combs
in the autumn, that had abundance of bee-bread pressed amongst it,--the
more the better,--mixing with it a table-spoonful of salt, and giving
the bees their full liberty, and a clean hive. Many things are necessary
for the preservation of bees, but more especially in this country, where
the bees have only one season in five, on an average of years, really
good for their honey harvest; wherefore the owner should take care to
provide the light stocks with a sufficient quantity of food, which they
have not been able to secure by their own industry, either through the
badness of the bee-pasturage, the inclemency of the seasons, the
weakness of the colony, or the spoil made by their enemies; and
sometimes by the ill-judged management of their owners, in robbing the
bees beyond the bounds of reason.

By this last unjust way of proceeding, these poor industrious little
insects are absolutely starved, and their greedy masters deservedly
experience the old proverb; that "Too much covetousness breaks the bag."

It is impossible to ascertain what quantity of honey will serve a hive
of bees the whole winter, because the number in the hive may be more or
less, and in some years, the spring is more forward than in others; but
25 lbs. is said to be the quantity required in a common cottage-hive.
During frost, the bees consume very little food indeed; and still less
during severe cold weather. Mr. White (with many other apiarians) is of
opinion, that a greater degree of cold than is commonly imagined to be
proper for bees is favourable to them in winter, for the bees during
that period, are in so lethargic a state, that little food supports
them.

The best method to feed the weak stocks, if in one of Mr. R. Golding's
improved Grecian hives, is to place some combs (drone combs reserved for
that purpose) filled on one side with honey, over the centre-board, and
covering it over with a common hive.

The advantage of feeding bees from above is great; they are less likely
to be attacked by the bees from other hives, and they do not become
benumbed by the cold, as the same temperature is maintained above as in
the rest of the hive.

But in all cases, bees should be fed in autumn, and before they are in
absolute want of food, otherwise they will be so poor and weak that they
will not be able to ascend or descend to feed themselves. When that
happens, it is almost too late to save them; however, you may try and
feed them, by first tying a piece of gauze over the bottom of the hive,
turning it up to receive the heat of the sun or fire, and, if the bees
revive at all, place a pewter dish with some liquid honey in it, on the
floor-board, and the hive over it, when the bees will draw up the honey
through the gauze or net without smearing themselves, the the pewter
dish having been filled with hot water to keep the honey liquid, and to
diffuse a genial warmth throughout the hive, and thus secure them for
a time from the cold, which would chill and even kill the bees in the
winter, when they came down to the bottom of the hive to feed on the
proffered bounty.

In prosperous hives or colonies, as soon as the severity of the winter's
frost is past, the queen-bee begins to lay her eggs in the various cells
in the combs, and proceeds in proportion to the mildness of the season
to deposit a succession. The number of young bees that may by this means
rise in a hive, may endanger the lives of all the bees by famine, for
the increased multitude consume a great deal of honey, an accident
likely to happen if the mild weather of January or February should be
succeeded by cold, rainy, or even dry weather; for it is found that the
flowers do not secrete the sweet juices, which constitute honey, so
freely during the prevalence of dry easterly winds; and thus present a
barren field for the out-of-door labours of the bees.

On this account, the proprietor should examine the hives frequently at
this season, that, if necessary, he may give them a proper supply, in
which he should be bountiful rather than otherwise, because the bees are
faithful stewards, and will return with interest what is thus in their
great need bestowed upon them.

The time of the bees' swarming is generally in the months of May and
June, and sometimes July, but the latter is too late, as there are then
fewer bees than in the earlier swarms, and they seldom live through the
winter without much care and feeding.

The later swarms should be hived in rather smaller hives than the first,
that, by clustering together, they may the better nourish and keep
themselves warm.

The hours of their swarming are for the most part about twelve o'clock
at noon, never before eight, and seldom after four in the afternoon.

