The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Old English Physiologus This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: The Old English Physiologus Translator: Albert S. Cook Author: Cynewulf Translator: James Hall Pitman Release date: December 30, 2004 [eBook #14529] Most recently updated: December 19, 2020 Language: English, Old English Credits: Produced by David Starner, Ben Beasley and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE OLD ENGLISH PHYSIOLOGUS *** Produced by David Starner, Ben Beasley and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team [Transcriber's note: This text contains some special characters, including a, e, i, o, u, y, and æ with macrons, which are represented by [=a],[=e], [=i], [=o], [=u], [=y], and [=æ], respectively, and the oe ligature, which has been split into two letters.] YALE STUDIES IN ENGLISH ALBERT S. COOK, EDITOR LXIII THE OLD ENGLISH PHYSIOLOGUS TEXT AND PROSE TRANSLATION BY ALBERT STANBURROUGH COOK Professor of the English Language and Literature in Yale University VERSE TRANSLATION BY JAMES HALL PITMAN Fellow in English of Yale University NEW HAVEN: YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON: HUMPHREY MILFORD OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS MDCCCXXI [FACSIMILE] PREFACE The Old English _Physiologus_, or _Bestiary_, is a series of three brief poems, dealing with the mythical traits of a land-animal, a sea-beast, and a bird respectively, and deducing from them certain moral or religious lessons. These three creatures are selected from a much larger number treated in a work of the same name which was compiled at Alexandria before 140 B.C., originally in Greek, and afterwards translated into a variety of languages--into Latin before 431. The standard form of the _Physiologus_ has 49 chapters, each dealing with a separate animal (sometimes imaginary) or other natural object, beginning with the lion, and ending with the ostrich; examples of these are the pelican, the eagle, the phoenix, the ant (cf. Prov. 6.6), the fox, the unicorn, and the salamander. In this standard text, the Old English poems are represented by chapters 16, 17, and 18, dealing in succession with the panther, a mythical sea-monster called the asp-turtle (usually denominated the whale), and the partridge. Of these three poems, the third is so fragmentary that little is left except eight lines of religious application, and four of exhortation by the poet, so that the outline of the poem, and especially the part descriptive of the partridge, must be conjecturally restored by reference to the treatment in the fuller versions, which are based upon Jer. 17.11 (the texts drawn upon for the application in lines 5-11 are 2 Cor. 6.17,18; Isa. 55.7; Heb. 2.10,11). It has been said: 'With the exception of the Bible, there is perhaps no other book in all literature that has been more widely current in every cultivated tongue and among every class of people.' Such currency might be illustrated from many English authors. Two passages from Elizabethan literature may serve as specimens--the one from Spenser, the other from Shakespeare. The former is from the _Faerie Queene_ (1. 11.34): At last she saw, where he upstarted brave Out of the well, wherein he drenched lay; As Eagle fresh out of the Ocean wave, Where he hath left his plumes all hoary gray, And deckt himselfe with feathers youthly gay, Like Eyas hauke up mounts unto the skies, His newly budded pineons to assay, And marveiles at himselfe, still as he flies: So new this new-borne knight to battell new did rise. The other is from _Hamlet_ (Laertes to the King): To his good friends thus wide I'll ope my arms; And like the kind life-rendering pelican, Repast them with my blood.