The symptom of swarming, is generally the unusual number of bees seen
hanging at the mouth of the hive, and if a piping noise, or a shrill
note, which is made by the queen is heard, it is a sure index the bees
will swarm, if the weather be warm and dry.

If the bees work a comb under the floor-board, as is sometimes the case,
it is a sign they will not swarm; a more certain sign is when they throw
out the young dead queens with the drone brood. When they retain the
drones in the hives after August, it is a bad omen, as they are then
reserved for the sake of the young queens, which they are expecting to
raise; and the season being too far advanced, and their failing in the
attempt, and being without a queen, the colony will most certainly
dwindle away, before the next season.

Always choose a hive proportionable to the size of your swarm, and
prepare to hive them as soon as possible, lest they should rise again.
It is not unusual to ring a bell or tinkle a brass pan, &c., at the time
the bees swarm; it is also a common method to dress the hives with
honey, balm, &c.

I mention these things, because they are customs of long standing: the
tinkling of bells is of little use, as the bees will generally settle
near the hive; and as to dressing the hives, I by no means recommend it,
as the bees like a clean new hive much better, for it does not give them
so much trouble to clean, &c.

If the swarm should rise in the full heat of the day, and the sun shine
hot upon them, they will not continue long in their first situation; for
when they find they have all got their company together, they will soon
uncluster, rise again, fly to some particular spot which has been fixed
upon for that purpose by detached parties of bees, who return and
acquaint the swarm; therefore I would advise to hive them as soon as
possible, and remove them in the evening to the place where they are
to remain.

The supposed relative value of early and late swarms is thus mentioned
in an old English proverb:--

  A swarm in May,
  Is worth a load of hay.
  A swarm in June,
  Is worth a silver spoon;
  A swarm in July,
  Is not worth a fly.




SWARMING AND HIVING THE BEES.


Every good swarm should weigh about 5 lbs., and according to the account
given in Key's Treatise, would contain 23,000 bees. The manner of hiving
them must be regulated chiefly by the places upon which they alight.

If they settle on a dead hedge, or upon the ground, set a hive over
them, putting props under it if necessary, and, with a large spoon or
brush of wet weeds, stir them softly underneath, and they will go in.

If they should happen to settle upon a small bough, you may cut it off,
and laying it quietly on a cloth, place a hive over them; or if you
cannot conveniently separate the bough from the body of the tree, you
may shake or sweep them off into the hive.

If the sun shines hot upon it, shade it with a few boughs, &c., but let
it remain near the place where the bees settled until the evening, at
which time move it to the bee-house, or the place where it is to stand
during the season, as just directed.

If the bees have hung a considerable time to the place where they first
settled, you will, perhaps, find it difficult entirely to dislodge them,
as they will neglect their labour and fly about the spot for many days
afterwards. The best method to prevent this is, by rubbing the branches
with rue, or any kind of herb disagreeable to the bees; but be careful
not to hurt any of the bees.

Swarms seldom return home again, when they are well settled, and if you
find them inclined to do so, depend upon it, some accident has happened
to their queen, which you will easily ascertain by their making a
murmuring noise, and running in a distracted manner over and about the
sides of the hive. When you observe this, immediately seek about for
her, beginning with the stock-hive from whence the swarm rose, and
pursue the track they took at setting out; you will seldom miss finding
her, for she is never alone, but generally encompassed with a cluster of
bees, who would sooner perish than leave her in danger.

When you have found her, take her up gently, and put her to the swarm,
and you will soon find the cause of their dissatisfaction removed by the
arrival of the queen.

The greatest care must be taken to have your hive clean and sweet, free
from loose straws or other obstacles, which will create great trouble
and loss of time to the bees, if left to them to remove.

If bees have flowers suitable to their tastes, and no great distance
to travel to them, they will fill their hives both with honey and wax,
in about a month or five weeks, and, if the season has proved fair and
pleasant, in less time; but the bee-keeper must expect four out of every
five seasons to be unpropitious to his little charge, and, therefore,
he must be on the watch to assist them with food in the time of need.