[1] However widely diffused, the symbolism exemplified by the _Physiologus_ is peculiarly at home in the East. Thus Egypt symbolized the sun, with his death at night passing into a rebirth, by the phoenix, which, by a natural extension, came to signify the resurrection. And the Bible not only sends the sluggard to the ant, and bids men consider the lilies of the field, but with a large sweep commands (Job 12.7,8): 'Ask now the beasts, and they shall teach thee; and the fowls of the air, and they shall tell thee; or speak to the earth, and it shall teach thee; and the fishes of the sea shall declare unto thee.' [Footnote 1: Alfred de Musset, in _La Nuit de Mai_, develops the image of the pelican through nearly thirty lines.] The text as here printed is extracted from my edition, _The Old English Elenc, Phoenix, and Physiologus_ (Yale University Press, 1919), where a critical apparatus may be found; here it may be sufficient to say that Italic letters in square brackets denote my emendations, and Roman letters those of previous editors. The translations have not hitherto been published, and no complete ones are extant in any language, save those contained in Thorpe's edition of the _Codex Exoniensis_, which appeared in 1842. The long conjectural passage in the _Partridge_ is due wholly to Mr. Pitman. A.S.C. March 27, 1921. PHYSIOLOGUS [**Transcriber's note: The following texts have been split into small sections based on the pagination of the original. These sections alternate as follows, each section being separated from its neighbors by rows of asterisks: Old English verse; Modern English verse translation; Modern English prose translation. While this fragments each version, it facilitates comparison in parallel.] I THE PANTHER Monge sindon geond middangeard unr[=i]mu cynn, [_þ[=a]ra_] þe w[=e] æþelu ne magon ryhte [=a]reccan n[=e] r[=i]m witan; þæs w[=i]de sind geond wor[_u_]l[d] innan 5 fugla and d[=e]ora foldhr[=e]rendra wornas widsceope, sw[=a] wæter bib[=u]geð þisne beorhtan b[=o]sm, brim grymetende, sealt[=y]pa geswing. W[=e] bi sumum h[=y]rdon wr[=æ]tl[=i]c[_um_] gecynd[_e_] wildra secgan, 10 f[=i]rum fr[=e]am[=æ]rne, feorlondum on, eard weardian, [=e]ðles n[=e]otan, æfter d[=u]nscrafum. Is þæt d[=e]or Pandher bi noman h[=a]ten, þæs þe niþþa bear[n], * * * * * Of living creatures many are the kinds Throughout the world--unnumbered, since no man Can count their multitudes, nor rightly learn The ways of their wild nature; wide they roam, These beasts and birds, as far as ocean sets A limit to the earth, embracing her And all her sunny fields with salty seas And toss of roaring billows. We have heard From men of wider lore of one wild beast, Wonderful dweller in a far-off land Renowned of men, who loves his native glens And dusky caverns. Him have wise men called * * * * * Many, yea numberless, are the tribes throughout the world whose natures we can not rightly expound nor their multitudes reckon, so immense are the swarms of birds and earth-treading animals wherever water, the roaring ocean, the surge of salt billows, encompasses the smiling bosom of earth. We have heard about one marvelous kind of wild beast which inhabits, in lands far off, a domain renowned among men, rejoicing there in his home amid the mountain-caves. This beast is called panther, as the learned * * * * * w[=i]sfæste weras, on gewritum c[=y]þa[_ð_] 15 bi þ[=a]m [=a]nstapan. S[=e] is [=æ][_g_]hw[=a]m fr[=e]ond, duguða [=e]stig, b[=u]tan dracan [=a]num; þ[=a]m h[=e] in ealle t[=i]d andwr[=a]ð leofaþ, þurh yfla gehwylc þe h[=e] geæfnan mæg. Ðæt is wr[=æ]tl[=i]c d[=e]or, wundrum sc[=y]ne, 20 h[=i]wa gehwylces. Sw[=a] hæleð secgað, g[=æ]sth[=a]lge guman, þætte I[=o]s[=e]phes tunece w[=æ]re telga gehwylces bl[=e]om bregdende, þ[=a]ra beorhtra gehwylc, [=æ]ghwæs [=æ]nl[=i]cra, [=o]þrum l[=i]xte 25 dryhta bearnum, sw[=a] þæs d[=e]ores h[=i]w, bl[=æ]c, brigda gehwæs, beorhtra and sc[=y]nra wundrum l[=i]xeð, þætte wr[=æ]tl[=i]cra [=æ]ghwylc [=o]þrum, [=æ]nl[=i]cra g[=i]en and f[=æ]gerra, frætwum bl[=i]ceð, 30 symle sell[=i]cra. H[=e] hafað sundorgecynd, * * * * * The panther, and in books have told of him, The solitary rover. He is kind, A bounteous friend to every living thing Save one alone, the dragon; but with him The panther ever lives at enmity, Employing every means within his power To work him evil. Fair is he, full bright And wonderful of hue. The holy scribes Tell us how Joseph's many-colored coat, Gleaming with varying dyes of every shade, Brilliant, resplendent, dazzled all men's eyes That looked upon it. So the panther's hues Shine altogether lovely, marvelous, While each fair color in its beauty glows Ever more rare and charming than the rest. His wondrous character is mild, and free * * * * * among the children of men report in their books concerning that lonely wanderer. He is a friend, bountiful in kindness, to every one save only the dragon; with him he always lives at enmity by means of every injury he can inflict. He is a bewitching animal, marvelously beautiful with every color. Just as, according to men holy in spirit, Joseph's coat was variegated with hues of every shade, each shining before the sons of men brighter and more perfect than another, so does the color of this beast blaze with every diversity, gleaming in wondrous wise so clear and fair that each tint is ever lovelier than the next, glows more enchanting in its splendor, more rare, more beauteous, and more strange. He has a nature all his own, so gentle and so calm is * * * * * milde, gemetfæst. H[=e] is monþw[=æ]re, lufsum and l[=e]oftæl: nele l[=a]þes wiht [=æ][ng]um geæfnan b[=u]tan þ[=a]m [=a]ttorsceaþan, his fyrngeflitan, þe ic [=æ]r fore sægde. 35 Symle, fylle fægen, þonne f[=o]ddor þigeð, æfter þ[=a]m gereordum ræste s[=e]ceð, d[=y]gle st[=o]we under d[=u]nscrafum; ð[=æ]r se þ[=e]o[d]wiga þr[=e]onihta fæc swifeð on swe[_o_]fote, sl[=æ]pe gebiesga[d]. 40 Þonne ellenr[=o]f [=u]p [=a]stondeð, þrymme gewelga[d], on þone þriddan dæg, sn[=e]ome of sl[=æ]pe. Sw[=e]ghl[=e]oþor cymeð, w[=o]þa wynsumast, þurh þæs wildres m[=u]ð; æfter pære stefne stenc [=u]t cymeð 45 of þ[=a]m wongstede-- wynsumra st[=e]am, sw[=e]ttra and sw[=i]þra, swæcca gehwylcum, wyrta bl[=o]stmum and wudubl[=e]dum, eallum æþel[=i]cra eorþan frætw[um]. * * * * * From all disturbing passion. Gracious, kind, And full of love, he meditates no harm But to that venomous foe, as I have told, His ancient enemy. Once he has rejoiced His heart with feasting, straight he finds a nook Hidden among dim caves, his resting-place. There three nights' space, in deepest slumber wrapped, The people's champion lies. Then, stout of heart, The third day he arises fresh from sleep, Endowed with glory. From the creature's mouth Issues a melody of sweetest strains; And close upon the voice a balmy scent Fills all the place--an incense lovelier, Sweeter, and abler to perfume the air, Than any odor of an earthly flower Or scent of woodland fruit, more excellent * * * * * it. Kind, attractive, and friendly, he has no thought of doing harm to any save the envenomed foe, his ancient adversary of whom I spoke. When, delighting in a feast, he has partaken of food, ever at the end of the meal he betakes himself to his resting-place, a hidden retreat among the mountain-caves; there the champion of his race, overcome by sleep, abandons himself to slumber for the space of three nights. Then the dauntless one, replenished with vigor, straightway arises from sleep when the third day has come. A melody, the most ravishing of strains, flows from the wild beast's mouth; and, following the music, there issues a fragrance from the place--a fume more transporting, sweet, and strong than any odor whatever, than blossoms of plants or fruits of the forest, choicer * * * * * Þonne of ceastrum and cynest[=o]lum 50 and of burgsalum beornþr[=e]at monig farað foldwegum folca þr[=y]þum; [=e]oredcystum, ofestum gef[=y]sde, dareðl[=a]cende --d[=e]or [s]w[=a] some-- æfter þ[=æ]re stefne on þone stenc farað. 