Scarcely has the swarm arrived at its new habitation, when the working
bees labour with the utmost diligence, to procure food and build their
combs. Their principal aim is not only to have cells in which they may
deposit the honey and pollen, but a stronger motive seems to animate
them; they seem to know that their queen is about to deposit her eggs;
and their industry is such, that in four and twenty hours they will
have made combs, twelve inches long, and three or four inches wide.
They build more combs during the first fortnight, than they do during
all the rest of the year.

Other bees are at the same time busy in stopping all the holes and
crevices they happen to find in their new hive, in order to guard
against the entrance of insects which covet their honey, their wax, or
themselves; and also to exclude the cold air; for it is indispensably
necessary that they be lodged warm and secure from damp, &c.

A second swarm scarcely is, and much less are the third ones called
_casts_ worth keeping single, because, being few in number, they cannot
allow so large a proportion of working bees to go abroad in search of
provisions, as more numerous swarms can, after retaining a proper number
for the various works to be done within the hive.

Bees sometimes swarm so often that the mother-hive is too much weakened
or reduced in population. In this case they should be restored; and this
should also be done when a swarm produces a swarm the first summer, as
is sometimes the case in early seasons.

The best way, indeed, is to prevent such swarming, by giving the bees
more room; though this, again, will not answer where there is a prolific
young queen in the hive; as she well knows that her life is the forfeit
of her remaining at home.

Before the union of one or two casts or late swarms is made, it is
better to kill one of the queens, if possible, to prevent the queens
destroying one another.

If an old hive is full of bees, and yet shows no disposition to swarm,
puff in a little smoke at the entrance of the hive, then turn the hive
up, and give it some slight strokes on the sides so as to alarm the
bees. They will immediately run to the extremities of the combs, and
if you then attentively examine them, you will, in all probability,
perceive the queen-bee the foremost amongst them. Seize her between your
fore finger and thumb, and confine her in your hand till most part of
the bees take wing; let her then go, the bees will soon join her, and
settle on some branch of a tree. Put them into an empty hive. Restore
the old hive in its place, that the bees which have been out in the
fields may enter it on their return, and having allowed them to remain
there an hour or two, place it upon another stand near or next to its
own.

The hive having what may now be called a swarm in it, is then placed
on the stand of the old stock; and if the bees in both hives work
regularly, carrying in loads of pollen on their thighs, all is well.

Bees are not apt to sting when they swarm naturally, therefore, it is
not necessary then to take extraordinary precaution against them; but
when any of these violent and artificial modes are attempted, I should
advise the operator to be well guarded at all points.

Wildman weighed bees and found it required 4,928 bees to make a pound of
sixteen ounces, but the different circumstances in bees may occasion a
considerable difference in their weight. When the bees swarm, they come
out loaded with wax secreted in their wax pockets and honey in their
honey bags, and would weigh heavier than bees taken for that purpose
by chance; and, therefore, the number of the bees is not to be thus
computed, from the weight of the swarm; for one fourth of the number at
least should be deducted, in lieu of the wax and honey they have brought
off with them. There is also another allowance to be made, namely, that
when alive, they do not probably weigh so heavy as when dead.

The person who intends to erect an apiary, should purchase a proper
number of hives at the latter end of the year, when they are cheapest.
The hives should be full of combs, and well stored with bees.

The purchaser should examine the combs, in order to know the age of the
hives. The combs of that season are white, those of a darkish yellow are
of the previous year; and, where the combs are black, the hives should
be rejected, because old hives are most liable to vermin and other
accidents.

If the number of hives wanted were not purchased in the autumn, it will
be necessary to remedy this neglect after the severity of the cold is
past in the spring. At this season, bees which are in good condition,
will get into the fields early in the morning, return loaded, enter
boldly, and do not come out of the hive in bad weather; for when they
do, this indicates that they are in great want of provisions.