55 Sw[=a] is Dryhten God, dr[=e]ama R[=æ]dend, eallum [=e]aðm[=e]de [=o]þrum gesceaftum, duguða gehwylcre, b[=u]tan dracan [=a]num, [=a]ttres ordfruman-- þæt is se ealda f[=e]ond þone h[=e] ges[=æ]lde in s[=u]sla grund, 60 and gefetrade f[=y]rnum t[=e]agum, biþeahte þr[=e]an[=y]dum; and þ[=y] þriddan dæge of d[=i]gle [=a]r[=a]s, þæs þe h[=e] d[=e]að fore [=u]s þr[=e]o niht þolade, Þ[=e]oden engla, sigora Sellend. Þæt wæs sw[=e]te stenc, 65 wlitig and wynsum, geond woruld ealle. Siþþan t[=o] þ[=a]m swicce s[=o]ðfæste men, * * * * * Than all this world's adornments. Then from town And palace, then from castle-hall, come forth Along the roads great troops of hurrying men-- The very beasts come also; all press on Toward that sweet odor, when the voice is stilled. Such as this creature is the Lord our God, Giver of joys, to all creation kind, To men benignant, save alone to him, The dragon, author of all wickedness, Satan, the ancient adversary whom, Fettered with fire, shackled with dire constraint, Into the pit of torments God cast down. The third day Christ arose from out the grave, For three nights having suffered death for us, He, Lord of angels, he in whom alone Is hope of overcoming. Far and wide The tidings spread, like perfume fresh and sweet, Through all the world. Then to that fragrance thronged * * * * * than aught that clothes the earth with beauty. Thereupon from cities, courts, and castle-halls many companies of heroes flock along the highways of earth; the wielders of the spear press forward in hurrying throngs to that perfume--and so also do animals--when once the music has ceased. Even so the Lord God, the Giver of joy, is gracious to all creatures, to every order of them, save only the dragon, the source of venom, that ancient enemy whom he bound in the abyss of torments; shackling him with fiery fetters, and loading him with dire constraints, he arose from darkness on the third day after he, the Lord of angels, the Bestower of victory, had for three nights endured death on our behalf. That was a sweet perfume throughout the world, winsome and entrancing. Henceforth, * * * * * on healfa gehwone, h[=e]apum þrungon geond ealne ymbhwyrft eorþan sc[=e]at[a]. Sw[=a] se snottra gecwæð Sanctus Paulus: 70 'Monigfealde sind geond middangeard g[=o]d ungn[=y]ðe þe [=u]s t[=o] giefe d[=æ]leð and t[=o] feorhnere Fæder ælmihtig, and se [=a]nga Hyht ealra gesceafta uppe ge niþre.' Þæt is æþele stenc. * * * * * From every side all men whose hearts were true, Throughout the regions of the circled earth. Thus spoke the wise St. Paul: 'In all the world His gifts are many, which he gives to us For our salvation with unstinting hand, Almighty Father, he, the only Hope Of all in heaven or here below on earth.' This is that noble fragrance, rare and sweet, Which draws all men to seek it from afar. * * * * * through the whole extent of earth's regions, righteous men have streamed in multitudes from every side to that fragrance. As said the wise St. Paul: 'Manifold over the world are the lavish bounties which the Father almighty, the Hope of all creatures above and below, bestows on us as grace and salvation.' That, too, is a sweet odor. II THE WHALE (ASP-TURTLE) N[=u] ic fitte g[=e]n ymb fisca cynn wille w[=o]ðcræfte wordum c[=y]þan þurh m[=o]dgemynd, bi þ[=a]m miclan hwale. S[=e] bið unwillum oft gem[=e]ted, 5 fr[=e]cne and fer[_h_]ðgrim, fareðl[=a]cendum, niþþa gehwylcum; þ[=a]m is noma cenned, fyr[ge]nstr[=e]ama geflotan, Fastitocalon. Is þæs h[=i]w gel[=i]c hr[=e]ofum st[=a]ne, swylce w[=o]rie bi wædes [=o]fre, 10 sondbeorgum ymbseald, s[=æ]r[=y]rica m[=æ]st, sw[=a] þæt w[=e]naþ w[=æ]gl[=i]þende þæt h[=y] on [=e]alond sum [=e]agum wl[=i]ten; and þonne geh[=y]d[_i_]að h[=e]ahstefn scipu t[=o] þ[=a]m unlonde oncyrr[=a]pum, 15 s[_[=æ]_]laþ s[=æ]mearas sundes æt ende, * * * * * Now will I spur again my wit, and use Poetic skill to weave words into song, Telling of one among the race of fish, The great asp-turtle. Men who sail the sea Often unwillingly encounter him, Dread preyer on mankind. His name we know, The ocean-swimmer, Fastitocalon. Dun, like rough stone in color, as he floats He seems a heaving bank of reedy grass Along the shore, with rolling dunes behind, So that sea-wanderers deem their gaze has found An island. Boldly then their high-prowed ships They moor with cables to that shore, a land That is no land. Still floating on the waves, Their ocean-coursers curvet at the marge; * * * * * This time I will with poetic art rehearse, by means of words and wit, a poem about a kind of fish, the great sea-monster which is often unwillingly met, terrible and cruel-hearted to seafarers, yea, to every man; this swimmer of the ocean-streams is known as the asp-turtle. His appearance is like that of a rough boulder, as if there were tossing by the shore a great ocean-reedbank begirt with sand-dunes, so that seamen imagine they are gazing upon an island, and moor their high-prowed ships with cables to that false land, make fast the ocean-coursers at the sea's end, and, bold of heart, climb up * * * * * and þonne in þæt [=e]glond [=u]p gew[=i]tað collenfer[_h_]þe; c[=e]olas stondað bi staþe fæste str[=e]ame biwunden. Ðonne gew[=i]ciað w[=e]rigfer[_h_]ðe, 20 faroðl[=a]cende, fr[=e]cnes ne w[=e]nað. On þ[=a]m [=e]alonde [=æ]led weccað, h[=e]ah fyr [=æ]lað. Hæleþ b[=e]oþ on wynnum, r[=e]onigm[=o]de, ræste gel[y]ste. Þonne gef[=e]leð f[=a]cnes cræftig 25 þæt him þ[=a] f[=e]rend on fæste wuniaþ, w[=i]c weardiað, wedres on luste, ðonne semninga on sealtne w[=æ]g mid þ[=a] n[=o]þe niþer gew[=i]teþ, g[=a]rsecges gæst, grund ges[=e]ceð, 30 and þonne in d[=e]aðsele drence bifæsteð scipu mid scealcum. Sw[=a] bið scinn[_en_]a þ[=e]aw, d[=e]ofla w[=i]se, þæt h[=i] droht[i]ende þurh dyrne meaht duguðe besw[=i]cað, and on teosu tyhtaþ tilra d[=æ]da, 35 w[=e]mað on willan, þæt h[=y] wraþe s[=e]cen, * * * * * The weary-hearted sailors mount the isle, And, free from thought of peril, there abide. Elated, on the sands they build a fire, A mounting blaze. There, light of heart, they sit-- No more discouraged--eager for sweet rest. Then when the crafty fiend perceives that men, Encamped upon him, making their abode, Enjoy the gentle weather, suddenly Under the salty waves he plunges down, Straight to the bottom deep he drags his prey; He, guest of ocean, in his watery haunts Drowns ships and men, and fast imprisons them Within the halls of death. Such is the way Of demons, devils' wiles: to hide their power, And stealthily inveigle heedless men, Inciting them against all worthy deeds, And luring them to seek for help and comfort * * * * * on that island; the vessels stand by the beach, enringed by the flood. The weary-hearted sailors then encamp, dreaming not of peril. On the island they start a fire, kindle a mounting flame. The dispirited heroes, eager for repose, are flushed with joy. Now when the cunning plotter feels that the seamen are firmly established upon