They are alert on the least disturbance; and by the loudness of their
humming, you can judge of their strength. They preserve their hives
free from filth, and are ready to defend it against every enemy that
approaches.

But the better plan is at once to commence with new hives, and purchase
the first and strong swarms to put into them, and introduce them into
the bee-house.

There are various substances found in a hive, such as the _wax_, with
which the combs are built, the _honey_, the _farina_ or _pollen_, with
which the bee-brood is fed, and _propolis_.

_Honey_, is a fluid or semi-fluid substance, the materials of which are
collected by the bees, from the nectaries at the base of the corollæ of
flowers, where this vegetable production is secreted.

It cannot be said to be a purely vegetable production when found
in the combs, for after being collected by the insect by means of its
proboscis, it is transmitted into what is called the honey bag, where it
is elaborated, and, hurrying homewards with its precious load, the bee
regurgitates it into the cell of the honey comb. It takes a great many
drops to fill a cell, as the honey bag when full does not exceed the
size of a small pea.

When the cell is full, it is sealed up with a mixture of of wax and
pollen, and reserved for future use in winter and spring.

_Wax_. There are several varieties of this substance, but bees-wax is a
secretion of that insect from its ventral scales. With this substance
the comb is constructed; it takes the bees, according to Huber's
account, twenty-four hours to secrete the six laminæ of wax in the wax
pockets, which may be seen to exude between the segments of the under
side of the abdomen of the bee. For the purpose of the formation of wax,
the bees have to cluster and form themselves into festoons from the top
of the hive, and after the elapse of the necessary period, the wax
scales are formed, with which the bees commence immediately to build
their combs, and the various cells for the reception of the brood or
food, according to the season of the year.

_Propolis_, is a tenacious, semi-transparent substance, having a
balsamic odour; which the bees gather from the buds of certain trees in
the spring, such as the horse-chestnut, the willow, the poplar, and the
birch.

This tenacious substance is employed by the bees to attach more firmly
the combs to the top or foundation, and also the edges of the combs to
the sides of the hive or box, to stop the crevices, and fasten the hives
or boxes to the floor-boards, and in forming barriers against the
intrusion of enemies.

_Farina_, or _Pollen_, is the dust or minute globules contained in the
anthers of flowers, and is the fertilizing property of flowers, which
the bees thus assist to carry, whilst travelling from flower to flower,
without which the flowers would not fructify. The bees have been found
to continue collecting pollen from the same species of flowers, and
prevent the multiplication of hybrid plants. They collect and carry
this substance on the outer surface of the tibia, or the middle joint
of the hinder leg; this part of the leg is broad, and on one side it
is concave, and furnished with a row of strong hairs on its margins,
forming as it were a natural basket, well adapted for the purpose. This
substance mixed with honey, forms the food of the larvæ or young brood,
after undergoing, perhaps, a peculiar elaboration by the working or
nurse bees.

Having thus mentioned the different substances found in a hive, it only
remains to add a short history of the inmates of the hive. Every swarm
of bees comprises three distinct kinds of the same species, namely, the
_female_ or _queen_, the _neuter_ or _worker-bee_, and the _male_ or
_drone_.

As there is only one _queen-bee_ in each swarm or colony, she is seldom
to be seen amidst the thousands of other bees; but she is easily
distinguished from the rest by her slower movements, her greater length
and larger size; and the general appearance of her body, being of a more
dark orange colour, and her hinder legs having neither brushes nor
pollen baskets upon them, although longer than those of the worker-bee;
her wings also appear stronger, and she possesses a more curved sting,
which she seldom uses, except when asserting her rights to the
sovereignty of the hive.

Without a _queen-bee_ no swarm can thrive, for she is not only the
ruler, but chiefly the mother of the community in which she dwells, and
wherever she goes, the greatest attention is paid her. In the hive, the
utmost solicitude is evinced to satisfy her in every wish; wherever she
moves the bees anxiously clear away before her, and turn their heads
towards their sovereign, and with much affection touch her with their
antennæ, and supply her, as often as she needs, with honey or other
delicacy which their own exertions, or those of their fellow labourers,
have gathered for her use.