him, and have settled down to enjoy the weather, the guest of ocean sinks without warning into the salt wave with his prey (?), and makes for the bottom, thus whelming ships and men in that abode of death. Such is the way of demons, the wont of devils: they spend their lives in outwitting men by their secret power, inciting them to the corruption of good deeds, misguiding * * * * * fr[=o]fre t[=o] f[=e]ondum, oþþæt hy fæste ð[=æ]r æt þ[=a]m w[=æ]rlogan w[=i]c gec[=e]osað. Þonne þæt gecn[=a]weð of cwics[=u]sle fl[=a]h f[=e]ond gem[=a]h, þætte f[=i]ra gehwylc 40 hæleþa cynnes on his hringe biþ fæste gef[=e]ged, h[=e] him feorgbona, þurh sl[=i]þen searo, siþþan weorþeð, wloncum and h[=e]anum þe his willan h[=e]r firenum fremmað; mid þ[=a]m h[=e] f[=æ]ringa, 45 heoloþhelme biþeaht, helle s[=e]ceð, g[=o]da g[=e]asne, grundl[=e]asne wylm under mistgl[=o]me, sw[=a] se micla hwæl se þe bisenceð s[=æ]l[=i]þende eorlas and [=y]ðmearas. H[=e] hafað [=o]þre gecynd, 50 wæterþisa wlonc, wr[=æ]tl[=i]cran g[=i]en. Þonne hine on holme hunger bysgað, and þone [=a]gl[=æ]can [=æ]tes lysteþ, ðonne se mereweard m[=u]ð ont[=y]neð, * * * * * From unsuspected foes, until at last They choose a dwelling with the faithless one. Then, when the fiend, by crafty malice stirred, From where hell's torments bind him fast, perceives That men are firmly set in his domain, With treachery unspeakable he hastes To snare and to destroy the lives of those, Both proud and lowly, who in sin perform His will on earth. Donning the mystic helm Of darkness, with his prey he speeds to hell, The place devoid of good--all misty gloom, Where broods a sullen lake, black, bottomless, Just as the monster, Fastitocalon, Destroys seafarers, overwhelming men And staunch-built ships. Another trait he has, This proud sea-swimmer, still more marvelous. When hunger grips the monster on the deep, Making him long for food, his gaping mouth The ocean-warder opens, stretching wide * * * * * them at will so that they seek help and support from fiends, until they end by making their fixed abode with the betrayer. When, from out his living torture, the crafty, malicious enemy perceives that any one is firmly settled within his domain, he proceeds, by his malignant wiles, to become the slayer of that man, be he rich or poor, who sinfully does his will; and, covered by his cap of darkness, suddenly betakes himself with them to hell, where naught of good is found, a bottomless abyss shrouded in misty gloom--like that monster which engulfs the ocean-traversing men and ships. This proud tosser of the waves has another and still more wonderful trait. When hunger plagues him on the deep, and the monster longs for food, this haunter of the sea opens his mouth, and sets his lips agape; * * * * * w[=i]de weleras; cymeð wynsum stenc 55 of his innoþe, þætte [=o]þre þurh þone, s[=æ]fisca cynn, beswicen weorðaþ. Swimmað sundhwate þ[=æ]r se sw[=e]ta stenc [=u]t gew[=i]t[e]ð. H[=i] þ[=æ]r in farað, unware weorude, oþþæt se w[=i]da ceafl 60 gefylled bið; þonne f[=æ]ringa ymbe þ[=a] hereh[=u]þe hlemmeð t[=o]gædre grimme g[=o]man. Sw[=a] biþ gumena gehw[=a]m se þe oftost his unwærl[=i]ce, on þ[=a]s l[=æ]nan t[=i]d, l[=i]f bisc[=e]awað: 65 l[=æ]teð hine besw[=i]can þurh sw[=e]tne stenc, l[=e]asne willan, þæt h[=e] biþ leahtrum f[=a]h wið Wuldorcyning. Him se [=a]wyrgda ong[=e]an æfter hins[=i]þe helle ont[=y]neð, þ[=a]m þe l[=e]asl[=i]ce l[=i]ces wynne 70 ofer ferh[ð]gereaht fremedon on unr[=æ]d. Þonne se f[=æ]cna in þ[=a]m fæstenne gebr[=o]ht hafað, bealwes cræftig, * * * * * His monstrous lips; and from his cavernous maw Sends an entrancing odor. This sweet scent, Deceiving other fishes, lures them on In swiftly moving schools toward that fell place Whence comes the perfume. There, unwary host, They enter in, until the yawning mouth Is filled to overflowing, when, at once, Trapping their prey, the fearful jaws snap shut. So, in this fleeting earthly time, each man Who orders heedlessly his mortal life Lets a sweet odor, some beguiling wish, Entice him, so that in the eyes of God, The King of glory, his iniquities Make him abhorrent. After death for him The all-accursed devil opens hell-- Opens for all who in their folly here Let pleasures of the body overcome Their spirits' guidance. When the wily fiend Into his hold beside the fiery lake * * * * * whereupon there issues a ravishing perfume from his inwards, by which other kinds of fish are beguiled. With lively motions they swim to where the sweet odor comes forth, and there enter in, a heedless host, until the wide gorge is full; then, in one instant, he snaps his fierce jaws together about the swarming prey. Thus it is with any one who, in this fleeting time, full oft neglects to take heed to his life, and allows himself to be enticed by sweet fragrance, a lying lure, so that he becomes hostile to the King of glory by reason of his sins. The accursed one will, when they die, throw wide the doors of hell to those who, in their folly, have wrought the treacherous delights of the body, contrary to the wise guidance of the soul. When the deceiver, skilful in wrongdoing, hath brought into that fastness, * * * * * æt þ[=a]m [_[=a]_]dwylme, þ[=a] þe him on cleofiað, gyltum gehrodene, and [=æ]r georne his 75 in hira l[=i]fdagum l[=a]rum h[=y]rdon, þonne he þ[=a] grimman g[=o]man bihlemmeð, æfter feorhcwale, fæste t[=o]gædre, helle hlinduru. N[=a]gon hwyrft n[=e] swice, [=u]ts[=i]þ [=æ]fre, þ[=a] [_þe_] þ[=æ]r in cumað, 80 þon m[=a] þe þ[=a] fiscas, faraðl[=a]cende, of þæs hwæles fenge hweorfan m[=o]tan. Forþon is eallinga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dryhtna Dryhtne, and [=a] d[=e]oflum wiðsace 85 wordum and weorcum, þæt w[=e] Wuldorcyning ges[=e]on m[=o]ton. Uton [=a] sibbe t[=o] him, on þ[=a]s hw[=i]lnan t[=i]d, h[=æ]lu s[=e]can, þæt w[=e] mid sw[=a] l[=e]ofne in lofe m[=o]tan t[=o] w[=i]dan feore wuldres n[=e]otan. * * * * * With evil craft has led those erring ones Who cleave to him, sore laden with their sins, Those who in earthly life have hearkened well To his instruction, after death close shut He snaps those woful jaws, the gates of hell. Whoever enters there has no relief, Nor may he any more escape his doom And thence depart, than can the swimming fish Elude the monster. Therefore it is [best And[1]] altogether [right for each of us To serve and honor God,[1]] the Lord of lords, And always in our every word and deed To combat devils, that we may at last Behold the King of glory. In this time Of transitory things, then, let us seek Peace and salvation from him, that we may Rejoice for ever in so dear a Lord, And praise his glory everlastingly. [Footnote 1: Conjecturally supplied.] * * * * * the lake of fire, those that cleave to him and are laden with guilt, such as had eagerly followed his teachings in the days of their life, he then, after their death, snaps tight together his fierce jaws, the gates of hell. They who enter there have neither relief nor escape, no means of flight, any more than the fishes that swim the sea can escape from the clutch of the monster. Therefore is it by all means [best for every one of us to serve[1]] the Lord of lords, and strive against devils with words and works, that so we may come to behold the King of glory. Let us ever, now in this fleeting time, seek from him grace and salvation, that so with the Beloved we may in worship enjoy the bliss of heaven for evermore. [Footnote 1: Conjecturally supplied.] * * * * * III THE