The queen-bee is said to live four or five years, and is generally
succeeded on her throne by one of her own descendants duly brought up
for the purpose; but in the event of her untimely decease, the workers
have the power of raising a sovereign from amongst themselves, and
fitting her for the station she is intended to occupy; this they do
by selecting one of the larvæ of the worker-bee of a certain age,
and, enlarging the cell which it is to occupy, supplying it with a
nourishment different from that which they give to the worker and
drone-brood.

A _queen-bee_ takes seventeen days to arrive at maturity, that is to
say, from the egg-state to the fully developed queen, but this period
will vary as a sudden change of temperature will prolong the interval;
and this also applies to the perfect _queen_ herself, who will not
deposit her eggs in the cells, when any severe weather happens at the
period she may be expected to produce the eggs.

The fecundity of the queen-bee is very great, for it is estimated that
during breeding time, unless prevented by the cold weather, she lays
at the rate of from one hundred to two hundred eggs a day, causing
an increase of not less than eighty thousand worker-bees, and drones
included, in a season when circumstances are favourable.

The cells formed for the royal brood are very different from those of
the males or the workers, and are generally suspended from the sides
or edges of the combs; in shape they are very much like a pear, the
thickest end joining the comb, and the small end having the mouth or
entrance to the cell, and hanging downwards, and being almost as large
as a lady's thimble.

The _drones_ or _males_ in a hive are computed at from six hundred
to two thousand, but the numbers are remarkably irregular, and the
proportion is not regulated by the number of bees contained in a hive;
for a small swarm or colony will contain as many, or more sometimes,
than a large one.

The drone may be easily distinguished from the _queen_ or _workers_,
from its greater breadth, having large eyes which meet at the top of the
head, and no sting, and from its making a loud humming whilst flying.

It takes twenty-four days from the time of the laying of the drone _egg_
to its coming forth a perfect insect. Drones are generally hatched about
the end of April or the beginning of May; they venture out of the hive
only in warm weather, and then only in the middle of the day, and they
are generally expelled by the bees from the hives about July or August,
after the impregnation of the young queens has taken place.

When the destruction of the drones takes place earlier, it may be
considered a certain indication that no swarming will take place during
that season; but the retention of the drones after August, is a very bad
sign, as the swarm must certainly perish in the winter, unless their
vacant throne is supplied with a prolific queen.

The _neuter_ or _worker-bee_, is the least of the three, and of a dark
brown colour; the abdomen is conical, and composed of six distinct
segments, and armed with a straight sting; it possesses a long flexible
trunk, known by the name of a proboscis, and has on its two hinder legs
a hollow or basket, to receive the propolis and farina which it collects
as before described.

The number of workers in a well-stocked hive is about fifteen thousand
or twenty thousand. Upon them devolves the whole care and labour of the
colony, to collect pollen, propolis, and honey; to build the combs and
to attend upon the brood or young bees.

The _worker-bee_ is short-lived, seldom surviving more than a year, but
this is more from the toil they have to endure, though it be a labour
of love, and the many risks they run upon each occasion of going out in
search of food, &c., from the weather, or their numerous winged enemies.


  "Sunt quibus ad portas cecidit custodia sorti:
  Inque vicem speculantur aquas et nubila coeli,
  Aut onera accipiunt venientum, aut agmine facto
  Ignavum fucos pecus à præsepibus arcent.
  Fervet opus, redolentque thymo fragrantia mella."



  LONDON:
  Printed by S. & J. BENTLEY, WILSON, and FLEY,
  Bangor House, Shoe Lane.



       *       *       *       *       *



Transcribers notes:

   A page of Errata appearing here has been applied to the text and
   removed.

   Inconsistency in the hyphenation of phrases has been retained.





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