PARTRIDGE[1] H[=y]rde ic secgan g[=e]n bi sumum fugle wundorl[=i]cne[2]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f[=æ]ger þæt word þe gecwæð wuldres Ealdor: 5 'In sw[=a] hwylce tiid sw[=a] g[=e] mid tr[=e]owe t[=o] m[=e] on hyge hweorfað, and g[=e] hellfirena sweartra gesw[=i]cað, sw[=a] ic symle t[=o] [=e]ow mid siblufan s[=o]na gecyrre þurh milde m[=o]d; g[=e] b[=e]oð m[=e] siþþan [Footnote 1: The partridge (like the cuckoo) broods the eggs of other birds. When they are hatched and grown, they fly off to their true parents. So men may turn from the devil, who has wrongfully gained possession of them, to their heavenly Father, who will receive them as his children.] [Footnote 2: Gap in the manuscript, probably of considerable length.] * * * * * About another creature have I heard A wondrous [tale.] [There is] a bird [men call The partridge. Strange is she, unlike all birds In field or wood who brood upon their eggs, Hatching their young. The partridge lays no eggs, Nor builds a dwelling; but instead, she steals The well-wrought nests of others. There she sits, Warming a stranger brood, until at last The eggs are hatched. But when the stolen chicks Are fledged, they straightway fly away to seek Their proper kin, and leave the partridge there Forsaken. In such wise the devil works To steal the souls of those whose youthful minds Or foolish hearts in vain resist his wiles. But when they reach maturer age, they see They are true children of the Lord of lords. Then they desert the lying fiend, and seek Their rightful Father, who with open arms Receives them, as he long since promised them.[1]] Fair is that word the Lord of glory spoke: 'In such time as you turn with faithful hearts To me, and put away your hellish sins, Abominable to me, then will I turn To you in love for ever, for my heart Is mild and gracious. Thenceforth you shall be [Footnote 1: Conjecturally supplied, on the basis of other versions.] * * * * * So, too, I have heard tell a wondrous [tale[1]] about a certain bird.[2] ... fair the word[3] spoken by the King of glory: 'At whatsoever time ye turn to me with faith in your soul, and forsake the black iniquities of hell, I will turn straightway to you with love, in the gentleness of my heart; and thenceforth ye shall be reckoned to [Footnote 1: Conjecturally supplied.] [Footnote 2: Gap in the manuscript, probably of considerable length.] [Footnote 3: Cf. 2 Cor. 6.17,18; Isa. 55.7; Heb. 2.10,11.] * * * * * 10 torhte, t[=i]r[=e]adge, talade and r[=i]mde, beorhte gebr[=o]þor on bearna st[=æ]l.' Uton w[=e] þ[=y] geornor Gode [=o]liccan, firene f[=e]ogan, friþes earnian, duguðe t[=o] Dryhtne, þenden [=u]s dæg sc[=i]ne, 15 þæt sw[=a] æþelne eardw[=i]ca cyst in wuldres wlite wunian m[=o]tan. Finit. * * * * * Refulgent, glorious, numbered with the host Of heaven, and, instead of children, called Bright brethren of the Lord.' Let us by this Be taught to please God better, hating sin, And strive to earn salvation from the Lord, His full deliverance, so long as day Shall shine upon us, that we may at last Inhabit heavenly mansions, nobler far Than earthly dwellings, gloriously bright. Finit. * * * * * me as glorious and renowned, as my illustrious brethren, yea, in the place of children.' Let us therefore propitiate God with all zeal, abhor evil, and gain forgiveness and salvation from the Lord while for us the day still shines, so that thus we may, in glorious beauty, inhabit a dwelling excellent beyond compare. Finit. End of Project Gutenberg's The Old English Physiologus, by Albert S. Cook *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE OLD ENGLISH PHYSIOLOGUS *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. 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